Technological university of panama

Electrical Engineering faculty

Electromechanical Engineering

Inventions, discoveries, technologies and trends in

History and modern ones

Student
Fher Rojas

Professor
Virgilio Bernal

Group
9IE111

Date
November 25th of 2019
 Electromechanical Engineering

Refers to the analysis, design, manufacture and

maintenance of equipment and products based on the
combination of electrical / electronic circuits and
mechanical systems.
Electromechanics focuses on the interaction of
electrical and mechanical systems as a whole and how
the two systems interact with each other.
It is a multidisciplinary science field that includes a
combination of mechanical engineering, electronics,
computer engineering, telecommunications
engineering, systems engineering and control engineering. As technology advances,
engineering subfields multiply and adapt.

Electromechanical engineering is responsible for carrying out the analysis, design,

development, manufacture and maintenance of electromechanical systems and
devices, and it is these that combine electrical and mechanical parts to form its
mechanism. Examples of these devices are electric motors used in household
appliances, such as: fans, refrigerators, washing machines, hair dryers, power
transmission mechanisms and others, which convert electrical energy into
mechanical energy. Telephones transmit information from one place to another, and
convert mechanical energy caused by sound waves into electrical signals and
converting these electrical signals into sound waves for reception. The list of these
electromechanical devices is endless. It is physically impossible to group them all
and analyze them individually.

All these devices can be considered as parts that are electrical and parts that can be
classified as mechanical. This classification does not imply that the electrical and
mechanical parts can always be physically separated and operated independently of
each other. Energy is received or supplied by these parts depending on the nature
and application of the particular equipment. The electromechanical energy
conversion process also usually covers the storage and transfer of electrical energy.
The study of the principles of conversion of electromechanical energy and the
development of models for the components of an electromechanical system are the
objective among others of a program such as electromechanical engineering.
 History

At the end of the 17th century Otto von

Guericke managed to establish that there
were several types of electricity; In the
eighteenth century they were devised: the
electroscope in 1705, the Leyden bottle
(experimental condenser) in 1745 and the
lightning rod in 1752. A series of inventions
characterized this era and facilitated the
industrialization process, among which the
most important were: The Jenny spinner
(1770), the mechanical shuttle (1773), the
mechanical loom (1787) and the steam engine (1769). These events definitively
decreed the emergence of mechanical engineering and industrial engineering.
The first electric motor was invented in 1821 by Michael Faraday. The motor was
developed only a year after Hans Christian Ørsted discovered that the flow of
electric current creates a proportional magnetic field. This early motor was simply a
wire partially submerged into a glass of mercury with a magnet at the bottom. When
the wire was connected to a battery a magnetic field was created and this interaction
with the magnetic field given off by the magnet caused the wire to spin.
Ten years later the first electric generator was invented, again by Michael Faraday.
This generator consisted of a magnet passing through a coil of wire and inducing
current that was measured by a galvanometer. Faraday's research and experiments
into electricity are the basis of most of modern electromechanical principles known
today.
Interest in electromechanics surged with the research into long distance
communication. The Industrial Revolution's rapid increase in production gave rise to
a demand for intracontinental communication, allowing electromechanics to make its
way into public service. Relays originated with telegraphy as electromechanical
devices were used to regenerate telegraph signals. The Strowger switch, the Panel
switch, and similar devices were widely used in early automated telephone
exchanges. Crossbar switches were first widely installed in the middle 20th century
in Sweden, the United States, Canada, and Great Britain, and these quickly spread
to the rest of the world.
Paul Nipkow proposed and patented the first electromechanical television system in
1885. Electric typewriters were developed until the 1880s as "energy-assisted
typewriters." These machines contained a single electrical component: the motor.
While formerly the pressing of a key directly moved a metal lever with the desired
type, with these electric machines the keys engaged various mechanical gears that
directed mechanical energy from the motor to the writing levers.
Electromechanical systems saw a massive leap in progress from 1910-1945 as the
world was put into global war twice. World War I saw a burst of new
electromechanics as spotlights and radios were used by all countries. By World War
II, countries had developed and centralized their military around the versatility and
power of electromechanics. One example of these still used today is the alternator,
which was created to power military equipment in the 1950s and later repurposed
for automobiles in the 1960s. Post-war America greatly benefited from the military's
development of electromechanics as household work was quickly be replaced by
electromechanical systems such as microwaves, refrigerators, and washing
machines. The electromechanical television systems of the late 19th century were
less successful.
Today, electromechanical processes are mainly used by power companies. All fuel
based generators convert mechanical movement to electrical power. Some
renewable energies such as wind and hydroelectric are powered by mechanical
systems that also convert movement to electricity.
In the last thirty years of the 20th century, equipment which would generally have
used electromechanical devices became less expensive. This equipment became
cheaper because it used more reliably integrated microcontroller circuits containing
ultimately a few million transistors, and a program to carry out the same task
through logic. With electromechanical components there were only moving parts,
such as mechanical electric actuators. This more reliable logic has replaced most
electromechanical devices, because any point in a system which must rely on
mechanical movement for proper operation will inevitably have mechanical wear and
eventually fail. Properly designed electronic circuits without moving parts will
continue to operate correctly almost indefinitely and are used in most simple
feedback control systems. Circuits without moving parts appear in a large number of
items from traffic lights to washing machines.
During the twentieth century, as scientific and technological knowledge multiplied,
the fields of action of engineers became increasingly specialized. An example of this
process is electrical engineering, from which electronic and computer engineering,
telecommunications, telematics and mechatronics, among others.

Industrial production systems require more efficiency to become more competitive

systems, but high specialization among collaborators makes communication difficult.
Then the need arose for a professional with a holistic vision of the process, with
mastery of the language of related specialties and who in turn could be a valid
interlocutor with specialists in those professions, to coordinate their effort and make
teamwork more efficient. In addition, small and medium-sized companies of
professionals that can meet their needs in an integral way in automation, assembly,
maintenance and design of electromechanical systems, in their production plants,
and given the size of small and medium-sized companies, there is no possibility to
have engineers in all specialties.
 Michael Faraday

Michael Faraday was born on September 22, 1791 in

London, England in a very poor and religious family.
When he was 13 years old, he started working as a
bookseller apprentice, these books that he bound by
day and read at night were his first windows to
knowledge and those that would lead him to be one of
the greatest scientists of all time. In 1812, at the age of
20, and already at the end of his bookbinder learning
process, Faraday began attending the conferences of
the prominent English chemist Humphry Davy, the
Royal Institution and the Royal Society, and John
Tatum, founder of the City Philosophical Society. Most
of the conference invitations were offered to Faraday
by William Dance, one of the founders of the Royal
Philharmonic Society. Faraday subsequently sent Davy a 300-page book based on
notes he had taken during those conferences. Davy's response was immediate, kind
and favorable. Davy, during an experiment with nitrogen trichloride, seriously
damaged his eyesight, so he decided to hire Faraday as his secretary. When one of
the Royal Institution's assistants, John Payne, was fired, Humphry Davy found
himself in need of finding a substitute for the position, appointing Faraday as
assistant chemistry of the Royal Institution, on March 1, 1813.
In the English society classist of the time, Faraday was not considered a gentleman.
When Davy decided to take a trip across the continent in 1813-1815, his servant
preferred not to go. Faraday, who was working as a scientific assistant, was forced
to replace the servant's tasks until a new one could be found in Paris. Davy's wife,
Jane Apreece, refused to treat Faraday as an equal (forced him to travel out of the
carriage, eat with the servants, etc.), made his life so miserable, that led him to
contemplate the idea of returning to England alone and abandoning science. The
trip, however, gave him access to the European scientific elite and their fascinating
and stimulating ideas.
Faraday's first job in the area of chemistry was as an assistant to Humphry Davy. He
was especially interested in studying chlorine, discovering two new chlorine and
carbon compounds.
In 1821, shortly after the discovery of the electromagnetic phenomenon by Danish
physicist and chemist Hans Christian Ørsted, Davy and British scientist William
Hyde Wollaston tried, unsuccessfully, to design an electric motor. Faraday, having
discussed the problem with the two men, persisted and managed to build two
devices they produced, what he called "electromagnetic rotation." One of them, now
known as a homopolar motor, produced a continuous circular motion caused by the
circular magnetic force around a wire that extended to a mercury vessel that had a
magnet inside; The wire rotates around the magnet when an electric current is
supplied from a chemical battery. These experiments and inventions formed the
basis of modern electromagnetic technology. The emotion due to these discoveries
led Faraday to publish his works without having previously presented them to Davy
or Wollaston. The resulting controversy within the Royal Society strained the
relationship with his mentor Davy and could have contributed to Faraday being
appointed for other tasks, preventing his participation in electromagnetic research
for several years. In his spare time he continued publishing his experimental works
on optics and electromagnetism; He also corresponded with scientists he had met
on his trip through Europe with Davy and who were also investigating
electromagnetism. Two years after Davy's death, in 1831, Faraday began the great
series of experiments that would lead to discover electromagnetic induction.
Faraday's great discovery arose when he wound two wire solenoids around an iron
ring, and found that when he was passing current through a solenoid, another
current was temporarily induced in the other solenoid, this phenomenon is known as
mutual induction. This device is still exhibited at the Royal Institution. In later
experiments, he observed that if he made a magnet pass through a wire loop, an
electric current would circulate through this wire. The current also flowed if the loop
was moved over the resting magnet. His demonstrations established that a variable
magnetic field generated an electric field; This relationship was modeled
mathematically by James Clerk Maxwell as Faraday's Law, which would later
become one of Maxwell's four equations, and which in turn would evolve into a more
general model known as field theory. Faraday would later use the principles he had
discovered to build the electric dynamo, ancestor of current generators and electric
motors. In June 1832, the University of Oxford granted Faraday an honorary Doctor
of Civil Law degree .
During his lifetime, he was offered a knighthood in
recognition for his services to science, which
he turned down on religious grounds, believing that it
was against the word of the Bible to accumulate
riches and pursue worldly reward, and stating that
he preferred to remain "plain Mr Faraday to the
end". Elected a member of the Royal Society in
1824, he twice refused to become President. He
became the first Fullerian Professor of Chemistry at
the Royal Institution in 1833. Faraday died at his
home in Hampton Court, 35 km southwest of London, on August 25, 1867, at the
age of 75. Despite having rejected a burial at Westminster Abbey, there is a
commemorative plaque there in his name, near the tomb of Isaac Newton. Faraday
was buried in the dissidents section of Highgate Cemetery.
 Introduction

Today i going to talk about my career, electromechanical engineer. specifically the

the contributions of this over the years, and some important people who made this
possible. It should be noted that the contributions of the field of electricity in society
are very significant that we can see all around us, with all the devices we use in our
daily lives.
Over the centuries, electricity has made the world evolve, an example of this was in
the industrial era where the great advance of society was driven by the advance of
electricity, in a couple of years they stopped using kerosene to use electricity, and
many cities to be illuminated through it.
One of the many people who contributed was the great Michael Faraday, a humble
and uneducated person who with the desire to get ahead and his great intelligence
managed to become one of the greatest scientists in history, with some ideas ahead
of his weather.
 Conclusion

in this work I skipped many really interesting things or simply said very little of these,
but the story and the contributions of the electromechanics are much and very
difficult to tell, but it is not necessary to explain much to understand that it is one of
the races Most important today, given the great relationship it has with electronic
devices, that is why I think it is a great career to study since if right now the
professionals trained in the field of electricity are very important, in the future they
will be much more and therefore does not have much risk of being replaced by
future technologies since these technologies need us.
I also have to say that I skip many great scientists like Nikola Tesla, Maxwell and
many more. But I chose Michael Faraday since I was telling something about his
history and he seemed like a great inventor but above all a great person and an
example of life.