GG711c 3/4/03 1

MODE III FRACTURES (15)

I Main topics
A Modes of fracture
B Anti-plane strain
C Solution of the Laplace equation by functions of a complex variable
D Stress and displacement fields for a mode III fracture
E Appendix on stress and displacement fields for all modes
II Modes of fracture (i.e., modes of relative displacement)
A Mode I: Perpendicular to fracture and perpendicular to fracture front
B Mode II: Parallel to fracture and perpendicular fracture front
C Mode III: Parallel to fracture and parallel to fracture front

Mode I Mode II Mode III

Opening mode Sliding mode Tearing mode
Shearing modes

Mode I Mode II
Mode I Mode III

Mode I Mode III

Mode I Mode II

Single mode of fracture Variation in mode of fracture

around an elliptical fracture around an elliptical fracture
under tension under shear

Stephen Martel 15-1 University of Hawaii

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Set up of Crack Problems by Perturbation of an Ambient Stress Field

Mode I
σyy00 = S σyy00 = 0 σyy00 = S

σyyc = S σyyc = -S (pressure) σyyc = 0

+ =

Position of crack Crack Crack

Ambient field Perturbation due to crack Total field

Mode II
σyx00 = S σyx00 = 0 σyx00 = S

σyxc = S σyxc = -S σyxc = 0

+ =
Position of crack Crack Crack

Ambient field Perturbation due to crack Total field

Mode III
σyz00 = S σyz00 = 0 σyz00 = S

σyzc = S σyzc = -S σyzc = 0

+ =
Crack Crack
Position of crack
Ambient field Perturbation due to crack Total field

Stephen Martel 15-2 University of Hawaii

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III Anti-plane strain (for mode III fractures)

From course notes, ME238, Stanford, Prof. Nix, 1984

A A two-dimensional treatment where neither stresses nor displacements
change in on direction (here, the z-direction).
∂σ ij
=0
∂z (15.1)
∂ui
=0
∂z (15.2)
B Displacements
1 ux = uy = 0
2 uz = f ( x, y )

C Equilibrium
According to equation (7.1c), the equation of equilibrium is
∂σ zx ∂σ zy ∂σ zz
+ + + F3 = 0
∂x ∂y ∂z (15.3)
In light of (15.1), if body forces are absent, then for anti-plane strain
∂σ zx ∂σ zy
+ =0
∂x ∂y (15.4)
These shear stress are related to the displacements as follows:
1  ∂u ∂u  ∂u
σ zx = 2µεzx = 2µ  x + z  = µ z
2  ∂z ∂x  ∂x
(15.5)
1  ∂u y ∂uz  ∂u
σ zy = 2µεzy = 2µ  + =µ z
2  ∂z ∂y  ∂y
(15.6)
The term µ is the shear modulus (also designated as G). Inserting these
expressions into (15.3) yields
 u   u 
∂ µ z  ∂ µ z 
 ∂x   ∂y 
+ =0
∂x ∂y (15.7)
 ∂2u 2 
z + ∂ uz = ∇ 2 u = 0
 2  z (15.8)
 ∂x ∂y 2 

So the displacement uz in anti-plane strain must satisfy the Laplace eqn.

Stephen Martel 15-3 University of Hawaii

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IV Solution of the Laplace equation by functions of a complex variable

The Laplace equation in two dimensions can by solved easily using functions
of a complex variable. This also allows stresses and displacements in two-
dimensional fracture problems (either plane strain, plane stress, or anti-plane
strain) to be expressed compactly. We will consider a complex stress function
(Z) of the complex variable ζ, where
ζ = x + iy (15.9)
The parameter x is the real part of ζ , and y is the imaginary part. We will use
the term ζ (zeta, the Greek z) rather than z, as is customary, so as not to
confuse the z-direction with the complex number x+iy.

Any analytic function uz(ζ) (i.e., any function that has a derivative in the
neighborhood of any point in the region of interest) of the complex variable ζ
solves the Laplace equation. Here is the proof:
∂uz ∂ζ duz duz ∂ζ
= = Note : uz = uz (ζ ), ζ = ζ ( x, y ), and =1
∂x ∂x dζ dζ ∂x (15.10)
∂ 2 uz d ∂ζ  ∂uz  d ∂ζ  duz  d  duz  d uz
2
=  =  =  =
∂x 2 dζ ∂x  ∂x  dζ ∂x  dζ  dζ  dζ  dζ 2
(15.11)
∂uz ∂ζ duz du ∂ζ
= =i z =i
∂y ∂y dζ dζ ∂y (15.12)
∂ 2 uz d ∂ζ  ∂uz  d ∂ζ  duz  d  duz  −d uz
2
=   =  i  = 
ii  =
∂y 2 dζ ∂y  ∂y  dζ ∂y  dζ  dζ  dζ  dζ 2
(15.13)

Summing (15.13) and (15.15) proves that ∇2 u z(ζ) =0, so any displacement
field written as a function of ζ satisfies equilibrium conditions.

Stephen Martel 15-4 University of Hawaii

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Derivatives of a complex function and the Cauchy-Riemann conditions

To obtain the strains (and hence the stresses) from the displacements, we
need to know how to take derivatives of the displacement function. For a
unique derivative to exist at a point, it must have the same value no matter
what direction the point is approached from.

y
(x,y+∆y) A" B (x+∆x,y+∆y)

(x,y) (x+∆x,y)
A A'
x

The complex variable ζ can be separated into real and imaginary

components:
Re ζ = x (15.14a) Im ζ = y (15.14b)
And so can the complex function ZIII (ζ )

ZIII = ZIII (ζ ) = Re ZIII + i Im ZIII = α ( x, y ) + iβ ( x, y ) (15.15)

Now we consider the derivative dZIII (ζ ) dζ .

dZIII lim α ( x + ∆x, y + ∆y ) − α ( x, y ) β ( x + ∆x, y + ∆y ) − β ( x, y )

= ∆ζ = ∆x +i∆y → 0 +i
dζ ∆x + i∆y ∆x + i∆y (15.16)
Along the path from A’ to B, ∆x = 0, so
dZIII lim α ( x, y + ∆y ) − α ( x, y ) β ( x, y + ∆y ) − β ( x, y ) 1 ∂α ∂β
= ∆ζ =i∆y → 0 +i = +
dζ i∆y i∆y i ∂y ∂y (15.17)
or alternatively
dZIII i 1 ∂α ∂β ∂α ∂β
= + = −i +
dζ i i ∂y ∂y ∂y ∂y (15.18)
Along the path from A” to B, ∆ y = 0, so
dZIII lim α ( x + ∆x, y ) − α ( x, y ) β ( x + ∆x, y ) − β ( x, y ) ∂α ∂β
= ∆ζ = ∆x → 0 +i = +i
dζ ∆x ∆x ∂x ∂x (15.19)
Equating the real and imaginary terms in (15.19) and (15.20) yields the
Cauchy-Riemann conditions:
∂α ∂β ∂α −∂β
= =
∂x ∂y (15.20a) ∂y ∂x (15.20b)

Stephen Martel 15-5 University of Hawaii

GG711c 3/4/03 6

Differentiating (15.20a) with respect to x and of (15.20b) with respect to y

and summing shows that α satisfies the Laplace equation too. Similarly,
β also satisfies the Laplace equation. So possible solutions for the Laplace
equation (and hence the displacement field) can come from
ZIII , Re ZIII (i.e., α ), and Im ZIII (i.e., β ).

Solution for the displacement and stress field around a mode III fracture
We now consider the following displacement function
1
uz = Im ZIII
µ (15.21)
The displacement here is a shear displacement, and it should be inversely
related to the shear modulus µ (see Table 9.1 in Barber). We now need to find
a function that satisfies our boundary conditions. The solution for the relative
displacement across a mode III fracture (see the Appendix) under a driving
stress S is
2S 2
∆uIII = a − x2
µ . (15.22)
This solution is found by the method of lecture 14. By symmetry, half the
relative displacement occurs on one side of the fracture, and half on the other.
So
+ a2 − x 2
uIII ( x < a, y = 0 ) = S
µ (15.23)
This means that
ImZIII = β = S a 2 − ζ 2 . (15.24)
This leads directly to the following solution
ZIII = iS a 2 − ζ 2 = S −1 a 2 − ζ 2 = S ζ 2 − a 2 (15.25)
The displacements throughout the body with a mode III crack are then
S S
uz = Im ζ 2 − a2 = β
µ µ (15.26)
The nonzero stresses throughout the body come from the strains.
S  S 
∂  β ∂  β
∂u  µ  ∂β ∂u  µ  ∂β
σ zx = µ z = µ = σ yz = µ z = µ =
∂x ∂x ∂x (15.27a) ∂y ∂y ∂y (15.27b)
Applying (15.17) to (15.27a), and (15.19) to (15.27b) leads to
∂β dZ ∂β dZ
σ zx = = Im III σ yz = = Re III
∂x dζ (15.28a) ∂x dζ (15.28b)

Stephen Martel 15-6 University of Hawaii

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The solutions for the displacements and the stresses still do not lend
themselves to tremendous insight, so we pursue this a bit more. The next step
is to take the derivative of the function of (15.25):
 1/ 2
(
d  S ζ 2 − a2 ) 
( )
dZIII   1 −1 / 2 Sζ
= = S ζ 2 − a2 2ζ =
dζ dζ 2 (ζ + a)1 / 2 (ζ − a)1 / 2 (15.29)

At this point we switch to polar coordinates

IMPORTANT! iy
0<_θ, θ1, θ2<
_2π ζ = x + iy = reiθ

Branch cut r2 r r1
θ is discontinuous
across cut θ1
θ2 θ x

(-a,0) (+a,0)

ζ = x + iy = r(cosθ + i sin θ ) = reiθ (15.30)

iθ1
ζ − a = r 1 (cosθ 1 + i sin θ 1 ) = re (15.31)
iθ 2
ζ + a = r 2 (cosθ 2 + i sin θ 2 ) = re (15.32)
Equation (15.29) can be re-written in either of the two following ways
 θ +θ 
i θ − 1 2 
dZIII Sreiθ r 
 2 
= = S e
dζ  iθ1 1 / 2  iθ 1 / 2 r 1r 2 (15.33)
 r 1e   r 2e 2 
   
dZIII r  θ +θ 2 r  θ +θ 2
=S cos θ − 1  + iS sin θ − 1 
dζ r 1r 2  2  r 1r 2  2  (15.34)
So the nonzero stresses and displacements are
dZ r  θ +θ 2
σ zy = Re III = S cos θ − 1 
dζ r 1r 2  2  (15.35)
dZ r  θ +θ 2
σ zx = Im III = S sin θ − 1 
dζ r 1r 2  2  (15.36)
θ +θ
1 1 i 1 2 S θ +θ 2
uz = Im ZIII = Im S r 1r 2 e 2 = r 1r 2 sin 1
µ µ µ 2 (15.37)

Stephen Martel 15-7 University of Hawaii

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Lecture 15 Appendix
I Main topics
A Displacement and stress fields for a screw dislocation (mode III)
B Evaluating “deformation fields” for fractures of modes I, II, and III
II Displacement and stress fields for a screw dislocation (mode III)
A Displacement parallel to the dislocation edge increases uniformly along a
spiral-like circuit from one side of the dislocation to the other (for a right-
handed screw dislocation, point your right thumb along the dislocation
edge; displacement parallel to the edge increases in the direction your
fingers curl.
B Angular position: θ = tan-1 ( y / x )
C Expressions for displacements and strains, Cartesian ref. frame
1 Cartesian displacements: u = ux v = uy w = uz
1  ∂u ∂u  1  ∂v ∂v  1  ∂w ∂w 
2 Normal strains: εxx = + εyy =  +  εzz = +
2  ∂x ∂x  2  ∂y ∂y  2  ∂z ∂z 
1  ∂u ∂v  1  ∂v ∂w  1  ∂w ∂u 
3 Shear strains: εxy =  +  εyz =  +  εzx = +
2  ∂y ∂x  2  ∂z ∂y  2  ∂x ∂z 
D Expressions for displacements and strains, cylindrical ref. frame

1 Cylindrical displacements: ur uθ uz = w
1  ∂ur ∂ur  u 1  ∂uθ  1  ∂w ∂w 
2 Normal strains: εrr = + εθθ = + εzz = +
2  ∂r ∂r  r r  ∂θ  2  ∂z ∂z 
1  1 ∂ur ∂uθ uθ  1  ∂u 1 ∂uz  1  ∂u ∂u 
3 Shear strains: εrθ = + − εθz =  θ + εzr =  z + r 
2  r ∂θ ∂r r 2  ∂z r ∂θ  2  ∂r ∂z 

Stephen Martel 15-8 University of Hawaii

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E Comparison of screw dislocation expressions

1 Displacement
Polar coordinates Cartesian coordinates
a ur = 0 u=0
b uθ = 0 v =0
θ b y
c w=b z w= tan−1
2π 2π x

2 Strain
Polar coordinates Cartesian coordinates

a εrθ = εθr = 0 εxy = εyx = 0

1 b 1 b x 1 b x
b εθz = εzθ = ε yz = εzy = =
2 2πr 2 2π x + y
2 2 2 2π r 2
1 −b y 1 −b y
c urz = uzr = 0 ε xz = εzx = =
2 2π x + y
2 2 2 2π r 2
d εrr = 0 εxx = 0
e εθθ = 0 εyy = 0
f εzz = 0 εzz = 0

3 Stress (G = shear modulus) σ ij = 2Gεij if i ≠ j

a σ rθ = σθr = 0 σ xy = σ yx = 0
Gb Gb x Gb x
b σθz = σ zθ = σ yz = σ zy = =
2πr 2π x + y
2 2
2π r 2
−Gb y −Gb y
c σ rz = σ zr = 0 σ xz = σ zx = =
2π x + y2 2
2π r 2
d σ rr = 0 σ xx = 0
e σθθ = 0 σ yy = 0
f σ zz = 0 σ zz = 0

Stephen Martel 15-9 University of Hawaii

GG711c 3/4/03 10

SCREW DISLOCATIONS

z b

SUPERPOSTION OF TWO (INFINITE) SCREW DISLOCATIONS (A,B)

TO FORM A FINITE DISPLACEMENT DISCONTINTUITY (C)

(View along the -z direction)

x' x x'' x x
θA θA
y'
x = +a x = +a
θB θB

y
- y
= y

Towards "Away"
y'' y''
Towards Away x = -a x = -a

A B C Dislocations
cancel out
Towards Away

To infinity To infinity

wA = bθA/(2π) wB = bθB/(2π) wC = b(θA - θB)/(2π)

= (b/2π) tan-1(y'/x') = (b/2π) tan-1(y''/x'') = (b/2π) [tan-1(y/(x-a)) - tan-1(y/(x+a))]

= (b/2π) tan-1(y/[x-a])
wC (θA = -π, θB = 0) = -B/2
= (b/2π) tan-1(y/[x+a])
wC (θA = 0, θB = 0) = 0
wC (θA = π, θB = 0) = B/2
−π ≤ θ ≤ π wC (θA = π, θB = π) = 0

Stephen Martel 15-10 University of Hawaii

GG711c 3/4/03 11

III Evaluating “deformation fields” for fractures of modes I, II, and III
The solutions for the stresses, displacements, and relative displacement
around fractures of modes II and III are entirely homologous to the
corresponding solutions for an opening mode (mode I) fracture. Rather than
rederive the entire solutions, we can demonstrate that the starting points, key
steps, and results for the solutions are identical in form (see the tables on the
following pages). The key differences are in the multiplicative constants (i.e.,
Cm values) that accompany the solutions. We will consider for each case an
isolated 2-D fracture in a body with no stresses at an infinite distance from the
fracture. The relative displacement of the fracture walls is driven by a uniform
stress +S acting on the walls of a fracture. The fracture extends from x = -a to
x = +a, so the length 2a is the short dimension of the fracture (the longest
dimension is infinite!). The diagram below shows the case for mode III.

S x

x=-a x=+a

Stephen Martel 15-11 University of Hawaii

GG711c 3/4/03 12

Table 1. Stresses around a 2-D dislocation (critical steps are boxed)

Mode I Mode II Mode III
σ rr =
CI cosθ
σ rr =
CII sin θ * * σ rr = 0
r r
σθθ =
CI cosθ
σθθ =
CII sin θ * * σθθ = 0
r r
plane stress
σ zz =0
plane stress
σ zz =0 * * σ zz = 0
= ν (σ rr + σθθ ) σ zz = ν (σ rr + σθθ )
plane strain plane strain
σ zz
σθr = I
C sin θ
σθr = II
−C cosθ * * σθr = 0
r r
σθz = 0 σθz = 0 σθz = III
C
r
σ zr = 0 σ zr = 0 σ
* * zr 0 =
C σ yy (θ = 0) = 0 * σ yy (θ = 0) = 0
σ yy (θ = 0) = I
x
σ yx (θ = 0) = 0 −C * * σ yx (θ = 0) = 0
σ yx (θ = 0) = II
x
* σ yz (θ = 0) = 0 * σ yz (θ = 0) = 0 C
σ yz (θ = 0) = III
x
−2µBy −2µBx µB
CI = CII = CIII = z
π (κ + 1) π (κ + 1) 2π
* From plane strain or plane stress constraint
** From anti-plane strain constraint
The C-values in the last row produce a positive displacement discontinuity (i.e.,
u(y=0+) - u(y=0-) > 0)
κ = 3 − 4ν for plane strain (κ =2 for ν =0.25),
and
κ = ( 3 − ν ) /(1 + ν ) for plane stress (κ =2.2 for ν =0.25).

Table 2. Boundary conditions on fracture walls

Mode I Mode II Mode III
σ yy c = S; x < a, y = 0 σ yx c = S; x < a, y = 0 σ yzc = S; x < a, y = 0
σ yx c = 0; x < a, y = 0 σ yy c = 0; x < a, y = 0 c
* * σ yy = 0; x < a, y = 0
c c c
* σ yz = 0; x < a, y = 0 * σ yz = 0; x < a, y = 0 * * σ yz = 0; x < a, y = 0

Stephen Martel 15-12 University of Hawaii

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Table 3. Key steps in determining the relative displacement across a fracture

Mode I Mode II Mode III
Integral equation for boundary Integral equation for Integral equation for
condition boundary condition boundary condition

S= ∫ + a CI
B′ (ξ ) dξ
− a By y
S= ∫ + a CII
− a Bx x
B′ (ξ ) dξ S= ∫−+aa CBIIIz Bz′ (ξ )dξ
Constant from dislocation Constant from dislocation Constant from dislocation
solution solution solution
−2µBy −2µBx µBz
CI = CII = CIII =
π (κ + 1) π (κ + 1) 2π
Unit-strength constant Unit-strength constant Unit-strength constant
−2µ −2µBx µBz
CI * = CII * = CIII * =
π (κ + 1) π (κ + 1) 2π
S= ∫+a *
C B′ (ξ ) dξ
−a I y
S= ∫+a *
C B′ (ξ ) dξ
−a II x
S=
+a
∫
C *B′ (ξ ) dξ
−a III z
Dislocation derivative Dislocation derivative Dislocation derivative
distribution that yield boundary distribution that yield distribution that yield
condition boundary condition boundary condition
−πSξ −πSξ −πSξ
B′y = B′x = Bz′ =
CI * a2 − ξ 2 CII * a2 − ξ 2 CIII * a2 − ξ 2

Equation to solve for relative Equation to solve for relative Equation to solve for relative
displacement of fracture walls displacement of fracture walls displacement of fracture walls

∆u y ( x ) = ∫−xa B′y (ξ )dξ ∆u x ( x ) = ∫−xa B′x (ξ )dξ ∆uz ( x ) = ∫−xa Bz′ (ξ )dξ
−πS a2 − x 2 −πS a2 − x 2 −πS a2 − x 2
∆uI = ∆uII = ∆uIII =
CI * CII * CIII *
Relative displacement o f Relative displacement o f Relative displacement o f
fracture walls fracture walls fracture walls
−S (κ + 1) a2 − x 2 −S (κ + 1) a2 − x 2 2 S a2 − x 2
∆uI = ∆uII = ∆uIII =
2µ 2µ µ

The equations below yield the “deformation fields” around a 2-D fracture of any
mode. The terms σ ij(z-ξ,y) and ui(z-ξ,y) are Green’s functions.
For stresses For displacements
σ ij ( x, y ) = ∫
+a
−a
B′(ξ )σ ij ( x − ξ , y ) dξ ui ( x, y ) =∫+a
−a
B′(ξ ) ui ( x − ξ , y ) dξ

Stephen Martel 15-13 University of Hawaii

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Stephen Martel 15-14 University of Hawaii