JEE (MAIN & ADV.), MEDICAL + BOARD, NDA, IX & X ; PR. Ke. MALIA’) 0. puesta reputation tr est ea in terms of NEWTON CLASSES percentage selection Aim :- Collect and study soil from atleast two differents sites and study them for texture, misture content, pH and water holding capacity. Correlate with the kinds of plants found in them VIVA - VOCE How is soil important to organisms? Ans. Soil is the upper weathered and humus containing layer of the earth for sustaining plant life and ‘contains numerous living organisms Q.2. What is humus and where itis present? Ans. Humus is dull dark coloured amorphous substance composed of organic matter in various stages of litter decomposition. It is found usually in the top most fertile layer of the soil Q.3. What do you mean by soil texture? Ans. Soil texture refers to the relative proportion of different types of soil particles present in the soit Q.4, What kind of plants grow in smooth texture soil? Name two plants that grow in heavy textured soil Ans. _Loamy soil is smooth textured soil, which supports the growth of most of the crop plants like tomato, potato, pea, carrot, ete. Heavy textured soil is clay soil, which supports the growth of cabbage and gladulii Q.5. What determines the soil porosity? Ans. Air spaces between the soil particles determine the soil porosity Q.6. Ifthe day content is high, will it affect soil fertility?” Explain, ‘Ans. The clay particles in soil are anionic colloides and they adsorb mineral nutrients. Thus, they minimise leaching. So, high clay content affects the soil fertility Q.7. How is clayey soil useful for crops? Ans... Clayey soil has good water retaining capacity. It is rich in humus and is very fertile. This is the reason why it is useful for growing crops like cotton, coconut, etc. Q.8. Which type of soil better for root penetration and better aeration? Ans. Sandy loam soil is good for root penetration and better aeration. Q.9. Which type of soil is suitable for plant growth? Ans. _Loamy soil is a mixture of sand, clay and silt. It has lots of humus. So, loamy soil is considered to be ideal for plant growth Office.: 606 , 6® Floor, Hariom Tower, Circular Road, Ranchi-1, Ph.: 0651-2562523, 9835508812, 8507613968Q10 Ans, Qu Ans. Qi. Ans. Q13. Ans. Qua. Ans. Quis. Ans, Q16 Ans. Quy, Ans, Qs. Ans. Que. BY R. K. MALIK'S NEWTON CLASSES Among sandy and clayey soils which one has higher water-holding capacity? Explain, Clayey soil has higher water-holding capacity because of its smaller particle size in comparison to particle size of sandy soil. Which type of soil has poor nutrition status and high rate of leaching? [NCERT] Sandy soil has poor nutrition status and high rate of teaching, Write the kinds of soil and major types of soil particles. Also name the biggest and smallest type of soil particles, Kinds of soil are: (i) Sandy soil (ii) Clayey soil (Hi) Loamy soil Types of soil particles are: (i) Gravel/stones (ii) Clay (iii) Sand (iy) Silt Gravel/stones are the biggest soil particles and clay is the smallest soil particles, Mention some of the main components of soil. Air, water, organic matter, inorganic matter and living beings are the main components of soil. What do you understand by gravitational water? ‘The water that percolates down due to the gravitational pull and that present in water table is called as gravitational water. What is capillary water? ‘The water which is held in capillary-like structure between soil particles is called capillary water. This is only available form of water to the plants. Define the term ‘humus’ It is a colloidal substance which increases the cation exchange capacity and has the ability to store nutrients by chelation, A good amount of humus increases the moisture content in any type of soil How can you define a good soil”? ‘A good soil is one which has the maximum water holding capacity. Define the term ‘wilting.” When plant looses water from its body because of less availability of water from soil and higher rate of transpiration, it gets withered, this is called wilting. How is wilting related with the moisture of soil? Office.: 606 , 6" Floor, Hariom Tower, Circular Road, Ranchi-1, Ph.: 0651-2562623, 9835508812, 8507613968Isolation of DNA fron plant materials Ans. Q20. Ans. Qa. Ans. Q.22. Ans. Q23, Ans. 24, Ans, Q25. Ans. Q26 Ans. Q27, Ans. Q28. Ans, Q29. Ans. Q30. Wilting is directly proportional to the availabi (of moisture in the soil which can be used by plants, What is physiological wilting? ‘The plant reaches upto a stage at the time of water deficiency when it cannot recover from wilting even if the plant is watered. This point is called physiological wilting. It leads to the death of a plant Desert soil lacks high moisture content, Comment. ‘The main constituent of desert soil is sand. The particles of sandy soil are big and loosely packed so it makes them unable to hold high water content, What will be the pH of calcareous soil (chalk)? ‘The calcareous soil will have the basic pH more than 7). The plants growing in such a soil are called calcicole (ime-loving). Water logged soils are very acidic. Comment. Water logged conditions cause accumulation of chemical fertilisers, pesticides, fungicides, etc., which makes the soil very acidic at water logged areas. Why are soils around mineral mining areas acidic? Because of oxidation of chemical of mines, the soils around mineral mining become acidic. Which elements cannot be absorbed by plants under alkaline conditions? Zinc and boron are the elements that become unavailable to plants under alkaline conditions, Name the elements which cannot be absorbed by plants in acidic soils Calcium, magnesium and phosphorus are the elements that fail to get absorbed if the soil is too acidic. What determines the pH of the soil? ‘The pH of the soil depends upon the relative amount of absorbed H” ions or metallic cations like Ca, Mg", ete. ‘What term is used for the scientific study of soils? Scientific study of soils is done under the field called pedology. What are heavy soil and light soil? The soil with high water-holding capacity is called heavy soil whereas, the soil with low water-holding capacity is called light soil, The clayey light soil. soil is referred as heavy soil and sandy soil as What is water-holding capacity of the soil? Office.: 606 , 6” Floor, Hariom Tower, Circular Road, Ranchi-1, Ph.z 1651-2562523, 9836508812, 8507613968Ans. Q3L Ans. Q32. Q33, Ans. Q34 Ans, Q3s Ans. Ans. Q37. Ans. Q38. Ans. Q39, Ans, Q40. BY R. K. MALIK'S NEWTON CLASSES It is the maximum amount of water retained by soil per unit of its dry weight after the gra flow has stopped flowing downward. sional Give examples of a plant seen in heavy soil and light soil. Heavy soils - Cabbage and cotton, What determines the water-holding capacity of the soil? The type of soil particles present in the soil and soil porosity determine the water-holding capacity of the soil How does pore space determine the precentage (%) water-holding capacity of soil? If the pore space is big in the soil, it will not hold water and water will be pulled down by gravitational flow and vice-versa. ‘What is gravitational flow? ‘The downward flow of water through soil particles due to the gravitational force is called gravitational low. Why is clayey soil often referred to as physiologically dry soil? The clayey soil becomes very dry in dry conditions and becomes penetrable by roots. It is because it hhas very small pore size and soil particles stick to each other closely. Clayey soil has highest water holding capacity yet it is not considerded good for cultivation of plants. ‘Comment. The particles of clayey soil are closely packed hence, its water holding capacity is good but due to ‘compact arrangement and very limited air movement in clayey soil particles, plants will not be able to respire property and thus they die. Which type of soil is suitable for cultivation of crop plants? Sandy loam or foamy soil with good amount of humus is best for cultivation of various crop plants. How can water-holding capacity of soil be improved? Addition of organic matter to the soil can improve its water-holding capacity 3 inch layer of leaf ‘compost can inerease the water-holding capacity of the soil by 2.5 times, Dead decomposed organic matter is usually added in the fields before the cultivation of crops. Apart from providing the mineral nutrients, what additional role does organic matter play in the cultivation of crop plants? By adding humus to the soils in the field, it improves the physical and chemical properties of the soil. First of all, it improves the texture of the soil as humus contains the particles of different sizes and secondly it improves soil fertility Name different types of soil. Office.: 606 , 6" Floor, Hariom Tower, Circular Road, Ranchi-1, Ph.: 0651-2562523, 9835508812, 86507613968Isolation of DNA fron plant materials Ans. (i) Red Latosol-Red in colour due to iron oxide, (ii) Black soil-Rich in iron and magnesium, (iii) Alluvial soil-It is mixture of clay, sand and silt, (iv) Desert soil-Sand, porous and grey brown soil. (¥) Mountain soil-Very fertile, rich in humus, (vi) Laterite soii-C! yey red coloured soil Q41. Why soil is said to be a natural resource ? Ans. (1) Soil provides food, clothing and shelter. (2) Soil provides us mineral, water and clay Q.42. Define soil erosion, ‘Ans. The process of water or wind carrying away soil from one place to another is called soil erosion. 43. How can we conserve soil ? Ans, () Growing trees and plants. (ii) Step farming. (ii) By making river embankment. 44. What is humus ? Ans. Dead and decomposing dark brown organic matter. Q.45. Name plants that grow in poor water holding capacity soil Ans. Sorghum, Zizypus, Acacia, Tamarix. 46. What are halophytes ? ‘Ans. Plants that grow in soil with high concentration of salts, 47. Which soil is best for crops ? Ans. loamy 48. What is Pedology ? Ans. Study of texture, colour and decomposition of soil is known as Pedology. 49. What is the composition of loam ? Ans. Sand and clay in equal proportions form loam, Office.: 606 , 6 Floor, Hariom Tower, Circular Road, Ranchi-1, Ph.z 1651-2562523, 9836508812, 85076139686 BY R. K. MALIK'S NEWTON CLASSES Q.50. How soil is formed ? Ans. Soil is formed by decay and decomposition of complex organic compounds of dead plants, animals and other organisms, Q51. How garden soil is different from field soil ‘Ans. Garden soil has fine particles and lot of humus. Q.52. What does soil texture mean ? Ans. It means relative proportions of different particles in soil, Q.53. Which soil is best suited for crops ? Ans. Loamy soil. Q.54. What is the colour of the litmus in an acidic medium ? Ans, Itturns red Q.55._ What is the coiour of the litmus in an alkaline medium ? Ans. Itturns blue. Q.56. How can you increase the alkalinity of soil ? ‘Ans. By adding lime to the soil, its alkalinity can be increased. Q.57. Which elements become unavailable to plants in acidic soils ? ‘Ans. Phosphorus, magnesium and calcium. Q.58. Which elements become unavailable to plants in alkaline soils ? Ans. Manganese, boron and zine. Qe. Ans. What is a soil ? Soil is the upper weathered and humus containing layer of the earth which sustain plant life and contains numerous living organisms. What is meant by soil texture ? Soil texture refers to the relative proportions of different types of soil particles present in the soil. What is humus ? It is a dark coloured amorphous substance composed of organic matter in various stage of litter- decomposition What is litter ? Fallen leaves and twigs of trees and other vegetable materials form the litter Office.: 606 , 6" Floor, Hariom Tower, Circular Road, Ranchi-l, Ph.: 0651-2562623, 9835508812, 8507613968Isolation of DNA fron plant materials 0.63. Ans, Q.64. Ans. 0.65. Ans. 0.66. Ans. Q.67. Ans. Q.68. Ans. 0.69. Ans, Q70. Q7 Ans. Qn. Ans. QT, Ans Qn, Ans. What are major types of soil particles ? Sand, silt and clay are the major types of soil particles. What term is used for the scientific study of soil ? Pedology Which kind of soil is best suited for plant growth ? Loamy soil What is clay soil ? ‘The soil which has high percentage of clay particles. What is meant by soil reaction ? Soil reaction denotes the pH of the soil What determines the pH of a soil ? ‘The pH of a soil depends upon the relative amount of absorbed H* ions or metallic cations, Ca**, Mg" ete.), ‘What pH range favours best plant growth ? Most plants thrive best in neutral pH. Slight acidity favours tree growth and forms forests. Slight alkalinity is favourable for grasses and legume crops. What is field capacity I water holding capacity of a soil ? It is the maximum amount of water retained by a soil per unit of its dry weight after the gravitational flow has stopped. What is gravitational flow ? ‘The water that percolate through a soil due to gravitational force is called gravitational flow What determines the water holding capacity of a soil ? ‘The type of soil particles present in the soil and soil porocity determines the water holding capacity ofa soil Name the soil which has very low water holding capacity Sandy soil Which type of soil has maximum water holding capacity ? Clay soil + 606 , 6” Floor, Hariom Tower, Circular Road, Ranchi-1, Ph.: 0651-2562523, 9835508812, 8507613968BY R. K. MALIK'S NEWTON CLASSES Q75, Ans, Q76. Ans, Q77. Ans. QT. Ans. Q79. Ans. Q.80. Ans. Qsi Ans. Q.82. Ans. Q.83, Ans, Q.84, Ans. Q85. Ans, Q86. Ans. Q87, What is soil? It forms topmost layer of the land surface and covers four-fifth of land area of earth. What are the constituents of soil? Soil is made up of particles of mineral matter, humus, living organisms, air and water. What is clayey soil? Clayey soil has clay particles of less than 0.002 mm in size, It has low sand content. It is chemically active and can hold water and ions. Is pure clay suitable for plants? No. It gets waterlogged and forms a solid impenetrable mass, What is humus? Itis the decomposed remains of organic materials. It is rich in nutrients and enhances plant growth, How does humus help or bring change in the soil?” It helps to make the soil granular when added to clayey soil and increases the air spaces when added to sandy soil What is the study of soil known as? Pedology or edaphology Name a few microorganisms present in soil Bacteria, blue-green algae, protists and fungi Which kind of soil is best suited for plants? Why? Loamy soil is best suited for plants, It is well-aerated, fairly smooth and gritty soil that allows good air and water movement. It is richly supplied with humus, Name the soil that has low water holding capacity Sandy soil. ‘What is litter? ‘The undecomposed orgs ic material like fallen leaves, twigs ete. is called litter. What is the composition of the loamy soil? Loamy soil has 50% sand and an equal amount of silt and clay. ‘What is field capacity? Office.: 606 , 6" Floor, Hariom Tower, Circular Road, Ranchi-1, Ph.: 0651-2562623, 9835508812, 8507613968Ans. Q88. Ans. Q.89. Ans. Q.90. Ans, Qo Ans, Qo. Ans. Q93. Ans, Isolation of DNA fron plant materials It is the amount of water retained in the soil after excess water has drained off by gravity What is the meaning of the term percolation? Percolation means movement or drainage of water through the soil under the force of gravity Which soil has the maximum water percolation— clay, loam or silt? Silt Why does water percolate faster in silt soil? Silt soil has larger particles and more air spaces compared to loam or clay, hence water percolates faster. In which soil, does water percolate slowly— clay, loam or silt and why’? Clay soil. Clay has very fine textured particles and low porosity, hence it does not allow water to move downwards easily Whaat is water holding capacity of the soil? ‘The percentage amount of water retained by the soil against the gravitational force is called water holding capacity of the soil. What is pH? pil is the hydrogen ion concentration, + 606 , 6” Floor, Hariom Tower, Circular Road, Ranchi-t, Ph.: 1651-2562523, 9836508812, 8507613968JEE (MAIN & ADV.), MEDICAL + BOARD, NDA, IX & X R K MA LI K ‘Ss Enjoys unparalleled reputation for best results . = in terms of percentage selection NEWTON CLASSES www.newtonclasses.net Collect water from different bodies around you and study them for pH, clarity and presence of any living organisms. VIVA - VOCE Q.1. What pH range favours the best plant growth? Ans Most plants thrive well in the neutral pH. Slightly acidie pH favours the tree growth and forms forests. Slightly alkaline pH is preferably favoured for grasses, Q.2. Leaves and twigs of trees and other vegetable matter is continuously collected on top of the soil. Nate the scientific term used for it. Ans, [tis called litter Q.3. What do you understand by the term 'buffer"? ‘Ans. Any solution which can resist change in pH on adding some chemicals (acid/base) is called buffer. Q4, What would be the pH of tap water? Ans, The pH of tap water would be nearly 6.5-7 (neutral). Q.5. How does water gets polluted? Ans. Addition of any undesirable substance which degrades its quality makes water to be polluted. This phenomenon is called water pollution. Q.6. ‘pH measurement with indicator paper is not very accurate’, Comment Ans. It is correct that the measurment with the pH indicator paper is not as much accurate as the pH meter because indication made by the pH paper is subjective and different people see the colour change at different point, Also, the use of pH indicator paper is known to be the destructive process and the solution used for indication cannot be use afterwards, Q.7. ‘Water logged soils are acidic’, Comment, Ans, Water is present in ionic form in soils, Le. it contains H* and OH" ions. Also, most of the chemicals that come in contact with the water-logged soil also dissociate into their ionic forms. These positively charged or metal ions react with OH" ions of water to form various hydroxides with a simultaneous release of more protons (H" ions). Q.8. Why are soils around mineral minings areas acidic? Ans, Soils around mineral mining areas are acidic in nature due to the presence of H* ion and AP* ion containing solutions in the soil. AP* is considered to be important in acidic soil because it has the ability to react with water forming AI(OH)* thus releasing more H* ions. Office: 606 , ® Floor, Hariom Tower, Circular Road, Ranchi-1, Ph.: 0661-2562523, 9836608812, 8507613968Qs. Ans. Q.10. Ans, Qu Ans, Qu. Ans. Q3. Ans. Qu4. Ans. Qs. Ans. Q.16. Ans. Qu7. Ans. BY R. K. MALIK'S NEWTON CLASSES What degrades the quality of water bodies? The presence of organic and inorganic wastes degrades the quality of water bodies. What promotes the algal growth in water bodies? ‘The run off water from agricultural fields gets accumulated in nearby water bodies. It carries fertilisers which leads to accumulation of various nutrients that in turn promotes algal growth in the water bodies. Define pollution, Any undesirable change in the physical, chemical or biological characteristics of water, that harms the life form is called pollution. Define pollutant Any material/substance which has harmful effect on different forms of life is a pollutant. Name few water pollutants. Water pollutants can either be chemical or biological. The chemical pollutants are nitrates, fluorides, heavy metals, etc. Biological pollutants are disease causing microbes like viruses, bacteria, Protozoa and helminthes. Name a disease caused by polluted water. Minamata disease is caused due to the consumption offish that inhabited a water body containing accumulated mercury. Nae few sources of water pollution. (i) Discharge of domestic sewage and factory outlets. Gi) Agriculture run-off water. Clay and silt from soil erosion Oil spills and discharge of thermal wastewater Is turbid water fit for drinking? Explain No, turbid water contains huge amount of water pollutants. So, it is not considered to be fit for drinking. However, it can be ed for other purposes after it undergoes extensive treatment. Why is the penetration of sunlight in an ‘water body important? The penetration of sunlight in any water body is considered to be important for all forms of life'living in it, First of all, it makes the photic zone, maintains or affects the water temperature. Secondly phytoplanktons are the producers and they make first trophic level in the ecosystem. If more light is there, stronger will be the trophie level on which other forms of life depend Office.: 606 , 6® Floor, Hariom Tower, Circular Road, Ranchi-1, Ph.: 0651-2562623, 9835508812, 8507613968Q.18. Ans. Qu9. Ans. Q.20. Ans. Q21. Ans. Q2. Ans. 0.23. Ans. Qu. Ans. Q.25, Ans, 0.26. Ans. Collect water from different bodies around you and study them for pH, clarity and presence of any living organisms. 3 What is BOD? BOD is known as the Biological Oxygen Demand of any water body. How are BOD and water turbidity/clarity are related? High BOD indicates the presence of high microbial activity. So, if more microbes are present in water more turbidity will be there in water and vice-versa. How is clarity of water important to any water body? Ifa water body is clear light will penetrate to its deeper layers that will have effect on the positive growth of water plants, zooplanktons and phytoplanktons. Green plants are seen only in the photic zone, Comment. All green plants perform photosynthesis, for this they require light. The photic zone is the zone of light in the water bodies. That is why green plants are found in the photic zone It is a common practice to use alum for clearing turbid waters. Explain Murky, muddy, cloudy or turbid water is caused by microscopic water impurity (less than / pm or even smaller). They remain suspended in water and gravity has litle effect on them, When alum is added, it neutralises electrical charges present on suspended particles and they begin to clump together and sink to the bottom. This is called flocculation or coagulation. ‘Turbidity of water varies with season, Comment. ‘Turbidity is the key parameter in assessing the water quality and is linearly related to the backward scattering of light of organic and inorganic particles in water. In rainy season, there will be more run off water taking different kinds of pollutants to the waterbodies, So, it will definitely increase the turbi of waterbodies. Whereas in non-rainy/windy season, waterbodies might have settled water/stagnant water. At this time, large pollutants get settled at the bottom due to gravity, only suspended particles less than J pm size remain in water. Define phytoplanktons. Phytoplanktons are microscopic, photosynthesizing organisms that inhabit the upper sunlight layer of almost all oceans and lakes, ¢.g. Spirogyra and Anabacna, What do you understand about prokaryotic organisms? These are unicellular organisms, which lack well developed cellular organisations. They possess primitive membrane-less nucleus called nucleoid ‘Name any single-celled algae present in water. Chlamydomonas. Office.: 606 , 6® Floor, Hariom Tower, Circular Road, Ranc! 1651-2562523, 9836608812, 8507613968BY R. K. MALIK'S NEWTON CLASSES Q27. Ans, Q.28. Ans. 0.29. Ans, Q.30. Ans. Q31. Ans. Q.32. Ans. Q.33. Ans. Q34. Ans. Q.35. Ans. What leads to eutrophication? Addition of excess organic matter and fertilisers that promote growth of algae leading to the depletion of O2 from water bodies and death of aquatic life. This whole process is eutrophication. How are eukaryotic organisms different from prokaryotic organisms? Eukaryotic organisms containing cells have true nucleus bounded by nuclear membrane and they also contain membrane bound organelles like ER, Golgi apparatus, mitochondria and chloroplast. Prokaryotic organisms are simple, do not have nucleus and other cell organelles. Why do you find few organisms in polluted water? Explai The polluted water usually has toxic materials, which is not suitable for any form of life. So, organisms are not able to live in such water and their number gets limited to few only because conditions do not favour them to reproduce. Why is FAA (Formaline Aceto Alcohol) added after collecting the water sample? FAA isa fixative. It is used as a preservative of plant and animal specimens. So, itis added to water samples for the preservation of organisms present in the water samples. Name atleast one phytoplankton and zooplankton commonly found in polluted water, Phytoplankton = Chlamydomonas Zooplankton = Paramecium In the polluted water, the dissolved oxygen content is very less. How is this related to biological ‘oxygen demand? ‘The dissolved oxygen in water is usually the available form of oxygen to the aquatic organisms. Biological oxygen demand is the requirement of02 for the microbial activities of living organisms present in water. It is usually less in the unpolluted water because there are few organisms present in this water, What does high BOD indicate? The high BOD indicates the presence of high amount of organic matter in the water This means there is high microbial activity involved to decompose the organic matter, so oxygen requirement is high. High BOD represents high level of pollution. Give an example of biodegradable pesticide. Extract of the neem tree is a biodegradable pesticide. What are pollutants ? ‘These are the agents that pollute environment, Office.: 606 , 6® Floor, Hariom Tower, Circular Road, Ranchi-1, Ph.: 0651-2562623, 9835508812, 85076139680.36. Ans. Q37. Ans. 0.38. Ans. Q.39. Ans, Q.40. Ans, Qal. Ans. Q.42. Ans. 0.43. Ans. QM. Ans. Collect water from different bodies around you and study them for pH, clarity and presence of any living organisms. 5 What is PAN? Peroxyacetyl nitrate. Expand B.O.D. Biological Oxygen Demand, It is amount of oxygen requited for decomposition of organic matter present in water. At what pH highest number of organisms survive ? pH 6-5-7-5 What is the importance of pH ? it determines chemical nature and affects diversity and distribution of organisms. What is pollution ? chemical or biological characteristics of air, water and land ‘An undesirable change in the physic: that harmfully affect the human life is called pollution, What are pollutants ? ‘The agents pollute our air, water and land are called pollutants. Define water pollution. It is the addition of any undesirable substance to water which make it harmful for the organisms. Whaat is biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) ? ‘The amount of oxygen required by microorganisms for decomposition of organic matter present in water is called biochemical oxygen demand. What does high BOD indicate ? High BOD indicates the presence of higher amount of organic matter in the water. Office.: 606 , 6® Floor, Hariom Tower, Circular Road, Ranc! 1651-2562523, 9836608812, 8507613968JEE (MAIN & ADV.), MEDICAL + BOARD, NDA, IX & X R. K. MALIK'S Enjoys unparalleled reputation for best results in terms of NEWTON CLASSES percentage selection Aim :- Isolation of DNA fron plant materials VIVA-¥V Q.1, What is biotechnology ? Ans. Biotechnology deals with techniques of using live organisms or enzymes from organisms to produce products and processes useful to humans, Q.2. What is recombinant DNA ? Ans. Recombinant DNA is the DNA formed by combining DNAs from two different sources/ organisms. Q.3. What is genetic engineering ? Ans. Iffrefers to the techniques to alter the chemistry of genetic material (DNA or RNA) to introduce these into host organisms and thus change the phenotype of the host organisms Q.4. What are Genet lly Modified Organisms (GMOs) ? ‘Ans. ‘These are the organisms whose genes have been altered by manipulation. Q.5. Why is the enzyme cellulase used for isolating genetic material from plant cells ? Ans. ‘The enzyme cellulase is used to digest the cellulosic cell wall present in plant cells Q.6. "What is the role of detergent in isolation of DNA? ‘Ans. Detergent dissolves the membranes that enclose the DNA within the cell Q.7. Why salt is added to see DNA? ‘Ans. Salt water allows the DNA to precipitate, when alcohol is added to the solution. Q.8. What is the role of meat tenderizer (enzyme) in isolation of DNA? ‘Ans. Meat tenderizer (enzyme) dissolves the proteins associated with the DNA. Q.9. Why should the mixture after adding chilled ethanol be allowed to stand for few minutes? Ans. Itallows more DNA to precipitate in the alcohol layer. Q.10.. Why is chitled condition required during the experiment? Ans. The chilled condition protects the DNA from cellular enzymes and also inereases the yield of DNA. QUI. Where will you look for DNA? Ans. Nucleus of a cel Q.12. What is the full form of DNA? Ans. _Deoxyribose nucleic acid Office.: 606 , 6® Floor, Hariom Tower, Circular Road, Ranchi-1, Ph.: 0651-2562523, 9835508812, 85076139682 BY R. K. MALIK'S NEWTON CLASSES Q.13. Who discovered the structure of DNA? Ans. Watson and Crick in 1953 discovered the model of DNA with the help of X-ray crystallography Q.14. Why do we need to extract DNA? ‘Ans. Extraction of DNA help us to understand the genetic make up of an organism. Q.5. Where will you look for DNA and RNA ina cell? ‘Ans. DNA is mainly localized in nucleus and some amount is also found in mitochondria and chloroplast. RNA is found in nucleus and cytoplasm. Q.16. Name the sugars found in DNA and RNA. ‘Ans. Pentose ribose sugar is found in RNA whereas pentose deoxyribose sugar is found in DNA. Q.17. Name specific nitrogenous base found in DNA and RNA. ‘Ans. ‘Thymine is specific to DNA whereas uracil is specific to RNA. Q.18, How will you differentiate between nucleoside and nucleotide? ‘Ans. Nucleoside is made up of pentose sugar and nitrogenous base whereas nucleotide is made up of nucleoside associated with phosphoric acid Q.19.. What is DNA and how is it different from RNA? Ans. DNA is a macromolecule of cell which consists of nucleotides and codes for various genes of an organism. Differences between DNA and RNA are as follows: DNA A RNA Found in cytopiasm of mainly viruses, Found in chromosomes of nucleus of most of the organisms Double-stranded structure, Single-stranded structure, Pentose sugar is deoxvribose, Pentose suzar is ribose Q.20. Name different nitrogenous bases present in the nucleic acid. Ans. ‘There are two types of nitrogenous bases present in the nucleic acid. These are: (i) Purines Adenine and guanine, (ii) Pyrimidines Cytosine, uracil and thymine, Uracil is present only in RNA while tliymine is present in DNA in place of uracil Q21. What are the building blocks of nucleic acid? Ans. The nucleotides (polynucleotides) are the building blocks of nucleic acid which consists of nitrogen containing aromatic base attached to a pentose sugar (five carbon) and is in tum attached to a phosphate group. Q.22._Who gave the double helical structure of DNA? Office.: 606 , 6" Floor, Hariom Tower, Circular Road, Ranchi-1, Ph.: 0651-2562523, 9835508812, 8507613968Isolation of DNA fron plant materials Ans. Q23. Ans, Q24, Ans. Q25. Ans, 0.26 Ans. Q27. Ans, Q28. Ans. Q29 Ans. Q30. Ans. Q31 Ans, Q32. Ans. Q33. Watson and Crick gave the double hel diffraction data, cal structure of DNA based on X-ray crystallography or In which part of the cell is DNA present/found? Where can the RNA be found in a cell? DNA js found in the nucleus of a ceil. The nucleic acid, RNA is found in the cytoplasm and nucleoplasm in the nucleus of a cell depending on whether the cell is prokaryotic or eukaryotic. What is the need of extracting DNA? Extracted DNA can be analyzed further for better understanding of the genetic make up of an organism. What is the difference between nucleoside and nucleotide? Nucleoside is made up of pentose sugar and nitrogenous base, while nucleotide is made up of pentose sugar, nitrogenous base and phosphoric acid What is the role of cellulase enzyme in extracting DNA? ‘The enzyme cellulase helps in the digestion ofcellulosic cell wall of the plant cell. Name the three major steps involved in DNA extra ion, The three major steps involved in DNA extraction are: (i) Homogenisation (i Deproteinisation (Hi) Spooling, Why glass rod is used for spooling of DNA? DNA has negative charge and gets attracted to positive charge present in the silica of glass, therefore glass rod should be used for spooling, What does the DNA look like on extraction? DNA appears as white pre tate of very fine threads on the glass rod or spool Why the ice-chilled condition should be preferred for isolating DNA? DNA begins to denaturate at room temperature by the action of DNAase present in cell extract, therefore whole procedure of DNA extraction should be carried out in ice-chilled condition Give the components of homogenisation media. Homogenisation media consists of (i) Sodium Dodecy! Sulphate (SDS) (ii) Ethylene Diamine Tetraacetic Acid (EDTA) (iii) (Hi) Sodium Chloride (NaC) (non-iodised). Why coldness is required during the conducting of experiment ? Using ice-cold water and ice-cold alcohol will increase your yield of DNA. The cold water protects the DNA by slowing down enzymes that can break it apart. Why would a cell contain enzymes that destory DNA ? These enzymes are Why the mixture should be allowed to stand for few minutes. + 606 , 6" Floor, Hariom Tower, Circular Road, Ranchi-1, Ph.: 1651-2562523, 9836608812, 8507613968BY R. K. MALIK'S NEWTON CLASSES Ans. O34 Ans. Q35. Ans, Q36. Ans. Q37. Ans. If the cell and nuclear membranes are still intact, DNA will settle at bottom layer. Letting the test tube of mixture and alcohol sit for 30-60 minutes. More DNA precipitate into the alcohol layer over time, Why salt should be added ? Salty water helps the DNA precipitate (Solidfy and appear) when alcohol is added. Why detergent should be added to see DNA ? A cell’s DNA is usually protected from such enzymes (called DNases) by the nuclear membrane, but adding detergent destroys that membrane. DNA precipitates in presence of alcohol. Is it still soluble in alcohol ? Yes. ‘What is the role of enzymes ? ‘The two most common enzymes used in meat tenderizer are Bromelain and Papain. These two enzymes are extracted from pineapple and papaya, respectively. They are both proteases, meaning they break apart proteins. Enzymatic cleaning solutions for contact lenses also contain proteases 10 remove protein build-up. If you use pineapple juice or contact lens cleaning solution - just use a few drops Office.: 606 , 6" Floor, Hariom Tower, Circular Road, Ranchi-1, Ph.: 0651-2562523, 9835508812, 8507613968JEE (MAIN & ADV.), MEDICAL + BOARD, NDA, IX & X PK. MALIR'S | 0... spats gti rt NEWTON CLASSES percentage selection Aim :- Prepare a temporary mount of onion root tip to study mitosis VIVA - VOC in terms of Q..1. Why mitesisisaso known as equational division? Ans, The mitosis is also known as equational division because the number of chromosomes in the daughter cell is equal to the chromosome number in parent cell. 2. Why doweuse onion mattipsorgrshopper lava forstxying mitess? ‘Ans. Onion root tips or grasshopper larva are often used for studying mitosis because these tissues have actively dividing cells and we can easily show up all the stages of mitotic cell divisions in them. 3. Whyiscarly moming considered. an ideal time to harvest the onion root tips for study of mitosis? Ans. This is because root tips have active cell divisions in morning. When we cut such material we get all stages of cell division in one material. Q4 Suggest the name of ew tissues which are suitable forthe study of mitosis Ans. We can select the dividing cells of (a) Tail of tadpole larvae. (B) Epithelial cells of gills of fishes. (Hi) Bone marrow tissue of any vertebrate, (a) Root tip cells of any herbaceous plant. (B)_ Shoot apices of plants. (© Grasshopper larvae. 5. Whydoweprefér monocotyledonous material forcytological sts? Ans. Monocotyledonous plants are preferable because they have large sized chromosomes which are better visible in light microscope. Q.6 Which sainis used ir studying chromosomes? ‘Ans, Acetocarmine is generally used for studying chromosomes as it stains chromosome deep red while cytoplasm remains unstained 7. Fromwhere do spindle fibres originate? Ans. Spindle fibres originate from centrioles in case of animal cells, but in plant cells, these originate from the eytoplasm. These are proteinaceous in nature. Q8._ Inwhich stage ofcell division chromosomes are seen best? Office.: 606 , 6® Floor, Hariom Tower, Circular Road, Ranchi-1, Ph.: 0651-2562523, 9835508812, 85076139682 BY R. K. MALIK'S NEWTON CLASSES ‘Ans. Chromosomes are best seen in metaphase stage, because at this stage chromosomes are thickest and shortest and exist in condensed form, 9. Supposeacellhas4 chromasomes How many chromosomes wilithave aller mites? Ans. In mitosis, each of the daughter cells produced have the same number of chromosomes (44 chromosomes) as that of parent cell U0, What doyourean by the tenn Karyokinesis? Ans, Karyokinesis means the division of nucleus, QUL. What shape would a metacentric and sub-metacentric chromosome exhibit during the anaphase stage? Ans. ‘Types of chromosome Shape Centromere position Metacentrie v Median Sub-metacentric c Sub-median Acroventiie 7 ‘Sub-ienminal Telocentic i ‘Terminal Q.12._ In which stage do the chromatids start moving towards opposite poles? Ans. Anaphase. Q.13. Where do spindle fibres attach on the centromere during cell division? Ans. Spindle fibres attach themselves on the kinetophores during cell division Q.14, What does kinetophore consist of? Ans. It consists of protein and specific sections of chromosomal DNA at the centromere. Q.15, How does cytokinesis differ in animal and plant cells? Ans, Differences between animal and plant cytokinesis ar Animal eytokiness Plant eytokiness occurs by leava 1s occurs commenly by cell plate formation ‘Spindle persists il half cytokinesis, Spindle stats disappearing in calytlophase stage ‘Amid -body of dense materia is formed atthe midake M-PO8Y 8 not formed. ot the cell Q16 Name the chemical which can inhibit cell division during metaphase stage. Ans. Colchicine inhibits the formation of spindle fibres during metaphase stage. Q.17. Name the source of colchicine. ‘Ans. [tis obtained from a plant Colchicum autumnale of the family-Liliaceae. Q.18. What is a phragmoplast? Office.: 606 , 6" Floor, Hariom Tower, Circular Road, Ranchi-1, Ph.: 0651-2562523, 9835508812, 8507613968Prepare a temporary mount of onion root tip to study mitosis Ans. Qs. Ans. Q20. Ans Q23, Ans. Q24. Ans, Q25. Ans. Q.26. Ans. Q27. Ans. Q28. Ans. Q29. Ans. It is a cell plate formed in plant cell during cytokinesis. It is formed in the centre which grows ‘outwardly until it divides the cell into two identical daughter cells completely. How chromatin chang into chromoscmes? By losing water and supercoiling. the chromatin becomes compact. Why mitosis is called equational division ? Equal chromosome number is maintained in daughter cells. Where do mitotic di jons take place ? c cells, Mitotic divisions take place in vegetati . Differentiate mitosis in plants and animals. In plants S.No. In animals 1, | Cell wall is present. 1 Cell wall is absent. 2. | Centriole is absent 2. | Centriole is present 3. | _Novastral rays are formed, 3 Astral rays are formed Why root tips should be cut and fixed in early morning hours ? Root tip cells have mitotic activity during morning hours when temperature is about 28°C. Why root tips are treated with 1 N HCI? For hydrolysis so that middle lamellae between the cells dissolve. Why we select root tips for above experiment ? Root tips have meristematic activity. Why monocots are used to show mitosis for cytological studies 7 Chromosomes of monocotyledonous plants are large sized so monocots are used for cytological studies. Name three types of meiosis ? ‘Zygotic, gametic and sporic meiosis, What is synapsis ? Pairing of homologous chromosomes is called synapsis. Whaat is the significance of crossing over ? It helps in exchange of characters and is significant in evolution of new recombinations. # 606 , 6" Floor, Hariom Tower, Circular Road, Ranchi-1, Ph.: 1651-2562523, 9836608812, 8507613968Q30. Ans, Q3l Ans. Q32 Ans. Q.33. Ans. Ans. Q.35. Ans. 0:36. Ans. 0.37. Ans. Q.38. Ans. Q.39. BY R. K. MALIK'S NEWTON CLASSES Differentiate Mitosis and Meiosis ? Mitosis Meiosis (C) Only 1 cell division D) Two cell divisions DD) It occurs in somatic eels IE) t occurs in reproductive cells IE) Prophase is shor, simple, F) Prophase is long composed of 6 stages. F)_No synapsis and erossing over. (G) Crossing over takes place to exchange the seuments. (G) Only one plane of metaphasic plate (H)2 parallel planes of metaphase plates, IH) Centromeres divide during anaphase 1) Centromeres divide only in anaphase I {}) _Equational division, (J)_Reductional division When does crossing over take place ? In pachytene stage What is metaphasic plate ? During metaphase centromere lie in a single line thus making a metaphasic plate. Who described the process of mitosis and meiosis for the first time and in which year? Mitosis was first described by W. Flemming in 1882; while meiosis was first described by Winiwarter (1900) and Farmer and Moore coined the term meiosis in 1905. Can a haploid cell divide meiotically? No, a haploid cell cannot divide meiotically. Whaat is the significance of crossing over in meiosis? During crossing over in meiosis exchange of genetic material between non-sister chromatids occurs; as a result, the genotype of the cells is altered. So it results in the genetic recombination and finally helps in the formation of new species. What do you mean by the term karyokinesis? Karyokinesis means the division of the nucleus. What is a meiocyte cell? A cell that is to divide by meiosis is known as a meiocyte cell. How do you differentiate the chromosomes of mitosis and meiosis? Meiotic chromosomes are comparatively longer and thinner. They show a characteristic beaded appearance by the presence of chromomeres. From one parent cell how many daughter cells will be produced after meiosis and after mitosis respectively? Office.: 606 , 6" Floor, Hariom Tower, Circular Road, Ranchi-1, Ph.: 0651-2562523, 9835508812, 8507613968Prepare a temporary mount of onion root tip to study mitosis Ans. Q.40, Ans. Qal. Ans. Q42, Ans. Ans. Q.46. ‘Ans. Q.48. Ans. Q 49, Ans. Q50. Ans. Qs Ans. 32 From one parent cell two cells will be produced after mitosis: and four cells after meiosis. At what stage of cell division does nuclear membrane reappear? ‘Telophase. In which stage of cell division chromosomes are seen best? At metaphase sta Name the chemical that can arrest the process of cell division at metaphase stage? Colchicine. What do you mean by cytokinesis? Itis the division of the cytoplasm, Suppose a cell has 44 chromosomes. How many chromosomes will it have after mitosis? 44. In mitosis the daughter cells produced have the same number of chromosomes as the parent cell. Suppose we take a cell from a leaf instead of root tip, will mitotic events be seen? No, because the cells of leaf do not divide. ion division? Why is mitosis termed as ec}national division and meiosis as red Mitosis is equational division because the daughter cells formed are identical to the parent cell in all respects. Meiosis is reduction division because the daughter cells formed have half the number of ‘chromosomes as the parent cell. Can you name a process of nuclear division which is neither mitotic nor meiot Amitosis. In this nucleus simply splits into two halves without any event. It occurs in Amoeba and only macronucleus of Paramoccium divides amitotically Why are root tips used as a study material for mitosis? Root tips have the meristematic tissue that keeps dividing to form new cells. Hence these are a good material to study various stages of mitosis, Why do we use acetocarmine as the stain? Acetocarmine stains the chromosomes dark red and leaves the cytoplasm unstained Why are the root tips hydrolysed? Hydrolysis with hydrochloric acid (HC1) soften the root tips by breaking down the middle lamellae between the cells. Why is mitosis called an equational division? Office.: 606 , 6" Floor, Hariom Tower, Circular Road, Ranchi-1, Ph.: 0651-2562523, 9835508812, 85076139686 BY R. K. MALIK'S NEWTON CLASSES Ans. The two daughter cells formed at the end of mitosis have equal or same number of chromosomes. ‘The chromosomes are similar qualitatively and quantitatively. Q.53. What is mitosis? Ans. Mitosis is a cell division by which a cell divides to produce two daughter cells containing same ‘number of chromosomes as in the parent cell, thus maintaining the chromosome number constant. Q.54. What is karyokinesis? Ans. Ifrefers to the division of nucleus, Q.55. What is cytokinesis? Ans. It refers to the division of cytoplasm Q.56. Are centrioles present in the onion root tip cells? Ans. No, Q.57. What is the diploid number (2n) of chromosomes in an onion root tip cell? Ans. Sixteen 2n= 16) Q.59. At which stage of cell division, the chromosomes are best studied? Ans. Chromosomes are best studied at metaphase. Q.60. Why is it so? Ans. (i) At metaphase, they are condensed and distinct. Each chromosome appears in the form of two distinct chromatids attached by a centromere (ii) ‘The chromosomes can be readily counted and distinguished from each other. (iii) ‘The chromosomes reveal a distinct pattern and each has a specific size and shape. Q61. Why do chromosomes appear to be of different shapes? Ans. Due to the position of centromere, chromosomes acquire different shapes. Q.62,. Why do chromosomes at anaphase have J, V, L or rod shapes? ‘Ans. These shapes are due to the position of centromere in the chromosomes, = J-shaped chromosomes have centromere slightly displaced from the centre and so both arms are unequal = V-shaped chromosomes have centromeres right in the centre and so both the arms are equal ~ Lor rod-shaped chromosomes have their centromere either at or near the extreme end and so their one arm is extremely short or negligible and the other very long. Q.63. Name the chemical that can arrest the process of cell division at metaphase. 0