‫الجمهىريت الجسائريت الديمقراطيت الشعبيت‬

République Algérienne Démocratique et Populaire

‫وزارة التعليم العالي والبحث العلمي‬
Ministère de l’Enseignement Supérieur
et de la Recherche Scientifique

‫معـــهــد املنـــــــامج‬ ‫تبسة‬-‫جامعة العريب التبيس‬

Institut des Mines Université Larbi Tebessi-TEBESSA

Module : Anglais technique

Niveau : 1ère Master

Spécialité : Electromécanique

Electromechanics:
In engineering, electromechanics combines processes and procedures drawn
from electrical engineering and mechanical engineering. Electromechanics focuses on
the interaction of electrical and mechanical systems as a whole and how the two systems
interact with each other. This process is especially prominent in systems such as those
of DC or AC rotating electrical machines which can be designed and operated to generate
power from a mechanical process (generator) or used to power a mechanical effect
(motor). Electrical engineering in this context also encompasses electronics engineering.
Electromechanical devices are ones which have both electrical and mechanical
processes. Strictly speaking, a manually operated switch is an electromechanical
component due to the mechanical movement causing an electrical output. Though this is
true, the term is usually understood to refer to devices which involve an electrical signal
to create mechanical movement, or vice versa mechanical movement to create an
electric signal. Often involving electromagnetic principles such as in relays, which allow
a voltage or current to control another, usually isolated circuit voltage or current by
mechanically switching sets of contacts, and solenoids, by which a voltage can actuate a
moving linkage as in solenoid valves.
Before the development of modern electronics, electromechanical devices were
widely used in complicated subsystems of parts, including electric
typewriters, teleprinters, clocks, initial television systems, and the very early
electromechanical digital computers. Solid-state electronics have replaced
electromechanics in many applications.
HISTORY
The first electric motor was invented in 1822 by Michael Faraday. The motor was
developed only a year after Hans Christian discovered that the flow of electric current
creates a proportional magnetic field. This early motor was simply a wire partially
submerged into a glass of mercury with a magnet at the bottom. When the wire was
connected to a battery a magnetic field was created and this interaction with the
magnetic field given off by the magnet caused the wire to spin.
Ten years later the first electric generator was invented, again by Michael
Faraday. This generator consisted of a magnet passing through a coil of wire and
inducing current that was measured by a galvanometer. Faraday's research and
 ‫الجمهىريت الجسائريت الديمقراطيت الشعبيت‬
République Algérienne Démocratique et Populaire
‫وزارة التعليم العالي والبحث العلمي‬
Ministère de l’Enseignement Supérieur
et de la Recherche Scientifique

‫معـــهــد املنـــــــامج‬ ‫تبسة‬-‫جامعة العريب التبيس‬

Institut des Mines Université Larbi Tebessi-TEBESSA
experiments into electricity are the basis of most of modern electromechanical
principles known today.
Interest in electromechanics surged with the research into long distance
communication. The Industrial Revolution's rapid increase in production gave rise to a
demand for intercontinental communication, allowing electromechanics to make its way
into public service. Relays originated with telegraphy as electromechanical devices were
used to regenerate telegraph signals. The Strowger switch, the Panel switch, and
similar devices were widely used in early automated telephone exchanges. Crossbar
switches were first widely installed in the middle 20th century in Sweden, the United
States, Canada, and Great Britain, and these quickly spread to the rest of the world.
Electromechanical systems saw a massive leap in progress from 1910-1945 as
the world was put into global war twice. World War I saw a burst of new
electromechanics as spotlights and radios were used by all countries. By World War II,
countries had developed and centralized their military around the versatility and power
of electromechanics. One example of these still used today is the alternator, which was
created to power military equipment in the 1950s and later repurposed for automobiles
in the 1960s. Post-war America greatly benefited from the military's development of
electromechanics as household work was quickly replaced by electromechanical
systems such as microwaves, refrigerators, and washing machines.
The electromechanical television systems of the late 19th century were less successful.
Electric typewriters developed, up to the 1980s, as "power-assisted typewriters".
They contained a single electrical component, the motor. Where the keystroke had
previously moved a typebar directly, now it engaged mechanical linkages that directed
mechanical power from the motor into the typebar. This was also true of the later
IBM Selectric. At Bell Labs, in the 1946, the Bell Model V computer was developed. It was
an electromechanical relay-based device; cycles took seconds. In 1968
electromechanical systems were still under serious consideration for an aircraft flight
control computer, until a device based on large scale integration electronics was
adopted in the Central Air Data Computer.
MICROELECTROMECHANICAL SYSTEMS (MEMS)
Microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) have roots in the silicon revolution,
which can be traced back to two important silicon semiconductor inventions from 1959:
the monolithic integrated circuit (IC) chip by Robert Noyce at Fairchild Semiconductor,
and the metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistor (MOSFET) by Mohamed M.
Atalla and Dawon Kahng at Bell Labs. MOSFET scaling, the miniaturization of MOSFETs
on IC chips, led to the miniaturization of electronics (as predicted by Moore's
law and Dennard scaling). This laid the foundations for the miniaturization of
mechanical systems, with the development of micromachining technology based on
silicon semiconductor devices, as engineers began realizing that silicon chips and
MOSFETs could interact and communicate with the surroundings and process things
 ‫الجمهىريت الجسائريت الديمقراطيت الشعبيت‬
République Algérienne Démocratique et Populaire
‫وزارة التعليم العالي والبحث العلمي‬
Ministère de l’Enseignement Supérieur
et de la Recherche Scientifique

‫معـــهــد املنـــــــامج‬ ‫تبسة‬-‫جامعة العريب التبيس‬

Institut des Mines Université Larbi Tebessi-TEBESSA
such as chemicals, motions and light. One of the first silicon pressure sensors was
isotropically micromachined by Honeywell in 1962.
An early example of a MEMS device is the resonant-gate transistor, an adaptation
of the MOSFET, developed by Harvey C. Nathanson in 1965. During the 1970s to early
1980s, a number of MOSFET microsensors were developed for
measuring physical, chemical, biological and environmental parameters. In the early
21st century, there has been research on nanoelectromechanical systems (NEMS).
MODERN PRACTICE
Today, electromechanical processes are mainly used by power companies. All
fuel based generators convert mechanical movement to electrical power. Some
renewable energies such as wind and hydroelectric are powered by mechanical systems
that also convert movement to electricity.
In the last thirty years of the 20th century, equipment which would generally
have used electromechanical devices became less expensive. This equipment became
cheaper because it used more reliably integrated microcontroller circuits containing
ultimately a few million transistors, and a program to carry out the same task through
logic. With electromechanical components there were only moving parts, such as
mechanical electric actuators. This more reliable logic has replaced most
electromechanical devices, because any point in a system which must rely on mechanical
movement for proper operation will inevitably have mechanical wear and eventually
fail. Properly designed electronic circuits without moving parts will continue to operate
correctly almost indefinitely and are used in most simple feedback control systems.
Circuits without moving parts appear in a large number of items from traffic
lights to washing machines.
Another electromechanical device is piezoelectric devices, but they do not use
electromagnetic principles. Piezoelectric devices can create sound or vibration from an
electrical signal or create an electrical signal from sound or mechanical vibration.
To become an electromechanical engineer, typical college courses involve
mathematics, engineering, computer science, designing of machines, and other
automotive classes that help gain skill in troubleshooting and analyzing issues with
machines. To be an electromechanical engineer a bachelor's degree is required, usually
in electrical, mechanical, or electromechanical engineering. As of April 2018, only two
universities, Michigan Technological University and Wentworth Institute of Technology,
offer the major of electromechanical engineering. To enter the electromechanical field as
an entry level technician, an associative degree is all that is required.
As of 2016, approximately 13,800 people work as electro-mechanical technicians
in the US. The job outlook for 2016 to 2026 for technicians is 4% growth which is about
an employment change of 500 positions. This outlook is slower than average.
 ‫الجمهىريت الجسائريت الديمقراطيت الشعبيت‬
République Algérienne Démocratique et Populaire
‫وزارة التعليم العالي والبحث العلمي‬
Ministère de l’Enseignement Supérieur
et de la Recherche Scientifique

‫معـــهــد املنـــــــامج‬ ‫تبسة‬-‫جامعة العريب التبيس‬

Institut des Mines Université Larbi Tebessi-TEBESSA

Taches à faire par l’étudiant

1- Lire le texte attentivement
2- Traduire les mots en Gras-Bleu soulignés (vers français)
3- Définir les mots colorés en Gras-Rouge (en anglais)
4- Faire un résumé de ce cours dans une seule page (en anglais)

Le travail est envoyé vers l’adresse E-mail ali.messai@hotmail.com avant 00:00 le 31

Décembre 2021

Bon courage

MESSAI Ali