S TAND ARD ED UCATI ONAL S ERI ES

EN G L I S H S Y N O N Y M S
AN D AN T O N YM S

WI TH N O T ES O N T H E
C O RRE C T U S E O F PRE PO S I TI O NS

D s sx cx m as A C o u n mo n po x 11 13
-
S rumr
'

m o as A

Tan B oo n
: t o:
-
ru n U se or Sc uoou

BY JAM E S c F E RN AL D L H D .
, . . .

Edilo gf Synu jas

r
, Antoajns, and c pm nm inM
' '

o e New Standar d Difficul ty

TWE N Tr E I GH TH ED I TI ON
-

C OM PL E TEL T RE V I S E D E N LARGED AN D
, RES E T

FU NK {9 °
WAG NALLS C O M PANY
NEW YORK AND 1 ow omc
 W
TO N !
“

”
PUB I I L“ u

079 6 2 A
1

r
C opy ig ht, 19 1 4 , by F UNK d WAGNALLS C OMP ANY

P um at n x x
-
l Kl
‘ '
U nru o S TATl S
 C O NT ENTS
PM !

PRE F ACE

P ART I .

S YN ON YK S , Pm msrmons

P ART I I .

AN D EXAM PLES 491

I N D EX OF S y nony ms

I N DE X or AN rom ms
'
709
 P R E F AC E TO T H E N EW E D I T I O N

After be ing for eig hteen years be fore the pub lic, during
w hi c h time it has bee n rece ived w ith w i de and cons tantly in
creasi ng favor, this w ork h as now bee n care fully re v ise d by
the o rig in al author, w ith the addi tion of more th an 5 0 ne w
diss e rtation s a nd upw ard of 660 ne w s ynonyms , bring ing the
total numbe r of s yn on y m s tre a t e d u p to m or e th a n w ith
anincr e ase of 154 pag es in the s ize of the volume .

At nume rous points w ithin th e parag raphs orig inally g ive n

ne w dis crimination s ha v e bee n in s e rted or th ose al r eady e x is t

in g n e w ly s ta te d. T he p ri n c ip e , w hi ch h as bee nfound s o h e lp
l
ful, of re ferring all dis cr imin ation s in e v er y g roup to some

fix ed po in t as a s tandard h a s b ee ns teadily ma intained throug h

o ut thi s re v is ion .

I ncre as ing s tudy of the s ubj ect produces only incre as ing
w on de r at the rich nes s , fulnes s , and v arie ty of En li h a n
g s y o

nyms g ath ere d from all ag es and all lands , w hich th e vig orous
p r a c tic a l g e n iu s o f th e l a n g u a g e h as , b y fine dis ti nction, so
de licate ly difi e re ntiated as to make poss ible th e accurate de
li mi tati on of almos t all s h ade s of h uman thoug h t .

f Not only for the h ig hes t re ach of oratory and th e p erfection

o f li te r a ry s tyle , b ut for accuracy a nd e x plicitnes s joined w ith
lum inous bre vity in b us in es s commun ications or for s prig h t
,

line s s , force , and union of e as e and g r ace w i th e fi ectiv e nes s in

co n v er s a ti on, the care ful s tudy of synonyms w ill be found one
o f th e mos t profita b le to w h ich any s pe ake r o r w rite r can de
v o te h ims e lf . S uch s tudy le ads th e mind to an e v e r i ncr e as ing -

p e r ce p ti o n o th e fi n e s h a d e s o f th o u h
g t ex pres se d b y the dif
fe re n ce in me a ning of w or ds w hich are ine ss e nce clos ely allied
and so conduces to accur acy and clarity in thin k ing w hile at
,

th e s ame time th e s co pe an d r ang e o f thoug h t its elf are

w i den e d, a s the s tude n t come s to s ee and fe e l in the ve ry w ords
o f the lan g u ag e th e e v e r v ar
-

y gin i de as w h ic h th os e w o r d s h av e

b e e n s o fitly as s ig ned to ex press .

J C F
. . .

M ont clai r, N . J .
, F eb 11 1914
. . .
 PRE F ACE

so meh ow lacks the imprint of immortality, it is of th e firs t

M portance to re v iv e the s tudy of s ynonyms as a dis tinct
branch of rh e torical cultur e . Pre valent errors nee d at time s
to be note d an d correcte d, b ut the te aching of pure Eng lis h
s pe ech is th e bes t de fen se a g a i n s t a ll t h at is infe rior, nu
s ui ta b le , or re puls iv e . Th e most e fi ectiv e co nde mnation o f
an objectionable w ord or ph ras e is that i t is not found i n
sch ola r ly w orks , a nd a s tudent w ho has once lear ned the rich
s tores of vig orous , be autiful, e x act, a nd ex press ive w ords th at
make up our noble lang uag e , is by th at very fact put b e
y o n d t h e r e ac h o f a l l t e m p ta ti o n t o li n g u is ti c corruption .

S pecial ins truction in the use of s ynonyms is necess ary, fo r

th e re a s on that fe w s tude n ts pom the analyti cal pow er and
hab it of mind required to ho ld a s uccess ionof s e parate de fini
tion s in th oug h t a t once , compare them w ith each othe r, and
de te rmine jus t w he re and how the y pu t company ; and th e
p e rs o n s l ea s t a b le to d o th is a r e th e v e ry o n es m os t i n ne e d o f
the information The dis tincti ons be tw ee n w ords s imi lar i n
.

meaning are ofte ns o fine and e lus iv e as to tax the ing e nuity o f
th e a ccomplis h ed schola r ; ye t w h e n clea r ly appre he n ded the y
are as important for the purpos es of lang uag e as the minute
difi e re nces be tw ee n s imilar s ubs tances are for th e pur pos e o f
ch e

p a
m
r iso
is try
n
.

o f
Ofte n de finition its e lf is bes t se cure d b y the com
k i n dr e d te rm s a n d t h e p o i n t i n g o u t w h e r e e ac h
difi e rs from the oth er We pe rce iv e more clear ly and re mem
.

be r better w h at e ach w ord is , b y pe rce iving w he re each divide s

fr om anothe r of kindred meaning ; j ust as w e s ee an d re
membe r better the s ituation and co ntour of adj acent countr ie s ,
by con s ide rin g th e m as b o u n d a r i es o f e a c h o th e r , r a th er t h an
by an e x act s tatement o f th e lati tude and long itude of each
as a se parate port ionof the e arth s s urface ’
.

The g reat mas s o f untrained s pe akers and w r ite rs need to

be re m i n d e d , in t h e firs t p lac e , th a t t h e r e a e s yn
r on y m s — a
s ug g es tion w h ich the y w ould n ot g a in from any precis ion o f
se p a ra te de fin ition s in a diction ary . Th e de plor ab le re petitio n
w i th w hich man y s lig h t ly e d u ca te d p e r s o n s u s e s u ch w ords as
“e le ant ” “s le ndid ” “cle v e r ” “aw ful ” “horrid ” e tc to i n
g , p , , , , .
,

dicate (for the y cannot b e said to e x p res s ) almos t any s h ad e

of ce rta in approv e d or obj ectionab le qualities , s how s a limite d
voca b ulary, a pove rty of lang uag e , w hich it is of the firs t im
p o r ta n ce to c o rrec t. M a n y w h o a r e n o t g i v e n t o s uch g ss
ro
 P RE F ACE

mis use w ould ye t be s ur pris e d to learn how oftenthey employ

a v e ry limite d number of w ords in the attem m to g ive utter
an ce to thoug h ts a nd feeling s so unlike , th at w hat is th e rig ht
w o rd on on e occa s ion mus t of n eces s i ty be the w ron g w o r d a t
many other times . S uch pe rson s a re simply un con s cious of

the fact that th e re are other w ords of kin dre d meaning from
w hi ch th e y mig ht choos e ; a s the U n ited S tates s urve yors of
“ ”
Alas ka found the s hudde ring te nant of the frig id zone
w r ap pin g h i m s e lf in fu rs a n d c o w e r in g o v e r a fi re o f s ti ck s

w ith un to uch ed coal min -

es be n e ath his feet .

S uch pov erty of lang uag e is alw ays accompanied by

p o v er t y o f t h ou g h t . O n e w h o is c o n te n t t o u se t h e s a m e w or d
for w ide ly difi e rent ide as has e ithe r nev er obs e rv ed or soon
comes to forg e t that th e re is a ny difi ere nce be tw een the ideas ;
or pe r haps he re ta in s a va g u e n o t io n o f a d i ff ere n c e w hic h h e

ne v e r attempts to de fine to hims e lf, and dimly hints to othe rs

“
by ad ding to his inadequate w ord some s uch p hrase as you
” “ u k n w in t h h l l a tt e m t t i n j t in to
s ee or y o o , e e p ess p o ec

another mind by s ug g e s tionw hat adequate w ords w ould e nable

him s imp ly an d dis tinctly to s ay . S uch a mind res e mb les the
o ld ma ps o f A f r ic a in w h ic h t h e in t e ri o r w as fil led w i t h clo u dy
s pa ces , w here moder ndi scov ery h a s re v e a led g re at lakes , fe rtile
p la i ns , a n d m ig yh t r iv e r s
. O n e m a in o ffi ce o f a b oo k o f
s yn on y m s is to r ev e a l t o s u c h p ers o n s th e u n s u s p ec te d ri c h es

of th eir ow n la ng uag e ; and w he n a s e ries of w ords is g iven

th e m from w h ich the y may choos e , the n, w ith inte llig e n t choice
o f w ords there comes of n ece s s ity a cle are r pe rce ption o f the

difi eren ce of the ide a s that a re to be e x pres s e d b y those difi e r

en t w ords . Thus , copious nes s and clearnes s of lang uag e te nd

m
di re ctly to a uence and precis ion of thoug h t .

Hence th ere is an important use for me re lis ts of clamified

s yn on m ik R T n n
’
y s , l e o g e t s h es a u r u s a d th e w o rk s o f S o uls a d
F allow s . Not one in a thousand of av e rag e s tude nts w ould
e v er discove r, by in de pe nde nt s tudy of the di ctionary, that
th ere are fiftee n s yn on y m s f o r b e a u t i f ,
u l tw e n ty
-
o n e for b e

g i n n i n g, fif te e n f o r b e n e v o le n ce ,
tw e n ty f o r f r ie n d ly, a n d
thirty s e v e n for p ur e
-
. The me re me ntion of s uch numbe rs
o pe n s v is ta s of pos s ible fuln ess , fre ed om, a nd v arie ty of ut
te ran ce , w hi ch w i ll hav e for ma ny pe rs ons the e fi e ct of a
re vela ti on .

B ut it is e qually important to te ach th at s ynonyms ar e not

 S PE CI AL N O T E

U SE TH E I ND EX

Many p e rs ns fail to find the w ords the y are se eking in

o

book becaus e the y look only at th e k ey w or d at th e head of

,
-

e ac h ar ticle . These key w ords are g ive n in alphabe tical order,

-

s o th at i f on e w is hes to fin
“ ”
d th e w ord beauti ful, for instan ce ,

that w i ll be foun d int he re g ular alph abe tical orde r onpag e 115 .

“ ”
B ut unde r the w o rd beautiful th e re are 16 s ynonyms It .

is obvi o us that no t e ve ry one of th ese can be made the head of

a g ro up inalphabe tical orde r .

H ow can any w ord w ithinthe g roup b e found ? B y turning

to the I nde x at the b ack of th e v o lume S uppos e you w is h
.

s yn on m f t he w d “ tt
” Y u w ill n t find th at under
y s or or p re y . o o

P b ut by tur n
. i ng to the I ndex you w ill fin d

pre tty, b eautiful

That is , pre tty is to b e fo u n d u nd e r th e ke y -

w ord,
”
b e autiful, onpag e 115 .

Ofte none w ord is re fe rre d to se v e ral g ro ups , thus

cultiv atio n, ag riculture .

me di fi e re nt as pe ct or meani ng
so of the w ord be ing tre ated
unde r e ach of the difi ere nt g roups .
 B OO KS O F RE F E RE N C E

“
Or abb s En g li sh S ynonyme s E x p lained
[H ]
’
. .

“
S oule s D i ct io nary of E ng li sh S ynonyms
[D ]
'
. .

“
S ynonyms D i scr iminate d
"
S mith s
'
LL ] [B I .

"
Gr ah am s E ng lis h S yno nyms [ AJ
'
.

Wh ate le y s Eng lish S ynonyms D isc r i minate d

’ “
[L t S ] . . .

“
Campbe ll s H and book o f S ynonyms
' "
[L S ] . . .

“
F allow s C omple te D ictio nar y o f S ynonym s and Anto nyms
’
[F H R ) . . . .

Rog e t s Th e s aur us of E ng li s h Word s "

(F W
'

. . .

Tre nch s S tu dy o f E ng li s h Wor d s (W J W ]

’ ”
. . . .

Rich ar d Gr ant Wh ite , Wor ds and th e ir U se s , and Ev e r y D ay E ng lis h

“
.

(I I M Co ) . . .

“
Ge o P Mar s h , . Le ctur e s on th e E ng li sh L ang u ag e ,
. and Or ig in and
"
H i story o f th e Eng lish L ang uag e [S J .

“
F itze dw ar d H all, F als e P h ilolog y (S J .

“ "
Mae tx ner s Eng lish Gr ammar , tr b y Gr e ce
’
[J M ) . . . .

The S ynonyms of th e Ce ntury and I nte r national D iction

aries have als o bee n cons ulte d and compare d .

The Fun k Wag nalls S tandard D ictionary h as be e n use d

as the auth ority throug hout .

AB B REVI ATI ON S U S ED .

D . Appleton Co . Kr auth Fle mi ng

-

Ang lo S ax on -
Vocabulary of Ph ilos op h y .
"

BI LL ; B . 8 B e ll S o ns L Lat in; L ipp incott Go .

F . . Fr e nch L . S L ee S h e p ar d
F . H R . . . Fleming H
Re v e l] . M Murr ay '
s Ne w Eng li sh D i ct ionary
F . W . Cc . . Fu nk
'
. Wag nalla Co . Macs: Macmillan Co .

Ge rman 8 Ch as S crib ne r s S o ns
’
.

Gree k Sp S p anis h
H H ar pe r B r os . T t F
. Ti cknor F i e ld s
H M . . Co . . H oug h ton, Mil in Co . T 1: H
. Troutman a H aye s
I tali an T .M Taylor Walton Mab crle y
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 O O OJOh n m .y
O O O O O n W . J . W W J Widdlctan
. .
 PART I

SYN O N YM S , AN TO N YM S, AN D
PREPO S I T I O N S

ABA N D ON
M O NT H S :
ab d i c at e de s e rt
ab ju r e d i s c o nti nu e a n“ :
eas t o f for e g o r e c ant r e t r ac t
ce as e f o r s ak e r e li nq ui s h . s ur r e nd e r
ce d e fo r s w e ar r e no u nc e
. vac at e
de p ar t f r o m ‘
g i v e up r e p u di at e w i t h d r aw fr o m

Aband o n is a w ord of w ide s igmification, app lying to persons ,

or thin s o f a
g n y k in d ; a b d i ca te a n d r es ig n a pp y l t o o ffi ce ,

a uthori ty, or pow e r ; ce de to te r ri tori al posse ss ion s ; s urr e n de r

espe cially to milita ry force , a nd more g e nerally to any de mand,
cla im pass ion, e tc Q uit carries an ide a of s udde nness or ah
. .

mptnes s not ne cess arily implie d inabandon, and may not have
the s ame s ug g es tionof finality . The k ing abdicates h is th rone ,
cedes h is te rritory, dese r ts h is follow e rs , r e n o un ce s h is relig ion ,

relin q ui s h e s h i s titles , a b a n d o n s h is d e s ig n s . A c o w a r d ly o f
ficer de s e r ts hi s s hip ; the h e lp les s pass e ng e rs abandon it We .

q ui t b u s i ne s s , g i ve u p p p r o e r t y, r e s ig n o fii c e , ab a n d o n a h a b it
or atr us t . Re linquis h commonly i mplies re luctance ; th e faint
in g h a n d r e lin uis h es its
q g r a s p; t h e cr e d it o r r e li nq u is h e s hi s

cla im . Ab andon implies pre v io us as so ciation w ith res ponsi

bility fo r or con trol of ; fors ake i mp lies pre v io us as s oc iation
w ith in clin ation or attach me nt, re al or ass ume d ; a man may
aban don or fors ake h ouse o r frie nds ; he ab an do n s a n e nter
p r is e ; f o rs a k e s G od .A b a n d o n is a pp l ie d t o b o t h g o o d a n d
evil a cti on; a thie f aban d o ns h is de s ig ns ; a man ,
h is p in
r

ciples . F o rs ake , like ab and o n, may b e use d e ithe r in the

favorab le , or unfavorable s e nse ; de s e r t is alw ays unfav orab le ,
inv olvi ng a bre ach of duty, e x ce pt w he n us e d o f me re locali
“ h
ties ; as , T e De se rte d Villag e
”
Whi le a monarch ab dicat es ,
.

a p re s ide nt or oth e r e lecte d o r appointe d offi ce r r e s ig ns It .

w as he ld th at J ames I I ab dicate d hi s th rone b y de s e r ting it

. .

AJ FPOW
. FYI I S :

ad o p t
ad v oc at e
as s e r t
c h e ri s h
c lai m
co ur t

ABAS E
B I HI OHFYI I S
b r i ng lo w
cu t d ow n
d e b as e
d e g r ad e

Ab us e nly to outw ar d conditions

re fe rs o .
“Ex alt him th at is
”
low , and abus e h im th at is h ig h E ze k x x. . i, 26
. D e bas e ap
p li es to qua li ty or ch ar ac te r T h e c oi.n ag e is d e b as e d b y e x c e s s

o f alloy ; the man b y v ice , H umb le in pre sent us e refe rs ch ie f

.

ly to fe e ling o f he ar t ; h umiliate to outw ard conditions ; e ve n

w hen o n e is s aid to h umb le h ims e lf, h e e ith e r h a s or afi e cts to

h ave h umi lity o f h e ar t To dis g r ac e may be to b ring or i nfl ict

.

odi um upo n oth e rs , b ut th e w ord i s ch ie fl y a nd increas ing ly

applie d to s uch moral odium as one by h is ow nacts b ring s upon
h ims e lf ; th e noun dis g race re tains more of the p ass iv e se ns e
th anth e v e rb ; he di s g r ace d h ims e lf b y h is conduct ; he b roug h t
dis g race upo n h is family To dis h onor a pers on is to de pri v e
.

him o f ho nor th at s h ould o r mig h t be g iv e n To dis cre di t o ne .

is to injure h is re putation, as for v eracity o r solv e ncy A s e ns e .

o f un w orth in e s s h umb les ; a s h ame ful ins ult h umi liates ; im

p r iso nm e nt f o r c rim e d is g ra c e s D e g rad
. e m ay re f e r to e i th e r

s tation or cha racte r An cfiice r is deg r ad ed b y be ing r educ e d

.
‘

to the r an k s , dis g race d by cow ardice ; vile practise s deg rad e ;

drunke nnes s is a de g r adi ng vi ce Mis fortune or inj ustice may
.

ab us e the g oo d ; noth ing b ut their ow n ill doing can de bas e or -

dis g race th e m .

ANTO NYM S
ad v ance
a g rand lz a
(1 try
 7

or ins tig ates to the doin g of som e th i ng no t ye t d o ne , or to in

cr ea s ed a cti vi ty or furth e r adv a nce inthe doing of it ; one abe ts
by g i vi ng s ympathy, countenance , or s ubs tantial aid to the do
in g o f t ha t w hi ch i s a lr e ad y p roj ec te d o r in p r oce ss o f com
mission Abe t and ins tig ate apply eithe r to pe rsons or ac
.

tion s , inci te to pe rson s on ly ; one inci tes a pe rs on to an acti on .

A cle rg yman w ill adv ocate the claims o f j us tice , aid the poor,
en cour ag e th e des pon de nt, s upp or t the w e ak , uph old the con
s titute d auth ori ties ; b ut be w ill not inci te to a quarr e l, i ns tig ate
a riot, o r ab e t a cr ime The orig inator of a crime o fte n i ns ti
.

g a te s o r i ncit e s o the rs to ab e t him in it, or one m a y i ns tig ate

or i n ci te o thers to a cr ime in the commiss ion of w h ich b e hi m

s elf ta k es no active part Compare H ELP

. .

Alu m nu s
M e
co nfo und
co unt e r ac t

AB EYANC E
s n om s :

ad jo u r nm e nt ex p e ct anc y i nt e r m i s s i o n r e s e r v ati o n
d i s co nt i nu anc e ex p e c ta t i o n i nt e r r u p t i o n sus p e ns e
d o r m anc y i nac t i o n qni e s c e nc e s u s p e ns i o n

D is co nti nuance may be final or te mporary ; all oth er w or ds

in this lis t de note ce ss ation of activi ty w ith e x pe ctation or pos
s i bili ty o f res umption .A title to pro pe rty, w he n in ab eyance,
is like ly at any time to be r e v iv e d o n the ap pear ance o f a law
ful ow ne r ; a claim or a meas ure is he ld in ab eyance w ith di s
tin ct p ur pose o f p re s s ing it if occa s ion s h all ar is e E .x p e ct ancy
o r e x p ec tati on ,
i n this co nn e ctio n, i s ab e yan ce v ie w e d fr om the

s ta ndpo int o f one w h o e x pec ts to attain p os se s s i on; as , an

e s tate i n ex pe cta ncy D or mancy de note s a s tate o f s us pe nded
.

an imati on like that o f a h ibe rnating animal ; a law w h ich is

i n do r mancy may be ag ain e nfor ce d b ut alw ays w i th a pre j n
,
a

dice ag ainst it, be cause cus tom has he ld its none nfo r ce me nt to -

b e tantamo unt to an unw r itte n re pe al .I nactio n may b e

h ab i tual; as , the s lothful man w as tes h is life in i nacti on; or
it may be temporary ; as the i nacti o n o f an army w hile aw ait
.

i ng the mome nt to str ike or th e i naction o f a v olcano w hich is

,

not ex tinct I nter mis s i on points to e x pecte d, or pe rh aps cal

.

c ula ted, res umption, and may be fre que n tly or re g ularly re c
pos te d ; as , th e inter mis s ion s of re mitten t fe w , the inte rmis
s ion of artille ry fire , or the in te r mis s ion be tw ee n se mion s of a

school or of a de libe r a tiv e a s s e mb ly . I nte rmis s i on is from

w ithi n; inte rrup tion fr om w i th out ; in te r miss i on may be nat
ural or volun tary ; i n te rrup tion is e nforce d by some dis turb in g
cause ; a s , th e i n te rrup tion o f a re lig ious se r vice by riote rs .

Q u ie s ce nc e is close ly a ll ie d t o i n a c t ion ; b u t w h il e i n ac t i o n d e

notes lack o f activity, quies ce nce de notes lack of dis turb ing
symptoms of a ctivi ty, a s a g i ta ti o n , e x c i te m e n t, o r co mm o tio n .

The r e s er vation of a rig h t or claim mai ntains it in full for ce ,

en titlin g t h e p ar ty so r e se rv i n g t o p r e s s i t a t a n y tim e ; m e n ta l
re s e r v ation co n si s ts in holdi ng uns poke n some condi tion or
q ua li fi ca t io n w h ic h ,
if u tte re d ,
w o u l d se e m to c h an g e th e

w hole ch a r acter of s ome s ta teme n t or promis e ; as , an oath to

te ll the truth , w i th the me ntal re s e rv ation, e x ce pt as to one s
’

church , party, frie n ds , or the like . S us pensi on is ordinarily b y

authori ty, as the s us p e ns io n o f an office r fro m command, unde r
char g e s , o r th e s us p e n s i on o f a s tude n t from colle g e ; s us p e n
s ion o f p a y m e nt i s i n t h e or y t e m p o r a r y b. ut is in f ac
t so o fte n
final as to b e close ly allie d to b ank r uptcy ; s us p e n s ion o f

se n te nce , pe ndin g g o o d b e h a v i o r , i s n o w f re q u e n tl y allo w e d o n

con v iction o f min or o fi e n se s .Compare ADJ OURN .

A NTO NY M B :

ac t io n p os s e s s i o n r e s u s c i t ati o n
e n o y me nt re ne w al r e v i v al
e ll o rc e me nt

ABH O R
S YN O N Y M S :

ab o m i nat e
de s pi s e
d e te s t

Ab h o is
r s tr on g e r th a n d e s p i s e ,
im p ly i n g a s h u d d e r i n g r e co il ,

“ H m n n i n n n i n
es pe cially a mor a l re co il .o w a y s h u e v l a s i c o v e e t
” TREN CH S e r m in We s t m
w h o do n ot abh or i t as h a te ful . . .

Ab bey x x v i ,
29 7 M
[ ]
. D e
. te s t e x p r e s se s i n d i g n a tio n , w i th s o m e

th ing of conte mpt Lo . at h e i m p l i es d is g u s t, p y h s ic a l o r m o r a l .

We abh o a tr to , a i d i a co w a r d d e te s t a lia r W e d is li k e

W
r r e s p s e ,
.

anunciv i l pe s r o n W . e a b h o r cr u e l ty, h a t e t y r a n n y . e l o a t h e

a re tile or a
p fi a tt e re r W . e a b h o r M i lt o n ’
s h ero i c S a ta n ,
b u t
we ca n not des pis e h im .
 AB I D E
S YN O N YM S
ant i ci p at e dw e ll
aw ai t end u r e
b e ar on e c t
bi de ab i t
c o nf r o nt li v e
c o nt i nu e lo d g e

To ab i de is to re main co ntinuous ly w ithout limit of ti me

un
“
les s ex pr es s e d by the conte x t : to day I mus t ab ide at thy
-

” “
ho use , L uk e x ix , 5 ; a se ttle d p lace for th ee to ab i de in for
e v er,
”
1 K in s v iii, 13 ;
“ A b i d e w i th m e !f as t f alls th e e v en
g
”
tide , L YTE H ymn L odg e , s ojour n
.
,
s tay, tar r y, a n d w ai t al
w a y s i m pyl a lim i ted time ; lo d g ,
e to p ass th e n ig h t ; s o jo u r n,

to remai nte mporarily ; liv e , dw e ll, r es i de , to h av e a pe rmanen t

h ome . S top , in the se ns e of s tay or s ojourn is co lloqui al, and ,

no t in app rove d use Comp are EN DU RE ; RES T

. .

am m es
ab and o n
av o i d
d e p ar t
P R EP O S I TI O N S :

Abide i n a place , fo r a ti me , w ith a p erson, by a s tate me nt .

AB LU TlO N
S YN O N Y M S
b at h lav at i o n p u r i fi c at i o n
b at h i ng lav i ng w as h i ng

Was h ing ,
b ath ing , lav ing , or ab luti on is e fi e cte d
b y t h e use

of w a te r o r some othe i liquid '

The Ang lo S ax o nw ord w as h i ng
.
-

i s mos t g e ne r al in me ani ng , de noting the application o f w ate r

o r othe r liquid to cle a ns e any s ubs tance by any proce s s ; as ,
t h e w as h i ng o f clo th es ,
th e w as h i n g o f a r oo f b y t h e r ain , or

th e w as hi ng of g ase s inthe labo r atory b y p a s si ng th e m th r o u g h

w a ter , the w as h in g o f o re s in m i n i ng, or th e lik e I n s uch us e
.

w e do n ot e mploy bathi n g W a s.hi n g is als o u se d o f th e s w ee p

of w a ter ov e r a s ubs tance , w i th no r e fe re nce to cle ans i ng ; as ,

th e w as h ing of w av es uponthe s hore B ath and b ath ing (also
.
Ang lo S ax on) apply primarily to the w as hing of th e h uman
-

b ody in w hole or in part ; a bath, if un limite d, me an s awa sh

in g o f th e w h o le b o d y; a s w h e n o n e a s k s , H a v e I ti me to tak e
a bat h ? The w ord may als o denote the place w he re , or th e
apparatus by w hich , s uch comp lete b ath ing may be per forme d ;
w e do n ot s pea k of a w as h bas inas a bath ; the bath s of Car a
-

ca lla h ad e x ten s iv e fa cilities for comple te imme rs ion I n com

.

p o u n d s b a th i s o f te n li m i t e d t o so m e S p ec ifi c a pp li c a t io n ; a s a
s po n g e b-
a th ,
f oo t b
-
a t h ,
s i ts b a-
th ,
s h o w er b-
a t h ,
e tc . I n sc ie n ce

and th e arts b ath (usually in some compound ) is e mploye d to

de note the partial or comple te imme rs ion of an obj e ct i n some
liquid or other s ubs tance for any one of v arious p urp oses , o r
th e obj e ct by w hich this is e fi ecte d ; as , an oil bath , a s and -

b ath, e tc B ath in
.
g i s u s ed o f t h e fr ee a p p li c a t io n o f w a t e r o r

othe r liquid e ithe r to the w h ole body or to a part . With out

s ome li mita tion bath ing is unde rs tood to be co mple te ; as ,
fre que nt bathi ng is e s se nti al to he alth ; w e s pe ak of bathing
th e face , he ad, or h ands , thoug h ne v e r of a face bath , h e ad -

bath , o r h and bath -

. I n scie nce and the arts , thoug h obje cts
may b e cle anse d in v arious b ath s the proces s is s poke n o f, no t
as b ath ing , b ut as w as h ing L avation and laving (like th e
.

v e rb
“ lave ”
are lite rary or p oe tic w ords denoting the flow i ng
or po urin f w at e r o v e r a s ub s tan c e A b lu ti n i a n e le v a t e d
g o . o s

w or d, n ot freque n t in common s peech, de noting a w as h i ng ,

p a r tia l o r co m p le te , o r i n m an y c ases ce r e m o n i a l ; a s t h,e

ablation re quire d of Moh amme d an s b e fore e ach o f th e fiv e

daily praye rs ; inor dinary life to s ay th at one w ho is w as h ing

his face and hands is “ e r for m i n h is a b l u ti n ”
w u ld b
p g o s o e

v ie w e d a s afl e ctation .C le ans ing and p ur ificatio n are mor e

e x te n s iv e in me an ing th an any o f the above me ntio ne d w o rds ; -

the y may be e fi e cte d b y w as h i ng , ab lutio n ,

e tc b u t a ls o b y
many othe r me ans , as , the cle ans ing o f the s ys te m h v me dica
tio n, the p urificatio n of the air b y v e ntilatio n, th e p ur ification
o f socie ty by moral in fl ue nce s , the p ur ification o f the ch urch
b y dis ci pline , the cle ans ing o f the plag ue s mitte n po rtion o f -

London by the Gre at Fi r e , or the like Cleaning may b e by .

s w e e pi n g, d u s tin g, e tc , a s
. w e ll a s b y w a s hi n g; v a c uu m c le a n -
in g
is for many p ur pose s p re fe rr e d to any othe r pr o ce s s C le ans
.

i ng is a s trong Ang lo S ax on te rm, implyin

-

g so m e d e fi le m e n t to
b e re moved, w hi ch may not b e notice ably th e case i n w as h ing ,
 ab o li s h

bath ing , or ab lation; a g ue s t w as h es hi s h ands be fore din ner

w ith n o co nscious th oug h t of cle a ns ing , b ut a s urg eon w ould
not think th at ordinary w as hing o f his bands w as s ufficie nt
n ng afte r an operation
cle a s i . Compare CLEAN S E .

am m e z
b e to u li s mi rch i ng
b e e me n ng
b e s mi rc h i
co n tami nat n g
co n tami n at i o n

AB NEGATlO N
S YN O N Y M S :
ab ju r at i o n d e ni al re je c t i o n s ac r i fi ce
ab s t i ne nc e d i s allo w ance r e nunc i at i o n s u r r e nd e r

Abneg atio ninthe older us e oftenme ant denial; as , the ahne

g atio n o f a h e r e tical doctri ne ; it is n o w o fte ne s t u se d o f d e ni a l
to on es e lf, a p uttin g aw a y f ro m t h o ug h t a nd w i ll, a nd , i n i ts

fulles t re ach , from de s ire Renunciation may b e e x te rnal; as ,

.

ren un ci ati o n o f dow e r ; ab ne g ati o n is in te rnal, an act o f the

s o ul
.

m
Di m lty, ab ne g ati on, martyrdom , d e ath , ar e th e s llur e mcnts th at act on
th e he ar t o f man .

C AB L YL: H e roe s and H e re s lVors h ip , lcct . n

.

S urre nd e r may be force d : r e nunciatio n reluctant ; , ab ne g a

t io n is fr e e and w illing S e e A B S TI
. N E N C E ; s n
a r as x -
s oarlo
'
n
.

am m es
as s e r t i o n d e mand e njo y m e nt i ns i s t e nce
c lai m en fo rce me nt i nd ulg e nce li ce ns e

—
AB O LlS li
er ad i c at e p r oh i b i t
ex t e r m i nat e re m ov e
repe al
r ev e rs e
ob li t e r at e r e v ok e
ov e r t h r ow set as i d e

Abolis h, to do aw ay b r ing abs o lute ly to ane nd, e s pecial

w i th ,

ly as some thi ng h os tile , hinde ri ng , o r harmful, w as for me r ly

use d o f pe rson s and mate rial ob je cts , a us ag e now ob s o le te e x
ce pt inpoe try or hig h ly fig urativ e s pe e ch Ab olis h is no w us e d .

of in sti tutions , cus toms , and condi tio ns , es pe cially th ose w i de

 “
s wa th 12

s pre ad and long e x is ting ; as , to abo lis h s lave ry, ig nor ance.
inte mpe rance , pov e rty A b uilding th at is b urne d to the g r ound
.

is said to be d es tr oye d by fire Annih ilate , as a ph ilos o ph ical

.

te rm, sig n i fies to put absolute ly out of e x is te nce As far as .

o ur k n ow ledg e g oe s , matte r is ne ve r annih ilate d, b ut only

ch a ng es its form S ome be lie ve th at th e w icked w ill be anni
.

h ilate d . Abolis h is not s aid o f law s The re w e use re p e al,

.

ab rog at e , nullify, e tc ; r ep e al by th e e nacting body, nullify by

.

re v olution ary procee di ng s ; a late r s tatute ab r og ates , w itho ut

formally rep e aling , any e arlie r law w i th w h ich i t confl icts An .

appe llate cour t may r e v e rs e or s e t as ide the de cis ion o f an ih

fe r ie r court Ove r th r ow may be use d in e ithe r a g ood or a
.

bad se ns ; s up p r es s is commonly in a g ood, s ub v e r t alw ays i n

e

a b ad, s e ns e ; as , to s ubv e r t our libe r ties ; to s upp re s s a re

be llio n The law p r ohibi ts w hat mav ne v e r h ave e x is te d ; it
.

ab o lis h e s an e x is ting e v il We ab ate a nuis ance , te r minate a

.

co n trove rs y Compare CAN CEL ; DEMOLI S H ; EXTERM I N ATE

. .

A N TO NYM B
au t h o r i z e
ch e r i s h
confi r m
cont i nu e
enac t

AB O M i NATi O N
an te nnas :
ab h o r r e nc e cu r s e pest
ab u s e d e t e s t at i o n p lag u e
anno y anc e am e
sh
av e r s i o n v i l lai ny
cr i m e ex e c r ati o n w i c k e d ne s s

Abo minati on (from th e L

me n a thing o f ill o me n) w as
. ab o ,

orig in ally applied to anythi ng h e ld in r e lig io us o r ce re monial

“
ave rsi on or ab ho r re nce ; as , The th ing s w h ich are h ig h ly
e s tee me d a mong me n are ab ominatio n in the s ig h t o f Go d .

Luke x vi, 15 The w or d is o fte ne r applie d to the ob je ct o f s uch

.

av e rs i on or abh o r r e nce th an to the s tate o f mind th at s o re ~

g a r ds it ; i n co mm o n us e ab o mi nati o n s ig ni fie s s ome th ing v e ry

much dis like d or loath ed , or th at de s e r v e s to b e C hoice foo d .

may be an object o f ave rs ion and dis g us t to a s ick pe rs o n; v ile

food w ould b e an ab o minat ion A toad is to many anobje ct o f
.

dis g us t ; a foul se w e r is anabo minatio n As ap plie d to cr ime s , .

abomi nation is us ed o f s uch as are es pe cially brutal, s h ame ful,
or re vo lt ing ; the ft is anofl e ns e ; infanticide is anab o mi natio n .

am m s s

AB O U ND
m o m s :

fl ou r i s h ov e r fl ow
l ow r
p ev ai l
lu x u r i at e rev el

To ab o und (from L ab undo , from ab, from, and unda,

.

wa v e ) s ig ni fies to ove r/low , to e x i s t, p os s es s , or produce in g e n

orcus s ur p lus be o n d d ma n d n e d ; t b e ab und ant ; lu u i
y e o r e o x r

ant, nume r o us , ple nte ous , or p le ntiful, or to poss ess , p roduce ,

or fur n is h in profus ion S ee PLEN TI F U L
. .

b e lac k i ng
b e w ant i ng

AB RlD G M ENT
S YNO N YM S z

ab b r e v i at i o n co m p e nd s u m m ar y
ab s t r ac t co m p e nd i u m s yno p s i s
analy s i s di g est

An abr idg me nt gi v es the mos t important portions of a w ork

substan ti ally as the y s tand Anoutline or s ynops is is a k ind o f
n
.
l

sketch clos e ly followin g th e p la A n abs tract.o r d ig es t is an

inde pe nde nt s tate me nt o f w h at the b ook con tains An analys is
.

draw s o ut the chie f thoug h ts or arg ume nts , w he the r e x p res se d or

implie d . A s ummary is the mos t conde nsed s tatement o f re
salts o r co nclus ion s Ane p i tome , co mp e n
. d , or comp e ndi um is a
con de nse d v ie w o f a s ub j ect, w he the r derive d from a pre v io us
publi catio nor n ot We may h av e an ab ridg ment of a diction
.

ary, b ut n o t ana nalys is , abs tr ac t, dig es t or s ummary We may

, .

have an e pi tome of re lig ion, a co mp endium of Eng lis h liter

ature , b ut n ot an ab ridg me nt Compare AB B REVI ATI ON
. .
 AB S O LUT E
s m o m s
ar b i t r ar y co m p u ls o r y h au g h t y p o s i ti v e
ar r o g co nt r o lli ng i m p e r at i v e su p re m e
au t h o r i t at i v e d e s p o ti c i m p e r i ou s ty r anni c al
au t o c r at i c di c t at o r i al i r r e s p o ns i b le u nco ndi t i o nal
c oe r ci v e d o g m ati c l o r d ly u nc o nd i t i o ne d
c om m and i ng d o m i ne e r i ng o v e r b e ar i ng u ne q u i v o c al
c o m p u ls i v e e x act i ng p e r e mp tory u nli m i t e d

I n th e s trict se nse , abs olute , free from all limitation or con

tr ol, and s up r e me, s upe r ior to all, can not prope r ly b e s aid of
any be i ng ex ce p t the div ine . B oth w ords are us e d, h ow e v e r, in
a modi fie d se nse of human auth orities ; abs olute the n s ig n
, i fy
ing fr e e from limi tation b y oth er authority, and s up re me e x
alte d ov e r all othe r ; as , anab s olute monarch , the s up r e me court .

Abs o lute, inthis use , does not neces s ar ily carry any unfavorable
s en se , b ut a s a b s olute p ow e r in human hands is alw ays ab use d,
the un fav orab le me aning predominates . Autocratic pow er
know s no limi ts outs ide the ruler s se lf ; arbi trary pow e r , none
’

o uts i de th e r ule r s w ill or j udg me n t, ar bi trary carrying the im

’

p li c at i o n o f w i lf uln e
s s a nd ca p r i ci o u s n e ss . D es p o ti c i s c o m
mouly appli e d to a mas te rful or se v ere use of pow er, w hi ch
is e x pres s e d mo re de cide dly by tyr anni cal Ar bi trary may be .

use d in a g oo d s e n se ; a s , th e pro n un ci a tion o f prope r n ame s

i s ar bi trary; b ut the b ad se nse is the p re v ailin g o n e ; a s, a n
arbi tr ary proce eding . I rr es pon s ib le po w er is n ot n e ce ss a r ily

b ad, b ut e mine ntly dang e rous ; an e x e cutor or tr us tee s h ould

not b e i r res p ons i ble ; an i rres p ons ible rule r is like ly to be
tyrann ical . A pe rfe ct ruler mig ht b e i r r es p ons i b le and not
tyran nical Auth oritati v e is use d alw ays in a g ood se nse , im
.

plyin g t h e r i g h t to cla i m a u t h o r i ty; i m p e r a ti v e , p

e r e m p to ry,
an d pos i tive ar e us e d ordi narily in the g ood se n se ; as an
autho ri tati v e de finition; an i mp e r ativ e de mand ; a p e re mp tory
comman d ; p os i tiv e ins tr uctions ; i mp e ri ous si g ni fie s as s uming
an d dete rmine d to command, rig orous ly requiring ob e di e nce .

Animp e ri o us de mand or require me nt may h ave in it nothing

ofl en s ive ; it is s i mply on e th a t re s olute ly in s is ts upon comp li

a nce , and w ill not brook re fus al ; an arr og ant de mand is ofi en

sive b
y its to n e o f s u p e r io r i ty , a n a r bi t r ary d e m a n d b y it s n u
rea son ab le ness ; an i mperious dis pos ition is liab le to be come
arbitra ry a nd arr og ant A pe rs on of an inde pe nde nt s pirit is
.

in clin ed to re se n t animp e rious man ne r i nany one , es pe cially in

 ab s o lv e
ab s t i ne nc e

one w h ose is not cle arly re cog nize d

s upe riority C o mmand i ng .

is alw ays use d ina g ood s e nse ; as a co mmandi ng appe arance ;

,

a co mmand ing e mine nce Compare DOGM ATI C ; m r m rrs ; P E R

.

ABS O LVE
S YN O N Y M S x

ac q u i t fo r g i v e p ar d o n
c le ar r e le as e
di s ch ar g e li b e r at e set fr e e

To abs olve , in the s trict se ns e , is to s et fre e from any bond .

One may b e abs o lve d from a promise by a b re ach o f faith o n

the p ar t of one to w hom the p romi s e w as made To abs olve .

from s ins is formally to re mit the ir conde mnation and pe nalty ,

“
re g arde d a s a bo n d upon the soul Almig hty God.

p a r done th an d ab s o lv e th all th ose w h o tr uly r e p e nt, a n d um

”
fe ig nedly be lie v e h is holy Gos pe l
"
B oo k of ( o mman P r aye r ,
.

B ee lar of Abs al To acqui t of s inor cr ime is to fr ee fr om th e

. .

accus ation o f i t pronouncing one g ui ltles s the innoce nt are

.

rig h tfully acqui t te d ; the g uilty ma y b e m e rci f u lly ab s o lv e d .

Compare PARDON .

A NTO N “ !
ac cu s e
b i nd
c h arg e

P R E P O S I TI ON S
One is abso lv e d fro m (rare ly o f) a promis e , a si n, e tc.

AB S O RB
S YN O N Y M S :

co ns u m e e ng r o s s s u ck up
d r i nk i n ex h au s t sw allo w
d r i nk up i mb ib e sw allo w up

A fl uid th at is abs or be d is taken up into th e mas s of the ab

s or b ing bo dy w ith w,h ich it may o r may not p e rmanently com
bine . Wood ex p ands w hen it abs or bs moisture , iron w hen it
 ab s o lv e
ab s t i ne nc e

abs orbs h e at, the maining pe r haps other w is e sub

s ubs ta ce n re

stan ti ally unch an g e d ; qui ckl i me , w h e n it abs o r b s w ate r , he

comes a n e w s ubs tan ce w i th di fi er e n t qualities , hydr ate d or

s laked lime A s ub stance is cons ume d w hich is des tructi ve ly
.

ap prop riate d by some othe r s ubs tance , be ing , or ag e ncy, s o

that it ce ase s to e x ist or to b e recog nize d a s e x is ting in its

orig in al co ndi tio n; fue l is co n s ume d i n th e fire , food in the

body ; cons ume is also app lie d to w h atev e r is re move d from

the mark e t for in d ividual us e ; as , s ilk and w oole n g oods are
con s ume d A g re at talke r eng r os s es the conv e rs ation A cr e d
. .

ulo us pe rsons w allow s the mos t pr e pos te rous s tateme n t A b us y .

s tude n t i mbi b e s or d rinks in k now le dg e ; h e is abs or be d in a

subj ect th at ta k es his w hole atte ntion “I only pos tponed it
.

because I hap pe ne d to g e t ab s or b e d ina book ” KAN E Gr inne ll

.

E x ped ch 43, pag e 403

. .
[I L .

m o m s x
ca n ou t
di s s o rs e
d i s p e rs e

P R EP O S I TI O N S 8

Plants ab sorb mois ture fr o m the air ; the s tude nt is abs orb e d
i nthoug h t ; nutrime nt may b e ab sor be d into th e s ys te m th ro ug h
the s ki n .

AB S T I N E N C E
S YNONYH S :
ab s t e m i o u s ne s s co nt i ne nc e m o d e r at i o n s e lf r e s t r ai
'

nt
ab s t ai ni ng f as t i ng s e lf c o nt r o l
=
s ob r i e t y
f r u g ali t y s e lf d e n
=
i al t e m p e r anc e

Abs tine nce from foo d mmonly s ig nifie s g o ing w ith out ; ab
co

ete mi ous n es s , pa r ta k ing mode r ate ly ; abs tine nce may be for a
s in g le oc c as io n, a bs te m i o us ne s s i s h ab i tu a l m o d er atio n S e lf .

de nial is g ivin g pu w h at o n e w i s h es ; ab s ti n e nc e m a y b e re fr ai n
ing from w hat one doe s not des i re F as ti ng is abs tinence fr o m
.

food for a limited time , and g e ne rally fo r re lig io us re as ons .

S ob ri e ty an d te mp e rance s ig nify maintaining a quie t, e ve n

te mper b y moderate indulg e nce in s ome th ing s , comple te ab
st i n en ce from othe rs We s pe ak of te mp e rance in e ati ng , b ut
.

of a b s tinen ce fro m vice To tal abs tine nc e h as come to s ig ni fy

.

th e entire abs taining from intox icatin g l i qu o rs .

A N TO NY M S t
d ru nk e nne s s re v e li g n se nsuali t y
e x ce s s r e v e lry w ant o nne ss
g lu tt ony n
s e lf i d ulg e
-
nce
P R E P O S I TI O N S :

The neg ativ e s ide of v ir tue is abs tine nce f m

ro v i ce .

AB S TRACT, v.
S YN ON Y M S
ap p r o p r i at e
d e t ach
d i s c r i m i nat e
d i s t i ng u i s h

The ntral ide a o f w ith draw ing makes abs tract in common
ce

s pe e ch a e uph e mis m for app r op r i ate ( u n la w f u ll )

y , p u r lo i n)
s te al . I n me ntal processes w e dis cri minate be tw ee n obje cts b y
d is ti ng uis hing the ir di ife re nce s ; w e s ep ar ate some one e le me n t
from all th at does not necess arily be lon g to i t, a b s tr a ct i t, a n d
v ie w i t alon e . We may s eparate tw o ide as , and hold both in
mind in comparis on or contr as t ; b ut w he n w e abs tract one of
the m, w e drop the oth e r out o f th oug h t The mi nd is abs tr ac te d
.

w he n it is w i th draw n from all oth e r s ub j ects a nd concentrated

upon on e , di v e r te d w he n i t is dr a w na w ay from w h at it w ould

o r s ho uld a tte n d to b y some othe r inte res t, dis tr ac ted w h en th e

atte ntionis div ided amon g difi ere n t s ub j e cts s o t
, h a t it ca n n ot
b e g i v e n p ro pe r ly to any . Th e tr ouble w ith the dis trac te d
p erso n is th a t h e i s not ab s tr act e d .C om p ar e DI S C E R N .

A NT O NY M S 3

ad d s t re ng th e n
co mb i ne unite
c o mp le t e

P R E P O S I TI O N :
The purse may b e ab s tracted from the pocke t ; the subs ta ce n
r o m the accide nts ; a b ook i n o a compe nd
f t .

AB S TRAC T E D
S YN ON Y H S :
ab s e nt h e e d le s s li s t le s s p r e oc c u i e d
ab s e nt = m i nd e d i nat t e nt i v e ne l e nt
ab s o r b e d i nd i l e r e nt i
ff
o b ‘' o u s
-
th o ug h t e s s

As ards me ntal action, ab s or bed, abs traction, and p re occ u

re g

i d e fe r to the cause , ab s ent or abs e nt m inde d to th e e fi ect

p e r -
.
The manabs or b ed inone thing ill appe ar abs ent inothers A
w .

p r e occ u p i e d p e rs o n m a y see m l is tl es s a nd th o u g h tle ss , b u t th e

re ally lis tles s a nd thoug h tle ss have not mental e ne rg y to be pre

occup i e d .The abs ent minde d manis ob livious of or di nary mat
-

te rs , be cause his th oug hts are e lse w h ere On e w h o is p r e occu

.

p i e d is in t e nse ly b u s y in th o u g h t ; o ne m ay b e a b s e n t m in d e d -

e ithe r th ro ug h in te n s e con ce n tr ationor s imply th ro ug h in atte n

tion , w it h fi tfu l a n d a i m les s w a n d e r ing o f th o u g h t C om p a re
.

answ er .

“( To m es
ale r t o n h and r ead y w id e -
aw ak e
at t e nti ve t h oug h t ful

AB SU RD
m ou n
ts :

ano m alo u s i llz c o ns i d e r e d lu d i cr o u s ri d i c u lo u s

c h i m e r i c al i ll zju ed s e ns e le s s
er ro ne o u s i nc o n u s i v e m o ns t r o u s s tupi d
i nc o r r e c t no ns e ns i c al u nr e as o nab le
i nf at u at e d p ar ad o x i c al w i ld
i ll ad v i s e d
=
i r r at i o nal p r e p o s t e r o us
That is ab s urd w hi ch is contrary to the firs t pr inciples o f te a .

s on ing ; as , th at a part s h ould be g reate r th an the w h ole is ab

s ur d A par adox ical state me nt ap pears at firs t th oug h t co ntr a
.

di ctory o r ab s urd, w hile i t may be r eally true Anythi ng is i r .

rati o n al w he n clearly contrary to s ound re as on, foo lis h w h e n

co n tr ar y to pr actical g ood se n s e , s i lly w he n pe tty a nd con
te mptible in its folly, e rr on e ous w h e n con tai ning e rror th at
v i tiate s th e r e s ult, unre as onab le w h e n th e re s e e ms a pe rv e rs e
b ias or an inte nt to g o w rong Mons tr ous and pr e p os t e ro us re
.

“
fe r to w h at is ove r w he lming ly abs urd ; as , O mons trous !
e le v en b uck r a m me ng r ow n out o f tw o , S H AK ES PEARE 1 Ki ng
H e nry I V act i i, so 4 , The ri diculous or th e nons e ns i cal is
. .

w o r thy on ly to he laug he d at Th e lunatic s claim to b e a k ing

’
.

is r idiculous ; the Moth e r Goose rh ymes are nons en s ical Co m .

p a re m con e au o us .

am m s s
ce r tai n in co n t r ov e r t ib le r at i o nal
co ns i s t e nt i ndi s p u tab le re as o nab le
d e mo ns t rab le i nd ub i t ab le s ag ac io u s
d e mons t rat e d i nfalli b le se ns ib le
e s t ab li s h e d log i cal s ou n d
n n
i co t e s tab le
 AB U S E
S YN O NY M S z
ag g r i e v e i mpos e o n or
d am ag e up on
d e fam e i nju r e
d e fi le
d e s e c r at e m alt r e at
d i s p ar ag e m i s e m p lo y
h ar m mi s u s e
i ll t r e at
=
m o le s t
i ll u s e
=

Ab us e cov e rs all unre asonab le or imprope r use or tre atme nt

by w o rd o r act . A te nant does
not ab us e r e nte d pro pe rty by
”
re a s on ab le w e ar , th o ug h th at may damag e th e p r o pe r ty and
i njur e its s ale ; h e may abus e i t by nee dle ss de face me nt o r
ne g le ct I t is poss ib le to ab us e a manw ithout h ar ming him, as
.

w he n th e cri mi n al v i tup e rate s the judg e ; o r to h ar m a man

w ith out ab us i n g h im , as w h e n t h e w i tn ess te lls th e tr u t h a b o u t
th e criminal .D efame , malig n, r ail at, re v ile , s lande r, v i lify ,

and v i tup e r ate are use d alw ays in a b ad se n se One may b e.

j y p
u s t l r e r o ac h e d T o i m.
p os e o n or to v ic ti m iz e o n e is to i nj u r e

h im b y abus i ng his confide nce To p e rs ecute one is to i ll tr e at

.
-

h im for o pinions s ak e , commonly for re lig ious b e lie f ; to o p

’

s s is g e n n m “ T
p r e e r al ly fo r p o lit ic al o r p e cu i a r y o ti v e s h o u
.

”
s halt n ot opp res s a n h ire d ser ant th at is poor and nee dy
v
,

D e ut x x i v , 14
. Mis e mp loy, mis us e and p e r v e r t are commo nly
.
,

ap plie d to obje cts rathe r th an to pe rsons A diss olute yo uth

.

mis e mp loys his ti me , mis us e s h is mone y and o ppo rtuni ties ,

h arms h is ass ociate s , p e rv e r ts h is tale nts , w r ong s h is p are nts ,
rui n s h ims e lf ab us e s e v e ry g ood g ift o f God
. .

A NT O NY M S
ap p lau d
b e ne fi t
car e fo r
ch e r i s h

ABY SS
s n om s z

ab y s m de ep v oi d
b ath o s d e pth pi t

A g ulf (from Gr ko lp h os , b ay ) is primarily aw ide e x pans e o f

.

w ate r , pa rti ally e nclose d , and de fined as b e tw ee n a b ay and a

se a in e x te n t, b ut us e d w ith a w ide r ang e of me aning ; as , the
Gulf o f Venice , th e Gulf o f Me x ico The w ord is then app lie d.
 ac ci d e nt

him b y neces si ty, fee, or re w ar d P artne r has come to de note

.

almos t e x clus i ve ly a bus iness conne ction I n law , an abe ttor .

(th e g e n e r al le g a l s pe l lin g) is alw ay p

s re s e n t, e i th e r act i v e ly
or co n s tr uctiv e ly, a t th e commiss ionof the crime ; anacces s o r y,
ne ve r An accomp lice is us ually a pri ncipal; an acces s o r y,
.

ne ve r I f pres e nt, thoug h on

. ly to s tand outs i de and k e e p
w a tch ag ain s t s ur pris e , on e is a nab e ttor, and not an acce s s o ry,
At common law , anacces s o ry implies a principal, and can not
be convicte d unti l afte r th e conviction o f the principal ; the
accomp lice or ab e ttor can be convicte d as a princip al Ae co m .

lice an d a b e ttor h a ve n e arly the s a me me a n i n b u t t h f r me r

p g , e o

is the pop ular, the latte r more dis tinctly the le g al term Com .

p a r e A P PE N D AG E ; A U X I LI ARY .

A NT O N Y M S
ad v e r s ary
ant ag o ni s t
b e tr ay e r
ch i e f

P R E P O S I TI ON S :

Anacce s s o rv to th e c rime ; b e fo r e or afte r the fact ; the as

ce s s or ies f
o a fig ure in a p ainting .

AC C I D E N T
S YN O NY M S 8

ad v e nt u r e co nt i ng e nc y h ap p e ni ng m i s f o r t u ne
c alam i t y d i s as t e r h az ar d mi s h a
c as u alt y fo r tui t y i nci d e nt p
p o s s i b ll ty
c h anc e h ap mi s ad v e nt u r e
An accide nt is th at w hi ch h appens w ithout any one s dire ct ’

inte ntion; a ch ance th at w hi ch h appe ns w ithout any k now n

caus e I f the dire ct caus e of a rai lroad accide nt is k now n, w e
.

ca nno t call it a ch ance To the the is t there is , ins trictne ss no

. ,

ch an ce , all th in g s b e i ng b y div i ne ca u s ati o n a n d cont r o l ; b ut

l caus e is manife s t : B y “
ch an ce is sp oke n o f w h e re n o s pecia
”
chan ce the re ca me dow na ce rtain prie s t that w ay, L uke x , 31 .

We can s pe ak o f a g ame of ch ance, b ut not of a g ame o f acci

d ent . Ani ncident is vie w e d as o ccurring in the re g ular cours e
o f th in g ,
s b u t s ub o r d in ate to th e ma i n u
p p r os e ,
o r as i de fro m
the main des ig n F or tune is th e res ult of i n
. s cr uta ble contr olling
force s F o r tune and ch ance are ne arly e quiv ale nt b ut ch ance
. .

can be us e d o f h uman e fi ort a nd e ndeav or as for tune can not

 ac ci d e nt

be ; w e sa
“h h a n
of s uccess ,
a h a on
“the re is
y e s c ce or e
”
ch ance in a thous and, w he re w e could not subs ti tute for tune ;
as pers on ified, F or tune is re g arde d as h avin g a fitfu l u
p pr o se ,

Ch ance as p ur pose less ; w e s pe a k of fick le F or tune, blind

Ch ance “ F o rtune fav ors the b rave ”
The s laug hte r of me n .

is an i ncide nt o f b attle ; une x pected de fe at, th e fo r tune of

wa r .S ince the uninte nded is o fte n the un des irab le , ac ci de nt
te nds to sig nify some calami ty or dis as te r, unle ss the contrary
is e x p re s se d, as w he n w e s ay a fortunate or h ap py accident .

An ad v e nture is th at w hich may turn out ill, a mis adv e ntur e

that w hi ch does tur n out ill A s lig h t disturbin .
g acc id e nt is a
mis hap Compare EVEN T ; H AZARD
. .

a ro m as
p nt m e nt
oi d e c re e i nt e nt i o n nme nt
o r d ai p r e p arat i o n
c u lat i o n fat e law ordi nance p ro v i s i o n
ce r t ai nty fore or di nat i o n ne c e s s i ty p lan pur pos e
P R E P O S I TI O N S
The acci de nt o f b irth ; an accide nt to the machine ry .

‘
AC Q U AIN TAN C E
an o m as
as s o c i at i o n exp e r i e nc e f e l lo w s h i p i nt i m ae
co m p ani o ns h i p fam i li ar i t y f r i e nd s h i p h o w le : d
Acquaintance b e tw ee n pe rsons s up poses that e ach know s th e
othe r ; w e ma y k n o w a p u b li c m a n b y hi s w r it in g s o r s p ee c h es ,

and b y s ig h t, b ut can not claim acquaintance unless he pe rs o n

ally know s na The re may be ple as ant acquai ntance w ith little
.

compan ions h ip ; and conv e rs ely, much co mpanions hi p w ith lit

tle acquai ntan c e as b e tw ee nb us y cle rks at adj
,
oin ing des ks So .

the re may b e as s ociat i oninb us iness w ithout inti macy or fr ie nd

s hip . A cquai ntance admits o f many de g rees , from a s lig ht or
p am in g to a f a m ilia r or in t i m a te a cqu a i nta n c e ; b u t a c qu a i n
tan ce un modified commonly s ig nifie s less than fami li ari ty o r
inti macy As re g ards pe rs ons , familiari ty is b ecoming re
.

stricte d to th e un des irab le se ns e , as in the prove rb , F ami li ar “

”
i ty b re e ds co nte mpt ; h e nce , i n pe rsonal re lations , the w or d
i nti macy w hich re fe rs to mutual kn
, ow ledg e of th oug ht a nd
feeling is now uni formly pre fe rred
, F riends hi p includes ac
.

q uai n ta n ce w i th s o m e d e g re e o f i nti m acy, a n d o r di n a ri ly com

pan ion s hi p , th oug h in a w ide r se n s e frien ds h ip may e x is t be
 acr i m o ny
act

tw ee n thos e who h av e n e v e r me t, b ut kn ow e a ch othe r on ly b y

w or d a nd deed Acquaintance does not involve fri ends h ip, for
.

on e ma y b e w e ll a c q u a i n te d w i th an e n e m y F
. e l lo w s h ip in
volves n ot mere ly acqua i ntance and comp anion s h ip , b ut s y m

p a th y a s w e ll .T h e r e m a y be m uc h f ri e nd s h i p w i th o u t m u c h
f e llo w s h i p ,
a s b e tw ee n t h o se w h ose h o m es o r p u r s u it s a r e fa r

apar t The re may be ple as ant fe llow s hip w hich does not re ach
.

the fuln ess of fri e n ds h ip Compare ATTACH MEN T ; FRI EN D

.

s w r ; LOVE . As re g ards s tudie s , purs uits , e tc , acquai ntance .

is less th an fami liari ty, w hich s up poses mi nute know le dg e o f

p a r tic u la r s , a r is in g o f te n f ro m lo n g ex p e ri e n c e or a s s o ci a ti o n
.

AN TO N“ !t
i g nor ance ig no ri ng ine x pe ri e nce unfami li ar i t y

P R E P O S I TI O N S :

Acquaintance w i th a s ubject ; f
o neop e rs o n w i th another ;

be tw e e n pe rs ons .

AC R I M O N Y
S YN O N Y M S t

ac e r b i t y
as p e r i t y
b i t t e r ne s s
c au s ti c i t y

Ace r bi ty is a s h arp nes s , ith a touch of bi tte r ne s s , w hich

w

mav ari se from mome ntary annoyance or h abitual impatie nce ;

as p eri ty is k ee ner and more pro nounced, de noting distinct i rr i
tati e nor v e x atio n; in s pe e ch as p e r ity is ofte nmani fe s te d by th e
ton e o f v oice ra the r th an by the w ords th at are s poke n Ae r i .

mony in s pee ch or te mpe r is like a corros ive acid ; it s pri ng s

from s e ttle d ch aracte r or de e p ly roo ted fee ling o f av e rs io n o r
un ki ndne ss .One mig h t s pe ak w ith mome ntarv as p e ri ty to h i s
ch ild, b ut n ot w ith acri mon y, u n les s es tr ang e m e nt h a d b e g u n .

Malig ni ty is the e x treme of se ttle d ill inte nt ; v i r ulence is an

en ven ome d h os tility Vi rule nce o f s peech is a quali ty i n lan
.

g u ag e th a t m ak e s th e l ang uag e se e m as i f e x ud in g p oi so n .

Vi rule nce is outs pok en; malig ni ty may b e co v e re d w ith s mooth

and courteous ph rase We s ay inte nse virulence , dee p malig
.

ni ty . S e ve ri ty is alw ays p ainful, and may b e te rrib le b ut ,

ca rrie s ordin arily th e implicati on, tr ue or false , o f jus tice .

Co mp are ANGER : B I TTER ; E N M I TY .

 ac r i m o ny
ac t

m o m s t
amiab ili ty g e ntle ness sm n
oo th e s s
g oo d n at u r e n
s w eet es s

ACT, n
su o nm :

acco m p li s h m cnt d o i ng ex p lo i t p e r f o r m anc e

ach i e v e m e nt e ff e ct f e at p r o c e e d i ng
act i o n e x e c u ti o n m o ti o n t r ans ac t i o n
co ns u m m at i o n e x e rcis e m o v e m e nt w or k
d eed ex or ti o n o p e r at i o n
An ac t is and orig inally some thi n
strictly g a c co m p lis h e d b y
ane x e rcis e of pow e r, inw hich se ns e it is synonymous w i th dee d
or ef fe ct A c ti
. o n is a d o i ng A ct is , the re fo re .
, s i ng le , i nd iv i d ual ,

mome ntary ; action a comple x of acts , or a proces s , s tate , or

habit of e x e rting po w e r We say a virtuous act, b ut rather a
.

virtuo us co urse of a cti o n We s pe ak of actionof an acid upon

.

a me tal, not o f its act Act is use d, also , for the si mple ox e r
.

tionof po w e r ; a s, anact of w ill I nthis s e nse anac t does not .

necess ari ly imply an e x te rnal e ffe ct, w hile an acti on doe s .

Morally, the act of murde r is in the de te rmination to ki ll;

leg ally the act is not comple te w ith out th e s triking o f the fatal
.

blow . Act and de e d are both used for th e thing done , b ut act
re fers to th e pow e r put forth , de e d to th e r e s ult a ccomplis hed ;

as , av oluntary ac t, a bad de e d I nco nne ctionw ith oth e r w or ds

.

act is mo re us ually quali fie d by the use of anothe r noun, action

by an adj e ctiv e p rece ding ; w e may say a kind ac t, tho ug h
o fte ner a n ac t of kindness , b ut only a kind action, not an
action o f kindnes s As be tw ee nact and de e d, de e d is common
.

ly use d o f g re at, notab le , and impre ss iv e ac ts , as are ach ie ve

me nt, e x p loi t, and fe at .

Poeti cs : We live i n d ee d s , not ye ar s ; in th ou g h ts, not b r e ath s.

B Ax u r F e s tus , A Cou ntry Tow n, ac . 7

.

A fe at ex hi bits s tr e he the r me ntal

ng th , s kill, pe rsonal pow e r , w

o r ph ys ical, es pe ci ally the latte r ; as , a fe at of arms , a fe at of

memory An e x p loi t is a co ns picuous or g lorious de ed, inv olv
.

in g v alo r o r h ero is m , us ually co m b i ne d w i th s tr e ng th , s kill,

loftines s o f thoug ht, and r e ad ines s o f reso urce ; anach ie v e ment

is the doing o f s ome th ing g r e at and note w orthy ; an ex p loi t is
brilli ant, b ut its e fi ect may be trans ie nt ; an ach ie v e ment is
solid, and its e ffect e nduring lot and ac tion are bo th in con
.
 ti 23

tr as t to all th at is mere ly p ass iv e and rece p tiv e . The inte nse st

acti on is eas ie r than p a s s iv e e ndur ance .

AN TO NY M S t
ce s s at i o n i mmo b ili t y anti ar i n
'’

d e lib e rat i o n i nac t i o n s us p e ns o n

n
e d u ra ce n in ac ti v i t y
I n ph ilos ophi c se nse .

AC T I VE
S Y N O NY M S
o ne ot i c o fi ci o u s
cx ti o u s p r ompt
b ris k i nd u s t r i o u s q u i ck
b u s t li ng li v e l r e ad y
b usy m ob i e r e s t le s s
d i li g e nt ni m b le
Activ e r e fers to both quickness and cons tancy of action; in
the fo r me r sense it is allied w ith ag i le , ale rt, b ris k, e tc in the .

latte r w ith bus y, dilig e nt, i ndus tri ous

, The ac tiv e lov e e m .

p ylo m e nt, th e b us y are actu ally e m lo d

p y , t h e d i li g e nt an d th
“
e

ind us tri o us are hab itually b us y O Th e r e s tle s s are activ e fro m

.

i nab i lity to ke e p quie t ; the ir activ ity may be w i tho ut pur pose ,
or o ut o f all p ropor tion to th e p ur pos e co n te mplate d The .

o f
fi ci o us ar e undes ir ab ly ac ti v e i n th e affairs o f othe rs . Co m
p ar e ALERT ; AL I VE ; M EDDLES OM E .

A NTO NY M S :

d ull
h e av y
i d le

P R E P O S I TI O N S 3

Activ e in w or k , in a caus e ; fo r an o bje ct, as fo r jus tice ;

w i th pe r s o ns or in s tr ume ntalitie s ; ab o ut s ome th ing , as ab out
othe r pe o ple s b us i n
’
ess .

AC U M E N
S YN O NY M S t

ac u t e ne s s i ns i g h t p e r s p i cac i t y sh ar p ne s s
c le v e r ne s s k e e nne s s s ag ac i t y s h r e w d ne s s
d i s c e r nm e nt p e ne t r at i o n

S h arpne s s , acutenes s , and ins ig h t, h ow e v e r ke e n, and p e ne

tr ati o n how e v e r de e p, fall s ho rt o f th e me anin
. g o f acume n,
w hich implie s als o ab ility to use th e s e qualitie s to adv an tag e .

The re are pe rs ons o f k e e n i ns ig h t and g reat p e ne trati on ts

 nho m t he s e p o w e rs are p rac t i c allv us e le s s Acu me n is s h arp
.

nes s to so me p ur pose , and be long s to a mind th at is compre

he ns i ve as w e ll as ke e n Cle v e rne s s is a pr actical aptitude fo r
.

s tud y o r le arn in g I ns ig h t .an d di s ce r n me nt are ap pli e d ofte n

es t to th e j udg men t o f ch aracte r ; p e n e tr ati on and p e rs p icaci ty
to o th e r s ubjects of know le dg e S ag aci ty is an uncultured s kill
.

in us ing quick pe rce ptions fo r a de s i re d e nd, g e ne r ally in pr ac

ti cal afi airs ; acume n may i ncre as e w ith s tudy, an d applie s to
th e m os t e rudi te matte rs S h re w d ne s s is k e e nnes s or s ag aci ty
.
,

ofte n w ith a so me w ha t e vil b ias , as re ady to take adv antag e

of d ulle r in te lle cts P e rs pi cacity is the pow e r to see cle ar ly
.

th ro ug h that w h ich is di ffi cult or involv e d We s peak of the

.

acu te ne s s o f an obse rv e r or a re as oner , the ins i g h t and dis ce rn

me nt o f a s tudent, a clerg yman, or a merchant, the s ag acity
of a h o un d, the ke e nne ss of a de b ate r, th e s h re w dnes s of a
n ea r e r, th e p e ne tration, p e rs pi caci ty, an d acumen o f a
p hilos o h
p er .

“To m s :
b lunt nes s d ulne s s ob t us e ne s s s tu p i d i t y

AD AP T
SYNO N Y H S t
acc o m m o d at e c o nf o r m put in lace set ri
g ht
adju s t fl t ( fi x ) put ri g t s e t to ri g h ts
app ly p ut in or d e r put to r i g h ts s u i t
ar r ang e

To fit is , in this nnection, to make one thing or part cor

co

res po n d to so me othe r, g e ne rally w ith the ide a o f an tece de nt

sha i
p g n ; a s ,
to fi t a g a rm e n t t o th e f o rm ; t o fi t a k e y t o a
lock ; i n its appli cation to pe rso ns it si g nifies to g iv e the
kn ow le dg e o r tr a i ning or de ve lop the qualities nee de d to me e t
certa in re quire me nts ; as , to fit a s tude nt for colle g e Confor m
.

(fro m L . c o n w i th , to g e th e r , f o r m a ,
fo r m ) is o rig i n ally t o

make like inform ; in physical use it ofte nde notes ane x te ns ive
an d g rad ual p roces s ; as , th e g lacie r confor ms its e lf to the
sha pe o f g ro u n d o n w hi ch i t re s ts or ov e r w h ich it pa s se s ; in
its more fre que nt fig urativ e us e it s ig nifies commonly to accord
anex te rnal ag ree me n t w ithout re fe re nce to on e s pe rs on
’
al vi e w s
or feeli n a n m n n d h e customs of
’
g ;
s s to , co f o r o e s c o uc t to t
society ; J a me s I s aid of the Puritans
.
 30
ad ag t

I w ill mak e th em co nform or I w ill h arr y th em out of th e land .

Gm N H is tory f th e
o E ng lis h P e ople v ol v i b k v ii ch
.
, .
, . 8 . p . 25 0 .

(r . a w .

To adjus t (orig inally, to make rig h t) is to place one th ing

or p a r t in s uita b le re lation to some othe r or othe rs , as for
s ta bili ty, s ui tab le or h armonious action, or th e like ; the parts
of a w atch , f itte d to e ach oth e r by their orig inal cons truction,
must b e adjus ted b y the w atch make r w ho asse mb les the m ; the
me ch anis m of a type w rite r mus t be adjus te d for alig nme nt ;
if the parts w e re not o rig inally properly fitte d, i t w i ll be found
imposs ible to adjus t the m adjus t alw ays implies s ome i nhe re nt
fitnes s ; thi s is tr ue e v e n in me tap horical us e ; di ffe re nce s or
dis putes b e tw ee n pe rsons are adjus te d w he n b oth partie s ag ree
to w ai v e ne g lig ib le matte rs ; i f th e di fi e re nce s are fun dame ntal,
no adj ustme nt is poss ib le ; Ch arles V v ainly trie d to adjus t .

the dis pute be tw ee n the Cath olics w ho he ld to an i nfallib le

ch urch a nd the Re for me rs w h o claimed th e r ig h t o f private
j g
u d m e nt ( S
. ee C O M P R O M I S E ) A. d ap t h as le s s r e fe re n ce t o

or ig in al s tr ucture th anfit, and mor e s ug g es ti on o f ch ang e than

adjus t; w e adjus t the parts of a mac h i ne w ith out the s lig htes t
alteration o f the ir s tructure ; w e ada p t t h e m a ch in e to a ne w

us e b y some min or ch a ng e s ; the e ye adap ts i tse lf to diffe re nces

of lig h t or v is ion by s pon taneo us and unco ns ci o us ch ang es of
con v e x i ty or th e dila tion o r co ntraction o f the pupil ; th e
human cons ti tution adapts itse lf to a ne w climate , or the mind
to a new proble m Adap t and ad jus t in s uch use are ofte n
.

clos e ly s yn on ym o u s , y e t w i th a s ub tle d iff e re n c e , a d j u s t t e

fer ring more to the me chanis m, adap t to th e re s ult ; w e adjus t

a mi cr oscope or an ope ra g las s in orde r to adap t it to diffe re nt
'

-
,

e yes We dr amatize a nove l i norde r to adap t it for the s tag e ;

.

w e adj us t a play for n e w us e b y min o r ch an g e s ; th e p la y

w rig h t adap ts a n Eng lis h play for th e Ame r ican s tag e To .

s ui t (from F s ui te, ult from L s e quo r, fo llow ) is to ma

. . . k e or
t o be con formable or appropr iate to, accord w ith , b e fit ; as , h is
fig ure s uits th e part ; ina s e condary s e nse , to s uit is to mee t th e
v ie w s
,
w i s h e s , o r t as te s o f , p le ase ,
s at is f y; a s , t h e p la n s u i ts

me S uit is o fte nne arly e quiv ale nt to fit or adap t, b ut s e ldom

.

“ Th e pe n fits my h and mig ht ”

e x actly corr e s p on ds to th e m ;
imply th at the s ize and s h ape o f th e pe ne x ac tly fill my natural
a “ t h n i ad a t d t m h an d ”
w u ld i n d i c ate th a t
g r s p; e p e s p e o y o

its con s truction an d g e ne ral qualitie s are s uch as my h and re

 ADD
S Y N O NY H S :

ap p e nd e nlar g e
at t ac h e x t e nd
au g m e nt i ncr e as e
ou t up jo i n on
To add is to incre as e b y adjoining o r uni ting ; in dis tincti on
from multi ply, w hich is to i n c re as e b y re pe atin g T o au.
g m e n t
a thing is to incr eas e i t by any me ans , b ut this w ord is s e ldo m
us e d directly o f mate rial obj e cts ; w e do n ot aug me n t a h ouse .

a farm a nation, e tc We may e nlarg e a h ouse , a farm, or an

, .

e mp ir e , ex ten d infl ue nce or dominion, aug me nt riches , pow e r or

infl ue nce , attach or anne x a b ui ldi ng to o ne th at i t adjoi n s or

a
p p ers to th e d ocu m e n t t h e y r e fe r to , a nn e x a cla us e o r a
codi cil, af fi x a se al o r a s ig na t ure , a n n e x a te rr it o ry, a tta c h
a condi tion to a promis e A s pe aker may amp lify a discours e
.

by a fulle r tre atme nt th roug hout than w as o rig inally planne d,

or h e ma y ppa e nd o r s u b j o i n ce rt ai n re m ark s w i th o u t c h a n g e

of w h a t has g on e be fore We cas t up or s um up an account,

.

th oug h add up an d make up ar e now more us ual e x pre s s ions .

Compare s erm on .

A NT O N Y H S :

ab s t rac t s u b t ract
d e d uc t w i th d raw
d i mi nis h

P R E P O S I TI O N :
Othe r ite ms are to be adde d to t he acco unt .

ADD I C TE D
S YN O N Y H S :
ab and o ne d d ev ote d g i v e n ov e r i ncli ne d
ac c u at o m e d d i ap o ae d v en up p r o ne
at t ac h e d g i ven b i t uate d w e d d ed

One is addic te d to th at w hi ch he h as allow e d to g aina s trong ,

h abitual, and e ndur ing b o ld upon action, inclinati on, or in
volun tar y te nde ncy, as to a h abit or indulg e nce A manmay be .

accus tome d to labor , attach e d to h is profess ion, de v ote d to his

r e lig ion , g i v en to s tudy or ( i n to g lutton
th e b a dy s e n s e , g
i t e n -

o v e r, or g i ve n up, is a s trong e r and m o re h o p e le

s s e x p r e s s i on .

as is abandone d ) One incline d to lux ury may become h ab it

.

no te d to pov erty One is w e dded to that w hich has become a

.

se co n d nature ; as , one is w e dde d to sci e nce or to art P r one is .

 ad d r e s s

use d only in a b ad s e ns e, and g e ne r ally of natur al te nde ncies ;

as , o ur h earts are p r one to e vi l Ab ando ne d te lls of the ac
.

q ui r e d v i ci o us nes s o f o ne w h o has g e n h imse lf up to w icke d

i v

ness Addicte d may be us ed in a g ood , b ut more freque ntly a

.

bad se nse ; as , ada t ed to s tudy ; addi cte d to drink D e vo te d .

is us e d chie fl y in the g ood se nse ; as , a mothe r s de v ote d afi e c

’

m o m s
av e rs e d is i ncli ned i ndi s pos e d unac c us t ome d
P RE P O S I TI O N
Addicte d to vice .

ADD R ESS
m o m s :

acc os t ap p ly t o at
e
soo t h o p h t
-
ap p r o ac h ai l
ap p e al t o co ur t s alu t e

To accos t is to s pe ak first, to friend or s trang e r , g e nerally

w ith a vi e w to o pe n ing conv e rs ation, g re e t is no t s o distinctly
limite d , since one may re turnanothe r s g re e ting ; g r e e t and h ail
’

may imply b ut a pass ing w ord ; g re e ting may be altog e th e r

si le nt ; to h ai l is to g re e t in a loud v oice d and common
-
ly he arty
“
and j oyous w ay, as appe ars in the e x pr es s ion h ai l fellow ,
”
w e ll me t . To s alute is to g r e e t w ith s pe cial toke n o f re s pe ct,
a s a so ldi e r h is comma nde r To ap os tr op h ize is to so lemnly
.

add re ss me pe rson or pe rs oni fie d attr ib ute apart fr om th e

so

audie nce to w hom one is s p e ak ing ; as a pre ache r may ap os ,

troph i z e v i rtue , the saints of old, or e ve nthe D e ity To app e al.

or a pp yl to in t h is s e nse is to add r es s fo rm ally f or s o m e s p e ci a l

u
p pr o s e ,
app e a l be ing th e mo re u rg e nt w o r d A dd r e.s s i s

slig htly more forma l th anaccos t or g r e e t, th o ug h it may o fte n

be inte r ch ang e d w i th th e m One may add r e ss anoth e r at con
.

sider a b le le ng th or in w riting ; h e accos ts orally and b rie fl v .

Compar e APP EAL .

m o m s :
av oi d
cut

PRE P O S I TI O NS :

Addre ss th e me mor ial to the le g is lature ; the p re s ide nt ad

'

dress e d the p e ople i n an e loque nt s pee ch ; h e addre ss e d an ia

trader w i th indi g nation .
 ADD R ESS, n .

S YN O NY H S z

ad r o i t ne s s d i s cr e t i o n m anne r s r e ad i ne s s
cou r t e s y i ng e nu i t y p o li t e ne s s t ac t
d e x t e r i ty
Add re s s 18 th at inde finable s ometh ing w hich e nab le s a manto
g ain h is o b j e ct w i th out se e ming e x e rtion o r co nte s t, and g e ne r

ally w ith the fav or and appro v al of those w ith w hom he de als .

I t is a g e ne ral pow e r to di rect to the matte r i n h and w hate v er

q u ali t ies ar e mos t n e e ded for i t at th e m o me nt I t includ es .

ad r o i tnes s and dis cr e tion to know w h at to do or say and w h at

to av oid ; ing enuity to de vise ; r e ad ine s s to s pe ak or act ; the
d ex te ri ty th at comes o f p ractise ; an d tact, w h ich is the pow e r
o f fin e touch a s applied to h uma n characte r and fe e ling .

C ou r tes y and p oli tenes s are indis pe nsab le e le men ts o f g ood

add re s s . Compare Pom s ; S PEECH .

A NTO N YM S :
aw k w ard ne s s c i u ms i ness i ii s b re e d i ng s t up i d i t y
b oo ri s h ne s s fat ui ty i ll m anne r s u nmanne rli ness
ci o w n i s h ne s s folly rud e n es s unw i s d o m

P R E P O S I TI ON S :
Addre ss in de ali ng w ith o ppone nts ; th e address f
o an ac
complis he d intr ig ue r ; an addre s s to the audie nce
.

AD EQ U AT E
S YN ONY H S :

ab le co m p e t e nt fl t ti n
ad ap t e d e q u al qu ed
c ap ab le fit s at i s fac t o r y
co m m e ns u r at e fi tt ed

Ade quate , co mmens urate , and su ffi n

ci et s ig n i f y q e u a l to s o m e

g iv e n o cca s io n o r w ork ; a s , a s u m s uffi ci e n t to m ee t e x p e n s es ;

anade quate re me dy for the di se as e . C omme ns urate is the more
p rec i se an d l e ar n e d w o r d , s i g ni fy gi n th a t w h i ch e x a c t l y m e a s

ures the matte r in que s tion . Adap te d, fit, fi tte d, s ui te d, and

q u a lifi e d r e f e r to t h e qu a li t i e s w h ic h m atc h o r s u i t t h e oc c as i on .

A cle rg ymanmay h av e s tre ng th ad e quate to the w ork o f a por

te r ; b ut that w o uld not be a fit o r s ui tab le occupation for h im .

Work is s atis factb ry if it s atis fies thos e for w hom it is do ne ,

t houg h it may be v e ry p oor w ork judg e d by s ome hig her
s ta ndard Q ualifie d re fe rs to acquired abilitie s ; comp e tent to
.
 ad d r e s s

b oth natural and a c qui re d ; a qualifie d teache r may be no

lo ng e r compe te nt by r e as on of ill h ealth
, Ab le and cap able .

s ug g es t g en er al ability and rese r ve d pow er , ab le being the

hig h e r w ord of the tw o An able man w ill do some thing w e ll
.

in any pos ition A capable man w ill come up to any ordinary

.

de mand We s ay an able or ator , a capab le accountant

. Com .

p ar e ADAP T ; m r '
.

m o m s :
di u ali ti e d
i e q uat e
inco mp e t e n t
inte r i o r

P RE P O S I TI O N S :

Adequate to the de mand; f

or the p ur pose .

ADH ERE N T
B YR ON :

ai d d i s c i p le p ar t i s an
ai d e r f o ll o w e r s u p p or t e r

An adh e r ent is one w h o is de v oted o r attached to a p ers on,

ar t
p y, p r in ci le
p , ca u se ,
cr e e d , or th e lik e On e may b e an
. aid e r

and s upp o r te r of aparty or ch urch , w hile not anadhe r ent to all

its doctr ine s or claims An ally is more inde pe nde nt s till, as
.

he may di fi e r on e ve ry point e x ce pt th e s peci fic g round of

un ion Th e A llie s w h o ove rthre w Napoleon w er e unite d only
.

ag a in s t h i m . All i es a re r e g ar de d a s e quals ; ad h e r e nts a n d

dis cip les are follow ers The adh e r e nt de pe nds more on hi s
.

in dividual j udg me nt, the dis cip le is mo re s ubject to command

a nd ins tr uction, th us w e say th e di s cip les r ather th an the
adhe re nts of Ch ris t P artis an h as the narrow and odious s e n
. se

of a dh e s i on to a party, rig ht or w rong One may b e an c d .

he re nt o r s up por ter o f a par ty and not a p artis an B ack e r is .

a s por ting and theatrical w ord, pe rs onal in i ts ap plicatio n,

an d not in th e b es t us ag e Compare ACCES S ORY. .

m o m s t
ad v e rs ary
an tag o ni s t
b e tray e r

PREP O S I TI O N S :

Adhere nts to pr inci ple ; adhe re nts o f Luthe r .

 ad h e s i v e
ad m i s s i b le

ADH ES I V E
S YN ON Y M S :

co h e s i v e g u mm y s t i ck v i s c o us
g lu t i no u s s t i c k i ng v i s ci

ldh es iv e is the ntific s ticki ng or s ticky the popular w ord

scie . .

Th at w h ich is ad h es i v e te nds to joinitse lf to the s ur face o f an y

o ther b o dy w i th w hich i t is p la ce d in con tact ; coh es i ve ex
p r e s s es th e te n d e ncy o f p ar tic le s o f th e s ame s ub s ta n c e to h old
tog e th e r Po lis he d plate g las s is not adhe s i ve, but s uch p lates
.

p a c k e d to g e th e r ar e i nte nse ly c oh es i v e An a dh e s i v e p la
.s te r

i s in po pular lang uag e a s ticki ng plas te r S ticky e x pre ss es

-
.

a mo re limite d, and g e ne rally annoyi ng , de g ree of the s ame

q uali ty . Glutino us , g ummy, vis cid, and vis cous are ap plied
to s e mi fl uid s ub s tances , as pitch or tar
-
.

A N TO N YM S
tre e i nad h e s lv e loo s e s e parab le

P R E P O S I TI ON
The s tifi , w e t clay, adh e s iv e to th e foot, i mpe de d pr og res s .

ADJAC E N T
S Y N ON Y M S S

ab u t t i ng b o r d e r i ng co nt i g u o u s ne i g h b o r i ng
adjo i ni ng c lo s e c o t e r m i no u s ne x t

agz
tt
cs
h ed
e
co nt e r m i no u s ne ar ni g h

Adjace nt farms may not b e nnecte d ; if adjoining they

co ,

me e t at the b oundary line C o nte r minous w o uld imply that

-
.

the ir d ime ns ions w e re e x actly e qual on the s ide w he r e the y

adjo in Contig uous may b e us e d for e ithe r adjace nt o r adjoin
.

mg . Ab ut ting re fe rs r athe r to the e nd of one b uilding or

e s tate th an to th e n e ig h borh ood o f a nothe r B uilding s may .

be adjacent or adjoi nin g th a t a re n cit a tta c h e d Ne a r i s a .

re la tiv e w or d place s be ing calle d ne ar upon th e r ailr oad w hich

,

w ould e lse w here b e de e me d r e mote Ne ig h b ori ng alw ays im

.

p lies s uch p ro x i mity th a t t h e i nh ab i ta nts m a y b e ne ig h b o rs .

N e r t v ie w s some ob j e ct as th e ne are s t o f se v e r al or man y;

nex t ne ig hbor implies a ne ig hborh ood .

A NTO N YM S
d e t ac h e d d ldc o nne ct e d d ls jo lne d d ls tant re mo t e s e p ar ate

P R E P O S I TI O N
The farm w as adjace nt to h
t e v illam
 ad h e s i v e

AD M I RE
S H OW :
ad o r e d e li g h t i n ex tol r e s p e ct ve ne r at e
ap p lau d e njo y h ono r r ev ere w o nd e r
ap p r o v e es te e lo v e

I n th e old se n s e of w on de r, admi re is practically ob sole te ;

th e w ord now ex presses a de lig h t and approv al, in w h ich th e
e leme n t of w onde r un con s cious ly min g l e s W e a.d m i r e b e au ty
i n nature and art, de lig h t in the innoce nt hap piness of chil
dre n, e njoy books or society, a w alk or a dinner We ap
.

p r o ve w h at i s e x ce lle nt, a pp lau d h e ro i c d ee ds ,

e s t e e m th e

g o o d , lo v e o ur fr i en d s W
. e h on or and r e s p e c t n o b le c h ar act e r

w he re v e r foun d ; w e r e ve r e and v e ne r ate it in the ag e d We .

ex to l th e g o odn e ss a nd ado re th e majes ty and pow e r of God .

ab h o r co ten mn
ab o mi nat e d e s pis e

PR E P O S I TI O N :
Admi r e at may s ti ll v e ry r ar e ly b e fo und i nthe old s e ns e 0.

wo nde r at .

ADM I SS I BL E
allo w ab le p as s ab le p r o b ab le rig ht
fai r p e r mi s s i b le pr op er s u i t ab le
p os s i b le r e as o nab le t o le r ab le
Allo w ab le and p ermiss ible are di s ting uish ed on the sam
bas is as allo w and p e rmit S e e ALLOW As be tw ee n allow ab le
. .

and ad mis s i b le , that is allo w ab le w hich may be con s i de re d o r

don e w ith out a cti ve ob j e cti on s , op pos ition , or protes t ; th a t is

admiss i b le w h ich may be fairly or re as onab ly e nte rtaine d o r
con s ide re d ; admis s ib le is th e s tr on g e r te r m ; as , an allo w ab le
sug g es tion; an a dmis si ble h ypo th e s is Admis s ib le and p e r mis
.

sible di v i de a long the line of th e ory and action; th at is admis

sible w hich ma y properly be cons ider e d ; th at is p e rmis s ib le
which ma p rope rl
y y b e d o n e ; ce rta in e v i d e nce i n a c ase m a v

be admis s ib le ; a pos tpone me nt o f tri al may be p e rmis s i b le

admi ss ible h as more of th e p as s iv e , p e rmis s ible of th e activ e
elemen t ; a statemen t or an ex cuse may b e p e rmis s i b le as the
act of on e w h o ma kes it, admiss i b le if its qualities are s uch
that it may b e re ce iv ed or cons ide re d Tole rab le is the w e ak
.
es t w ord o f denoti ng th at w hich may be acce p ted
th e se ries ,
o r pa sse d over by a ce r tai n de g ree of forbea rance ; as , a
tole rab le e x planation; i n common phrase , tole rable si g nifies
moderate ly g ood or ag ree ab le , and no more , denoti ng that
w h ich j us t miss es of be in in t ol ab le
g e r .

A N T O NY M S
ab s urd
ali e n
fore i g n
i lle g i ti mat e

AD O R N
e nto m s :

b e au t i fy d e c o r at e i llu s t r at e
b e d e ck e m b e lli s h o r nam e nt
d e ck

To e mb e llis h is to brig h te n and enlive n by adding so me thi ng

th at is no t necess arily nnected w ith th at to
or v e ry clos ely co

w h ich it is adde d ; to illus trate is to add so me th in g s o f a r like

in kind as to cas t a s ide lig h t upon the pri ncipal matte r
-
An .

autho r e mb e llis h e s his narrativ e w ith fine descri ptio ns , the

artis t i llus trates it w ith b eautiful e ng ravi n g ,
s th e b in d e r g ild s

and de co rate s th e volume Garnis h is on a low e r plane ; as ,

.

the fe as t w as g ar nis h e d w i th fl ow e rs D e ck an d be de c k are .

common ly s aid o f appar e l; as , a mother b e de cks her daug h ter

w ith s ilk an d jew e ls To ad o rn and to or nament alike s ig nify
.

to add th at w h ich makes anyth ing be autiful and attr acti ve ,

b ut o rname nt is mor e e x clus ive ly on th e mate ri al plane ; as .

the g ate w ay w as o rname nted w ith de licate carvi n g A d o rn .

is more lo fty and s pir itual, re fe rr ing to a b e auty w h ich is

not mate r ial and can not be put on by orname nts o r dec
,

oration s b ut s eems in pe r fec t h armony and unity w i th that

,

to w h ich it adds a g r ace ; if w e s ay, the g atew ay w as ad o r ne d

w i th b e autiful carv in g w e i m l
py a uni
. ty an d l o ft in e s s o f
de s ig n s uch as orname nte d can not e x pre ss We s ay of s ome .

“
admirab le scho lar or s tates man, he to uch e d nothing that he
”
did not ado rn .

At ch ur ch , w i th me e k and unafl c ct e d g r ace ,

H i s lo o k s ad o r ne d th e ve ne rab le p lace .

GOLD S M I TH D e s e r te d Villag e , 1 . 1 78
.

ANT O N Y M S z
d eface d e for m d is fl g ur e mar
 afr ai d 40
dis c

v ex e d at s ome care le ss ne g lect or ne e dle ss mis fortune , w ounde d

by th e i ng r atitude o f chi ld or frie nd To teas e is to g iv e s ome.

s lig h t a nd pe rh aps playful annoyance Ag g ravate in the se nse .

o f of f e nd i s c o llo q u ial T o p.r o v o k e ,

li te r al ly to ca ll o ut or

ch alle n e
g , is to b e g i n a con te s t ; o n e p r o v o k e s ano th e r to v io

le nce . To af r ont is to ofi e r s ome de fiant ofi e nse or indig nity,

as it w e re , to one s face ; it is s ome w h at le ss th an to in
’
s ult .

Compare PI QU E .

A NT O N Y M S
co nci li at e co nt e nt g r at i fy h o no r p le as e

A F RA I D
S YN ONY M S
alar m e d cow ar d ly f r i g h t e ne d t e r r o r zs t r i c k e n
anx i o u s f ai nt = h e ar t e d s c ar e d ti mi d
ap p r e h e ns i v e f e ar f u l te rri fi ed ti m or o u s
c au t i o u s

Afrai d is a w or d of w ide ra ng e
me aning ; it is us ed to
of

indi cate a s lig ht de g ree of appre he ns ion or an x ie ty, w h ere

noth ing w or thy the name o f fe ar is inv o lv ed ; as , I am afr aid

w e s h all be la te ; I am afraid you w i ll be dis ap poin ted ; I am
afr aid the proo f h as not be e n re ad ; in man y s uc h ca ses I
f e a r w o u ld b e m ore e le g an t and e x p re s s i v e th a n I a m a fr ai d ;
as I fear ap pe al w ill b e v ain; I fe ar the re may b e a fl aw in
,

the title . On the oth e r hand, afr ai d may indicate be ing unde r
the p ow e r o f dee p , pe rs uas iv e fe ar due to r e al or imag inar y
.

cause ; a s , ma ny a child is afraid inthe dark ; the s upe rs ti tio us

ar e afrai d o f g h osts and g ob lins ; th e s ailor is more afr aid
o f fog than o f s tor m A cautio us pe r o n fore se e s pos s ib ilitie s
. s

o f dan g e r ,
a n d m ov es w ari ly or se e ks s a f e g u ar d or p rote ctio n
accordi ng ly ; the timid or ti mo rous are cons ti tuti onally and
re a dily s ubj e ct to fe ar , e v e n on s lig h t occas ions , as o f cri ti cis m
o r p ub licity ; ye t the cau tious , ti mi d, or ti mo r o us may e v in ce

dauntle ss courag e unde r th e i nfl ue nce o f s ome s trong afi e c

tio n, as o f a moth e r fo r h e r ch ild, o r w he n mov e d b y so me
hi g h mor al moti v e , as re lig ion or patriotis m ; th e co w ardly
are i ncap ab le of any h ig h motiv e th at can ov e rcome th e me re
b r ute instinct of se lf pres e rv ation F e arful is use d in a do uble
-
.

s en se ; ob j e ctiv e ly it s ig n ifies caus ing or adap te d to cause

fe ar ; as , a fe arful s torm ; s ubjectiv e ly (in the se ns e h e r e con
s i de re d ) it s ig ni fies s ubje ct to or e x pe ri e ncing s o me de g ree
of fe ar ; in this se nse it is near ly synonymous w ith afraid ,

b ut is a str on g e r an d hi g h e r w o r d ; it w o uld be un w o r th y f
o

a military ofii ce r to say th at he w as afraid of de fe at ; to

s ay that h e w a s fe arful o f de feat, a s in an un te nab le po s i
tion, w ould in vo lv e no dis cr edi t ; fea rful in th e s e n se of timid

or ti mo r ous is n ow r a r e ly, i f e v e r , us e d ; a fe arful dis pos i tio n

w ould be un ders tood as a dis pos ition to caus e fe ar , r ath e r

th an one re adi ly s ubj e ct to fe a r Compare ALARM ; AN XI ETY ;
.

r m m am; .

A NT O N Y M S
ad v e nt uro u s
aud ac i o u s
b o ld
b rav e
calm
co lle c t e d

AGE N T
“s o m e:
act o r m ov e r p e r for m e r
d oe r m e ans o p e r at o r p r omote r
fac t o r

I n s tr ict p hilosophical us ag e , the prime mov e r or doe r o f

an act is th e ag ent Thus w e s pe ak o f man as a vo luntary
.

ag e nt, a fre e ag e nt B ut in common us ag e , e s pe cially in b us i

.

ness , an ag e nt is not the prime acto r, b ut only an ins trume nt

or fac to r, ac ti ng un de r o r de rs o r i ns tr ucti o ns Co m a
p er .

C AU S E .

A NTO NY M B :

ch i e f i nv e nto r o ri g i nator p ri nci p al

P R E P OS I T I ON S
Anag e nt of th e co mpany fo r ng ,
s e lli e tc
.

Ac c aAnmz s
ad v anc e
aug m e nt
di g ni t y
To ag g randiz e (from L ad, to , g.r an d is , g re a t ) is to mak e
g reat or g re ate r in h onor , w e alth , i n fl ue n ce , o r po w e r To .

ex alt (fr o m L e x , o ut,

. altus , hig h ) is to r aise to a he ig h t, as
in pos iti o n, conditi on, r ank , or h ono r B oth w ords h av e a
.
ca ta
'
in abs oluteuess ; the g reatnes s or the heig ht mus t b e re al
and impress i ve ; in this they di fi er from ad vance or p r omot e ,

w hich a re me re ly re lati ve a se rg eant may be ad vance d or

pr om o te d to t he g rade o f seco nd lie ute nant, b ut w e s h o uld

not s peak Of him as b e ing ag g r andiz ed or e x alte d .

The firs t act He rod, afte r Aug us tus h ad ag g r and ize d

of

hi m so g re atly, w as to b uild a te mple o f w h ite mar b le to his

pa tro n at P ani as .

Ge rm s L ife o f Ch ris t v ol. i, ch . 4, p 5 1 . .

Se e Ps o no rs
'
.

ANTO N
ab us e
d e b as e
d e g rade
de p r e s s

AGREE
S YN ON YM S :

acce d e ad m i t co m b i ne
ac c e p t ap p r o v e c o m p ly
acc o r d as s e nt c o nc u r
ac q u i e s ce c o i nc i d e c o ns e nt

Ag re e is the mos t g e ne ral te rm of thi s g roup , nifying s ig

to h av e li ke qualities , pro portion s , vi e w s , or i n clin ations , s o

as to b e free from jar confl ict, or contr ad iction i n a g i ve n
,

re lation . To concur is to ag r e e in g e ne ral; to coincide is to

ag r ee in e v e ry par ticular Wh ethe r in application to pe r
.

son s or thin g ,
s c o nc u r te n d s to e x p r e s s io n i n a c t io n more th an
coin ci de ; w e ma y e i th e r c on c u r o r coi n c id e i n a n o p i n ion , b u t
con cur in a decisi on: v ie w s coi n ci de caus es con cur One .

acce p ts anothe r s te rms , co mp li e s w i th his w is hes admits his

’
,

s ta te me nt appr oves h is plan co nfo rms to h is v ie w s o f doc

, .

trine or duty , acce d es or cons e nts to h is pr o po s al Acce de e x .

p re s ses the m o r e f o r m a l a g r ee m e n t, c o ns e n t th e m or e c o m
p le t e. T o as s en t is a n a c t o f th e u n d e rs t a n d i n g ; to c o n s e nt,

o f the w i ll We may concur or ag re e w i th oth e rs e ither in

.
,

Opin ion o r decisi on Tw o or more pe rsons co mb ine , joi n, o r

.

un i te i n an undertak ing One may s i le ntly acquies ce in th at

.

w hi ch does n ot me e t h is v i e w s but w h ich he doe s not care

,

to conte s t He admi ts th e ch arg e b roug h t or the state me nt

.
,

n —
made , b y a ot e r ad mit alw ays carrying a s ug g e s tion o f t e
h
luctance As s e nt is some time s us ed for a mild form o f co n
.
se nt, as if ag re ement in the opi nion as s ure d approval of th e

am m as
co nt e nd d e c li ne
co ntrad i c t d e mu r

P R E P O S I TI O N S :

I ag re e in o pinion w i th th e s pe ake r ; to the te rms pro pose d ;

pe rs o ns ag re e o n or up on a s tate me nt of pr inciples , r ules , e tc ; .

w e mus t a g r ee am ong o urs e lv e s .

AGRI C U LTU RE
B YR O N “:

cu lt i v at i o n k i t c h e n= g ar d e ni ng
cu lt u r e m ar k e t g ar d e ni ng
“
=

far m i ng 113 8 0
fl o r i e nlt u r e

Ag riculture is th e g e neric te rm, including at once the sci

en ce , the a rt, an d the process o f s upp lyi ng h uman w ants b y
ra is in g t h e p r o d u c ts o f th e so i l, a n d by t h e a ss oc ia te d i n d u s

tries ; far ming is the pr actis e of ag ricultur e as a b us iness ;

there may b e theo re tical ag r icultur e , b ut no t th e ore tical farm
ing ; w e s pe ak of the scie nce o f ag ricultur e , th e b us ine ss of
f a r m i n g; sc ie n t i fic a g r ic u lt u r e m a y b e w h o lly i n b oo k s ; sc ie n
tific far mi ng is pr actise d upo n the land ; w e say an ag ri cultural
colleg e r ath e r th a n a colle g e o f farming . F arming re fe rs to
the culti v ati on o f con s i de rab le po rtio n s of lan d, and th e r ais
in g o f th e co a rse r c ro p s ; g a r d e n i n g i s th e cl os e c u l t i v a ti o n
of a sma ll are a for s mall fr uits , fl ow ers , v eg e tab le s , e tc , and .

w hile i t may be don e upon a farm is ye t a dis tin ct in dus try .

Garde ning in g e ne ral, k itch en g arde nin -

g ( th e c u l ti v a t i on o f
veg e tab le s , e tc , for the h ous e h o ld ) , mar ke t
.
g
-
a r d e n i n g ( th e r a i s

in g of th e s a m e fo r s al e ) , fl or i c u l tu re ( t h e c u ltu r e o f fl o w e rs ),
an d h o r ticultur e (the cultur e o f fruits fl ow e rs , or v eg e table s ) ,
.

are all de partme nts of ag ri culture b ut not s tri ctly nor ordi,

ae rily of far ming ; far ming is itse lf o ne de par tme nt of ag ri

cul t ur e . H us b andry is a g e ne r al w o rd for any form of prac
tica l ag riculture , b ut is now ch ie fl y p oe tical . Tillag e re fe rs
directly to the w ork be s tow e d upo n the land , as plow ing ,
manuring , e tc ; culti v ation re fe rs es pe cially to th e proce ss e s
.

that b rin g f o r w a r d t h e c ro p ; w e s p e ak o f th e t illa g e o f th e

soil, the culti v ati o n o f co rn; w e als o s pe ak o f lan d as in a

s tate of culti vatio n, unde r culti vatio n,
Cult ur e is now e tc .

app lied to the care ful de ve lopme nt of any prod uct to a s tate
of pe r fecti on es pe ci all b
y y care th o ug h uccess i v e ne rati o n
, r s g e s ;

th e ch oice v arieties of the s tr aw be rry h av e been produced b y

w i se an d patie nt cultur e ; a g ood crop in any ye ar is the t e
s ult o f g ood culti vati on .

S YN O N Y M S
as p i r at i o n e nd e av o r ob je c t
de sig n c al
d e e r m i nat i o n c li nat i o n
e nlf
Th e aim is the di re ction in w hich one s h oots , or s ome ti mes
th at w hich is aime d at .The mark is th at at w hi ch o ne
s h oots ; the g oal, th a t tow ard w hi ch on e r un s All alike i ndi
.

cate th e di r e ction o f e n d e avor .The e nd i s th e po int at w h ich

on e e x pe cts or h ope s to close h is la bors ; th e obje ct th at w h ich ,

h e w ould g ras p as th e re w ar d o f h is labor s As pi ration, d e

.

s ig n , e n d e av o r , p
u r p os e ,
re fe r r i ng to t h e m e n ta l acts by w h i ch
the ai m is attained, are o fte n us ed as inte r ch ang e ab le w ith
aim . As pi ratio n ap p lies to w h at are v ie w e d as nob le ai m s ;
en de avor, des ig n, i nte nti on, purp os e , indi ffe re ntly to th e b e s t
or w ors t . As pi ration h as le s s o f decis io n th an the oth e r
te rms ; o ne may as pire to an obje ct, and ye t lack the fix e dnes s
of p urp os e b y w h ich a lone it can be attaine d P urp os e is.

stron g e r th a n i n te n ti o n . D es i g n es p e c ia l ly d e n o te s th e a d ap ta
tion o f me an s to a n e nd ; e nde av or re fe rs to the e x e rtions by
w h ich it is to be atta ined One w h ose ai ms are w orthy, w h ose
.

as pi rations are h ig h , w hose des ig ns are w is e , and w hose pur

p os e s a r e s te a d fa s t, m a y h o p e t o r e a c h th e g o a l o f h is u m
b itiou, and w ill s ure ly w in some obje ct w orthy o f a life s
’

en d e av or . Co mpare AM B I TI ON ; DES I GN .

A N TO NY H S
ai mle s s ne s s h e e d le s s ne s s ne g li nc e p u r p o s e le s s ne s s
gg h t
e
av o i d anc e ne g le c t o ve rs t h o ug h tle s s n e ss
car e le s s nes s

S YN O NY M S r
ap p e ar anc e c ar r i ag e f as h i o n mi e n
b e ar i ng d e m e ano r lo o k p ort
b e h av i o r e x pr es s i onm anne r s or t

Air is th at comb ination o f qualities w h ich makes th e e ntir e

impre s s i on w e receive in a pe rs ons prese nce ; as , w e s ay ’

he has the s i r o f a sch olar, or th e ai r of a villain Ap p e ar .

an ce re fe rs mo re to the dr e s s a nd other e x ternals We mig h t .

sa y o f .
a tr av e l so il
-
e d p e d es tri an , h e h a s t h e a pp e a r a n c e o f
a tr amp , b ut the air o f a g e ntle man E x p re ss i on and lo o k .

es pe cially re fe r to the fa ce E x p r es s i on is ofte n

. es t app lie d to

th at w h ich is h abitual; as , h e h as a p le as an t e x p r ess i on o f

coun te nance ; lo o k may be mome ntary ; a s , a lo ok o f dis ma y
p a s s e d o v e r h i s fa c e W e . m a y, h o w e ve r , s p e a k o f th e l o o k
or lo oks a s in dicati n g al l th at w e loo k at ; a s , h e h ad t h e l o o k
of a n adv e nture r ; I did not like h is looks B earing is rathe r .

a lofty w o r d ; as , h e has a nob le b e ari ng ; p ort is pr actically

identical in me aning w i th beari ng , b ut is more e x clus iv e ly a
lite rary w or d . Car ri ag e , too , is g e ne r ally use d ina g ood se nse ;
as , that lady h as a g oo d carriag e Mie n is close ly s yno nymous
.

w i th ai r b ut les s o fte n use d i n a b ad s e n se We s ay a r akis h

.

ai r rath e r th an a rakis h mi en M ie n may be use d to e x pres s

.

“ n ”
some p re v a i ling fee li n g ; as , a n i n d ig an t m i e n. D e m e a n o r

g o es b e y o n d a pp e a ra nce ,
i n clu d in g co nd u ct , b e h av i or ; a s , a
modes t de me anor M anne r and s tyle are , in larg e p art at
.

leas t, acquir e d . Compare B EH AVI OR .

AI RY
f ai li k e
ani m at e d fr o l c s o m e
e t h e r e al g ay

Ae rial and ai ry both sig be long ing to th e air,

nify of or

b ut airy also des cribe s th at w h ich s e e ms as if made o f air ;

w e s pe ak o f airy s hape s , ai ry n o thi ng ,
s w h e re w e c o u ld no t
w e ll s ay ae ri al; e th e re al de scri b e s its ob j e ct a s be lo n g ing to
the up pe r air, the pure e th er , and so, o fte n, h e av e nly .

S p rig h tly s piritlike , re fe rs to lig h t, free , ch ee rful activity

,

o f mi n d and bo dy That w h ich is liv ely or animate d may

.

be ag ree ab le or the re ve rs e ; as , an ani mate d discuss ion; a

li ve ly comp an y .

ANTO NY M S :

clu ms y ine rt
d ull po n d e rous
h e avy
 ALAC R I TY
S YN ONYM S
ac t i v i ty b r i s k ne s s p r om p ti t u d e speed
li ty c e le r i t y p r o m p t ne s s sp h t li ne s s
e rt ne s s e ag e r ne s s q u i c k ne s s s w i w e es
ani m at i o n li v e li ne s s r e adi ne s s v i v aci t y

Ale r tnes s may be w ithout action, as of the w aiting h unter

or se n tine l; readines s is more calm an d les s v ivi d th an ale rt
ne s s . Ag ili ty, quick ne ss , ce le ri ty, s p e e d, s w iftne s s , may be
w ith out a g r ee ab le m o tiv e , a s u n d e r s tr ess o f t e r r o r ; a c ti vi ty

may be vig o rous but unw illing , as w he n one w orks fie rce ly

un de r compuls ion S ee ACTI VE . Ag i lity is lig ht and de x te r
.

o us q u i c k n e s s w ith o u t r e fe re n c e to m o ti v e ; o n e m a y c lim b
a tre e w ith ag i li ty w he n p urs ue d b y a mad b ull; ag i li ty is
ne ar in me ani ng to ni mb lenes s , but is more pur pose ful; it
is lig h tne ss and quick ness o f mov e me nt de x te ro us ly adapte d
to a de finite e nd ; w e s pe ak o f th e ag ili ty o f an athle te , the
nimb le nes s o f a dance r ; ag i li ty commonly inv olv es the w h ole
b ody, w h ile ni mb le nes s may b e limite d to s ome portion, as
the fe e t o r th e fing e rs . Compare N I M B LE .

P r omp tne s s is s trictly time line ss in me e ting occas io n or

de mand, and may b e e ag e r and he ar ty or fo r ced and ung ra
cio n s ; as , the s urly p r omp tnes s o f e mployee s i n punchin g
th e time clock ; th e te nde ncy is , h ow e v e r, to th in
-
k o f p r omp t
ne s s as i nv olvi ng re ady re s ponse o f mind and dis pos ition to
the de mand ; th is is s till more fully e x pr es s e d in p romp ti tude ,
th e s tate or co n dition from w hich the fact o f p romp tnes s
S pr in g s ; p r o mp t nes s u s u a lly a
, n d p r o m p ti tu d e a lw ay ,
s d e

note s ample o r g e ne rous punctuality Alac ri ty p rimar ily de .

,

no ting qui ckn s s , h as come to de note that che e r ful and h e arty
e

w illin g n e s s f ro m w hi c h q u i ck n e s s an d p r o m p t n es s n a tu r a lly
re s ult ; ye t th e ide a o f quic kn es s is n e v er a b s e nt ; w e co uld
no t s pe ak o f one as s aw i ng a cor d of w oo d w ith alacrity,
th o ug h w e mig ht s pe ak o f h im as s tarting w ith alac ri ty to
be g in th e tas k . To ob e y w ith alac ri ty is to re nde r obe die nce
th at is quick , ch ee r ful w i lli n
, g, an d i mm e d ia te A lac ri ty
.

is inr es pons e to so me de mand from w ithout ; e ag e r nes s is s po n

tane ous , s p ring ing fro m w ithin; e ag e rnes s to act may pro duce
alacr i ty in re s po nding to the call for action Compare m e s s . .

ANT O NY M S
ap at h y d i s lik e i nd o le nc e nc e
r e lu c t a g i s h ne s a
s lug
av e r s i o n d ulne s s i ne r t ne s s r e p ug nanc e s t upid i ty
d i s i nc li nat i o n i nd i ffe r e nce laz i ne s s s lo w n ess u nw i lli n g ne s s
 ali e n

ALI EN, a .

S YN ONY M S

m
c onfl i c t i ng d i s t ant i nap p li c ab le r em ote
c o nt r ad i c t o r y for s: i na p r o p r i at e s t r ang e
c o nt r ar y h os i r r e e v ant u nco nne c t e d
c o nt r as t e d i m p e r t i ne nt op p o s e d u nli k e

F oreig n re fe rs to difi e re nce of b irth , alie n to difi ere n ce of

alle g iance I n the ir fig urativ e use , th at is fore ig n w h ich is

.

r e mote, un li ke, or unconne cte d ; th at is alie n w h ich is con

fl i cting ,
h os t i l
e ,
o r o pp os e d Th at is i m
.
p e r tine nt (fr o m L i n,
.

not, p e r tin eo , p
e rta i n) w h i ch d oes no t pe rta in to th e m at te r

in hand, in w hich use i t is close ly s ynonymous w i th i r re lev ant ,

h aving no re lation or application (F or imp e r tine nt as ap

.

p lie d to p e rs o n s c o m p ar e I M P E R TI N EN C E; u no p m so n s ) I m .

p e r tin e nt a n d i r r e lev a nt m at t e rs can n o t cl aim c on s id e r ati on

in a ce rtain co nnection; inap pr op riate matte rs it w o uld be
un s ui ta b le to conside r Compare ALI EN , n CONTRAS T, v
. . .

m o m s :

ak i n ap r opos g e rm ane p ro pe r
app ro p r i at e ess en ti al p e rt i ne nt r e le v ant

P R E P O S I TI O N S :

S uch a pur pose w as alie n to (

or f m
ro m
) y th oug h t ; to pre f
cr able .

ALI EN, n .

S YN ON Y M S
f o r e i g ne r ng e r s tr a

A naturalize d citize n is not an alie n, th oug h a for eig ne r by

b ir th , and pe r h aps a s trang e r in the p lace w h e re h e res ides .

A person o f foreig n b irth not natur alize d is an ali en, thoug h

h e may h ave b e e n a re s ide nt in the country a larg e part of
a life time , and ce as e d to be a s tr ang e r to its peop le or i ns ti
tution s He is an alien i n one country i f his alle g iance is
.

to anothe r The pe ople o f any country s till re siding in their

.

ow n lan d are , s trictly s pe ak ing , foreig ne rs to the peo p le of

all othe r countrie s , r athe r th an ali e ns ; b ut alie n and fo r eig ne r
are o fte n us ed s ynonymous ly .

AN T OM B:
c i t i ze n fe llo w = co u nt ry man nat i v e b or n i nh ab i tant
z

cou nt ry man nati v e nat urali z e d p e rs o n

P R E P O S I TI O N S :

Alie ns to (more r are ly fr o m ) our nati on and law s ; aliens

in our land, among our pe ople .
 ai i i a

A L I KE
$1 1 ) e “
e q ui v ale nt k i nd r e d sa me
h o m o g e ne o u s li k e s i m i lar
i d e nti c al r e s e m b li ng u ni f o r m
Alike is a mpre he ns iv e w ord, s ig ni fying as applie d to
co

tw o or more obj ects th at s o me or all quali ti es o f on e a re the

sa me as th os e of th e other or othe rs ; by modifiers alike may

be mad e to e x pres s more or le ss res e mblance ; as , these h ouse s
are some w hat (i e , partially ) ali ke ; or, th ese h ous es are e x
. .

actly (i e , in all res pects ) ali ke

. . Cotton and w oo l are alike
.

i n this , th at th ey can both be w ov e n into cloth S ubs tance s .

are ho mog e ne ous w h ich are made up of e le ments o f the s ame

kin d, or w hi ch are the s ame in s tr ucture Tw o piece s o f iron
.

may b e homog e ne ous in mate rial, w hile not ali ke in s ize or

s hape . I n g eome try, tw o triang les are e qual w he n they can
be laid ov e r o ne anothe r , and fit, line for line and ang le for
an g le ; th e y are e qui v a le n t w h e n th e y sim py l co n ta i n t h e s a m e

amount o f s pace An identical propos iti on is one th at s ays

.

the s ame th in g p re cise ly i n s ub jec t a n d p re di ca te S i m i la r .

re fe rs to close rese mb la nce , w hich yet le aves room for que s

tio n or de ni al o f comple te like ness or identity To s ay this “ .

”
is the id e ntical man, is to s ay not merely that he is si mi lar
to th e one I h av e in min d, b ut that he is the v e ry s ame pe r
son Thi n
.
g s a re ana l o g o us w h e n t h e y a re s i m i lar i n id e a, p
la n ,

use o r ch aracte r , th oug h pe rh aps quite un

, li ke i nappe arance ; as ,
the g ills o f fis hes are s aid to be an alo g ous to th e lun g s i n t e r

res trial a nimfl s .

m o m s :

difl e re nt d i s s i mi lar d i s ti nct h e te ro g e ne o us unli k e

P R EP O S I T I O N S :

The s pec i me ns are alike i n ki nd ; the y are all alike to me .

AL I VE
SYN O NY M S 8

act i v e ani m at e d ex i s t e nt li v e ly s ub s i s t i ng
al e r t b r e at h i ng ex i s t i ng li v i ng v i v aci o u s
ani m nt c b ri s k li v e q ui ck

Ali ve applies to all de g rees of life , from th at w hich s h ow s

n
o e to be b arely is ti ng or ex
ex is tent as a living th ing , as w he n
we s a
y h e is j us t alive, to that w hich implies the v e ry ut mos t
o f v i ta
“
li ty and pow e r, as in the w ords he is all alive, ” “ th or
”
oug h ly a li ve
. S o the w ord quick, w hich be g an by s ig nifying
“h avin li fe ” is now mos tl a li ed to ene f life as s h ow n
g , y pp rgy o

in s w i ftnes s of action B re ath ing is capable of like contr as t

. .

We s ay of a dying man, he is still breath ing ; or w e s pe ak

o f a b reath i n s tatus
“b ath i n and und i n b au t u
g , o r re g so g, e e o s
”
battle , TENN YS ON P rinces s can v , 1 155 , w he re it me ans h av
. .

ing , or see mi ng to h av e , full and v ig orous h e alth , ab undant

life . Compare ACTI VE ; ALERT ; N w s Lx .

ANT ONYM S
d e ad d ull
d ec e as e d inani mate
P R E P OS I TI O N S :

Ali v e in e ve ry ne rve ; aliv e to e ve ry nob le impuls e ; alive

w i th ferv or, hope , s olv e
re ; ali v e th r oug h all hi s be ing .

ALLAY
S YN O N Y M S
alle v i at e co m so s t i ll
mo y t r anq ui li s e

Allay and alle viate are close ly kindred in s ig n i fication, and

have bee n ofte n inte rch ang e d in us ag e B ut, in strictness ,
.

to allo y is to lay to res t, quie t or s ooth e that w h ich is e x ci te d ;

to alle vi ate , on the othe r h and, is to lig h te n a b ur de n We .

allay s n fi e ring by us ing me ans to s oo th e and tranquilie e the

s uffe re r ; w e alle viate s ufi e ri ng by doin g so m e t h in g tow ar d t e

mov al of the caus e , so th at the re is less to s ufi e r ; w he re the

tro ub le is w holly or chi e fl y in th e e x citeme n t, to allay the ex
cite me n t is vi rtually to r e mov e th e trouble ; as , to allay rag e
or pa nic ; w e alle viate pov erty, b ut do not allay it P aci fy, .

directly fr om th e Latin, and ap p e as e , from the L atin throug h

the F re nch , sig n ify to b ring to pe ace ; to mollify is to so fte n;
to calm, qui e t, or t ranqui li e e is to make s ti ll; co mp os e , to p lace
tog e th e r , un ite , adjus t to a calm and se ttle d condition; to s oo the
(ori g inally to asse nt to, h umor ) is to b ring to ple as ed quietude .

We allay ex cite ment, appeas e a tumult, calm ag itation, co m

p os e o u r fee lin g s or cou nte nan ce , p a ci fy th e qu arre ls om e ,

qu i e t th e b ois t e ro us or clam oro us , s ooth e g rie f or dis tr es s .

C ompare ALLEVI ATE .

 ag i tat e s ti r up
aro us e

ALLEGE
S YN O N Y M S
ad d u ce as s e v e r at e cl ai m mai nt ai n p r o d u ce
ad v anc e as s i g n d e c lar e o Re r s ay
afl r m av e r i nt r o d u c e p le ad s t at e
as s e r t ci t e

To alle g e is formally to s tate as true or capab le of proof,

but w ithout proving To adduce, lite rally to le ad to , is to
.

bring the e vi de nce up to w h at has bee n alleg e d Add uce is .

a se cond ary w or d ; nothin g can b e add u ce d in e v i de nce till

some thin g h as bee n s tate d o r alle g e d,
w h ich t h e e v id e nce is to

s us tain An alle g ed fact s tands ope n to ques tion or doubt

. .

To s pe ak o f an alleg e d docume nt, an alleg e d w ill, an alleg e d

cr ime , is ei th e r to ques tion , o r a t le a s t v e ry ca r e f u lly to r e fr a i n
from admi tti ng , th at the docume nt e x is ts , that the w ill i s
g e nu i ne , o r th at t h e cr im e h as b e e n co m m i t te d A ll e g
. e d is ,
“
how e v e r , r es pectful; to s pe ak of the so calle d w ill or dee d, ” -

e tc , w o uld be to ca
. s t discre dit upon th e docume n t, an d imply
that th e s pe ake r w as re ady to b rand it as un q u e s t io n a b l y
s pur ious ; alleg e d si mp ly con ce de s n oth in g an d le a v es t h e q u es

tion ope n To p r oduce is to b rin

.
g for w ar d ,
a s , f o r in s ta n c e ,

p pa e rs o r pe rso ns A d
. d u c e is no t u se d of p e r s o n s ; o f th em

w e s ay i n troduce or p r oduc e Wh e n an alle g e d criminal is

.

broug h t to tri al, the couns e l on e ith er side ar e accus tome d to

advanc e a th e ory, an d adduc e the s trong e s t poss ible evi de nce in
its s upport ; they w i ll p r oduce documents and w itnesse s , ci te
prece de nts , as s ig n re as on s , in tr oduce s ug g e s tion s , of f p
e r le a s .

The accuse d w i ll us ually as s e rt his innoce nce Compare S TATE

. .

ALL EG I AN C E
s m om s z
d e v o ti o n f e alt y lo y alt y s ub je c t i o n
fai t h f ul ne s s h o m ag e o b e d i e nc e

Alle g i ance is the ob lig ation of fide lity and nce th at an

obe die

individual ow es to his g o ve rnme nt or so v e re ig n, i n re t ur n for

the prote ction he re ce iv e s The fe udal . uses of thes e w ords

have mostl as d aw a w i th th e s tate of socie ty th at g av e
y p s e y
like w hich s e rves to le t in lig h t upon a s ubj ect may be called
an illus tr ation, th is w or d i n its w ide s t use includi ng all the

re s t Compare
. FI CTI ON ; S TORY .

am m s
ch ro ni cle h i s t ory nar rati v e i e oord

ALLEV I AT E
SH O W :

ab at e li g h t e n
as s u ag e mi t i g at e
le s s e n m o d c r at e
Etymolog ically, to alle viate is to lift a b ur de n tow ard on e

se lf, a nd s o lig h te nit for the be ar er ; to re liev e is to lift it back

fro m the be are r , ne ar ly o r quite aw ay ; to r e mov e is to take it
aw ay altog e the r Alle v iate is th us les s than r e lie v e ; r eli e ve,
.

ordin ari ly , le s s th an r e mo ve We alle viate, relie ve, or re move

.

the tr oub le ; w e r e li e ve, not alle viate , the s ufi e re r Ass uag e.

is , by de ri v ation, to sw e e te n; mitig ate , to make mild ; mod

e rate , to br i n g w i th i n m e as ure ; ab ate ,
t o b e at dow n , an d so

make les s We abate a fe v e r ; les s en anx ie ty ; mode rate pas

.

s ion s or de sir es ; lig h te n b urde n s ; mi ti g ate or alle vi ate p a in;

re d uce in fl ammation; s ofte n, as s uag e , or mode rate g rie f ; w e
lig h te n o r mitig ate p un is h me nts ; w e re lie v e any s uffe ring of
body o r mind th at admits o f he lp comfort, or re me dy , Alle .

viate h as be e n o fte n con fuse d w i th allay Compare AL L AY

. .

A N TO N Y M S z
ag g rav at e ma ni fy
au en t mage w o r s e
e m itt e r

ALLI A NC E
SH OW “ :

c o ali t i on co nf e d e r at i o n p ar t ne r s h i p
co m ac t f e d e r at i o n u ni o n
cc e d e r ac y

Alliance is in its mos t co mmon use a connection forme d

by tre aty betw ee n sov e re ig n s tates as for mutual aid in w ar .

Par tne rs hip is a me rcantile w ord ; alli ance chie fl y poli tical or
matrimonial Coali tion is ofte nes t use d o f political partie s
.

fus ion is now the m ore c o mm o n w o r

d i n th is se nse I n an .

alliance b e tw ee n nations th e re is no s urre nde r of soverei g nty .

and no union, e x ce pt for a s pecified ti me and pur pose Le ag ue .

and alliance are us e d w ith scarce ly pe rce ptible difi e re nce of
me aning I n a confe de r acy or confe de r ation the re is an at
.

te mpt to unite se parate s tates in a g e n e r al g ov e rnme nt w i th

o ut s urr e nde r of s ov e re ig nty Union i mplie s s o much co n
.

n as to make the se par ate s tates s ubs tantially one F e d

ce ss io .

c ration i s ma inly a poe tic and r he torical w ord e x pres si ng

s ome th in f th am th o ug h t, as in Te n
’ “
nysons fe de ratio n
g o e s e
”
o f the w orld , L ocks ley H all, 1 128 The U nite d S tates is
. .

not a confe de racy nor an alliance ; the nation mig ht be called

a fe de rati on, b ut pre fe rs to be s tyle d a fede r al union .

A N T O NY M S
antag oni s m s e par ati o n
d i s co r d w ar
d i s u ni on
P R E P O 8 111 0168
Alliance wi th a ne ig hb oring peo ple ; ag ains t th e co mmon
ene my ; for o fi e nse and de fe nse ; alli ance of,
b e tw e e n, or
among nati ons .

ALLO T
S YN O N Y M S :

ap p ly aw ar d
ap p o i nt d e s t i ne
ap p o r t i o n d i s tr i b u t e
as s i g n di vi d e

Allo t, inally to ass ig n by lot, applies to the g iv ing of

or ig

a de fini te thing to a ce rtain p e rs on A porti on or e x te nt o f .

t ime is allo tte d ; as , I e x pe ct to liv e out my allo tte d time .

A de finite peri od is ap p oi nte d ; as , the audie nce as se mb le d at

th e ap p ointe d h our Allot may also re fe r to s pace ; as , to
.

allot a plot of g ro und for a ce me te r y ; b ut w e now o fte ne r

us e s e le ct, s e t apar t, or as s ig n Allot is not now used of
.

p e rs o ns .A pp o in t m ay b e u se d o f t im e , s p ac e , o r p e r so n ; as ,

t he app oin te d day ; the app ointe d place ; an o f fi ce r w as ap

o in te d to th is s ta tion D e s tin e m a y als o r e fe r t o ti m e , p la ce
p .
,

o r pe rs on , b u t it a lw ay s h a
s r e fere n ce t o w h a t is co n s i de rab ly
i n the future ; a man app oi nts to me e t his frie nd in fiv e
minutes ; he de s tines h is s onto follow his ow n pr o fe ss ion As .

s ig n i s r a re ly use d o f time , b ut r ath e r of p laces , pe rs on s , or

th ing s . We as s ig n a w ork to be do ne and as s ig n a man to do

it, w h o , i f h e fails , mus t as s ig n a r e as o n for no t doing i t Th at .

w hi ch is allo tte d, a pp oi n te d , o r as s i g ne d is m o r e o r les s a rbi o

 ALLO Y
S Y N ON Y M S :

ad m i x t u r e ad ult e r at i o n d e b as e m e nt d e t e r i o r ati o n
Alloy may be e ithe r s ome admix ture of b as e r w ith p re cious
me tal, as for g ivi ng har dne ss to coin or the like , or it may
be a compound or mix ture of tw o or more me tals Adulte r a .

tion , de b a s e m e nt,
and de te ri orati o n ar e alw ays use d i n th e

b ad se n se ; a d mix ture is ne utral, and may b e g oo d or b ad

alloy is commonly g ood in th e lite ral se n se An e x ce s s o f .

alloy vi r tually amounts to adulte rati on; b ut ad ulte ratio n is

mos tly res tr icte d to articles use d for food, drink , me dicine ,
and kindre d us e s I n th e fig urati v e s e nse , as applie d to
.

char a cte r , e tc , alloy is un

. fav or able , because the re the only
s tandard is pe rfection .

ALLU D E
S YN O N Y M S
ad v e r t i nd i c at e m e nt i o n r e fe r
h i nt i ns i nu at e nam e s ig ni f y
i m p ly i nti m at e p o i nt sug g e st

Adv e r t, me nti on, and f a e

re e r
r use d o f la ng u a g e t h at d i s

tin ctly a nd e x press ly points to a ce rtain pe rs on or thing ; th e

othe r w ords of lan g u a g e fr om w h i ch i t m a y b e i n ferre d .

We allude to a matte r s lig htly, perhaps by a w ord or ph ras e ,

as it w e re in byp lay ; w e adve r t to i t w he n w e turn from our
p at h to tr e at it ; w e r e f e r t o i t b y a ny c le ar u tt e r an ce th a t
dis tinctly turns the mind or atte ntion to i t ; as , mar g inal
fig ure s refe r to a par alle l pas s ag e ; w e menti o n a thi ng b y
e x plici t w or d, as b y n aming it One may allud e to a pe rson
.

or th in g th at h e doe s n o t m e nt i o n o r na m e ,
t h e s p e a k e r a d
v e r te d to the r e ce n t di s turb an ce s an d the re mis s ne ss o f ce r
tai n p ublic o ffi ce rs ; th o ug h h e me ntio ne d no n ame , i t w as e asy
to s ee to w h om h e allude d Cow p e r allude d to B unyan as th e
.

“in nious dre ame r ” b ut adde d :

g e ,

I name th e e not , los t so d e sp i se d a name

S h ould mov e a mile at
s th y de se rv e d fame .

One may h int at a th ing in a frie ndly w ay, b ut w hat is

i ns inuate d is alw ays unfav or ab le , g e nerally both hos ti le an d
cow ar dly One may i ndicate his w is he s , inti mate his plans,
.

i mp ly his o pinion, s ig nify h is w ill, s ug g es t a co urse of action .

Compare SU GGES TI ON .
P R E P O S I TI O N :
The pas s ag e e vide ntly allude s to the Je w is h Pass ov er .

ALLU RE
S YN ONYM S :
at t r ac t c ap t i v at e d e c oy ent i c e lu r e te m p t
c ajo le c o ax d r aw i nv e i g le s e d u ce w in

To allur e is to draw as w i th a lure by s ome ch arm or s ome

p r o s pe ct o f p lea s ur e o r ad v an ta g e W e m a y a tt ra c
.t ot h e rs

to a ce rtain thing w ithout in te n t ; as , the g o od uncon s cious ly

attr act o the rs to vi rtue We may allure eithe r to that w hich

.

is e vil or to that w h ich is g ood and nob le , by pur pose and

en
“
deav or , as i n the famili ar line , Allur e d to brig h te r w orlds ,
and le d th e w ay, GOLDS M I TH D e s e r te d Villag e, 1 170 L ure . .

is r athe r mo re akin to the ph ys ical nature I t is the w ord .

w e w ould us e of d ra w in g on an animal C oax e x pre sse s the

.

attraction o f th e pe rso n, not o f the th ing A man may be .

coa x e d to th at w hi ch is by n o me a ns alluri ng C ajole an d .

de coy car ry th e i dea of de ce iv in g a nd en sn arin g T o i nv e ig le .

is to le ad o n e b lin dly in To te mp t is to e ndeav or to le ad

.

on e w ron g ; to s e duce is to s ucce e d in w inning one from g ood

to ill . Win may be us e d in e ithe r a b ad or a g ood s e nse ,
inw h ich latte r it s ur pas s e s the h ig hes t se n s e o f allur e , b e cause

it s uccee ds in th at w h ich allur e atte mpts ; as , He th at w in“

ne th so uls is w is e , P rov x i, 30 . .

A N T O N YM S
c h i ll d amp d e te r di s s uad e d ri v e aw ay re p e l w ar n
P R EP O S I T I ON S
Allure to a co urs e ; allure by h opes ; allure f m ro evi l to

ALS O
S YN O N YM S :

as w e ll i n ad d i t i o n
as w e ll as i n li k e m anne r
b esi de s

While so me d is tinctio ns be tw ee n the se and phr ases w or ds

w ill a
pp e ar to th e c are ful s tude nt, ye t in pr actis e th e ch oice
betw ee n th e m is larg e ly to s e cure e uph o ny an d av oid r e pe ti
tion The w or ds fall into tw o g roups ; as w e ll as b es ides i n
.
,
,
addition, too, w ith al s imply add a fact or th oug h t ; als o (all
so ), in like manner, li ke w i s e,
mi larly affirm th at w h at is
si
‘

adde d is lik e that to w hich it is added As w e ll follow s the .

w or d or phr ase to w hich it is j oined We can s ay the s ing e rs.

as w e ll as the playe rs , or the players , and the ng ers as

si w ell .

ne v e rt h e le s s n th e
o co ntrar y
notw i th s tand i ng n th e
o o th e r h and

ALT E RCAT I ON
S YN O NY M S t

ar g u m e nt d e b at e
b r aw l d i s co r d
b r oil di s c u s s i o n
co nt e nt i o n di s p u t at i o n
c o nt r o v e r s y di s p u t e

An arg ument is primarily a s tateme nt of fact te nding to

p r od u c e b e lie f co n c e rn in g a m a t te r in do u b t,
s o m e thi n g a l
leg e d as a re as on or proof or a se ries of s uch re as ons or
p roo fs ; in t h is s e nse an a rg u m e n t is w h o l ly o n o n e s id e . A
de bate is a prese ntation o f oppos ing arg ume nts , as b y tw o
or more con te s tan ts , in an or de r ly and some w h at formal man
ne r . Arg ume nt may be also us e d for the se tting forth of
oppo si n g re a so n s o r p roo fs on b ot h s i d es o f a s u b j ,
e c t i n w h ic h
ca se it be come s pra cti ca lly s ynonymous w ith d e b ate ( C. o m
p a r e R E A S O N I N G )
. A d is p u te ( fr o m L d i
.s ,
a p a r t,
a n d p u to ,

th in k ) is an inte nse de bate, commonly inv olvin g s h a r p n es s o f

fe e ling and s ome times acrimony or ang e r , and b e ing us ually
,

les s me th odical and orde rly than ade b ate A dis cus s ionis acon .

s i de r a tion or s iftin f a r u m e n ts o n b ot h s i d e s o f a ma t t er ,
g o g
and is inits b e s t us e e ntire ly calm and fair : di s cus s ion inv olv e s
le s s s ug g es tio n o f opposi ng s ide s or p ar tie s th an de bate , and
may b e w holly conducted by a s ing le th inke r s pe ak e r or , ,

w r ite r , w i th n o r e cog n ize d o ppone nt ; as an i nv e s tig ato r s dis

’
,

cus s ion o f a s cie n ti fic pr ob le m .Arg ume ntat io n and d is p uta

ti on re fer to p roce s s e s of arg ument or dis p ute us ually pr o ,

long e d . All these w ords may be i nte nsi fie d b y adjecti v e s s o .

as to ex p res s e x cite d or h os tile fe e ling : as a h e ated ar g u .

me nt or de bate a s h arp hot or b itte r dis p ute

, , ,
A controv e rs y
.

alw ays imp lie s tw o p artie s and g e ne rallv s tr e nuous op p os i

,

tion w i th e x cite d fee ling : controve rs y is ofte n ap p lie d to dis

p u t a ti o n o f s u ch a c h ar a cte r c a r rie d o n i n w r itin g Di
. s s e n
 alte r cati on

n (from L dis , apart,

s io s entis , fee l) is an
.
g y
r or vi o le n t d if
ference of opinion, w hich may involve many pe rsons , and on
many s ides o f a matte r Conte ntion (from L eon, tog e the r, . .

tends , stre tch ) is a s tre nuous efi ort to obtai n some thing or

to re s i st op pos ing fo r ce I n ar g u m e nta ti v e u se a co n .ten ti on

may be a statement or opinion w h ich one is re ady to de fend

stre nuous ly an d to the utte rmost, but w ith out ang e r or bit
tern es s .

My co nt e nti on is th at k now le dg e doe s not tak e its ri se in g e ner al se n

ns
e ept i o .

C . H . s s s P r ob le ms of L ife and Mi nd , v ol. ii, ch . 4, Q 25 .

I n common use , how e v e r , conte nti on s ig nifies hot or ang ry

dis p utation or contr o v e rs y, in w hich th e pe rso nal oppos iti on
an d acrimony are more notice able th an the matter in di s pute
Wh oe v e r k e e ps an ope n car
F or tattle rs w ill b e s ure to h e ar
Th e t rumt of co nte nti on .

C ow r s n Frie nds h ip , st . 17 .

An alte rcatio n is a s har p contention in w or ds , ang ry con

trove rs y, g e n e ra lly pe rs onal, pe tty, fie rce , and b itte r A lter .

catio n fl y a b a l b il f a a l a n l
'

,
a r ,
r w ro ,
r cas , ,q u r r e ,
r o w , w r g , e

an d w r ang li ng ar e all w ords w itho ut dig nity and of odio us

s ig nificatio n Whe n the alte rcat ion pas se s from w ords to
.

blow s , it be co mes an af ray A row is a nois y quarre l, alw ays

.

on th e v e rg e of p hysi cal v i ole n ce , w h ich it may at an y ti m e

in vo lv e S cr ap is a s lang te rm, w ith the us ual loose me an

.

in g o f s uc h w o r d s ,
de no ti n g an y s o r t o f h o s ti le e n co u n te r

by w ord or act Wrang le or w rang ling de notes a d is p ute

.

that is at o nce an g yr n o i s y a nd u n d i
,g ni fi e d A
. b r a w l o r .

broi l is a r ude quarr e l by act or both D is tur b ance ,

w o rd o r .

a w or d o f more d ig ni ty, may like w ise be by w or d o r act ;

as a dis tur b ance ab o ut pay ing o ne s bill; a dis tur bance o f the
’

pea ce A. s ce ne is le ss v i g o ro u s a n d p r on o u n c e d t h an a d is

turban c e , b e ing a ny d is p l ay o f e x c i te d fee lin g th a t o ffe n d s

socia l p ro p rie tie s i ncludi ng any alte rcati on, arg ume nt, con
.

trove rs y , d e b ate , dis cus s i on ,

o r dis p u te t h at h a s s u ch e fi ee t .

Compare FEE D .

nfor mi ty h armo n
y
co
co ns o nance un ani m ty
 am e nd

ti on As tonis h ment es pecially s fi ects the emoti on

. s, amaze
ment th e intellect Aw e is the yielding of th e mind to some
.

thing s upre me ly g rand in characte r or formi dable in pow er,

and r an g es f r o m app re h e n s i on o r dr e a d to r e v e re n t w ors hip .

Admi ration includes delig ht and reg ard S urp ris e li es mi dw ay .

be tw ee n as tonis h me nt and amaz e me n t , an d us ually re s pects

matte rs o f lig hter conse quence or s uch as are le s s s tartling
in ch aracte r . Amus e ment may be e ithe r ple as ing or p ai nful,
as w he n I nduced by the g rande ur o f th e mountains , or b y the
fury of the storm We can s ay ple as e d s urp ris e b ut scarce ly
.
,

p le a s ed a s ton is h me nt Amaze mcnt h as in it some thing of

.

con f i n b ild m n b n i n a n d b i ld m n
u s o o r e w e r e t ; u t c o fu s o e w e r e t
may occur w ithout amaze me nt as w h en a multitude of de ,

tails re quire in s ta nt atte ntion As to nis h me nt may be w itho ut

.

b e w i lde rment or confus i on Wonde r is o fte n pleas ing , and

.

may b e continuous in v iew of that w hich s urpasses our com

p re h e n s io n ; a s , th e m a g n it u de , or de r , a n d b e au ty o f t h e
h eav e ns fill us w ith incre as ing w onde r Compare PERPLEXI TY
. .

A NT O NYM S :
ant i ci p ati on co mp os ur e e x p e c tat i o n p r e p ar ati o n s t e ad i ne s s
calmn es s n
cool e s s n
i di ffe r e c e n s e lfz p os s e s s i o n s to i ci s m
P R EP O S I TI ON :
I w as fille d w i th amazeme nt at s uch reckle ss daring .

AMB lTlO N
S YN ON Y M S
as p i r ati o n co m p e t i ti o n e m u lat i o n O p p o s i ti o n riv alr y
As pi rati on is th e de s ir e for e x ce lle nce , pure and mple si .

Amb ition, liter ally a g oing around to s olicit v otes , h as p ri mary

re fe re nce to the a w ar d or ap p rov al of othe r s , and is th e e ag e r
des ire of pow e r , fame , or s ome th ing dee me d g r e at and e mi
ne nt . Th e prize s of as p i rati on ar e alw ays v ir tue , nob ili ty ,

s ki ll, or oth e r h ig h qua litie s The prizes o f amb i tion are

.

common ly adv ance ment fame honor , and th e lik e

. . I n our .

olde r lite rature th is w ord is ch ie fl y ap plie d to in ord inate and

se lfis h des ire of s upr e macy

Cr omw e ll, I ch arg e th e e fl ing aw ay ambi ti on

,
.

B y th at si n fe ll th e ang e ls .

S as x x s r m as H e nry VI I I , act iii , so . . 2, l . 4 37 .

B ut amb i ti on is now larg e ly use d o f an e ag e r and ste adfas t

purpos e to ob tai n something comme ndable in itse lf, v iew ed

as a w or thy p rize .

no meat e fl e ctuai method th at h as bee n dev i se d for diverti ng men fr om

vi s a is to g ive fr e e scope to a h ig h er amb ition .

I mcx r H is t E ur Mor ale , v ol i, p 261

. . . . .

The re is a noble and w ise or anig nob le , s elfish , and harmful

amb i tion E mulation is n
. ot s o much to w in a ny ex ce lle nce
.

o r s ucce ss for its e lf as to e qual or s urp ass othe r pe rsons .

The re is s uch a thing as a noble e mulation, w he n th ose w e

w ould e qua l or s urpass are noble , and the me ans w e w ould
us e w orth y . B ut, at the hig h es t, e mulati on is inferior as a
moti v e to as pi ration, w hich see ks th e hig h quality or ch ar '

actor for its ow n s ake , not w i th re fe re nce to anoth e r . C om

p e ti ti on i s th e s tr i v in g f o r so m e thi ng th a t is so ug h t b y a n oth e r

at th e s ame time . E mulation re g ards the ab s tract, comp e ti

t i on th e con cre te ; r iv alry i s the s a me in es s e ntial me aning
w ith co mp e ti tion , b ut difi ers in the nature of th e ob j e cts
con tes te d for , w hich , in the case of ri v alry, are us ually of the
nob ler sort and less s ubject to dire ct g ag ing , me as urement,
and r ule . We s pe ak of comp e ti ti on in b us ines s , e mulation in
s ch ola rs hi p , r iva lry i n love , politics , e tc . e mulati on of ex

ce llen ce , s ucce ss , a chie v e me n t ; comp eti ti on for a pr ize ; ri valry

b e tw een pe rs ons or nation . s C omp e titi o n may be friendly,
r i v alry is common ly h os tile. Opp os i tion is b ecoming a frs
q u e n t s ub s ti tu te f o r c o m p e ti ti on i n b us i ne ss lan g u ag e ; it im
p li es th a t t h e co m p e ti to r is a n o pp on e n t a n d hi nd e re r .

AN T ONY M S :

car e les s nes s co nte ntme nt h umili t y ind i ffe re nce s ati s fact i o n

AM E N D
S YN ONY H B 8

ad v anc e m e li o r at e
am e li o r at e m e nd
b e tter
cle ans e

To ame nd is to chang e for the be tte r by re moving faults ,

e rrors , o r de fects , a nd alw ays re fe rs to th at w hich at some
p o in t falls s ho rt o f a s tand ar d o f e x c e lle nce A dv an ce .
,
b e t
ter, an d imp rove may re fe r e ith e r to w h at is quite impe rfe ct
or to w h at h a s re ache d a hig h deg ree of e x ce lle n ce ; w e c d

va n ce to th e kin g do m o f God ,
i mp r ov e th e m inds o f o ur ch il
 lu
m i b l"
a
u!
64

dre n, b e tte r the morals of the peo ple B ut for matte rs be low
.

the point of or di n ary approv al w e s e ldom use thes e w ords

w e do n ot s pe ak of b e tte r i ng a w re tche d alley, or i mp r ovi ng
a foul s e w e r . Th e re w e us e cle ans e , p urify, o r s imi lar w ords .

We cor rect e v ils , refor m abuses , re ctify incide ntal conditions

of e vil or ;
e rror am
wee li o r at e p o v e r ty and m is e ry, w h ich
w e ca n not w holly re move e me n
. W d a tool, r e pair a b uild
ing , cor r ect p roof ; w e amend ch ar acte r or co nduct th at is
faulty, or a s tate me nt or law th at is de fe ctiv e A te x t
. .

w ritin g, o r s t a te m e nt i s a m e nde d b y th e aut h o r o r so me ad e

q u ate a uth o ri ty ; it i s o fte n e m e nd e d b y con j e ctu re A m . o

ti on is ame nde d by th e mov e r or by the as s e mbly ; a con s ti

tution is amende d b y the pe ople ; an ancie nt te x t is e me nde d

by a criti c w h o b e lie v es th at w h at se e ms to him th e b e tte r
re ading is w h at the auth or w r ote .Compar e ALL EVI ATE .

A NTO NYM S
g rav ate
h e mi s h
co r rup t

AM I ABL E
S YN ONY M S :

ag r e e ab le e ng ag i ng lo v ab le
at t r act i v e g e nt le lo v e ly
b e ni g nant g oo d = nat u r e d lo v i ng
c h ar m i ng k i nd p le as ant

Ami ab le combines the se nses o f lo v ab le and lovi ng ; th e

amiab le characte r h as re ady affe ction and kindli ne s s for o the rs ,
w i th the qualities th at are a dapte d to w in th e ir lov e ; amiab le
is a hig h e r and s tr on g e r w o r d th a n g o o d n a tur e
-
d o r a g r e e

ab le. Lov e ly is ofte n app li e d to e x te r nals ; as , a lo ve ly face .

Amiable de note s a dis pos ition des irous to ch e e r, ple as e , and

make h appy A s e lfis h man o f th e w orld may h av e th e ar t
.

to be ag r e e ab le ; a han ds ome , b r illiant, and w itty pe rs on may

be ch arming or e v e n attracti v e , w h ile b y no me ans ami ab le .

The e ng ag ing , w i nning , and w ins ome add to amiability some

th ing o f b e auty, accomplis h me nts and g r ace . The b eni g n
. ant
are calmly ki nd, as from a h e ig ht and a dis tance K ind, .

g o od n a
-
tur e d e
p po l e m a y b e c o ars e and r u de , an d s o fa il t o

be ag r e e ab le or p le as i ng ; th e re ally amiab le are like ly to avoid

s uch faults b y th e ir e arne s t de s ire to ple ase The g ood
.

natured hav e an eas y dis pos itionto g e t along comfortably w ith

 66

almost w h olly applied to dis course or w riting , s ig n ifyin g to

make fulle r ins tatement, w he the r w i th or w ithout adding main

te r of importance , as by s tatin g fu lly w h at w as b e f ore on ly
implie d, or by adding illus tr ati on s to ma ke th e mean ing more
re adily apprehe nded , e tc The ch ie f di fficulty of v ery youn
.
g
w rite rs is to amp lify, to g e t b eyon d the bare curt s tate me n t
b y de ve lopi ng, e x p and in g, unf o ld i ng th e th o u g h t T h
. e chi e f
difficulty of those w ho h av e more mate rial and e x perie nce is to
con dense s ufficie ntly .S o , in the e arly days of our li te rature
amp lify w as us e d in the fav orable se nse ; but at prese nt this
w ord an d most kindre d w ords ar e comi ng to s h are th e de rog a
tory me anin g th a t h as lo ng att a ch e d to ex p at ia te W e . m a y
de ve lop a thoug h t, ex pand an illus tr ation, ex te nd a dis cus s ion ,

ex p atiate on a h obby, di late on s ome thi n g j oy o us o r s a d, en

larg e a v olume , unfold a sch eme , w ide n the r an g e o f tre at
ment
‘

A NT O NYM S
ab b r e v i at e
ab ri dg e
amp utate
P R EP O S I TI ON S 3

To amplify on or upon the j

s ub ect is nee dles s . Amplify
this matte r by illus tr ations .

ANALOGY
S YN O NY M S :

afl ni t y li k e ne s s r e lat i o n si m i lar i t y
c o i nc i d e nc e p ar i t y rese m b lanc e s i mi l e
c o m p ar i s o n p r o p o r ti o n se m b lance s i m i li t u d e

Analog y is s pecifically a r es e mb lance of re lations ; a rese m

b lance th at may be re ason e d from, s o th a t fr om the li k e ne s s
i n ce rtain re s pects w e may infe r th at oth e r and pe r h aps
de epe r re lations e x is t Affini ty is a mutual attr action w ith
.

o r w ith out s eemin g like ness ; as the affi ni ty o f i ron fo o n

, r x yg e .

( Compare ATT AC H MENT ) Coincide nce is co mple te ag reement

.

in some one or more res pects ; there may be a coi n cide n ce in

time of mos t diss imilar e v e nts P uri ty of reasoning is s aid

.

of a n arg ume nt equally conclus ive on s ubj ects not s trictly

analog o us S i mi litude is a rhe torical comparis on of on
. e thin g
to another w i th w hich it h as s ome p oi n ts in common Re .

ance and s i mi lari ty are e x te r nal or s upe rficial, an

s e mb l d may
involve no dee pe r re lation; as , the res e mb lance of a cloud

to a dis tant mo untain Compare AL LEGORY . .

m o m s :

dlm g r ee me nt di s s i milari ty incong rui t y unli k e ne s s

di s pro porti on
P R E P O S I TI O NS :

The analog y betw een (or of) na ture and re v e lation; the
analog y of sou nd to lig ht ; a family has some analog y w i th
(or to ) a s tate .

ANG E R
S H OR E S :
ani m o s i t y fu r y cl e ns e r ag e
c h o le r ln at i e nce p as s i o n r ese ntm e nt
di s p le as ur e i n g nat i c n p e e v i s h ne s s t e m pe r
r at i on ire s p e t ti s h ne s s ven at i o n
fr e alne s s i r r i t ati o n p e t u lanc e w r at h

D is p le as ur e is the mi ldes t and mos t g e neral w ord C h ole r .

and i r e , now rare ex ce pt in poe tic or hig h ly r he torical lan

g u a e
g , de n o te a s t il l, a n d t h e l a tt e r a p e r s is te n t , a n g er T e m p e r .

use d alon e in th e se n se o f an g e r is co llo q u ia l , th o u g h w e m a y

co rre ctly s ay a h ot te mp e r a fie ry te mp e r, e tc
,
P as s i on, tho ug h
.

a w or d o f far w i der application may, in the s ing ular, b e ,

“
e mploye d to de n ote an g e r ; d id p u t m e i n a t o w e r in g p a s
”
s ion ,
S H AK ES PEARE H amle t, act v , s o 2 Ang e r is v io le nt
. .

and v i ndicti v e e motion, w h ich is s h ar p , s udde n, and like all ,

vio le n t p ass ion s, n ece s s ar ily b r ie f .Res e ntme nt (a fe e ling

b ack o r fe e ling ove r ag ain) is pe rs is te nt, th e b itte r b rooding
ov er in j u r ies . E x a s p e r a ti o n ,
a t o u g h e n i ng, is a h o t s u p e r ,

deis l inte n s ity of an g e r d e,

m a n d in g i n st a n t e x p r e ss io n R a g e .

dri v es o ne b e yond the bounds o f prude nce or dis cre tion;

f y
u r is s t r o n g e r y ,e t an d s w ee p s o n e a w a y i n t o u n co n tro llab l e

viole n ce Ang er is pe rs o nal and us ually se lfis h aro us e d by

.
,

re a l or s uppose d w ro ng to ones e lf and directe d s pe ci ficallv .

and inte nse ly ag ains t the pe rs on w ho is v ie w e d as blame

w or th y . I ndi g nation is imper sonal and unse lfis h di s p le as ur e
at unw orth y acts (from L i ndig na) i e at w rong as w ro ng
. . .
,
.

Pure indig nation i s not follow e d b y re g re t and nee ds no re .

p e nta n ce ; i t i s a l so m o re s e lf c o n
-
t ro lle d t h a n a n g e r A n g e r .

is commonly a s in; indig nati on is ofte n a duty Wrath is .

dee p and p e r h aps ve ng e ful dis ple as ur e as w h e n th e pe ople of ,

 ani m al
anno u nce

“ ”
Nazare th w ere filled w i th w rath at the plain w ords of Je
s us (L uke i v , it may, how e ve r, s imply ex pres s the cul
mination of rig h te ous i ndig nati on w ith out mali ce in a p ure
be ing ; as , th e w r ath o f God I mpatie nce , fr e tfulnes s , i r r ita
.

ti on, p e e vis h ne s s , p e ttis h nes s , p e tulance, a nd v enati on are tem

p o r a r y an d for i mme di ate cause F re tfulnes s , p e ttis h ne ss , an
. d
p e e v is h ne ss ar e ch ron ic states finding in an y petty matter
an occas ion for the ir e x e rcis e Compare ACRI MONY EN MI TY;
.

H ar e m) .

A N T O NYM S
am i ab i li t y le ni e n cy mi ld ne s s
c h ar i ty le ni t y pat i e nc e
fo r b eara ce n lo ng z s ufl e ri ng p e ac e
n n
g e tle e s s lov e p e ac e ab le ne s s
P R EP O S I TI ON S :

Ang e r at the ins ult prompte d the re ply. Ang e r tow ard
the ofi e nder e x ag g e rates th e ofi e ns e .

ANI M AL
S YN ONY M S
b e as t li v i ng b e i ng li v i ng o r g ani s m f au na
b rute li v i ng c r e at u r e s e nt i e nt b e i ng

An ani mal is a s e ntient be ing , d is tinct from inanimate mat

te r an d fr om v e g e table life o n th e one s ide and from me ntal
and s piritual e x is te nce on the oth e r Th us man is pro pe rly
.

clas s ifie d a s a n animal B ut becaus e the animal life is the

.

low e s t and rudes t part o f h is b e ing and th at w h ich h e s h ares

w ith in fe rior cr eatures , to call any indivi dual man an ani mal
is to imp ly th at the animal natur e has u ndue s up re macy,
and s o is de e p conde mnation or utte r ins ult Th e b rut e is .

th e animal v ie w e d as dull to all fine r fe e lin g ; th e b e a s t is

looke d upon as a b e ing o f ap pe tite s To call a man a b rute

.

is to imply th at h e is unfe e ling and crue l ; to call him a

b e as t is to indicate th at h e i s vi le ly se ns ual We s pe ak of the .

cr ue l fathe r a s a b rute to h is ch ildre n; of the dr un k ar d as

maki ng a be as t of himse lf S o firmly are the s e fig ur ative
.

s en se s e s tablis he d th at w e now incline to av o id applying b rute

or b e a s t to a ny cre ature, as a h o rs e o r dog for w h ich w e .

h av e e nv affection; w e p re fe r in s uch cas e s the w or d animal .

C r e ature is a w or d of w ide s ig nification, includ ing all the

thin g s t h at G o d h as cre ate d ,
w h e th e r inan im a te o b j e cts ,
plants , an imals , ang els , or me n A living b ei ng , cr e atur e ,
.

or org an is m may be , in s tr ictnes s e ithe r a plant or an animal,

since p la —
nts ha e life v eg e table life ; but in pop ular us e a
v

livi ng b ei ng o r livi ng creatur e is unde rs tood to me an an

animal
And God cr e s te d g r e at w h ale s , and e v e r y li vi ng cr e atu r e th at mov eth ,
w h i ch th e w ate rs b roug h t for th ab und antly, afte r th e i r k i nd .

Ge n i,
. 21 .

I n scie nti fic us e a li vi ng o rg ani s m is inde te r mi nate ly e ith e r

p lan t o r a nima l, and i n th e low e r fo rms o f li fe it i s o fte n
difii cult to decide in a g i v e n case w h ich i t is The animals of .

a re g io n are collectiv e ly calle d its fauna .

“ To m s :

ang el n
s ub s ta c e ( mat e ri al)
inani mat e ob jec t v e g e tab le
man

ANNO U NC E
ad v e r t i s e g ive no t i c e (o f) p r o c lai m r e v e al
b las o n g ive out p r o m u lg at e s ay
ci r c u lat e h e r ald p r o o u nd s p r e ad ab r o ad
co mm u ni c at e m ak e k no w n p ub sh s t at e
de c lar e no t i fy r e p ort t e ll
enu nc i at e

To announce is to g iv e inte llig e nce of in some formal or

pub li c w a y W e m
. ay anno un ce th at w h ich h a s o ccurr e d o r

that w h ich is to occur , tho ug h th e w or d is ch ie fl y use d in the

anti ci pati v e sense ; w e announ c e a b ook w h e n it is in p ress ,

ag ues t he n he arrive s
w To b laz on is to make w ide ly know n;
.

an no u nce p ub licly ; p ub lis h far and w ide ad v e r tis e our

.

bus i nes s , communi cate our i nte ntions , e nunci ate our vi e w s ;
we n o tify an i n divi dual, g iv e no tice to th e pub lic D eclare .

ha s ofte n a n auth o ritativ e force ; to de clare w ar is to caus e

wa r to b e , w h e re b e for e th ere ma y h av e b e e n o n ly h os t i li ti e s ;
w e sa y d e c la re w a r , p r o cla i m p e ace W e p p
r.o o u nd a q u e s

tion o r an ar g ume nt, p ro mulg ate th e vi e w s o f a s e ct or party,

or the de cis ion of a court, e tc We r e port an inter v iew ,
.

reve a l a s ecre t h e rald th e co ming o f s ome dis ti n

, g u i s h e d p e r

son or
g r e a t e v en t P u b lis h , in pop ular us a
.
g e is b e c o m. i n g
close l tr i ct e d t o th e s e n s e o f is s uin g th ro u g h th e p res s ;
y r es

we a nnounce a book th at is to be p ub lis h e d .

 k eep s e cr e t
s ecre t e

P R E P O S I TI O NS :

The e ve nt w as announce d to th e family by te le g raph .

ANSWER
S Y N ONY M S
re j o i nd e r r e p ar t e e r e p ly re s po ns e r e to r t

A v e rb al ans w e r is a returnof w ords to something th at seems

to call for th e m, an d is made to a ch arg e as w ell as to a ques
tio n; an an s w er ma y b e e v e n m a de t o a n un s p o k e n im p li ca
tion or man i fes tation; se e Luke v , 22 . I n a w ide r se nse ,
anyth ing s aid or don e in r e turn for so me w ord, a ction , o r

s ti on o f a
s ug g e nothe r may be calle d an ans w e r . The b low
o f an e n ra g e d m a n , th e w h i n n y o f a h o rse , t h e b ow li n g o f
the w ind, the move me nt o f a bo lt in a lock, an echo , e tc , .

may each be an ans w er to so me w or d or mov e me nt A r ep ly .

is an unfolding , an d ordinari ly implie s th oug h t and i nte lli

g e nc e .A r ej oi n d e r is s tr ic t l y a n an s w e r t o a r e l
p y , t h o u g h
o fte n us e d in th e n e r a l se n s e o f a n s w e b u t a lw ay s w i th t h e
g e r ,

imp licationof some thing more o r le s s contr ov e rs ial or Oppos e d,

th oug h lacki n g t h e co n c lu s i v e n e ss i m p li e d in a ns w e r ; a n a n s w e r ,

in the full se nse , to a ch arg e , an arg ume nt, or an objecti on

is ade quate , and finally re futes and dis pose s o f it ; a r e p ly
o r r ej oin de r may be quite inade quate , s o th at one may s ay,
“Th is re l i ” “ "
p y s n o t a n a n s w e r ; I am r e a dy w ith a n a n s w e r
“
me ans far more th an I am r e ady w ith a r e ply .
”
A r e s p o ns e
is accordant or h armonious , des ig ne d or adapte d to carry on
the thoug ht o f the w ords th at calle d it for th , as the r es p o ns es
in a liturg ical se r v ice , or to meet the w is h of h im w h o s ee ks
it ; as , the appe al for aid met a prompt and he arty re s p on se .

Rep ar te e is a pr ompt, w itty, and commonly g ood nature d -

answ e r to s ome arg ume n t or attack ; a r e tort may als o be

w itty, but is se v e re an d may be e v e n s av ag e in its inte ns ity .

P R EP O S I T I O N S :

An ans w e r in w r iting , or by w ord of mo uth , to th e ques

tion .
 71 ans w e r
ant i c i E t i o n

A NTlC lPATE
SH OW :

ap p r e h e nd f or e c as t ho
fo r e tas t e la x f o r w ar d to

To anticipate may be either to take before in fact or to

tak e be fore in th oug h t ; in the former sen s e it is a llied w ith
p r ev e n t ; in th e la tte r ,
w i th th e s yno ny m s a bo v e g iv en T hi
. s

is comin g to b e th e p re v a len t an d f av ori te us e W e . e x p ec t

that w hich w e h av e g ood re ason to be lie v e w ill happe n; as ,
a boy e x p ects to g row to man h ood We h op e for that w hich
.

w e much de s ire a nd somew hat ex p ect We appre h end w hat.

w e bo th e x p e ct a nd fear Antici pate is commonly use d now ,

.

like for e tas te, o f th at w hich w e e x p e ct both w i th confide nce

and pleas ure I n this use it is a s trong e r w ord th an h op e
. .

“
w he re ofte n th e w is h is fa the r to the th oug h t
” I h o pe fo r
.

a v is i t fr om my frie nd, th o ug h I h av e no w ord from h im ; I

ex pe ct it w hen h e w r ites th a t he is comin g ; a n d a s th e tim e

draw s near I anticip ate it w ith pleas ure Compare AB I DE :

‘

PREVEN T .

si n
des pai r o f r eco lle c t
di s t ru s t re m m
e b er

AN T I C IP AT I O N
ant e p as t f o r e b o d i ng for e t h o u g h t
ap p r e h e ns i on f or e c as t h op e
en p e e t ancy for e s i g h t p r e s e nt i m e nt
ex p e c t at i o n f o r e t as t e p ov i s i o n
r

Ex p e ctati on may be e i th e r o f g ood o r e v il; p re se ntiment

almos t alw ays , app re h e ns i on and for e b odi ng alw ays , of e vi l;
antic ipatio n and antepas t, commonly o f g ood Th us , w e s pe ak .

of the
p le as ures o f anti ci p at i on A fo r e tas t e.may b e o f g oo d
or ev il, and is more th an i mag inary ; it is a part actually
receiv ed i n adv ance F ores ig h t and for e th oug h t p re ve nt fu
.

ture e vil and secure futur e g ood by time ly looki n g f or w ar d,

and acti ng up on w h at is fore se e n Compare ANTI CI PATE . .

m o ur ns :

ni s h me nt
s s to
cons ummati o n
de s pai r
doub t
 ant i
n th y 72

ANTI PATHY
S YN ONY M S x
ab h o r r e nc e di s t t r e p ug nanc e
(lu sr e r e p u ls i o n
av e r s i o n d i s t as t e u nc o ng e ni ali t y
d e t e s t at i o n

Antipathy, r e p ug nance , and uncong e niali ty are ins ti nctive ;

othe r forms of dis li ke may b e a cqui re d or che ris he d for cause .

Uncong e niali ty is ne g ativ e , a w ant of touch or s ympath y An .

antip athy to a pe r son or th ing is an ins tinctive re coil from

con ne ction or ass ociation w i th th at person or thing , and may
be phys ical or me ntal, or bo th Antag onis m may res ult fr om
.

the ne ce ss ity of cir cums tances ; op p os iti o n may s pring from

con fl i cting v iew s or inte res ts ; abh or r e nce and de tes tation may
be the re s ult of re lig ious and mor al traini ng ; dis tas te and dis
g u s t m ay b e acqui r e d ; ave rs i o n is a de e p and pe rman e nt d i e

li k e
. A natural antipathy may g iv e ris e to op p os i ti on w hich
may res ult in h atr e d and h os ti lity Compare ACRI MON Y ;
.

AN GER ; EN M I TY ; H ATRED .

A N TON YM S
afl i ni t y at tr ac ti o n te llo w d e e li ng k i nd li ne s s sy m path y
ag r e e me nt co ng e ni ali t y h armo ny r e g ar d

P R EP O S I TI ON S :

Antip athy to (le ss fre que ntly fo r or ag ai ns t ) a pe rson or

th ing ; anti pathy be tw e en or b e tw ix t tw o pers o ns o r thing s .

AN T I Q U E
S YN ONY M S z
anci e nt o ld =
f as h i o ne d q u ai nt s up e r annu at e d
ant i q u at e d

Anti que re fe rs to an ancie nt, antiquate d to a dis carded

s tyle .Anti que is th at w h ich is e ithe r anci e nt in fact or
anci e nt in s tyle The re fe re nce is to the s tyle rath e r th an to
.

the ag e . We ca ns pe ak of the antique ar ch itectur e

a ch urch of

jus t b ui lt .Th e diffe re nce be tw ee n anti quate d and anti que is

not in th e ag e , for a P uri tan s tyle may be s corne d as anti
q uo te d ,
w h i le a Ro ma n o r Re n ais s ance s ty le may b e p r ize d

as anti que Th e anti quate d is not s o much out o f date as

.

o ut o f v og ue Old fas h ione d may b e us e d approv i ng ly or

.
-

co nte mptuo us ly I n th e latte r cas e it b e come s a s yno nym

.

for antiquate d ; in th e g oo d s e ns e it ap pr o ach e s the me aning

 ap at h y

P R EP O S I TI O N S :

The apathy f
o monas ti c life ; apathy tow ard g ood .

AP I E C E
SH OW :

di s t r i b u t i v e ly e ac h i nd i v i d u ally s e p ar at e ly se v e r ally

Th e re is no dis cernible diffe re nce in se n s e be tw ee n so much

apiece and so much e ach ; the forme r is the more common

and pop ular, the latte r th e more e leg ant e x press ion D is .

tri butive ly is g e n er a lly us ed of numbe rs and abs tract re la

tion s . I ndi vi dually e mpbas izes the in de pe nde nce of the ih
di viduals s epar ate ly a nd s ev erally still more emph ati cally
hold the m apart The s ig n
. er s of a n ote may b ecome j oin tly
an d s eve rally res pon s ib le , th a t is , e ach liab le for the e n tir e
amo unt, as if h e had s ig ned it alone Witnesses are ofte n
.

broug h t s ep ardte ly into co urt, in orde r th at no on e ma y b e

infl ue n ce d b y the tes ti mon y o f a no th e r I f a co m an

p y .o f
labore rs demand a dollar ap ie ce , that is a de mand that e ach
shall rece iv e th a t s um ; if they indi vid ually de mand a dollar,
ea ch in div idual makes th e deman
ANTO N Y M B :
accum u lati v e ly co ntus e d ly i nd i s c ri mi nate ly
colle ct i v e ly e n mane s yn t h e ti cally

APO LO GY
m o m s :

ac k no w le d g m e nt d e fe ns e e x cu s e p le a
co nfe s s i o n e x c u lp at i o n j u s t i fi c ati on vi ndi cati o n
All th es e w ords ex an
p r n ’
s w e r to a cha
ess o e 8 rg e of w ro n g
or erro r th at is or mig ht be ma de Apolog y h as unde rg one
.

a remark ab le ch an g e fr om i ts o l d s e n se of v aliant de fens e

a s in J us tin Martyr s Ap olo g i es for th e Ch ris ti an fa —
’
i th to
its pre s e nt meaning of h umb le con f e ss i o n a n d co nc e s s io n H e .

who ofi e rs a n apo log y admits himse lf, at le as t te chnically and

seemin l , i n th e w ron A n ap o log y is for w hat one has
g y g .

don e or le ft un done ; an e x cus e may be for w h at one propose s

to do or leav e undon e a s w e ll ; a s , on e se n ds b e fore h and h is
ex cus e for not a cce pti n an i n i ta ti n i f h h ould fa il e ith e r
g v o ; e s
to be prese nt or to e x cus e hims e lf an a olo w o uld b e i n
, p gy
order An e x cus e for a fault is an atte mp t at partial jus ti fi
.
 nt 76
z gf
pp

catio n; as , one alleg es h as te as an ex cus e for careless ness .

Confes s ion is a full ac kn ow le dg me n t of w ron g, g e n e ra lly of

a g rav e w r ong , w ith or w i th out ap o log y or ex cus e P lea
.

ran g es i n se n se f r o m a p y
r a e r fo r f av or or
p a r d o n to an
atte mpt at full vi nd ication D efe ns e , ex culp ati on, jus tifica
.

ti o n ,
an d v i nd i ca ti o n ar e m o re p p
r o e r l y a n to n y m s th an
s yn on ym s o f ap o lo gy in its m o d e r n se ns e , an d s h o u ld be so

g i v e n , b u t f o r t h e i r co n nec ti on w i th i ts h i s tori c u s a g e C om
.

p ar e CON FES S DEFEN S E.

A N T O NYM S
acc u s at i o n c h arg e co nd e mnati on
ce ns ur e co mp lai nt imp utati on
P R E P O S I TI ON S :

Anapolog y to the g ues t f

or the ov ers i g h t w ould b e fitti ng .

APPARE N T
S YN ONY H S a
li k e ly p r e s u m ab le mi ng
p r o b ab le s ee

Th e appar ent is th at w h ich appe ars ; the w or d h as tw o can

tr as te d se nse s , e i the r of th at w hich is man i fe s t, v is ib le , cer
tain, or o f th at w h ich me re ly s ee ms to b e and may be v e ry
diffe re nt fr om w h at is ; as , the app ar e nt motion of th e s un
ar ound the e arth App are nt kindness cas ts a doubt o n the
.

re a lity o f the kindness ; app ar e nt n e g lect imp lie s th at more

ca r e an d pains may hav e bee n b e s tow e d th an w e are aw ar e of .

P re s umable implie s th at a th ing may b e re aso nab ly s up pos e d

be fore h and w i thout any full kno w le dg e of the facts P r ob .

ab le implie s th at w e know facts e noug h to make us mode r ate ly

con fide nt of it S e e ming e x p re sse s g re at doubt of th e r e ality ;
.

see ming inno ce nce come s v e ry ne ar in me aning to p ro bab lr

g u ilt .A pp ar e nt i nd ic ate s l e ss as s u r a n c e th an p r o b abl e , an d
more th an s e e ming A mans prob ab le inte nt w e b e lie v e w i ll
.
’

p ro v e to b e h is re al inte n t ; h is s e e m in g i n te nt w e b e lie v e to
be a s ham ; h is ap p ar e nt inte nt may be the true one th o ug h w e .

h av e not ye t e v ide nce on w hich to pronounce w ith ce rtainty

or e ve n w ith con fide nce Li ke ly is a w ord w i th a w ide r ang e
.

of us ag e , b ut a lw ays implying th e be lie f th at th e th ing i s ,

or w i ll b e tr ue ; it is ofte n us e d w i th the infinitiv e , as the
.

oth e r w o r ds o f this lis t can n ot b e ; a

’
s , it i s li k e ly to h a pp e n .

Comp are n v me nr '

.
 ap p ar e nt
ap p e al

AN T O N Y M S
d o u b t ful d u b i ous i mp ro b ab le uni mag i nab le u nli k e ly
P R E P O S I TI O N S :

(Whe n appar ent is us e d inth e se nse of e vident) His g uilt

is apparent i ne very act to all ob se rvers .

APP EAL
ad d r e s s call (u p o n) i nv o k e re qu e s t
e ntr e at r e f e r (t o ) r e s or t (t o )
To app e al (from L app e llo, app e llare , to addre s s , call upon,
.

entr eat, e tc ) closely follow s in E n

.
g li s h th e La tin s e nse .

Anci e ntly, one w ho fe lt himse lf w r ong e d w ould se ize an op

portun i ty, i f p oss ib le , to call ou t to the king for re dre ss ,
thus ofte n se curin g re v e rs al of th e j udg men t of a s ub ordi nate
ofii ce r

And as th e King of I sr ae l w as p ass ing b y upon th e w e ll, th er e cr ie d a

w oman unto him, s ayi ng , H e lp, my lor d , 0. King . 2 Ki ngs v i, 26 .

Hence co me s th e mode rn leg al se nse , to appe al (a case ) fro m

a low e r auth ority to a hig her :
I ppe al un
a to Ca
e sar . Acts x x v. 11 .

Fi g ur ativ e ly, one may app eal to any auth ority b elie ve d
to be deci s iv e ; as , to ap p e al to facts , s tatis tics , h is tory, arms ,
force , re as on, or pos te ri ty .

Gre atnes s app e als to th e futur e W K E s s ay s S elf Re li an

. ce ,
-
.

I n per sonal us e , to ap p e al i s more th an to as k ; it is to as k

with s pecial earn est ness , a nd is akin to b e s e ech or e ntr eat;
on e ap p e a ls to an othe r for s ome for m of h e lp, s upport, favo r ,

or be n e fit ; an of fe nde r may app e al for me rcy or forg iv e

nes s . B y e x te ns ion to inanimate thing s and ab s tractions ,
to ide as , acti vi tie s , e motion s , e tc , to app e al is
. to aw ake n
res pon s e or s ympa thy ; cour ag e , si nce rity, an d te nde rne ss ap
pe a l to s o m e o f o ur n ob le s t i ns tincts ; s e ns ationalis m does
not a pp e a l to m e

li e n i s not a cre atur e of pur e r e as on; h e must h av e h is se nse s d c

lig hti ully app ealed to . LAMB E s s a
ys of Elia p 5 8 [w
, . . . L . a
To app ly i s more formal than to appe al; on e ma y ap p ly to
anappointing office r for an app ointment ; ap p ly to the tre as
ure r fo r funds ; app ly at the b ure au of informati on fo r par
ticulars . Co mp are AD DRES S ; APPLY ; AS K : P LuA ; PRAY n .
m o ur ns :

ab jur e de fy d e ny di s av ow d i sc lai m re fus e re p ud i ate

APP EAR
h av e t h e ap p e ar anc e or se m b lance loc h seem

Appear and loo k re fer to w hat manife sts its elf to the
se ns es ; to a se mb lance or prob ab ility pre se nted directly to the
mind S e e m applies to w hat is mani fes t to the mind on re
.

fl ection I t sudde n
. ly appears to me that the re i s s moke in the
distance , as I w atch , it loo ks like a fir e ; from my know ledg e
of th e loca li y and obs e rv ation of par ti culars , it s e e ms to me
a farmh ouse mus t be b urn
,
ing .

M O NT H S ;

be be ce r tai n, re al . or tr ue b e th e tact ex is t

P RE P O S I TI O N S :

Ap pe ar at the front ; among the firs t ; on or up on th e sur

face ; to the e ye ; in ev ide nce , i n print ; fr om re por ts ; near
the harbor ; be fo r e the pub lic ; in appropriate dress ; w i th
the ins ig nia o f hi s rank ; abo ve the clouds ; be low the s urface ;
un de r the lee ; ove r th e se a; th r oug h the mi s t ; ap pe ar for,
in b e half of, or ag ain s t one in cour t .

APP E N D
e n em a:
ad d afi x anne x at t ac h s ub:o i n s u b s cr i b e

To app e nd (from L ad , to , p e ndo ,

. h ang ) is lite r ally to
h ang to, as a se al (formerly, and in s ome cases s ti ll, he ld to the
document b y a strip of p archme nt, ribb on, or the like ) ;
he nce to add (see AD D ) or attach as so me thi ng acce s s ory ,

s ubordinate , or me ntal; as , to ap p e nd a co dicil to a w ill

s upp le .

To affix (from L ad, to, fig , as te n) is to fix , fas te n o r

.o f ,

attach, to , on, or upon s ome thi ng alre ady e x i s ti ng of w hi ch it ,

may or may not b e come an inte g ral part ; as to afirx a placard

‘

to a w all or a s upe rscri ption to a lette r ; to af fi x a s v llab le a t

the b e g i nning or e n d of a w or d (e ith e r a pre fix or a s uffix
b e ing calle d an To anne x (fr om L ad to ne cto .
, . .

bind tie ) is to add at the e nd w ith less ide a o f s ubordination

, .

and de pe nde nce and more of combi nation or union th an i s

,

con v e ye d by a p e n
p d ; as to an ne x a s ub ur b to a
, city o r a p r o v .
ince to an e mp ire A codicil or a sig nature may be affix e d
.
,

an ne x ed, appended, or attach ed; th e s ig nature or name may

also be s aid to be s ubscri be d ; a title or a s upe rs eription is
afi x e d (not ann e x ed or app en de d, thoug h insome cas e s w e may
s pea k o f it as attache d ) to a v olume or a tre atis e ; a pe nalty
may b e aflix e d, anne x e d, or attach e d to a proh ib ition; a con
di ti on may be af fi ,
x e d an ne x e d ,
or attac he d to a p r omis e ; note s

o r in dex es are not af fi ,

x e d b u t add ed or app e nd e d to a v o lum e ;
an appe ndix is some thing appen de d .

m o m s :

d e tac h d i s co nne c t di s e ng ag e s e par ate

APPE NDAGE
ac c e s s o r y ad di t i o n ap p ur t enance co nco mi t ant
aoc o m ani m e nt ad ju nc t att ach m e nt e x t e ns i o n
ad an ap p e nd i x au x i li ar y s u p p l e m e nt

An adjun ct (some thi n g j oi ne d t o ) co n s ti tu t e s n o re a l p ar t

of th e thin g o r s y s te m to w h i ch it is j oi ne d , t h o ug h p e rh a ps a
va luab le addi tio n; an app endag e is commonly a re al, thoug h
n ot a nes s ential or neces s ary part of that w ith w h ich it is con
necte d ; an appur tenance be long s s ubordinate ly to somethi ng
by w h ich it is e mploye d, es pe cially as an in s tr ume n t to ac
complis h some purp ose A h ors e 8 tail is at once an or na
.
’

mental app endag e and a us e ful appurtenance ; w e could not

ca ll it an ad junct, thoug h w e mig ht us e th at Word of his ir on
shoes . Attach me nt, primarily the act of attaching or the s tate
of be in g a tt ac h e d , is ex te nd e d to de note the mean s of a ttach
in g, as a n ex us , b a nd or tie ; as , the attachments of a mus cle ;
,

a lso, to den ote s ome thin g ap p e n d e d o r a tta c h e d , a s a n a d ju n ct ;

inmachi ner y an attachment is some mech an i sm that can be
broug h t into optional con nection w ith th e principal move
ment ; as , a s piral turning attach ment to a lathe ; an eoli an
a ttachmen t to a pian o ; a he mmer is a v a luab le attach me nt
of a sew in ma
g
-
c h in e A
. n e x te n s i o n , as o f a r ai lr oa d or of
a fran chis e, ca rr ies out furthe r so meth in g already ex isti n g.

We add an appendix to a book, to contain names , date s , lists .

etc , w hich w ould e n

. cumbe r th e te x t ; w e a dd a s upp le me nt
to supply omis s ion s as for ins tance to br ing it up to date
, . , .

Anappendix may be calle d an addendum; b ut adde ndum may

be used of a brie f note , w h ich w ould not be dig nified by the
 ap p e ti t e 80

name of app endix ; s uch notes are ofte n g roupe d as adde nda .

An ad di tion mig ht be matte r inte rw ove n in the body of the

w ork, a n inde x , plate s , editor ial notes , e tc , w h ich mig ht be .

valua ble ad d itions , b ut not w i thi n the me aning of app e ndix

or s upp le ment Compare ACCES S ORY ; AUX I LI ARY
. .

AN T O NYM S 8

mai n M y ori g i nal total w h ole

P RE P OS I TI O N S
Th at hich is th oug ht
w of as adde d w e call an appe ndag e
to ; th at w h ich is looke d up on as an in te g ral p art is called
an appe ndag e of .

APP ET I T E
S Y N ON YM S :

t i m uls l t
l
i nc i na i o n t r
p s s i on
des ir e li k i ng p r o c li v i t y
di s p os i ti on lo ng i ng p r o ne ne s s

Appe ti te is us ed only of the de mands of the phys ical sys

te m, unle ss othe rw is e e x pre s sly s tate d , as w he n w e s ay an
app e tite for know le dg e ; p as s i on includes all e x citab le im
p ul ses o f o u r natu r e , a s a n g e r , f e ar ,
lo v e , h at r e d , e t c A pp s
.

tite is th us more an imal than p as s i on; and w he n w e S pe ak of

p as s i o ns a nd app e ti t e s a s c o n j oin e d or co n t r a s te d , w e th in k
of the ap p e ti tes a s w h olly ph ys iéal an d o f the p as s ions as , in
p ar t at le as t , me n ta l o r s p ir i t ua l W
. e s a y a n app e ti te f or

food, a p as sion for fame Compare DES I RE

. .

A N TO N YM S :

ant i p at h y d e t e s t at i o n d i s lik e d i s t as t e i nd i ffe r e nce r e p ug nance

av e r s i o n d i s g us t d i s r e li s h h at r e d loat h i ng r e p u ls i o n

Compare AN TI P ATI I Y .

P R E P O S I TI O N :
He h ad an insatiab le appe tite for the marv e lous .

APP LY
as s o ci at e co nne ct e m p lo y
at t ach d e d i c at e e x e r ci s e
co nj o i n d ev ote fit

To app ly (from L ad, to, p li

. co,
fold ) , li te rally to fold to
or upon, s ig nifies to lay, place , o r p ut u p o n f or s o me s pe cial
 ap p o r t i o n

that the facts may re quire law , or prin

; a r ule ,
ci ple fits a
ca s e to w hich it ex a ctly corres pon ds ; it appli es to a case
w ith w hich it ha s some in h ere nt conn ection; the propos ition

th at th e thre e an g les of a tr ian g le are e qual to tw o r ig ht

ang les does not app ly to the seg me nt o f a circle ; the law
ag ainst burg lary does not app ly to hi g hw ay robbery ; ap p ly
and refe r v iew the s ame fact from op pos ite directions ; w e
ap p ly a rule to a case , r efe r (n e ve r app ly ) the ca se to the
r ule . Ap p ly thus stands s ing ularly alone ; its true me aning s
an d conne cti ons can be learn e d on ly by s tudy of the die
tion e ty and of approv e d us ag e, not by any s ubs titution of
o the r w ords .

m o m s :

S ee nonyms for
sy AI e
' '
n .

APPO RT I O N
S Y N ONY M B :

allo t as s i u di s t r i b u t e
de‘ r di v i d e
ap p r o p r i at e di s p e ns e
To allot or as s ig n may be to make an arbitr ary divis ion;
t he s ame is tr ue o f dis tri bute or divide That w hich is ap
.

p or ti one d is g iv e n b y som e fi x e d rule ,

w hi c h is m e a nt to be
un iform and fair ; as , re pre se ntativ es are app or ti one d amo ng
the S tates accordi n g to p o p u l a tion To d is
.
p en s e is t o g i ve

o ut fre e ly ; as , the s un dis p e n s es lig h t an d he at A thing is .

ap p ropriate d to or for a s pe cific p ur pose (to w hich it th us

b ecomes p rope r, in the orig inal se nse of be ing its ow n) ;
money ap p r op riate d by Cong res s for one p ur pos e can not
be e x pe nde d for any othe r One may ap por tion w h at he
.

on ly h olds in tr us t ; h e s hares w h at is his ow n Co mp are .

Au m .

A NT O N :
c li ng to co ns oli d at e th e r to g e th e r
co llec t di vi d e ar b i t rarily e e p t og e th er

P RE P O S I TI O N S :

Apporti on to each a fair amount ; apporti on the prope rty

among the he irs , b e tw e en tw o claimants ; ap portion acco rd
i ng to numbe rs , e tc .
 APP ROX I MAT I O N
m ou ns
r

I n math ematics , approx imati on is not g uessw ork , not loos e

nes s , and not e rror The process of app rox imation is as e x act
.

and co rre ct at e ve ry poin t as that by w hich an absolute res ult

is secure d ; the res ult on ly fails of ex actness becaus e o f some
in m
he re nt di culty in the prob le m The atte mpt to s quare
.
“
”
the circle g iv es o n l y a n app r o x i m a te r es ul t, be ca u se o f t h e

impos s ibi lity of e x pres si n g t h e c irc u m fe re nc e in ter m s o f t he

radi us . B ut the li mits of e rror on e ithe r side are kn ow n ,

an d th e app r ox imation has pr actical v alue Outsi de of mathe

.

maties , the correct use of app r ox i mation (and the kindre d

w ords a
pp r o x i m a te a nd app r ox i m a te ly) is to ex p ress as n e a r

an appro ach to accuracy and ce rtainty as th e condi tion s of

h uman thoug h t or acti on in any g ive n ca se ma ke poss ib le .

Res e mb lance and s i mi lari ty may be b ut s upe rficial and ap

p a re nt ; app r o x i m a ti o n is re a l A.
pp ro ac h is a re l a ti v e te r m ,

indicating th at on e ha s come n e are r th an be fore , thoug h the

dis tance may ye t be cons ide rable ; an appr ox imation b ri ng s

on e re a lly ne ar Nearnes s , nei g h b o rh oo d, and pr opinqui ty are
.

common ly use d of place ; app r ox imation, of mathe matical

calcula tio n s an d abs tract re as oning ; w e s pe ak o f app roach
to the s h ore , ne arne s s to the tow n , a pp r o x i m a ti o n to t h e

tr uth .

m o m s :

d i ae re nce d i s tance e rror re mo t e ne s s unlik e ne s s v ariati o n

P R E P O S I TI O N S :

The ap prox imation of the v e g e tab le to the animal type .

AR M S
S Y N ON Y M S
acc e nt e r m e nt s ar m o r h ar ne s s m ai l w e ap o ns
Ar ms are imple me nts attack ; ar mor is a de fe n
of si ve ccv

e r ing T
. h e k nig h t p ut on his ar mo r ; b e g ra s pe d his ar ms .

With the dis us e of de fe ns ive ar mo r th e w ord h as practically

g o ne o u t o f mi li tar y us e b ut i t i s
. s ti ll e mploy e d in the n a vy ,

w h ere the dis tin cti on is cle arly p re s e rv e d ; an y v ess e l p ro v id ed

w i th can non is an arme d ve ss e l ; an armore d s hip is an iron
 ar m y
W fl o

clad . Anything th at can be w ie lded in a fig ht may become

a w e ap on, as a pi tch fo rk o r a pavi ng s tone ar ms are es pe
-

cially made and des ig ned for confl ict .

AR MY
B YR O N “ !t
ar m am e nt fo r c e s s o ld i e rs
ar r ay h os t m u lt i t u d e s o ld i e r y
f o r ce le g i o ns p h alanx troop s

An army is an org anize d body of me n armed for w ar , ordi

narily consi derable in numbe rs , alw ays inde pe nde nt in org ani
as tion so far as not to be a cons titue nt par t of any othe r
comma nd Org anization, unity, and inde pe nde nce , r athe r than
.

numbe rs are the ess entials of an ar my We s pe ak of the in .

va ding ar my of Corte s or Pizarr o , thoug h e ith e r b ody w as con

temptible in numbe rs from a mode rn military s tandpoin t .

We may have a little army, a larg e army, or a vast army .

H os t is use d for any v as t and orde rly asse mb lag e ; as , the

s ta rs are ca lled the heave nly hos t Multi tude e x presses num
.

be r w ith out or de r or org anizati on; a mu lti tude of arme d me n

L e g ion (fro m the Latin) and
_

is not an ar my, b ut a mob .

p h ala nx (fr om t he Gree k ) are a pp li e d b y a ki nd o f p o e tic

li ce ns e to modern for ces ; the plural leg ions is pre fe rre d, in

mos t use s , to the s ing ular Military is a g e ne ral w or d for
.

land fo rce s ; th e mi li tar y may include all the arme d s oldie ry

-

of a n ation, or the te rm may be ap plie d to any s mall de

tache d compan y, a s at a fort, i n d is t i nct io n fro m ci v i lia n s .

Any org anize d b o dy of me n by w hom the law or w ill of a

peo ple is ex ecute d is a fo rce ; the w ord is a us ual te rm for
the police of any lo cality .

ARRA I G N
ch ar g e p r o s e cu t e
ci t e su mm o n
Ar raig n is an offi cial a pe rs on accuse d o f crime is
w or d,

arraig ne d w he n h e is formally calle d into co ur t, the indict

me nt re ad to him, and th e demand made of him to ple ad g uilty
or n ot g uil ty; in m ore e x te nde d us e , to a rr ai g n i s to c all in
ques ti o n f o r fa ult i n a n y for mal , p u b li c, o r o fii c ial w ay .
 One may ch arg e anoth e r w i th any fault g r e at o r t r ifl ing , pr i
,

va te ly or p ublicly, formally or infor mally Accus e is s trong e r

.

than charg e , s ug g e s ting m o re o f th e f orma l and criminal;

a pers on may charg e a frie nd w ith un kindnes s or neg lect ;
he may accus e a tr amp of s te alin g Ce n s ur e carries the ide a
.

of fault, but n ot of crime ; it ma y b e p r i v a te an d i ndi v id u a l

m
,

or publi c a nd o cial A judg e , a pre side nt, or othe r o ffice r

.

of hi g h r an k may be i mp e ach e d be fore th e app ropriate tri

bunal for h ig h crimes ; the v e racity of a w i tnes s may be
impe ac he d by damag in g e v i d e n ce A p.e r s o n o f t h e h i g h es t
cha ra cte r ma y b e s umm on e d a s d e fe n da n t in a c i vi l s uit ; or

he may be ci te d to ans w e r as administrator , e tc I ndi ct and .

arr ai g n ap ply s tr ictly to criminal proce e di ng s , and o nly an

alleg ed cri minal is indicte d or arraig ne d One is indicted by
.

the g ran d j ury, and arraig ne d be fore the appropriate cour t .

m o ur ns :
acq ui t d i s ch arg e
co nd o ne e x cus e

P REP O S I TI O N S :

Arraig n at the bar , b efor e the tr ib unal, f

o or f
or a crime ;
on or up on an indictme nt .

ARRA N GE
m o m s :

or d e r
p lac e i n o r d e r
p ut i n or d e r
r ang e
set
co llo c at e mar s h al
To arr ang e is to place in de fini te in accor dance w i th
or de r ,

some p la n or de sig n; the bas is of arr ang e me nt may g re atly

va ry ; w e may arran g e ob j e ct s a c co r d ing to s iz e or ch a r a c te r ,

a s books upon s helves ; accor din g to c o n v e n ie n ce o r r e a d i

n ess for use , a s a mech a nic s tools ; acco rding to tas te or
’

a rtis tic cfi ect, a s th e p icture s or furn iture o f a room, the

flow ers in a v as e , e tc ; or according to r he torical e ffe ct or
.

logical connection, as w or ds in a se nte nce s e nte nce s in a para ,

a
g p ,
r h or arg u m e n ts i n a d isc o ur s e T h e. s a m e ob jec ts m ay
be difl ere ntly arrang e d accor ding to the purp ose i n v ie w ;
articles of a a e l ar e a r r an d i n a w a d r obe a cco r din g t o
pp r g e r

spa ce, con ven ie nce , or re adine ss for use ; th e y are ar rang e d
 arr ang e

upon the pe rso n according to their cfi ect as parts of a cos

tume . To ass e rt or clas s ify is to arrang e according to sorts
o r cla s ses ; re ady made cloth ing is place d for s ale in as
-

s or te d s izes ; books a re class if ie d in a pub lic lib rary Ass e rt .

g e n e ra lly h as re fe re n c e to m a te rial q ua li ties , a s o f s i ze , co lor ,

w e ig h t, or the lik e ; clas s ify to some me n ta l bas is of connec

ti on or s e quen ce ; g oods a re a ss orte d ; pla nts and animals are
c las s ifie d a cco rdin g t o g e ne r a, s p ec ie s , e tc to a s s e r t t
. h e S p ec i
me ns in a muse um according to s ize , color, or appe arance
w o uld s poil the cla s s ifica tion; furniture is as s orte d in a w are
h ouse , arrang ed in a parlor S tudies or s tude nts are not
.

as so r te d, but arrang e d or clas si fie d To s or t, s or t over , or

.

s o rt out, is view e d a s a rude r a nd more g e ne ral process , less

de finite and ex act th an to ass o r t and quite lacking the orde rly
,

b as is of arrang e To h ar moniz e is to arr ang e in s uch order

.

or re la tion as to pr oduce a harmonious e fi ect, mus ical or

oth e r . To rang e to place in a row or row s , is use d primarily
,

of la r g e ob j ects or those cov e rin g co n s id e r ab le s p a ce ,

a s ,
“ ”
in the use of the noun, w e s pe ak of a r ang e of column s or

o f moun tains ; as us e d of tr oops rang e has les s re fe re n ce

th an arrang e to minor matte rs o f order and alig n me nt and ,

more to the e x te nde d distri b ution of the w hole as an e fi ective

fi g hting force .

At midni g h t , i n th e for e s t shade s ,

B ng e d
ou s ri s r a h i s S uliote b and .

H AL LE C K Marco B ozzari s , st . 2
.

H e re ar r ang e d be ins ufi e r ably fee ble

w ould To array is to .

dr aw up or arr ang e in orde r for b attle , as an army ; ar r ay

e x p resses more of re adin e ss fo r action on a lar g e s cale th a n
arr ang e , and more o f s pectacular and cohes i ve formation th an
ran g ;
e sco uts o r s ki rm is h e rs ma y b e r ang e d a lo n g th e fro nt;
t he main army is ar raye d in li ne o f b attle Mars h al is more .

p pre a r ato ry, an d m a y h a v e re fe r e nce m e re ly to th e e nrol

me nt and assemb lag e o f a force .

F als e w i zard , s vs unt l I h av e mar s h alle d my cla n

.

CAM PB EL L L och i e l e
’
Warni ng .

As mode rn projecti le s discourag e s pe ctacular formations the

w ord arr ay is fallin g o ut o f m i litary use , b ut s till, b oth as
no un and ve rb , h as e x te nsiv e lite rary e mployme nt w ith s p le n
did de scriptiv e force .
 B y tor ch and tr umpe t fe st array ed ,
E ach w arrior dre w h i s b attle blade .

Th e mi d ni g h t b r oug h t th e sig nal s ound of -

strife,
Th e me n , th e mars h ali ng in arms ,
Th e day b e ttie s mag nifi cently ste rn arr ay
’
. .

B YRON Child s H arold , st . 28 .

As ap plie d to dress , ar ray carr ie s the s ame idea of s ple ndor .

S o lomon in all h is g lory, w as not arr ayed lik e n

o e of th es e.
mm
,

. vi , 29 .

To for m, in this connection, is to arr an g e parts or u ni ts

s o that they a ss ume a certain form or s hape ; as , to form

a proces s ion; to form troops in line or column; to form
a reg iment in a square ; to dis p os e is to place parts or un its
in re lativ e pos ition for mutual coope ration or s upport on an
e x tende d scale ; a mode rn army is dis pos e d over so larg e an
area that the difi e re nt p arts can not see one anothe r , an d
“ ”
no for m of the e ntire force is vis ib le from any point ;
hence w e naturally s peak of the dis pos iti on rathe r than o f
the form ati on of th e force To comp os e is to put tog e the r
.

thing s , th oug h ts , parts , or e le m e nts s o as to f or m an or de r ly

w hole ; to com os e ma in lu d a an i n b ut mm n l ia
p y c e r r g g, co o y
volv es much more ; in comp os e, the thoug ht of unity pre v ails :
indis p os e , the thoug h t of dis trib ution I n prin ting , to co m .

pes e is to ar rang e (type ) in prope r or de r , as in the com

—
posi ng s ti ck in this se nse rare ly use d, s et or s e t up be ing
-

the tec h nical te rms ; ye t a type s e tte r is reg ularly called a

-

“ ” “ ”
compos i to r , and the p roce ss compos i tion S ee ADJ U S T : .

com m as .

p l or p ie ( p r i nt )
s catt e r

ARRA Y
SH O W :

ar my c o lle c t i o n li ne o f b at t le
arr ang e m e nt di s p o s i t i o n or d e r
batt le ar r ay e x h i b i ti o n o r d e r o f b at t le

The ph r as e battle ar ray or arr ay of battle is archaic and

poetic ; w e n ow s a i n li n d f b a l Th p ade
a
‘

y e o r o r e r o tt e e r .

is for ex h ib i ti on and o v e rs ig ht, and partial re he ars al o f mili

tary ma nual and mane uve rs Ar ray re fe rs to a co nti nuo us
.
 ar r e s t

ar r ang e ment of me n, so that all may be see n or re vi e w ed

at on ce . This is practically imposs ib le w ith th e v as t ar mies
of our da y W.e s ay r ath e r th e dis p os i ti on o f troo p ,
s w hi ch
e x pre s s e s the ir locati on so a s to s us ta in and s up port, th oug h
unab le to see or re ad i mmunicate
co w ith each othe r . C om
p ar e oas es .

ARRES T
S YN O N YM S z
ap p r e h e nd d e t ai n r e s t r ai n s t op
c ap t nr e h o ld s e cu r e t ak e i nt o c us t o d y
cat c h sn ak e p r i s o ne r s ei ze t ak e p r i s o ne r

The le g al te rm arres t carries alw ays the impli cation of a

le g al offens e ; this is tr ue e ve n of ar r es ting for deb t B ut .

on e ma y be de tai ne d b y process o f la w w h e n no ofi e nse is

alle g ed ag ainst him, as in th e case of a w itn e ss w ho is h e ld

in a house of dete ntion till a cas e comes to trial One may .

be r e s traine d o f h is libe rty w ithout ar re s t, as in an ins ane

as ylum ; an individual o r co r poration may be r es traine d by
inj unction from se lling ce rtain pro pe rty I n case o f an arr est . ,

an o ffice r may s e cure his pr isone r by fette rs , b y a lock e d

doo r, or othe r me ans e fi ectually to pre ve nt es cape C ap ture .

is commonly used of s eiz ure b y arme d force ; as , to cap ture

a s hi p , a fort, e tc Compare H I N DER ; on
. s rauc r '
.

A NTO NYM S z
di s c h arg e d i s mi s s li b e rate r e le as e s et tr e e

P RE P OS I TI O N S
Arres te d fo r cri
, nme
s us p icioon, b y th e s h e ri fi ; o n,
up ,
o n
or by vi r tue of a w arrant ; on final pr oces s ; in e x ecuti on .

ARTI F[ C E
S Y N O NYM S z
cu nni ng g ni le r us e
b li nd d e v i ce i m p o s t nr e s tr at a
ch e at dodg e i nv e nt i o n sn h te ag e
co nt r i v anc e fi ne s s e m ac h i nat i o n t r i ck
c r af t ( r and m ane u v e r w i le

A nt ri vande or de vi ce may be e ither g ood or had A ch eat

ce .

is a me an ad vantag e in a b arg ai n; a fr at d, an y f o r m o f
co ve rt r obbe ry or in j y
ur I mp e s tur e .is a de ce i tful ce n tr iv ance

for securin g ch ari ty, c r e di t, or c o ns i de r atio n A s tr ata g e m o r

.

mane uv e r may be of th e g ood ag ains t the b ad , as it w e re a

th e mas te r mason is an ar tifice r Those . w ho ope rate
chin e ry nearly se lf acting are-
op e r ati ves .

B YR O N “ !
ap p e al b e s e e ch i m p lo
app ly f o r c r av e p e ti ti o n
ap p ly t o d e m and p r ay s u p p li cat e
b eg e nt r e at re qu e s t

One as ks w hat he fee ls th at h e may fairly claim and re as dn

“
ab ly e x pe ct ; if a son s hall as k b re ad of any o f you th at is a
”
fathe r, Luke x i , 11 ; he be g s for that to w hich he adv ances
no claim but pity D e mand is a de te rmine d and o fte n an
.

arrog ant w ord ; one may rig htfully d e mand w h at is h is ow n

or h is due , w he n it is w i thh e ld or de n ie d ; or he may w rong
fully de mand th at to w hich he has no claim b ut pow e r Re .

q u i r e is le s s a rr o g a n t a nd o b tr u s iv e th a n de mand, but is ex
cee din l
g y s t re n u o u s ; as , th e co u r t r e q u ir es th e a t te nd an ce o f
w itn esses . E ntre at implies a s pe cial e arn es tn e s s of a s k ing,
and be s e e ch , a s till adde d and more humb le inte ns ity ; bes e e ch
w as forme rly ofte n us e d a s a polite i n te ns ive for b e g or
p y
r a ; as , I b e s e e c h y o u to t e ll m e T .o i m p lo r e is to as k
w ith w ee pi n a n d l am nt a ti n t li a i t as k, as it
'

g e o ; o s u pp c t e s o

w e re , on be n ded kn ees . Cr ave and r e que s t are some w h at for

mal te rms , crave has almos t dis appe are d from conv e rs ati o n;
r e ques t w ould s ee m dis ta nt be tw ee n p are nt and ch ild P r ay .

is now use d chie fl y of addres s to the S up e me B e i ng ; p e ti t

r
is us e d o f w ri tte n re ques t to pe rs ons i n auth ority ; as , to
p e t i ti o n the le g is lature to pass an act, or th e g o v e rnor to
p a r d o n a n o if e n d e.r C o m p a r e APP E A L ; P L E A D ; P R A Y .

A N TO NY M S :
clai m co mman d d e ny e nfor c e ex ac t ex to r t i ns i s t r e fus e r e je c t

P RE P O S I TI O N S :

As k a pe rsonfor a thing ; as k a thing f

o or f m a pe rs o n;
ro

as k afte r or ab out ne
o
’
s h e alth , w e lfare , frie nds , e tc.

ASS O C I AT E,
B YRON :

m
a li at e at t ac h co nf e d e r at e co nne c t jo i n li nk
ally c o m b i ne c o njo i n c o u p le le ag u e u ni t e

To as s ociate (from L . e d, to, s e ci us , a companion, ally ) is

 as s oci at e

to put, b ring, or co me tog e the r w ith some thing e ls e in com

p a n i o n s hi p o f f a c t o r t h o u g h t ; fee lin g , p
s s e e c h , m a n n e rs , an d
morals w ill be infl ue nce d by the pe rsons w ith w hom one
as soci ates ; thin g s a r e a s s o c ia te d in th o u g h t w h e n f o r a n y
re a so n th e tho ug ht of on e ca lls up that of the othe r ; w e
ass ociate a ce r tain me an in g w i th a w o r d ,
w i th o r w i t h o u t
rea s on , r i g h tly o r w ro n l
g y ( f o r a sso c ia ti o n i s fa r f ro m d e fi n i
tion) ; if w e attach a ce rtain me anin g t o a w o r d ,
w e h a v e ( o r

be lie v e o urse lves to have ) de finite re ason for s o doing ; w e

as sociate a son g w i th so m e sc e n e w h e r e i t w a s h e a r d ,
o r t h e

p e r f u m e o f a fl o w e r w it h a f ri e n d w h o l o v e d it ; th e a s s o

ci atio n of ide as is on e of th e mos t impo rtant topics in

p y
s c h o lo gy . T o a lly ( f r o m L e d
.
,
t o , lig ,o b i n d ) is t o u n i te

by tr e aty, leag ue , or ag re eme nt, as s ov e re ig n s tates (compare

ALL Y, n, un . de r ADHEREN T) ; he nce , to connect by any re la
ti on s h ip, a s by marriag e , lik e n ess , orig in , et c .
; p ers o n s o r

families o f promine nce may be s ai d to be allie d b y marriag e .

To af fi li a t e ( f ro m L .a d ,
t o , fi ,li u s so n ), p r i m a r i ly to a d o p t o r

re ce iv e in to a fami ly, as a s on or daug hte r , is commonly used

as si g n i fying to re ce ive or as s oci ate w i th on frie ndly te rms
—
(follow e d by w i th or te or , in a certain le g al or scie ntific
us e , b y on or upon) ; a s , to af fi li a te o n ese lf w i t h ( o r t o ) a
p o l it i ca l p a r ty ; a p e rs o n ’
s c h ar a c te r m a y b e j u d g e d b y t h e

ch a ra cte r of th os e w ith w h om h e is a/fili ate d ; v irtue a ffi lia t e s

w i th vi r tue ; w e s pe a k of affiliate d scie nce s , s tudies , colleg e s ,

o r schoo ls . Compare ATTACH .

“ TO N Y“
av o i d
d i s co nnec t
d i s jo i n

AS S O C I AT E, n .

S Y N O N YM S :

ac c o m p li c e c o lle ag ue co ns o r t
ally co m p ani o n f e llo w
ch u m co m r ad e f r i e nd
c oad j u t o r co nf e d e r at e h e lp m at e

Ass ociate is popular ly use d of me re frie ndly re lation s , b ut

o fte ner imp lie s some w ork ente r pri s e , o r purs uit in w h ich
.

th e ass ociate d pers ons un ite An as s oci ate as used officially

.

implies a ch ie f, le ader , or princi p al, to w h om the as s ociate is

not fully e qual in rank ; as , an as s ociate e ditor We r are ly .
s pe ak of as s ociate s in crime or w rong , using confe de r ates or
acco mp li ces in s te ad C ompanion g ive s its e lf w ith equal ren
. di
nes s to the g ood or e vil se nse , as als o does comr ade One may .

be a co mpani on in trave l w h o w ould not readily be come an

as s oci ate at ho me A lady adve rtise s for a comp ani on; s he
.

w ould n ot adve r tise for an a s s ociate P e e r implies equality

.

ra th er than co mpan ions hi p ; as , a jury o f his p ee rs C omrade .

e x pres ses more fe llow s hip and g ood fee ling th an co mp anion .

F e llo w h as almos t g on e out of us e in th is con nection, ex ce pt

in an infe ri or or patronizi ng se nse Cons or t is a w ord of
.

e quali ty an d dig n i ty, as applie d es pecially to th e marri ag e re

lation Compare ACC ES SORY ; ACQU AI N TAN CE ; FRI EN DS H I P
. .

A NTONYM S 8
antag o ni s t
e ne my
P R E P OS I T I O N S
Thes e w e re the ass ociate s o f the le ade r i n the e nter pris e .

ASS O C I AT ION
S YN ONYM S :
alli anc e co nfe d e r ac fam i li ar i t y lo d g e
clu b nf e d e r a o n fe d e r at i o n p ar t i c i p at i o n
c o mm u ni t y co n ju nc t i o n fe llo w s h i p p ar t ne r s h i p
c o m p ani o ns h i p co n ne ct i o n fr at e r ni t y s o ci e t y
c o m p any co r p o r at i o n fr i e nd s h i p u ni o n

We s pe ak of an alliance of natio ns , a club o f pleas ure

see ke rs , a commun i ty of S hake rs , a co mp any o f s o ldie rs or
of frie n ds , a confe de r acy, confe d e ration, fe de r at i on, o r union
of s e pa r ate s ta tes unde r one g e ne r al g ov e rn me nt, a p ar tne r
s hip or co mp an y o f b us ine s s me n, a co njun c ti on o f p lan e ts .

The w ho le body o f F ree mas ons co ns titute a frate r ni ty ; o ne o f

the ir local org an izations is calle d a lodg e A co rp or ati on or
.

compan i s fo r m e d f or p ur pos e s o f b us ine s s ; an as s o ciatio n

y
or s ocie ty (th oug h a ls o incor p or ate d ) is for le arning lite r ature , .

b e ne v ole nce , re lig ion, e tc Compare AS S OC I ATE ; ACQ U AI N TAN C E ;

.

FRI E N DS H I P .

ANT O NYM S :
d i s i nte g rati o n ind e p e nd e nce i s olat i on s e p arat io n s o li t ud e

P R E P O S I TI O N S :
An as sociation of s ch olars f or the adv ance me nt of know l
d
e g ;
e ass oci atio n w ith th e g oo d i s e nnob ling .
 as t u t e

pud ence , w h ich (a is

cc or ding to i ts e tym o log y) a s h ame less
b oldnes s . Ass urance is in a ct or ma nne r ; impude nce may be
ins peech . Eff ronter y is i mp uden ce de fian tly dis played Com .

p are FAI TH ; PRI DE .

ANT O N YM S
b as h fulnes s co ns te rnati o n h e s i tan cy sh yn e ss
con fus i o n di s may mi s g i vi ng t i mi di ty

ASTUT E
S T R ON G:
acu t e di s c e r ni ng e ne t r at i ng sh ar p
ar t f u l
c le ar s i g h t e d
di s c r i mi nat i ng
k ee n
g e ne t r at i v e sh r e w d
s
p e r s p i cac i o u s s u b t i le
cr af t k no w i ng s ag aci o u s s u b t le
0 8

Acute, from the Latin, s ug g es ts th e sh arpn ess of the

nee dle s point ; ke e n, from the S ax on, the s harpnes s of the
’

cuttin g e dg e A s t
.u te ,
fro m th e L a ti n,
w i th th e or i g i na l se n s e

o f cun ning h as come to have a meaning th at comb ines the

se n se of a cu te or k e e n w i th th at o f s ag aci ous The as tute
.

mind adds to acute nes s and ke enne s s an e le me nt of cunning

or fin e ss e The as tute de b ater le ads h is o ppone nts i nto a s nare
.

b y g e tting the m to make admis s ions , or urg e arg ume nts , o f

w h ich h e s ee s a res ult th at the y do n o t pe r ce iv e The acu te ,
.

k ee n inte llect may take no s pe cial adv antag e of these quali

ties ; th e as tute mi nd h as alw ays a point to mak e for i ts e lf,
and se ldom fails to mak e i t A know ing look , ai r , e tc , in
. .

g e n e r al i nd i cat e s p r ac tic al k no w le dg e w i th a to uc h o f s h r e w d
ne ss , and pe rh aps o f cunning ; in r e g ard to some s pecial mat
te r , it in dicate s the pos se ss ion o f re s e rv e d know le dg e w h ich
the pe rs o n could i mpart i f he ch ose K now ing has ofte n a
.

s lig h tly in v i dio us se n se We s pe ak of a know ing r as cal, me an

.

ing cunning o r s h r e w d w i th in a narr ow rang e , b ut o f a k no w

i ng hors e o r dog in th e se nse of s ag acious , implyi ng th at
,

he k now s more th an co uld b e e x pe cte d o f s uch an animal .

A know ing child h as more know le dg e th an w o uld be look e d

for at h is ye ars pe rh aps more than is quite des ir ab le w h ile
. ,

to s p e ak of a ch ild as i nte llig e nt is altog e th e r complime n tary .

ANT O N Y M S
b li nd nn
u nd i s ce r i g
d ull u ni nt e lli g e nt
i d iot i c
 ATT AC H

ap p e nd

as s o ci at e
anne x c om b i ne

To attack (from L ad, to, . B r e t tach , nail) is primarily to

.

caus e on e th in g t o h o ld s ec ur e ly t o a n o t h e r a s b y a na i l;
the nce th e me an ing is e x te nded to include any othe r means
of se cur e con necti on, as by a cord, e tc ; a h andle is attach e d
.

to a v alis e , a hook to a fis hing line , a b ayone t to a g un; a

-

p la n t is at ta c h e d to th e g r o u n d b y i ts r o o t
. s W e co mm o n l y
s pe a k of attach in g th e les s to th e g r e at e r , t h e s ub ordin ate to
the p ri ncipal, th e fin al to th e pre limi nary, the particular to
the g e ne ral, the mov ab le to the perman en t, e tc ; w e attach
.

a noz le to a hose , a h ose to a fauce t or a hydr ant ; a b arnacle

attach e s its e lf to a s hi p . I n s ome cases w e may s peak o f
e i th e r o f tw o obj ects as atta ch e d to th e oth e r , a ccor di n g to our

p o i n t o f vi e w ; w e m ay s ay t h a t t h e h i lt o f t h e s w o r d is a tt ach e d
to the b lade o r th e b lade to the h ilt ; or , tw o or more objects
may b e s poke n o f as attac h e d to e ach othe r or to one anoth e r .

I n offi cial re lati ons an office r is s aid to be attach e d to a reg i

me nt, a s h ip, an e x pe dition, or the like , a s e cre tary to an
e mb a s s y, e tc . I n leg al use a p e rs on or pr ope rty th at is at
tacke d is v i e w ed a s b oun d and he ld b y th e b ond of th e law .

I n me ntal, mo ral, and s piritual r e lation s w e attack a ce rta in

meaning to a w ord, or s ig nificance to an action; w e attack
importance to a disco ve ry ; one may be attach e d to a party b y
custo m, ass ociation , o r s e lf-
i n te res t, or b y s ympathy, p rinci ple ,
o r pa tr io tis m ; a pe rso n is attach e d to anothe r or to othe rs by
afi ectio n To fas t en (from AS fw s tnian, fas te n) is to make
. .

fas t, as one object to anothe r ; as , to fas te n a doo r by a bolt ; to

f a s te n a g lo v e b y a b u tt o n ; to fas te n bo ards tog e the r w ith
nails or s cr e w s ; fig ur ati ve ly, to cause to adhe re b y any me ans
or a g e n cy ; a s , t o fa s te n a q u a r r e l, a r e p ro a ch , a ni ck na m e ,

e tc , upon a
. ny one I n th e phys ical s e ns e , attach and fas te n
.

are close synonyms , and o fte n use d inte rch ang e ably ; th at
w hi ch is atta ch e d or fas te n e d ma y h a v e c o n si d e r a b le f r ee do m
of mov eme n t, prov ide d the co nnec tion be se cure ; as a bo at ,

is attach e d or fas tene d to th e w h arf b y a mooring line ; yet, -

evenhe re , the re a re di fi e re n ce s of us ag e ; w e s a th at a m us c le
y
 at t ach me nt

is attach e d (r athe r than fas te ne d ) to a b one b y a te n don ;

a hors e is fas te ne d to a pos t by a s tr ap or rope ; he is a t
tach e d to the ve hicle by th e h arn es s ; in e ith e r case w e ma y
use the plain Old En g lis h v e rb h i tch ,
w hich is app lie d es pe

cially to a te mporary fas tenin g ; w e ma y also s pe ak o f the

h orse as tie d to the pos t, b ut not to th e load ; a door is at

tach e d to th e door pos t b y hing e s ; it is fas tene d at th e o ppo
-

s ite s i de b y a b olt or lock ; w e attach or fa s te n pape rs to e a ch

oth e r by pa s te , muci la e
g , o r th e lik e (in w h i ch c a se w e m a y be

sa —
id to s tick the m tog e th e r compare ADH ES I VE ) , or by clips
or by othe r me tallic de v ices kn ow n a
“ a e f a te n e
”
o r
s p p r s r s
-

by r ubb e r bands , e tc ; yet h e re app ears a difi e re nce of us ag e ;

.

w e ma y f as te n th e a
p p e rs to g e t h er t e m p o r a r i ly, s im p yl t o

kee p the m from be ing scatte re d, b ut those w h ich are attache d

are v ie w e d as h av ing some de fini te re lation to e ach o th er ;
as , “ S ee de pos itions attach e d ”
. We may fas te n or attach
obj ects b y b i n ding or tyi n g S.e e B I N D .T o j o i n i s to b r i n g
tog e the r, brin g i nto c lo s e co n ta c t, a dh es i on , co nj u n c t io n ,
o r

coopera ti on; as , to join h ands , fortune s , forces , e s tate s , e tc ; .

if one b uilding is joine d to anothe r the tw o are b ui lt ag ains t

o r in to e ach other ; unite is a close s ynon y m f o r j ,
o in b u t o f
fulle r me aning ; in th e ph ys ical se nse thing s ar e uni te d w hi ch
are joi ne d so as to form on e con corda nt w h ole , to ad he re
close ly tog e th e r , to e x i s t or a ct a s on e ; fig urativ e ly, thi n g s

are uni te d w hich are joine d in close and h armonious re lati on,
as by leg al, marital, s ocial, or othe r tie , b y i nte re s t, afi ection,
fe llow s hi p, or the like ; as , to uni te nations b y treaty , to
unite he arts in lov e , to uni te courag e w ith for titude ; pe rs ons
are joine d or uni te d in marri ag e , uni te h av ing th e fulle r and
noble r me aning To connect (from L con, tog e th e r,
. ne cto ,
.

bind, tie ) is to j n a
ois b y lin k s o r fa s te nin g s ; to b r i ng into c lose

re la tion, es pecially b y some inte rve ning me an s or a g e ncy ; as ,

tw o b uildi n g s ar e co nn e ct e d b y a s u b w a y , o r tw o oc e ans b y a
s tr ait ; the nce connect is e x te nde d in me aning to de note nu
me rous fo rms of clos e re latio ns h ip , as b y orig in de riv ation, .

s ig nificance , ass ociation o f idea , clas s ification, caus ation, con

s
s e que n ce e tc ; in th e s che me o f th e s ola
, . r s ys te m th e moon is ,

co n ne c te d w ith the e ar th th o ug h it is not attach e d fas te ne d

, , .

or j oi n e d to , or u n i te d w ith i t ; a w or d is connecte d w i th eu
othe r by de r ivation fr om th e s ame root ; tw o w ords ar e con
 at t ac h

s h ould not s peak of a mothe r attach ment to h er bab e, but of

’
s

h er af f e ct ion or o f h e r de votion I ncli n

. ati on ex press es s im y m
a tende ncy, w hich may b e g o od or bad, yie lde d to or o vercome;
as , ani nclinati on to s tudy ; an i nclination to drin k Af . i
f yn i t Is

an ins tinctive dr aw i ng , inclination, lik i n g, o r f r ie n dli n es s

founded uponsome corres pondence of nature ; as in che mis try,

af n
fi yi t d oes no t i n v o l v e li k e n ess ,
s o , in s p ir i t u a l re l a t i on s,

afiini ty may be be tw ee n op posi te n atures or quali ties , be tw een

w hich the re is n o in h e re nt con tradicti on, e ach s upplyi n g so m e

lack i n the other ; the re may be af fi yn i t b e t w ee n t h e b r a v e a n d

the ti mid, b etw ee n the martial co ur ag e of the soldie r and the
mor al courag e of the s tate s man, b ut not be tw ee n courag e and
cow a r dice , n or be tw ee n v irtue a nd v ice ; the b r av e , tr ue , and
g o od o f to da
-

y h a v e a ffi n i ty w i th t h e b r a v e , tr u e , a n d g o o d o f
all th e ag es pas t ; af n
fi y, i t w h ic h is c a p a b le o f th e hi g h e s t
meaning , is now ofte n po pularly us e d, in a de g raded se nse , of
a s uppose dly irres is tib le attr action be tw ee n tw o pe rs on s of

oppos ite s e x , outs ide th e boun ds of marriag e or p rop rie ty ;

b y a usag e little re mov e d from s lang , e ithe r o f s uch pe rs ons
n R i m i tan t than
’
is s ai d to be th e othe r 5 af fi y i t . e g a r d s o r e d s

af fe ct io n or atta ch m e n t,
b u t c los e r a n d w a r m e r t h a n e s t e e m ;
w e s pe ak of hi g h e s te e m, ki n d reg ard Compare ACQ U AI NTAN CE ;
.

APPEN DAGE ; FRI EN DS H I P ; LOVE ; U N I ON .

A NT O NYM S z
ali e nat i o n av e rs i o n d i s tanc e e s t ra ng e me nt r e p ug nance
ani mo s i t y coo ln es s d i v o rc e i nd i ffe r e nce s e p arat i o n
ant i p at h y di s lik e en mi t y o p p o s i ti o n s e v e r ance

P R E P o s r rro rrs
'
s

Attach me nt f a tr ue moan to h i s fri e nds ; at tach m e nt to a

le ade r for his nob ility of ch aracter ; th e attachme nts b e tw e e n
tw o p ersons or th in g ;
s attac h m e nt b y m usc u lar fibe rs , or by
a rope , e tc .

ATT AC K, v .

S YNON Y M B z
as s ai l b e s et co mb at
as s au lt b e si e g e enc o u nt e r
b e le ag u e r ch ar g e fai l u p o n

To attack is to b e g in h os ti lities of any kind A g e ne ral is .

v ade s a co untry by marching in tr oops ; h e attacks a city by

draw ing up an army ag ain s t it ; h e a s s aults i t by h ur ling hi ?

troops dire ctly uponits de fe nses As s ai l and as s ault, th o ug h o i

.
the sa me inal e tymolog y, have di verg e d inmean
orig i ng , so that
ass ault alon e re tain s the me a ning of dire ct pe rsonal v iolence .

One may ass ai l anothe r w i th re proaches ; he as s aults h im w ith

ablow , a brandis hed w eapon, e tc Armies or s quadrons ch arg e ;.

co mb at a nd encounte r may be s aid o f indiv idual contes ts To .

b es et is to se t around, or , s o to s pe ak , to s tud one s path , w i th

’

menae es , attacks , or pe rs uas ions To be si eg e and b e leag ue r are

.

the ac ts o f armies To en coun te r is to mee t face to face , a

. nd
may be s aid ei ther of the attacking or of the re s is ti ng force
or pe rson , or of bo th .

m o m s :
ai d co v er up h old
b e fri e nd d e fe nd w i t h s tand
P R E P O S I TI O N S
We w e re attacked by the e ne my w i th nnon and mus ke try
ca .

ATTAC K, n .

S YR O N Y H S r
ag g r e s s i o n i nc u r s i o n i nv as i o n o ns lau g h t
as s au l t i nfr i n o m o nt o ns e t t r e s p as s
e ncr o ac h m e nt i nt r u s o n

An attack may b e by w ord ; an ag g r es s ion is alw ays by

dee d .An as s ault may be upo n the pe rs on, an ag g res s ion is
upo n r ig h ts , p ossess ion An invas i on of a nations te rr i
’
s , e tc .

to r ies is an act o f ag g r es s ion; an i ntr us i o n upo n a n e ig hb o ri ng

es tate is a tr e s p ass Ons laug h t sig n
. ifies inte n se ly vi ole nt as
s au lt, a s b y an a rmy or a de s pe rado , thoug h it is so me time s

use d of nt
v i ole s pe e ch .

An o m as
d e fe nse re p uls i o n n
r e s i s ta c e re t r e at s ub mi s s i on s ur r e nd e r
M P O S I TI O N S r

Th e e ne my made an attack up on ( or o n) our w or ks .

ATTAI N
S Y N O NY H S
acc o m p li s h ar r i v e at g ai n m as t e r
ach i e v e co m p as s g et ob t ai n
ac q ui r e e ar n g r as p p r o c ur e

A pe rs o n may ob tain a s ituation b y the inte rce s s io n of

friends h e p r ocur es a dinne r b y payi ng fo r i t
,
Attain is a .

lofty w o r d , pointing to some hig h or desi rab le re s ult ; a man

 at t i t u d e
at t r i b u t e

attai ns th e mo untain s ummit, he attains hon or or le arning as

th e re s ult of stre nuous and e arne st labo r Ev e n that usage .

of attain w hich h as be e n th oug h t to re fe r to me re prog ress

o f time ca rr ie s th e th oug ht of a r e s ult de s i re d ; as , to attain
to old ag e ; the man de s ire s to liv e to a g ood o ld ag e ; w e s hould
no t s peak of his attai ning his dotag e One may attain an .

obj e ct th at w ill prov e not w orth h is labo r, b ut w h at he ach ieves

is in itsd f g re at and s ple ndid ; as , the Greeks at Marathon
ach ie ve d a g lor ious v ictory Compare Do ; GET ; REACH
. .

A NT ON Y M S
ab and o n fai l fo rfe i t g iv e u p le t g o

ATTI TU D E
ant e n n
as
pos e p o s i ti o n p o s tur e

P os i tion as applie d to the arr ang e me nt or s ituation of the

h uman b ody or limbs may de note th at w hich is con s cious or

un con s cious , o f the li v i ng o r th e de ad ; b ut w e do no t s peak

of the atti tude , p os e , or p os ture of a ; n
corp se les s , i
u n so m e

r are case , w e mig h t s a y th e b o d y w a s f o u n d i n a s i t ti ng

p o s tur e ,
w h e r e t h e p o s tu r e is th o ug h t o f as a ss u m e d i n lif e ,

or as , at firs t g lan ce , s ug g e s tin g li fe A .

p o s tu r e is a s s u m ed
w i th out an y p s ec i al r e fe re n ce to e x p re s s io n o f fee li n g ; as ,
"
an e r e ct p os tu re, a re cli ning p os tur e , atti tude is th e p os i tio n
ap propr iate to th e e x pres s io n o f some fee ling ; th e atti tud e
may b e unco ns cio us ly take n th ro ug h th e s tre ng th o f th e fee l
i ng ; as an atti tud e o f de fiance ; o r it may be cons cious ly as
,

s ume d i n th e a tte mp t to e x p re s s the fe e ling ; as , he as s ume d

an atti tude o f h umility A p os e is a p os i ti on s tudie d for
.

ar tis tic e ffe ct, or co ns i de re d w ith re fe re nce to s uch cfi ect ; the

un co n s cious p os tur e o f a s pectator o r lis te n e r may be an
admirab le p os e from an artis t s s tandpoint
’
.

Ar rms ur s , v .

as s o c i at e co nne c t re fe r
ch ar g e i m p u te

We may attri b ute to a pe rs on e ithe r th at w h ich b e lo ng s to

h im or that w h ich w e me re ly s uppo s e to be h is e attri b ute . W
to God infinite pow e r . We may attri b ute a w r ong inte nt to an
quali tyis in h erent ; a p rop erty may be tr ansie nt ; ph ys icists
now , how e v er , pre fer to te rm those qualitie s mani fes te d by
all bodies (s uch as impe ne trability, e x te ns ion, g e n eral
p o
r
p e r ti e s of matte r, hile those peculiar to cer tains ub s tan
w ces

or to ce rtainstates of th os e s ub s tances (as fl uidity, malle ab ility,

e tc .
) are termed s p e cific p p
r o e rties , in this w i der use of the
w ord p p
r o e r ty, it becomes s trictly sy nonymous w ith quali ty .

Compare CH ARACTERI S TI C ; EMB LEM .

A NT O NYM S
b e ing es s e nc e nature s u b s t a ce n

AU G U R
S Y N ONYM S t

b e tok e n f or e b o d e p r o g no s t i c at e
b ode f o r e t e ll p ro p h es y
d i v i ne p o r t e nd
“Pe rs ons thin n nl
org s a ug ur ; p ers o s o yf o r e b o de or p r e s ag ;
e
”
th ing s o nly b e to ke n o r p o r te nd C RAB B E .n g lis h S y no n y m e s .

W e aug ur w e ll for a voya g e fr o m p as t g oo d f o rt une a n d a

g oo d s tar t ; w e p re s ag e n nss s of the s h i p
s ucce ss from th e s tau ch

and th e s ki ll o f th e captain We for e b ode misfortune e i th e r

.

from cir cums tance s th at b e toke n failure , or from g loomy

fancie s for w hich w e co uld not g iv e a r e as on P or te nd is .

un
“
fav o rable inme aning (as appe ars als o in the noun porte nt
”

and th e adje ctiv e diss i patio n among the o ffice r s

and mutiny among th e cre w p o r tend dis aste r D ivi ne h as .

re fe re nce to th e ancie nt s ooth s ayers arts (as in Ge n x liv , 5

’
.
,

and re fe rs rathe r to re ading he ar ts th an to re a d ing th e

future We s ay, I could not divine h is motive , or his inte ntion
. .

Comp are S I GN .

A NT O NYM S
as s u r e mak e s ur e
c alc u lat e p r ov e
d e m o ns trate

P R E P O S I TI ON S
I aug ur fro m all ci rcums tance s a pros pe ro us r es ult ; I aug ur
“
ill of th e e nte r p ris e ; aug urs ill to th e rig hts of the ”
pe op le ,
TH OM AS J EF FERS ON Wri ti ng s , v o l 11, p 5 06 [T . . . . c M . I
aug ur w e ll, or this aug urs w ell, for your cause .
 au g u r
3 11i i ar y

A U TH ENTI C
S YN O N YM S 3

ac ce p t e d c e r t ain ori g i nal

c u r r e nt r e al tr ue
au t h o r i t at i v e e nu i ne r e ce i v e d t r us t w o r t h y
au t h e r i s e d ti m at e r e li ab le v e r i t ab le

That is authentic w hich is tr ue to the facts ; that is g enuine

w hich is tr ue to its ow n claims ; as , authenti c h is tory ; g enuine

A psnui n
‘
e
’
w ork is o ne w r itte n b y th e auth or w h ose name i t be ar s ; an
‘
e uth e nti e ’
w or k is o e n matte r s of w h ich it
w h ich r e late s tru th fully th e
tr e ats . F or ex ample th e apocryp h al Go sp e l of S t Th omas i s ne ith e r
, .

g en uin nor auth e ntic I t i s not g e nui ne for S t Th omas d i d not w r ite
‘ ’ ‘ ’ ‘ ’
e .
, .

"
it ; i t i s not outhe nti c for i ts conte nts are mai n ly fab le s and li e s
‘ ’
.
,

Tu ne r! On th e S tudy of Words Lect v i p 189 ( w J w ] . .

. . . . . .

Auth e ntic is , how e ve r, nee d b y r e putable w riters as s ynony

mous w ith g enuine , thoug h usually w he re g e nuine nes s car ries a
ce r tain authority We s peak of acce p te d conclus ions , ce rtain
.

e vi dence , curr ent mon e y, g e nui ne le tte rs , a leg i timate conclu

si on or leg i timate auth ority, ori g i n al manus cri pts , re al v alue ,

interpre tation, s ure proo f, a
r e ce iv e d true s tate me nt, a trus t
w or th y w i tness , a ve ri tab le dis cov ery .

m o ur ns :
apocr y p h al n
co u t e rfe it exp lod e d fals e s p uri o us
b as e le s s d is p ut e d fab ulo us fi cti t i ous unau t h ori z e d

AU X I L I ARY
h e lp e r p r om ot e r
ai d co ad jut o r m e r c e nar y s u b o r d i nat e
ally nf e d e r at e co

An aux iliary is a pe rs on or thing th at helps in a s ub or dinate

capa ci ty Allie s unite as e quals ; aux iliaries are , at le as t te ch
.

ni cally, infe riors or s ubordinates Ye t the aux i li ary is more .

than a me re ass is tant The w ord is ofte nes t fo und in th e .

p lur al , an d in th e m i litary se ns e ; aux ili ari e s are tr o o p s o f o ne

nation uniting w ith the armies and acting unde r th e o rde rs , o f ,

anoth er M e rce nari e s se rve only for pay ; aux i liaries o fte n for
.

re ason s o f state , po licy, or p atriotis m as w e ll Compare AC .

CES SORY ; APPEND AGE .

ANT ON YM S 8
antag o ni s t h i nd e r e r o p po ne nt o p po s e r
 av ar i ci o na
av o w

P R E P O S I TI O N S :

The aux iliaries of the Romans ; an aux iliary i n a g ood cause ;

anaux i liary to le arni ng .

AVAR I C IO US
S Y N ON YM S
c lo s e p e nu r i o u s s or di d
co v e t o us r ap ac i o u s

g r eedy

Avarici ous and cov e tous re fe r es pecially to acquis ition,

mis e rly, nig g ardly, p ars imonious and p e nurious to e x pe ndi tur e .

The avaricious man has an e ag e r craving for money, and .

ordin ar ily des ires b oth to g e t and to kee p, the co ve tous manto
g e t som e thi ng aw ay fr om i t
s p oss es so r ; th oug h one may b e

made av arici ous by the press ure of g reat e x pe nditures Mi s e r ly .

and nig g ar d ly pe rs ons se e k to g ainb y me anand pe tty sav ing s ;

the mis e r ly b y s tinting th e ms e lv es , th e nig g ardly by stinting
P ars i moni ous and p enurious may ap ply to on
’
oth e rs . e s o ut

lay e ith e r for himse lf or for oth e rs ; i n the latte r use , the y are
some w h at les s h ars h an d r e proach ful te rms th an nig g ar dly .

The clos e manh olds like a vis e all th at h e g e ts Ne ar and nig h .

are p rov incial w o rds o f s imilar import The r apaci ous h av e

.

the r obb e r ins tinct, and p ut it in pr actis e in s ome form, as

far as the y dare The av arici ous and rap aci ous are re ady to
.

re ach out for g ain; th e p ars imon i ous , mis e r ly, and nig g ar dly
p r e fe r t h e s af e r a n d les s a d ven t u rous w a y o f a v o i d in g e x p e n d i
ture . Gr e e dy and s ting y are use d not only o f mone y, b ut
ofte n o f othe r th in g s , a s f o o d , e tc Th e g
. r e e d y c h i ld w is h es

to e n jyo e v e ry th i ng h im s e lf ; t h e s tingy ch i ld , t o k ee p o t h e rs

fr om g e tting it .

A N T O NY M S
b o unt i ful fr e e g e ne ro us li b e ral mu ni fl c e nt p ro d i g al w as t e ful
P R E P O S I TI O N
The monar ch w as av aricio us o f po w e r .

AV E N GE
S YN O N Y M S
p u ni s h r e t ali at e r ev e ng e vi ndi c at e vis it

Av e ng e and re v e ng e , once clos e s ynonyms are now far ap art .

in me aning To ave ng e is to v is i t s ome o fi e ns c w i th p un

. is h
 AW F U L
S YN ON YM S
d r e ad h o r r i b le s h oc k i ng
ap p alli ng d r e ad fu l i m oa i ng s o le mn
aug u s t
di r e
f e ar fu l
fr i g h t f u l
g
m a e s ti c
no b le
st at e
terr i b a
d i r e fu l g r and p o r t e nt o u s te rri fi c

Aw ful s hould not b e us ed of thi ng s w hich are me re ly di s

ag re e ab le or an noying , nor of all th at are alarmi ng and te r ri b le ,

b ut only of s uch a s brin g a s o le mna w e uponth e s o ul, a s i n the

p re se n ce o f a s u p e rio r p o w e r ; a s , th e a w f ul h u s h b e fo re t he

b attle . That w hich is aw ful arouse s an o ppress ive , th at w hich

is aug us t an admiri ng re v ere nce ; w e s peak of th e aug us t
p r ese n ce o f a m ig h t y m o n ar c h , t h e a w f p
u l r e se n c e o f d e a th .

We s pe ak of an ex alte d s tation, a g rand mountain, an i m

p os i ng p re s e nc e , a m a je s tic c a t h e d r a l, a n o b le m i en , a s o le mn

li tan y, a s ta te ly m a r ch , a n a u g u s t w e m b ly, th e a w f u l s c e n e

of the J udg me n t Day .

AN T ON YM S 8
b as e co mmo np lac e d e s p i cab le i nfe ri or me an un d i g ni ne d
b e g g ar ly co nt e mp ti b le h umb le low ly p alt ry v ulg ar

AWKWAR D
S YN O N YM S i

b o o r i ah c lu msy r oug h u nh an
b u ng li ng g aw k y u nc o u t h
clo w ni s h m alad r o i t u ng ai nly
Aw kw ard, from aw k (kindre d ith off, from the Norw e g i an) ,
w

is a w ar d, turned the w rong w ay ; it w as ancie ntly us e d o f

-

a b ack h ande d or le ft h ande d blow in b attle , o f squi nti ng

- -

e ye s , e tc Clums y, on th e oth e r h and (fr om clums e , als o

.

th roug h the Norw e g i an) , s ig nifie s be n umbe d, s ti f fe ne d w ith

cold ; th is is th e orig in al me aning o f clumsy fing e rs , clums y
limb s . Thus , aw k w ard pr imari ly re fe rs to actio n, clums y to
con d ition A tool, a v e h icle , or the human frame may be
.

clums y in s h a p e o r b uild , a w k w a r d in m o tion T h e c lum s y .

manis almos t of neces s i ty aw k w ard , b ut th e aw k w ard manmay

not be naturally clums y The fine s t untraine d colt is a kw ard
.
w

inh ar nes s : a h orse th at is clums y inb uild canne v e r b e tr ained

o ut of aw kw ar dn es s An aw k w ard s tate ment h as an nu
.
'

comfortab le and pe rh an
. s r e c o ilin g fo r ce ; a s tate m e nt th a t
co n tai ns ill as s orte d and i nco ng r uous mate ri al i n i ll ch ose n
- -
lang uag e is cltun sy We s pe ak of an aw kw ard p
.

an aw kw ar d scr ape An aw k w ard ex cuse commo

.

on th e on e w ho ofi ers it We s ay the admitted fat

.

aw kw ar d ap pe aran ce In n on e o f these ca
. ses co
be us e d . C lums y is , how e ver , applied to mov eme nt
as un s ui tab le as th e m of be numbed and stifi ene d
dancin g be a r is both clums y and aw k w ard .

m o m s
ad roi t cle v er d e x t e rous h andy
P RE P O S I TI O NS :

Th e raw r ecr uit is aw kw ar d in action; at th e b u

AX I O M
am ou nt :

B o th th e ax iom and the truis m are in s tantly seen

and nee d no proof ; b ut in an ax i om the re is 1
th oug h t , w h ile the truis m s imply s ays the s ame
ag ai n, or s ays w h at is too mani fes t to ne e d s aying .

“
that th ing s w h ich are e qual to the s ame th in g a
”
on e an o th e r un folds in the latte r part of the s
tr uth i mp lie d in the firs t part, w h ich mig ht h ave
look ed i f no t s tate d I n th e tr uis m th at
. a man ct
”
is capab le o f, th e forme r and the latte r par t o f t
are s imp ly ide ntical, and the mind is le ft jus t w he t
H e nce the ax iom is v aluab le and use ful, w hile th
w e ak a nd fl at unle ss the for m o f s tate me nt make s
.

or racy , as “all fools are out of the ir w its

”
.

P ROVERB .

am m s 8

ab s ur d i t y d e mo ns t r at i o n p arad ox
co n t r ad i c ti o n nons e ns e

B ABBL E
S YN O NY M S t

b lab ch at jab b e r
b lu r t c h at t e r murmur
b lu r t o u t g ab b le p alav e r
c aok le g ossip p r at e

Mos t o f th es e w ords are onomatopoe tic Th e caci .

the g o bb le of a g oose , th e ch atte r o f a ma ie

gp , th e
 ba ne
ru nni ng s tre a m, as applie d to human s pee ch , indicate a r api d

s ucce ss i o n of w hat are to the lis te ne r meaning less s o unds .

B lab and b lur t (commonly blur t out ) re fe r to th e le tting out

of w h a t th e li ps canno lon g e r k ee p in ; b la b, o f a secre t ; b l u r t
out, of pa s si on ate fee li ng To chat is to talk in an e as y ,
.

p le a s an t w a y ,
no t w ith o ut s e n se , b ut w ith o u t S pe c i al p u r p o s e .

Ch atting is the pr actis e o f adults , p rattling th at of childre n .

To p rat e is to talk idly, p re s umptuous ly, or foolis h ly, b ut no t

neces s ar ily incohere ntly To jabb e r is to utte r a r apid s uc
.

ce ss ion of un inte llig ible sounds , g e ne rally more nois y than

ch atte ri n g . T o g o s s i p is to t a lk o f pe tt y p e r s o n a l m att e r s , a s

for pas time or mis chi e f To tw addle is to talk fe e b le nons e nse

. .

To mur mur is to utte r s uppre s se d or e v en inar ticulate so unds ,

s ug g es tin g t h e n o t e
s o f a d o v e , or th e so u n d o f a r u n n i n g
s tre am, a nd is us e d fig urative ly of the half s uppres se d utter
ances of afi e ction or pity, or of complaint, res e ntment, e tc .

Compare S PEAK .

P R E P O S I TI O N S
B ab ie s b abble for the moon; the crow d b abbles of a h e ro ; th e
s ick man b a bbles of home .

B AFFL E
S Y N O NY M S
b alk cou nt e r ac t t h w ar t
ci r cu m v e nt fo i l

To baffle a s ch e me , p lan or th e lik e is to re nder it in

e fi e ctua l by any action or w ant of action, how e v er s lig ht, that
is s ufii cie nt to s poil it for the mome nt, as a fox or h are may
‘

b af fl e d og s b y s udde n do ub li ng s o r turni ng ;
s

B y w ily tur ns , b y de sp e r ate b ounds ,

H ad b ai le d P e r cy s b e s t b loodh ou nd s
’
.

S oon L ay f th e L as t Mi ns tre l
o ca n. 1 , st . 2 1, l 5
. .

S o a pers on may b e s aid to b e bafii e d in a s ch eme or plan;

a s h re w d w itne ss may b aflle a law ye r by cunning e v as io ns .

B aflle is es pe cially app lied to a continuous s e ri e s of acts or

omiss ion s , e ach s e e min l
g y s li h t
g , ye t s uffi cie nt fo r th e im
me diate pur pose .

He w h o b afl es d oe s so by s k i ll, Th e b afl e d fi nd s
fore th oug h t, add r e s s
m
.

th at th e b a e r h as b e e n b e for e h im and h as t ak e n jus t s o mu ch out of

,

h is arr ang e me nts as to mak e h i s plan i ne ffe ctu al H e nce b ai li ng co mmonly

m
.
.

implie s v e r s atility i n th e b a e r , and r e pe ate d little cou nte r acti ons D at i ng .

 b ank r u pt e z _

w hile f rus trate m ay n o t ; a p l an , sc h e m e , o r t h e lik e m a y b e

f r us tra te d (n o t th w a rt e d ) y b a n a cc id e n t ; a s , a n a t t e m pte d
s ur pris e ma y b e fr us t r a t e d b y th e ac c id e n t a l d i sc h a r g e o f a
g u n , or th w art e d b y th e v ig ila n ce o f t h e en e m y
’
s se n t i ne ls .

A pe rs on is als o s aid to be frus trate d or th w arte d in his

hope , plan, des ig n, or th e like Outw i t is allied in me an
. in g
w ith baf fle a n d a
f ,il a s a re o u tg e n e r a l a n d o u t m a n e u v e r ,
b u t
th e tw o latter w or ds are app lied to more e x te n s i v e move

me nts and on a g rander s cale ; Napole on outg ene ralled and

outman e uv e re d the Allies a t Auste rlitz ; it w ould be a v ery
inade quate s tate me nt to s ay th at h e ba/fl ed or foi led them .

To ci rcumvent (from L ci rcum, around, . v en io, come ) is

to defe at by pas sin g a r ou n d, a n d , a s i t w e r e , a t t a c ki n g in
fl an —
k ia common phras e “ to g et round
” an o ppone nt or
oppos ition To contrave ne (from L contra ag ainst,
. .
,
v en io ,
come ) is to me e t by di rect op posi tion; to coun te r act is to
mee t by some direct force adequate to overcome the th ing
oppos e d ; a s , a re me dy counte racts a dise ase ; a false i mp re s

s ion ma y be c o u nte r a c te d b y a r g u m e n t, e x p la n a ti o n , o r th e

A N T O NY M S
ab e t ad v anc e ai d as s i s t e nco urag e p romot e p ro s p e r
Compare n nyms for
sy o H ELP .

B ANIS I i -

S Y N O NY M B :

b an di s m i s s ex p e l
d i s c h ar g e d ri v e ou t o s t r ac i s e
d i s lo d g e e j e ct o us t

B anis h , primar ily to put unde r b an, to compe l b y auth or ity

to le av e a place or coun try, pe r h aps w i th re s triction to some
o th e r p lace o r co un tr y F r o m
. a co u n tr y, a p e r so n m ay b e

banis h e d, e x i le d, or ex p atr iate d ; b anis h e d from an y countr y

w h e re h e may h a pp e n to b e , b u t e x p a tr i ate d o r e x il e d o nly from
h is ow n One may e x p atriate or e x i le h imse lf, h e is b anis h e d
.

b y oth e rs B anis h is a w ord o f w ide import ; one may b anis h

.

dis turb ing th oug hts ; care may b anis h s le e p To e x p e l is to.

dr iv e out w ith v iole nce or rude ness , and so ofte n w i th dis g r ace .

P R E P O S I TI ON S
C atiline w as b anis he d f m
ro Ro me ; J oh n th e Apos tle w as
b anis hed to Patmos .
 BAN K
M
m m “
w e"

B ank is a g e ne ral te rm for th e land along the e dg e of a w ater

cours e ; it may a ls o de note a r ais e d portion of the bed of a
river , lake, or ocean; as , the B anks of New foundland A be ach .

is a stri p or e x panse of incohe re nt w ave w orn s and, w hich is -

ofte n pe b b ly or full of boulde rs ; w e s pea k of the beach o f a

lake or ocean; a beach is so me times found in the b e d of a
rive r .S trand is a more poetic te rm for a w av e w as he d s h ore, -

s p e cially a s a pla ce for la ndi ng or e mbarking ; as , the keel

g ra tes on th e s tran d Th e w h
. ole line o f a coun try or co ntin ent
that bor de rs the se a is a coas t S h ore is any land, w he ther
.

elifi , or s an d, or mars h , borde ring w ate r We do not s peak .

of the coas t of a rive r , n or of the ban ks of th e oce an, thoug h

there may be b anks by or under the se a E dg e is the lin e .

w he r e lan d and w ate r mee t ; as , the w ate r s e dg e B ri nk is

’
.

th e p lace fr o m w h ich one may fall; as , the riv er s b rin k ; the

'

b ri nk of a precipice ; the b rink of ruin .

B AN KRU P TC Y
B YR O N !t
i ns o lv e ncy susp e ns i o n of p aym ent
These terms are all applied in a g e ner al w ay to the condi
ti on o f one w ho is inde bte d to an amoun t g re ate r th an can be
p a i d f ro m h is a v a i l a b le a ss e ts
. F a il ur e i s th e p po u la r te r m
for an in s o lve n t con di ti on culminating in ass ig nme n t of
p pr o e rt y o r s u s p en s i o n of p a y m e nt w i th o r w i th o u t j ud ic i a l
p r o ce e d in g s . I n s o l v e n c y d e n o te s t h e co n d it io n ,
w h ic h m ay b e

know n to the deb tor be for e his cre ditors are aw are o f it, or
an y leg al p r o c ee d i n g s h a v e b ee n t a k e n I.n s o l v e nc y h a s

limi te d le g al us e , b ut th e le ading w ord in law , b oth in Eng land

an d the U n ited S tates is bank rup tcy . The Cons titution of th e
l nited S tate s (Art I , S ect 8 ) auth orize s Cong res s
'

. .
“ to
tablish un ifor m law s on the s ubj e ct o f bankrup tci es
throug hout th e Un ”
i te d S tates . B ank rup tcy may be v oluntary
(on the pe ti tion of th e deb tor ) or inv oluntary (by leg al
proceedin g s i n s ti tu t e d b y h i s c re di to rs ) ; in e it h er ca se t h e
in ten t of moder n law s in bankrup tcy, in con tra s t w ith the
 b ar r i e r

hars h de b tor -
s tatutes of forme r ti me s , is to prov ide a h uman e

and e quitable me th od of dis tr ib uting the prope rty of the

deb tor p ro r ata among his cr editors , and s e ttin g him f re e (b y
dis charg e in bank r up tcy ) from fur th e r procee ding s , so th at he
may h av e the oppor tunity ag ain to eng ag e in bus inem and, if
p o s s i b le , to r e co v e r h ims e lf Th o ug h no leg al oblig ation rests
.

upon h im to re pay th e deb ts s o adj udg e d , an h onor ab le man,

on a ttaining ne w s ucces s , w i ll re cog nize the mor al ob lig ation ,

and of s uch action many con s pi cuous cas es a re o n r ecor d A.

s imilar re s ult is ofte n re a ch e d b

y a n arr a ng e m e nt o f a n in
so lv e n t de bto r w i th his cre di tors , w i th out offici al re cog n i ti on
of b an k rup tcy .

ANT O NY M S
cr e d i t s olv e ncy ndne s s
s ou
p ro s p e r i t y

B AN T ER

B ante r is th e touch ing upons ome fault, w e a kness , or fanci e d

se cr e t o f a nothe r in a w ay h alf to pique and h alf to p le as e :
badinag e is de licate , r e fin e d b ante r Raille ry h as more s h ar p
.

ne s s , b ut is us ually g ood humo re d and w ell me ant I rony, th e

-
.

sayi ng ne thi ng th at the re v e rse may be unde rs tood, may

o

be e ith er mild or b itte r All the othe r w o r ds have a h osti le

.

inte nt Ri dic ule makes a pe rson or th i ng th e s ub j e ct of con

.

te mptuous me rrim& t ; de ris i on see k s to make the obje ct de

ri de d s ee m utte rly des pica —
ble to laug h i t to s corn Ch afi is the .
'

coars e w i ttici sm of th e s tr ee ts , p e r h aps me rry o fte ne r ,

malicious ; je e ring is loud, r ude ridicule as o f a hos tile cr ow d

,

or mob Macke ry is more s tudie d, and many include mi micr y

.

and personal viole nce as w ell as scornful s pee ch

, A s ati re .

is a formal compos iti on; a s ar cas m may be an impromptu

se nte nce The s ati re s h ow s up follie s to kee p pe ople from them ;
.

the s ar cas m h its the m b e cause the y are foolis h , w ith out inquir
ing w he th e r it w ill do g ood or h arm; the s ati re is plain ly
uttere d ; the s arca s m is covert .
 b e au ti fu l

B ulw ar k is a g e n e ral w ord for an y de fensi v e w all or ran

p t ; i ts on
ar ly technical use at pre sent is in n autical lan g ua e
g ,
w he re it sig ni fies the rais ed s ide of a ship above the upper
deck , toppe d by the r ail Compare B OUNDARY ; m m nm r
. .

A N T O NY M S
ad mi t t anc e t ransi t
en t ranc e t h oroug h fare

P R E P O S I TI O N S z
A barrie r to prog res s , ag ains t invas ion; a b ar rie r b e tw een
nations .

BATT LE
ac t i o n co m b at e nco unt e r of ar ms
afl ai r co nfl i ct e ng ag e m e nt
b o ut c o nt e s t fig h t s t r i fe

C o nfli ct is ag e n eral w ord w h ich de scribe s oppon ents , w h e the r

i ndi viduals or hos ts , as das h ed tog e the r One continuous con .

fl i ct b e tw ee n e ntir e ar mi e s is a battle A n o the r battle m

. a y b e

foug ht upon the s ame fie ld afte r a consider able interval ; or a

ne w battle may follow immediate ly, the armie s mee ti ng upo n
a ne w field An actio n is b rie f and parti al; a battle may las t
.

for days . En a
g g e m e n t is a s o m e w h a t fo rm a l e x p res s i o n f o r

b attle ; as , it w a s the comman der s purpose to av oid a g e ne r al

’

en a
g g e me n t A .
p r o tr a c te d w a r ,
i n cludi n g m a ny b att le s ,

may be a s tubborn contes t Comb at, orig inally a hos ti le e n

.

coun te r be tw een indivi duals , is n ow use d for e x ten s iv e e n

a
g g e m e nts A
. s ki rm i s h i s b e tw ee n s m a ll d e ta c hm e nts o r scat

te re d troo ps An encounte r may be eithe r purpos e d or ac

.

c ide n tal, be tw ee n indivi duals or arme d forces F ig h t is a

.

w ord o f les s dig n i ty th an battle ; w e s h ould not ordinarily

s pe a k of Wate rloo as a fig h t, unles s w here the w ord is use d
i n th e s e n se of fig h tin g ; a s , I w as in the thi ck o f the fig h t .

A NT O NYM S :
armi s ti ce co nco rd p e ace s us pe ns i onof h os ti li ti e s t r uce

P R E P O S I TI O N S :

A battle f g ia nts ;ob attle b e tw ee n ar mie s ; a b att le for life,

ag ai ns t invade rs ; a b attle to the de ath ; the battle of (more
r are ly at ) Ma ra thon
 b at t le

B EAT

W t ts r
e ch as t i s e h it
ov e r c o
p e nn e l
me
s mi t e
s p an k
st r i k e
m
va
w
nq
hip
ash

d e f e at p o u nd w or s t

S tri ke or hit is the w ord for a sing le blow —

s uddenforcible ,
con tact or impact, in tenti onal or un inte nti onal To b e at is to .

s trik e or hi t re pe ate dly ; as , a bird beats the air w ith its w i ng s .

Others of the above w ords describe the man ne r of b eating , as

bas ti n ad o, to beat on the soles o f the fee t ; be labor, to infl ict
a compre hens i ve and ex haus tive b eating ; cudg e l, to b eat w i th
a s tick ; th ras h , as w heat w as be atenout w i th the old h and fl ail; -

to p oun d (akin to L p ondus , a w e ig ht) is to be at w ith a

.

heav y, and p omme l w ith a b lunt, in s tr ume n t To b atte r and to .

bruis e refe r to th e res ults of b e ating ; th at is b atte red w hich

is b rok e n or de faced b y re peated blow s on the s ur face ; th at
is b ruis ed w hich has s nfi e red e ven one s e v ere contus i on .

The me taph orical s e nse of be at, how e ve r, so far pre ponde rates
th at one may be very b adly b ruis ed and batte r ed, and ye t not
be s ai d to be beaten, unless he h as g ot the w orst of th e b e ating .

To b e at a comb atant is to dis ab le or dis he arte n him for furthe r

fig hting . He nce b eat become s the s ynonym for e ve ry w ord
w hi ch i mpli es g e ttin g th e adv anta g e o f anot h e r C om p ar e .

an m
nex ; 001 m
m o ur ns :
tail tall g et th e w ors t of g o d ow n
nd e r s o und e r s urr e

Almos t all antonyms in thi s class are pas s iv e , and can b e

forme d inde fin i te ly from the conquering w or ds by th e use of
the aux iliary be ; as , be beate n, be de fe ate d, be co nque re d, e tc .

P RE P O S I TI O N S :

B e at w i th a sti ck ov e r the he ad ; be at by a tr ick ; o ut f

o

tow n; b e at to the g ro und ; i nto s ub mi ss i on .

B EAUT I F U L
“s o m e:
att r ac ti v e
b e au t e o u s
b e w i t oh i ng
b lo om i ng
bonny
The de finition of be auty “ e f ti no f for m is a g ood kcv
.
p r e c o ,
 b e c au s e

to the me an i ng of b e autiful, if w e unde rs tand form i n its “

w ide s t s e n se The re mus t als o be h armony and unity, an
. d
in h uman being s sp iritual lov e lines s , to cons ti tute an obj ect
or a pers on r e a lly be autiful Thus , w e s pe ak of a b e autiful
.

lands cape , a beautiful poe m B ut be autiful implies also , in

.

con cr e te obj e cts , softn e ss of o utli n e a nd de licacy of mold ;

it is oppos ed to all th at is har d and r ug g ed, h e nce w e s ay a
'

n
beautiful w oma , b ut not a be autiful man B eautiful h as the .

fur th e r limit of not tr ans ce nding our pow e r s of ap preciation .

P r e t ty e x pr es s e s in a far less deg re e th at w hi ch is ple as in g

to a re fine d tas te in obj e cts comparati v e ly s mall, s lig h t, an d
dainty ; as , a p re tty bon net ; a p re tty g irl Th at is h ands ome .

w hich is n ot on ly s upe r ficially ple as ing , b ut w e ll and b ar

tmon io us ly pr oporti oned , w ith us ually th e adde d i de a th at it
'

is made s o by art, bre e ding , or tr aining ; as , a hands ome h o rse ;

a h ands o me h ous e H ands ome is a term far infe rior to b e auti
.

f ;
ul w e m ay e v e n s a y a h and s o m e v i lla i n F ai r d e n.o tes w h at
is b rig h t s mooth , cle ar , and w i thout ble mis h ; as , a fai r face
, .

Th e w ord applie s w holly to w h at is s upe r fici al ; w e can s ay

“ ai r ”
I n i f
i n h a h n f
f ye t, fa ls e . a s pe c c s e s e , fai r s t e se se o

blond, as o pposed to dark or b rune tte One w ho pos s es se s

.

vi v acity, w it, g ood n ature , or othe r p le as ing qualities may

b e attr activ e w ithout b e auty C ome ly de notes an as pect th at
.

is s mooth , g e ni al, and w hole s ome , w i th a ce rtain fulness o f

con to ur and p le as ing s ymmetry, tho ug h falling s h ort o f th e
be autiful; as , a co me ly matr on Th at is pi ctures que w hi ch .

w ould make a s tr iking picture .

A N T O NY M B
aw k w ar d g h as t ly
c lums y g ri m
fo r m d g r i s ly
gf e
s g us t n g
hid
t e s que
fr i g h t ful e o us

P R E P O S I TI O N S :

B e autiful to th e e ye ; b e auti ful i n ap pe arance , i n s p ir i t ;

“b e autiful or s ituation” P s x lv iii 2 be autiful o as e ct o
f , , ; .
f p , f
its ki nd .

B E C AU S E
S YN O N Y M S
fo r i nas m u c h as si nc e
B e caus e , lite rally by -
c aus e , is th e mos t direct and co mple te
 b e g i nni ng
b e nd

am o un t s :
aw k w ar d i llz tltti ng i nd e ce nt unb e co mi ng uns e e mly
ills b ecomi ng i mprop e r in d ecorous unli t uns ui tab le

P R EP O S I TI ON S :

The dress w as becoming to th e w earer . S uch co nduct wa

s

B EGI N N I N G
S Y N O NY M B t
ar i s i ng f o u nt ai n i ni ti at i on outs e t s p ri ng
co mm e nce m e nt i nau g u r at i o n o p e ni ng r is e s t ar t
fo unt i nc e p t i o n ori g i n s o u r ce

The Latin comme ncement is more formal than the S ax on

b eg inning , as the v e rb commence, is more formal than beg in .

C ommence me nt is for the mos t part res tricted to some form of

action, w hile b eg inning h as no res tricti on, b ut may be ap plied
to action, state , mate rial, ex te nt, e nume ration ,
or t o w h at e v e r

else ma y eb co n ce i v ed o f a s ha v in g a fi r s t p ar t, p oin t , de g re e ,

e tc . The le tter A is at the beg inning (not the comme nce me nt )

of e v e ry alph a be t I f w e w e re to s pe ak of the comme nce me nt
.

of th e Pa cific Rai lr oad, w e s ho uld he un de rs tood to re fe r to

the e nte r pr is e an d its initiatory act ; i f w e w e re to re fe r to
th e r oadw ay w e s h ould s ay
“ He re is the b eg inning o f th e
” I n th e g re at maj ority of cas es b eg in and
Pacific Railroad .

b eg i nn i ng are pre fe r ab le to comme nce and comme n ce me n t as

th e si mple , idiomatic En g l i s h w o rd s , a lw a y s a c c ur at e a n d e x

i e
“I n th b i nn i n w a th w d ”
J h n i 1 A n
p re ss v . e e g g s e o r , o , .

o r ig in is th e poin t from w hich some thing s tarts or se ts out,

ofte n in v olvi n , a
g n d a lw a y s s ugg e s ti n g c a u s al c o nn ec t io n ; a s ,

the or ig i n of e vil ; th e o rig i n of a nation, a g ov e rnme nt, or a

family . A s o urce is th at w hich furni s hes a first and con
tin uous s upply, th at w hich fl ow s forth fre e ly or may b e r e adily
re curre d to ; a s , th e s ou rce of a r ive r ; 3 s ource o f kn o w le dg e :

a s ource of ins pir ation; fe rtile land is a s ource (not an

o ri g i n) of w e a lth A ris e is th oug ht of as in an action
.

w e s av th at a lake is the s ource o f a ce rta i n riv e r , o r that

th e ri v er take s its ri s e from the lak e . Motle y w rote of The “
Ris e of th e D utch Re public F ount, fountain, and s p r in
.
g,
i n the ir fig ur ati v e se nses , kee p close to their lite r al me an
ing . Compare os us n .

ANT O NYM B :

S ee sy o n nyms for EN D .
 B E HAV IOR
m o m s
car r i ag e d e p o r ts ne nt manner
co nd u ct li t e m anne r s
d e m e ano r
B e h avior is our action inthe prese nce of othe rs ; conduct ia
cludes a ls o that w hich is know n only to ourse lve s and our
Make r Carriag e ex press es simply the manner of holding the
.

body, es pe cially in sittin g or w a lki ng , as w h e n it is s a id o f

“
a lady s he has a fin e ca rri ag e
” B earin f t t h b d i l
.
g r e ers o e o y
ex p re s s ion of fee lin g or d i s p o s iti on ; a s , a h a u h
g y t b e a ri n g; a
noble b ear ing .D e me an or is the bodily e x pres s ion , n t on
o ly
of fee li n g ,
s b u t o f m o ra l s ta te s ; as , a d e v o ut d e m e an o r . B r e e d
ing , unless w ith some advers e limi tation, de notes that manne r
and conduct w hi ch res ult from g ood b irth and training . De
p o r tm e nt is b e ha vi or a s re la t e d to a se t o f r u les ; a s th.e

u
p p il’
s d e p o r tm e n t w a s f a u lt less . A pe rso n ’
s m a n n e r m a y
be th at of a mome n t, or tow ard a sin g le p e r so n ; his m a n n e r s

are his habitual s tyle of be h av ior tow ard or be fore others ,

es pe ci ally in ma tter s of e tiquette an d polite nes s ; as , g ood
manne rs are alw ays ple as ing .

m os t no us
-
:

The be h avior f th e p a
os to r to o r to w ar d hi s p p
e o le , on or

upon the stre ets , b e for e the multitude , or in th e church , w ith

the g od ly , or w i th th e w orldly, w as alike faultless .

B E ND
d e fl e ct i nfl u e nc e s ub mi t
d e v i at e m o ld t ur n
di v e r g e p e r s u ad e t w i ne
i ncli ne s t oop tw i s t

I nsome cases a thi ng is s poke n o f as b ent w h e re the parts

make anang le ; but ofte ner to b e nd is unde rs to od to b e to draw
to or thro ug h a curv e ; as , to b e nd a how To s ub mi t or yi e ld.

is to bend th e mind h umbly to anoth e r s w is h es

’
To incli ne o r .

in fluence is to be nd another s w is he s tow ar d our o w n; to

’

P er suade is to dra w th e m q u ite o v e r To w a r

p i s to b e
. nd
Slig htly th roug h th e w h ole fibe r as a b oar d in the s un To
, .

crook is to b end irre g ularly, as a crook e d s tick D efl ect . .

deviate, and di verg e are s aid o f any tur ning aw ay ; de v iate

 b e ne v o le nc e
b i nd

co mmonly of a s lig h t and g radual move ment, di v e rg e of a

more s harp and decided one To bias is to cut acre s the
.

te x ture , or in clin e to on e side ; in fig ura tive us e alw ays w ith

an unfavor able import Mold is a s trong e r w ord th an band;
.

w e ma y b e nd b y a s uper ior for ce th at w h i ch s till r esis ts the

con s tr aint ; as , a bent how ; w e mold somethi ng plastic e n tirely

to some des ire d form .

B E NEVO LE NC E
GY N O NY M S :
alm s v i n: c h ar i ty k i nd h e ar t e d ne s s
=
m u ni ne e noe
b one c e nc e g e ne r o s i ty k i nd li ne s s p h i lanth r o py
b e ni g ni ty g o o d z
w ill k i nd ne s s s y m p at h y
b o u nt y h u m ani t y li b e r ali t y “ s elfi s h ne s s
Accor ding to the e tymolog y and ori g inal us ag e , b e ne fice nce is
th e doin g w e ll, b e ne v o len c e th e w is hi ng or w illi n g w e l l to o th ers ;
but b ene volence h as come to include benefice n ce, an d to dis
p lace it W .e s h o uld n o t no w s p e ak o f b e n e v o le nc e w h ic h did
not he lp unless w he re the re w as no pow e r to he lp ; ev en the n
,

w e s h ould rathe r s ay g o od w
-
i ll or s y mp athy C h
.a r i ty ,
w h i ch
o r ig i nally me ant th e pures t love for God and man (as in
1 Co r x i ii ) , is now almos t univ e rs ally ap plie d to some form
.

o f alms g iv in g , an d is m u ch m or e lim i te d in m e a n i n g th a n
be ne v o le nce B e nig nity s ug g e s ts s ome occult pow e r of b les s
.

i ng , s uch as w as former ly ascribe d to th e s tars ; w e may s ay

a g o o d man h as an air of b enig ni ty K in d nes s and te nd e rnes s
.

are pe rs onal ; b enev ole nce and char ity are g e ne r al K i ndne s s .

e x te n ds to all se ntie nt be ing s , w he the r me n or animals , i n

p r o s p e r i ty o r i n dis t r e ss . Te nd e rn es s e s p e cial ly g o e s o u t
tow ar d the youn g , f e e b le , a nd n e e dy , o r e v e n t o t h e d e ad .

H umani ty is s o much kindne s s and te nde r nes s tow ard man or

be as t as it w ould be inh uman not to h av e ; w e s ay of s ome
act o f care or k ind ne s s , “common h uman i ty r e quires it .
”

Ge ne r os i ty is se lf forg e tful kindne s s i n dis pos ition or ac tion;

-

i t include s much be s ides g iv ing ; as , th e g e ne ros i ty of for g ive

ne ss B ounty applie s to ample g iving , w h ich on a larg e r scale
.

is e x pre ss e d b y munifice nce Li b e rali ty i ndicate s b r oad, g e nial

.

ki ndly v ie w s , w he th e r mani fes te d in g i fts or oth e rw ise . We

s pe a k o f the b ounty o f a g e ne r ous hos t, th e lib e rali ty or
munifie e ne e o f th e founde r of a colle g e o r o f th e li b er ali ty,

of a th e olog ian tow ar d th e h olde r s o f confl icting b e li e fs .

cha n
i s or in chain s ; one is boun d by a con tract ; a s plint is
bound upon a limb ; the arms may be boun d to tbe s ida o r
b e h ind the back ; bind a w reath ab out, ar ound, or round th e
he ad ; tw ig s are bound in or i nto fag ots ; for mi litary pur pos es ,
th ey are boun d at both e nds and in the middle ; one is bound
by a contract, or bound unde r a pe n alty to fulfil a contrac t .

B I TTER
acr i d h ar s h
ac r i m o ni ous i r at e s ti ng i ng
p u ng e nt
s av ag e

Acid, s our, and bi tter ag ree in be ing ntras ted w ith s w e et

co .

but the tw o former are s harply di stin g uis h ed from th e latte r .

Aci d or s our is the tas te of v ineg ar or lemonj uice ; bit te r -

th at of qua s sia, quin in, or s trychn in Acrid is nearly alli e d to

.

bi tte r. P un g ent s ugg e s ts th e e fl ect o f p pp

e e r o r s n u fi on th e

org a ns of tas te or s me ll; as , a pung ent odor Caus tic indicates .

the corrodin g e fi ect o f so m e str ong che m ic a l, as n i tr ate o f

si lve r. I n a fig ur ati ve se nse , as applied to lan g ua g e or ch ar

acte r, thes e w ords are v ery close ly allie d We s ay a s our

.

face , s harp w ords , b itte r complai nts , caus tic w it, cutting iron y,
bi ting s arca s m, a s tin i
g g n tau n t, ha rs h j ud g me nt, a ta rt re pyl .

H ars h carries the ide a of inte ntional and se ve re unki ndness ,

bi tte r of a s e verity th at arises from re al or s uppos e d ill
tre atment The bitte r s pe ech s pri ng s from the sore h eart
. .

Tar t and s h arp utterance s may not proceed fr om an i nte ntion

to w ound, b ut mere ly from a w it re ckless ly kee n; cutting ,
s tin i n
g g, a nd bi ti ng s p eech i n d ic ate s m o re o r l es s of h os ti le

inte nt, the latte r bei ng the more dee ply malicious The caus tic
.

utte ran ce is me a nt to b urn, pe rh aps w holesome ly, as in the

sa tire o f J uve nal or Cerv an te s Compare Ma
. mas .

A NTON :
d ulce t h one y e d lus ci ous ne ctare d sacc h ari ne s w eet

BL EAC H ,
v .

SH O W :

b lanch mak e w hi te w h i te n w h i t e w as h

To w hiten is to make w hi te in g e neral, but co mmo nly it

an s to overs prea d w ith w hite colorin g m atte r B l
e a ch an d -
.

su ch both s ig ni fy to w h i ten by depriving of color, the

m ar pe rmanently, as line n; th e latter ei th er permanently
I , to b lanch ce lery ) or tempora rily (a s , to b lanch the ch eck

1: fear ) To w h i tew as h is to w hiten s uperfici ally, es pecially

.

fals e ap proval .

mo m s
color d ar k e n s tai n

BL EAK
NOW !a
ch i lli ng d e s o lat e se d u ns h e l te r e d
ch i lly w as t e
h e e l le s s
-
c o ld d r e ar y w i ld
c u t ti n g d u ll st o r my w i nd y

The ide a of n
cold or chi lli es sis alw ays found in b le ak; a
at: s i tuati on is on e ope n to chillin g w in d and s to r m ; in
anorthe rn clims te a rock , is land, moor, prairie , or moun
in s ide , w hich is bare , b lan k de s olate, ex p os e d, un
, s he lte re d,

mete, or w i ld is s ure to be cold a nd b leak ; b ut in the tro pics

is w ould not be true ; th e S ah ar a is a de s olate w as te of sand,
s helte re d fro m the b urn i ng s un, and sw e pt by fie rce w inds ,
at it is no t ble ak ; b le ak is als o applie d to se ason s , w in ds ,
e , w hich are cha
. ra cte rize d b y min g le d ch il l and des o la te ne ss ;

athis use it is allie d w i th s uch w ords as chi ll, chi lling , chi lly,
old, cutti ng , p ie r ci ng s tor my w indy
, ,
.

S o b le ak th e se s h or e s . w ind -
s w e pt , and all th e ye ar
Was h e d by th e w ild Atlanti c
'
s r e s tle s s tide .

C ams Tau r us , Rock We eds , st. 1 .

Ah !disti nctly I re me mb e r ! It w as i n th e ble ak D ece mb er .

P os Rave n, st. 2 .

The nig h t w as ble ak ; th e r ai n fe ll ; th e w ind r oare d .

MACAL LAY H is tory of Eng lan

'
d, ch . ix .

lreary is i nde p e nde n t o f te m p e r at ure ; t h at w h i ch is b le ak

commonly also dre ary, b ut th at w h ich is d r eary may not be
leak, as a tropica l j ung le in th e rainy se as on; that w hich is
mely, dis mal, g lo o my, ch e e rle s s , is d re ary in any climate ,
ta ny se ason ; so a c o nv e rs ati o n s p ee c h , p oe,m , o r th e lik e ,

my be dre ary by dulnes s , monotony, and ch ee rles s ness .

Th e d ay is cold and dark and d re ary ,

I t r ains and th e w i nd i s nev e r w e ary .

Lo ncr s nnow Th e Rainy D ay , at l . .

m o m s l
b almy
b ri g h t
ch ee rful

BLE M I S H
S YN O N YM B :
b lo t d e f o r m i ty fl aw
b lu r d e nt i m p e r fe c t i o n
b r and di s fi g u r e m e nt i nju r y
c r ac k di s g r ac e r e p r o ac h
d au b d i s h o no r s m i r ch
d e fac e m e nt f au lt s oi l
d e fe ct
Wh ate ve r
mars the beauty of comple te ness of an ob;
ble mis h w h e th er orig inal, as s quinti ng e yes , o r th e r
,

accide nt or diseas e , etc , as the pits o f smallpox

. A bl .
.

s upe r ficial; a f law or taint is in s tr ucture or s ub s tance .

moral s e nse , w e s peak of a b lo t or s tain upon re pute

flaw o r t aint in ch a r acte r A d e f e c t.is th e w an t o r

some thin g ; f au lt, p r i m ar ily a fai li ng i s s om e th,ing tl

of a n app are nt intent or dis appoints a natural e s pe
thus a s udde n dis location or dis place me nt o f g eolog ics .

is calle d
a fault F ig urativ e ly a b le mis h come s fr o
.

ow n ill doing
-

; a b rand or s tig m a i s i nfli cte d b y o th e r s

b rand of infamy .

BLO W
S YN O NYM S
b ox k no ck
b u ll e t las h
c alam i t y m i s f o r t u ne
co nc u s s i o r ap

A b low is a s udde nimpact, as of a fis t or a club ; a s

a s w ee ping mo ve me nt ; as , the s tr oke o f a s w or d o f an ,

the arm in s w imming A s h ock is the s udde n ch ec ani

.

s ome h e av y b ody ; a s , colliding r ailw ay tr ai ns m e e t -

s h ock ; th e s h ock of b a ttle A s lap is g iv e nw ith the op e

.

a las h w ith a w hi p, th ong , or th e like ; w e s pe ak alsc

cut o f a w h ip A b uye t or cuff is g ive n o nly w ith the
.
'

b low e ithe r w i th h and or w e apon A cuf f is a. s o me w h

long b low , g e ne r ally w ith th e Ope n h and ; as a cuff ,

on th e car ; a hit is a ny s udde n for cib le contact i nte ,

un inte nde d A s tr ip e is the e fi e ct or mark of a s tr c

.
a dead body s till re tain ing i ts u ni ty; r em a i ns m ay b e used
after an y lapse o f ti me ; th e la tte r is als o the m ore re fin ed a nd
less g h as tly term ; as , friends are in vite d to view th e rema in s .

Carcass ap plies only to the body of an animal, or of a huma n

be ing re g arde d w i th contempt and loathin g C om p are 001 1
.

PAN Y .

aarrcurrun
ss
i nte llec t i nte llig e nce mi nd

B OT H
S YN O NY M S
tw o

B oth refers to tw o ob j e cts previous ly mention ed , or ha d in

mind, view e d or acting in connection; as , both me n fired at
on
“tw o me n fired
”
mig h t mean any tw o, out of an
ce ; y
numbe r, and w ithout re fe re nce to any pre vious thoug ht or
me ntion Tw ain is a ne arly obsole te form o f tw o The two,
. .

or th e tw ain ,
is p ractic ally q
e u iv ale nt to b o th ; b oth ,
h ow ever,

e x presses a close r un ity We w ould say both me n rus hed

.

ag ai ns t the ene my ; th e tw o me n fl ew at each othe r Compa re .

EVERY.

AJ FTOfl f f l fil z
eac h e i th e r e v e ry ne it h e r no ne no ne
o not an
y

B O U ND ARY
S YN O NY M S z

b ar r i e r
b ord er
b o u nd
b our n
b om c

The b oundary inally the landmar k, that w hi ch

w as o rig

mar ke d o fi one piece o f te rritor y fr om anothe r Th e b ound is .

the li mit, marke d or unmarke d No w , how e v e r , th e difi e re nce

.

b e tw ee n th e tw o w ords h as come to b e s imply one o f us ag e .

As re g ards te r ritory, w e s pe ak o f the b oundarie s o f a nation

or of an es ta te ; th e b ounds of a co lle g e , a b all g round, e tc -
.

B ounds may b e use d for all w ithin the li mi ts , b ound ary for the
limiti ng line only B oundary looks to th at w h ich is w ith out ;
.

b o und only to that w h ich is w i thin H e nce w e s p eak of the .

b o unds , not the boundaries of a s ubj ect, of th e un

. iv e rse , e tc ; .
 b r av e

w e say th e s tude nts forbidde n to g o beyond the bounds

w e re .

A barri er is some thing th at bars ing ress or eg ress A barr ie r .

may be a b und ary, as w as the Great Wall of China B aum ,

o .

n
o r b ou r e , i s a p oe ti cal e x pres s i on for boun
b orde r i s a s tri p o f land alon g th e b o un
d or b oundary A
da ry E dg e is a .
.

s harp te r mi n al li ne , as w he re rive r or ocean mee ts th e land .

Limi t is now us e d almos t w ho lly in th e fig ur ativ e se n se ; as , the

li mit o f dis cuss ion, of time , of j uris diction L ine is a mili tary .

term ; a s , w ith in th e lin e s , or th roug h the lin es , of an army .

Compare m amas ; m .

M O NT H S :
ce nte r c i tad e l e s tate i ns i d e i nt e r i or land re g i on te rr i tor y

PRE P O S I T I O N B
The bound aries o f ane s tate ; th e b o undary b e tw e e n ne ig h bor

in
g te rr i tori es .

B RAVE
ad v e nt u r o us u nd au nt e d
bo ld u nd i s m ay e d
ch i v alr i o v ali ant
ch i v alr o u s v e nt u r e s o m e

The ad ve ntur ous mang oe s in ques t of dang er ; the b o ld man

sta nds o ut and faces dang e r or ce nsure ; the b rave man com
blues confide nce w ith re s olution in pre se nce o f dang e r ; the
lrous man puts himse lf in pe ril for others prote cti on
’
chiva .

The daring s te p out to de fy dang e r ; the dauntles s w ill not

flin ch be fore an yth in g t h a t m a y co m e to th e m ; t h e d o u g yh t
will iv e a
g n d ta k e lim it le s s h a r d k n oc k s . T h e ad ve n tu r ou s

fin d some thing romantic in dang e rous e nter prise s ; the v enture

son e ma y b e s im l
p y h ee d less ,
re c k le ss , o r ig no r a n t A.ll g r e a t
ex plorers h a v e bee n adve n turous ; ch ildre n , f oo ls ,
a n d cri m in a l s

a re ven tur e s ome . The fe arles s and intre pi d posses s uns h aken
n erves in a ny place of dang e r . C ourag e ous is more th an
bra ve, a ddi ng a moral e le me nt ; the courag e ous man s te adily
en coun te rs pe r ils to w hich h e may be ke e n ly s e ns itiv e , at the
ca ll of duty ; the g allant ar e b rav e in a das h ing , s h ow y, and
spl en did w ay ; the valiant not only dare g re at dang e rs , b ut
achieve
g re a t r e s ul ts ; th e h e ro i c a r e n obl y da rin g a n d d a u n t
less, tr uly chivalrous , s ublimely cour ag e ous Compare mm
.

n
ru s .
 b r e ak

A NTO NYM B :
afrai d cri ng i ng t e ar ful p us i liammo us ti mi d
cow ard ly fai nt h e art e d
-
fri g h t e ned s h ri n king ti morous

B REAK
S Y N O NY M S :

b ank r u p t d e m o li s h
b ur s t d e s tr oy
c as h i e r f r ac t u r e
cr ac k r e nd
cr u s h ri v e

To b r eak is to di vide s harply, w ith s e v e rance of particles , a s

by a b low or s tr ain To burs t is to b reak b y pre s s ure from

.

w ith in , a s a b o m b s h e ll ,
b u t i t i s u se d a ls o f o r th e re s ult of
v io le n t force oth e rw is e e x e rte d ; as , to b urs t in a door, w here
th e door yie lds as if to an e x plos ion To crus h is to b rea . k by
p re
s s ur e fr om w i t h o u t, as a n e gg
-
s h e ll . T o c r a ck is to bre ak
w ith out comp le te se v e r an ce of p a r ts ; a cra c ke d cup or mirror

may s till h old tog e ther . F racture h as a s ome w hat similar

se n se . I n a fr ac tur e d limb , th e e nds of th e br o ke n bone may
be s e p r te d, t oug
a a h h b o th p o r t i o n s a re s ti ll r e t n
ai e d ithinw t h e

common muscula r tis s ue . A s h atte r e d obj e ct is b roken su d ‘

de nly and in n u m r u s d ir e ti n a , a a i s s h atte r e d by a

e o c o s ; s v s e

b low , a b ui lding by an e arth quake . A s h i ve r e d g las s is

b r oke n into nume rous minute , ne e dle like frag me n -

ts
.
T o

s ma s h i s to b r e ak th or oug hly to pie ce s w ith a cr a s hin g s ou n d

by s ome s udde nact of v io le nce ; a w atch once s mas h e d W m
sca e y b e
l w t h e a i T li t i t o c us e w ood to cra
a ck
r c o r r p r . o s p s

or p a r t in th e w a y o f th e g r a in , a n d is a pp l i e d to an y o tl :l er

cas e w h e re a n atur al te nde ncy to se p aration is e nfor ce d b y 3 “

e t
x e r na l c a u se ; a s , t o s p l i t a co n v e n t i o n o r a a
p rty. To ( 1 3 '

mo lis h is to be at dow n, as a mo und, b uilding , fortre ss , e tc ; .

t o

de s tr oy is to put b y any proce ss b e yond re s to ration p hys ical ly:

me ntally, or mor ally ; to d e s t oy an army is to s hatt e r a
r n d
scatte r i t th a t it cannot b e r allie d or re a s s e mb le d a s a fig hti l lg
force . Compar e B EN D .

A N T ONYM S
attach b i nd fas t e n joi n me nd s e c ur e s old e r uni te w e ld

P R E P O S I TI O N S :

B re ak to p ie ce s , or i n piece s , i nto p e ces (w hen

i s e v e r al131 3

ob j e ct i s th o ug h t o f as d iv i de d r ath e r th a n h
s a tte red ) , bre l i k
w i th a ri f e n d ; f r o m o r a w ay f r o m a s upp lia nt ; b re ak i n t o
more s uperficial, and ne ar to the me aning of g g
o r e o us or

mag nifice nt :
Ch ild of th e su n l a nt
r e ul e summe r co mes .

n
,

Tnons oxt S e as ons , S umme r , l

. o .

Th ere all w i th in full rich arrayd h e found

With r oya ll arr as and r es ple nd e nt g old .

S p art an F ae rie Q ueens bk i, can 8 . . . s t. 85 , l . 1 .

An obj ect is s plendid w h ich g ive s out or re fl ects lig h t o f

es pecia l abundance and pow e r, and often o f v ar ie d hue s , im
p res s in g t h e be h o ld e r w i th m in g le d w o n de r a nd ad m ir at i on ;
as , a s p le n di d s unri se . Th at w hich is lumi nous se nds forth
dis tinct lig h t, w hi ch may b e g re ate r or less in de g ree , e mitted
or re fl ecte d, thoug h the te n de ncy is now to us e the w ord o f li g h t
se n t forth from w i thin; a luminous obj e ct is th oug ht o f as
s e lf lumi n
-
ous ; the s un is a luminous body ; the fain t p hos
p h o res ce n c e o f t h e g l o w -
w orm m a k es it lum i nous in th e d ar k .

L us tr ous is applie d to th at w hi ch se nds forth a soft b ut vi vi d

lig ht as from a polis he d s ur face ; as , lus trous silks That .

w hich is illumi n ate d or i llumi ne d i s li t up b y li g ht from some

source apa r t fr om itse lf, o fte n b y lig ht s upplie d from w i thin;

w e s pe a k of a b uilding or a ci ty as i lluminate d, w h e n lig h t

s hin es out from e ve ry w i n dow on s ome j oyo us occas ion;
i llumi ne d is poe tic, and o fte n e s t use d in a s piri tua l se n se .

S par kling is s aid of lig ht th row n out as by s parks fr om

many points ; s cintillati ng , of s uch lig ht in inte rmi tte nt
fl as hes . Glis te n in g app li es to t h e s h i n in g fr om a w e t, g li tte r
i ng to th at from a dry, s ur face ; Cole ridg e finely ch ow
g li tt e r i n g, n ot g l is te n i ng to d es cr i b e t he e y e of th e wa s te d
old ma n inhis g re at poem :
B y th y long g r ay b e ard and g li tte ri ng e ye ,

Now , w h e r e fo re stopp st th ou me l
’

Ancie nt Marine r pt i a
t 1 , .
, . .

Glimme ri ng and s hi mme ring re fer to fain t, w av ering , an d

un s te ady lig h t, th at w h ich is s h imme rin g b e in g tre mu lo us , as

from ri ppling w av es ; w e s pe ak of s h imme ri ng si lks , that

s ee m to chan g e s h ad e or h ue w i th mo ti on C o m p
.a re th e noun s

co rres pon din g to thes e a dj ec ti v es unde r u s e r .

The fig ur ative me aning of these w ords is larg e ly controlled

by th e lite ral . S o use d, b rig h t is inferior to b ri lliant; w e
s pe a k of a b rig h t boy, a brilliant g enius ; of a bri g h t idea in
common matters , a bri llian t idea in philosophy, literature , or
 b ri h t
b ru

states mans hi p ; of a bri lliant (not a brig h t) achievement ; of

a dazz ling s uccem; of s par kling or s cinti llating w it, of a
lumi n ous s tyle , e x pos ition , p roduction , o r s e nte nce , of a g la r

in g i nc or co n tr adic t io n, o f a b e am in g or r a d i an t
co un te nance (w he re radiant is the more vivid, b eami ng the
g en tler w or d ; as , b e am in g w i th lo v e , ra di a nt w i th de lig h t );
a b r ig h t, s unny, or s um b ing face h as an e fi e ct like th at of a
lands cape lit up By ple as ant s unlig h t, so that thes e w ords are
akin to che e rful, che ering , and ch e e ry . We s peak of e yes
s p ar k ling w i th p lea s u re , g le am i ng w ith e x ci te m e n t,
r a e
g , or
fury, g lo w ing w ith some s tr ong s up presse d fee ling as o f
dev otion or ambition, lig hting the m up as by an inte rnal fire .

S p le ndid applies to that w hich h as s ple ndor (se e unde r L I GH T ) ,

and is akin to g rand, g lorious , mag nifice n t, h on or able , illus tri
ous , hero ic, e tc ; a . s , a s p len d i d p alace , p ag e ant, or b anquet,
a s p le ndid achieveme n t, career , or v ictory (in w hich latter
us m it fa r tr a nscends th e meaning of bri lliant ) . The col
loquial us e of s p len di d to de note an y th in g t h at is e x ce lle n t,
use ful, a g ree a b le , or th e like , i s a pe rv e rs i o n a nd d e g r ad a tio n
of a n oble w ord ; it is a ch e ap mis use o f la ng uag e to s pe ak
o f s p le n d id w e ather , s p lendid hunting or fis hing , a s p le ndid
barg ain or pi cnic, of a s p le nd id s ales man or accountant, a
s p le ndid b atter, pitche r, or umpire , a s p le ndi d w alke r, s w im
mer , or musician; an oration may be s plendid, but it is not
s uitab le to call the man w h o utte rs it a s p le ndid or ator ;
it is mons trous to s peak of the s p le ndid fit of a g arme nt or of
a s p le nd id bee fsteak .

m o m s :

S ee sy nonyms for DARK .

B RUT I S H
b rute i ns e ns i b le s tu p i d
c ar nal las ci v i o u s sw i ni s h
c o ar s e s e ns u al u ni nt e lle c t u al
i g no r ant s o t ti s h u ns p i r i t ual
i mb r u t e d s t o li d v i le

A b rutis h man simply follow s h is animal in s ti ncts , w i th out

special inclinationto do h arm ; the b rutal h av e alw ays a s pirit

of ma lice and cruelty B rute has no s peci al ch aracte r , e x ce pt
.

s in
a dicating w hat a brute mig h t poss ess ; much the same is
tr ue ofanimal, ex ce pt th at animal le ans more to th e s i de of
se n s uality, b rute to that of force , a s appe a rs in the fa miliar
h a “b ut f H un i an an i ma l a ti t a b ut
p r se r e or ce g e r s .
ppe e ; r e

inpulse s udde nly prompts one to str ike a b low in ang e r .

B es tial, in modernus ag e , impli es anin ten s ifie d and deg rading

animalism Any s upre macy of the animal or brute in
. s tin cts

ov er th e in tellectual and s pir itual in man is bas e an d vi le .

B eas tly re fers larg e ly to the outw ard and vikib le con s e que n ces

of ex cess ; a s , b eas tly drun kenness Compare m m .

m o m s
e le v at e d inte lle c tual
n n
e ll l t e e d lnt e lllx e nt re fi ne d
e éti

BURN
s n om s t

b laz e eo ns u m e
b r and c r e m at e
c au t e r ls e fl am e k i nd le
c h ar fl as h s c o r ch

To b urn is to s ubj e ct to the action of fire , or of inten s e h eat

so a s to cfi ect e ith e r partia l ch ang e o r comple te combustion; as ,
to b urn w ood in the fire ; to burn on e s ha nd on a hot s tove ;
’

the s un burn s th e fa ce One b rands w ith a hot iron, b ut

.

caute ri zes w ith some corr os iv e s ubs ta nce , as s ilve r ni trate .

Cre mate is now use d s pe cifically for cons uming a dead body
b y inte n s e he at To i ncine rate is to re duce to as hes ; the s e n
. se

difi e rs little from th at of cre mate , b ut it is in less po p ular

use . To kindle is to s e t o n fire , as if w ith a candle ; ig ni te is
th e more le arn e d an d s cie nti fic w or d for the same thi ng , e x
te nding e v en to the he ating o f me tals to a s tate of in
can des ce nce w ithout b urning To s corch and to s ing e are
.

s upe rficia l, and to ch ar us ually s o B oth ki ndle and b urn

.

h av e an ex te ns iv e fig urative use ; as , to kindle s tri fe : to b urn

w ith w r ath , love , de v oti on, cu ri os ity C om par e L I GH T
. .

am o m s t

c oo l ex ti ng uis h put ou t s mo t h e r s ti fl e s u b d ue

P R E P OS I T I O N S :

To b urn in the fir e ; b urn w i th fire ; burn to the g round ;

burn to as he s ; b ur n th roug h th e s ki n, or the roo f ; burn into
the soil, e tc .
P R E P OS I TI ON S :

The busines s of a drug g is t ; in b us iness w it h his father ;

doing bus ines s for h is fath er ; have you b us iness w i th me !
business in New York ; b us iness ab out, con cern i ng , or in
r eg ard to ce rtainprope rty .

S YN O NY M S t
and h ow e v e r no t w i t h s t and i ng t h at
b ar e ly Ju s t only
b e si d e s m e r e ly p r ovi d e d
ex ce t mor e ov e r s av e
1 er ne v e r t h e l e s s s t i ll

B ut r ang e s from the fainte st contras t to ab solute neg ation;

as , I am w illing to g o, b ut (on the othe r h and ) con te n t to
s tay ; h e is n ot an h on s t ma
e n, but (on th e contrary ) a v illain .

The contras t may be w ith a s ile nt thoug ht ; as , b ut let us g o

( i t b e i ng u n de r s too d th a t w e m i g h t s ta y lon g )
e r I n te .

s tr icti v e us e , e x cep t a nd e x cep ting are s lig htly more e mph atic
than b ut; w e s ay, no inj ury b ut a scratch ; or , n o in j ury
e x ce p t s ome pa i nful b r uis es S uch e x pre ss ions as w ords are
.
“
”
b ut b re ath (n o t h ing but ) may be re fe rre d to th e re s tricti ve
use by e lli ps is . S o may the use of b ut in th e s e nse of unles s ;
“
as , it nev e r r ains but it pours To the same h ead mus t
.

“
be re fe r re d th e condi ti onal us e ; as , you may g o , but w ith
n n ” “ h a ” “
f
’
y o u r at h e r s c o se t (i e
.
, p r o
. v i d e d yo u v e , e x ce p t
” ”
th at you mus t hav e , Doub t but is now less used
than th e more log ical doubt th at
“ ”
B ut ne ve r be come s a full
.

s yn on y m f o r an d ; a nd a d ds so m e t hi n g lik e , b ut a d ds s om e
“ ”
th ing difi e re ut ; b rav e and te nde r imp li e s th at te n de r ne ss is
“ ”
natur al to the br av e ; b rav e b ut te nder implie s th at b r av e ry
and te nde rne s s are r are ly combine d F or th e conces s ive use ,
.

co mpare s or w mns rw nmo

'
.

S Y N O NY M S
b y d i nt of b y m e ans of th r ou g h w i th
B y re fers to the ag e nt ; th r oug h , to the me ans , caus e , or con
dition; w ith, to the ins trume nt B y commonly re fe rs to pe r
.

son s ; w i th , to th ing ;
s th r o ug h ma y re fe r to e ithe r T h e road .

having become impassable th roug h long dis use , a w ay w as

o pe nedby pion eers ax es B y may, how e ver, be applie d to
w i th .

any ob j ect w hi ch is view ed a s pa rtaking of actionand ag e ncy ;

as , th e me tal w as co rroded b y the acid ; s kill is g a ine d by
p r a c ti s e. W e s pe ak o f co m m unicatin g w i th a pe rs on b y
le tter . Th roug h inplies a more distan t conn ection th a n by
o r w i th , a nd more interve ning e le me nts Mate rial ob j ects are
.

p e r ce iv e d b y the m in d th r ou g h the se nses .

CAB AL
conf e d e r ac y cr e w an:
e n clav e cons p i r ac y f act i o n unt o

C ab al (f ro m H e b .
g ab b a la h , a m ys t ic s y ste m o f th eo s o h
p y
amon g th e H e b re w s ) or ig in all y d e no t e d so m e thin g sec re t or

occult, the n a s ecre t meeti n g o r a s soc ia ti o n o f a f e w p e r so ns

for pr iv ate ends , an d thence a small band or company of

pe r son s sec r e tly a s so ci ate d t o p r om o te d e s ig n s o f th e ir o w n ,

inde pe ndent of or oppose d to the public w e lfare ; the w ord,

alre ady in us e, re cei ved a s pecially opprob rious me aning as
ap pli e d to a minis try of Charle s I I of Eng land, p artly from
.

thei r ow n faults , an d larg e ly from th ose of their so v e re ig n,

w hich w e re la id upon them, si nce “the Ki n c uld d n o
g o o

w ro n
”
a nd t h a in “ m m na h ” w as s u o d in
g, e e s yg o g
-
e rry o r c pp s e

capa b le o f w i s hing to .

It h appe ned b y a w hims ical coincide nce th at, in 1671. th e cab in et

con si ste d o f fi v e pe r son s th e i ni ti al le tte rs o f w h ose name s made up th e
—
.

w ord Oab aP Cli fl ord , Arling ton, B uck ing h am, As hley, and L aud er d ale .

Th es e mi ni s te r s w e re th e re fore e mp h ati cally calle d th e C abal : and th e y soon

made th at app e llati on s o infamo us th at it h as ne v e r s i nce th e ir t ime b e en
used e x cept as a te rm of re pr oach .

MAOAUL AY H is tory f E ng lan

o d , v ol. i, ch . 2 .

Hence cab al h as me an a co mbination or cons pi racy

co me to
of lea ders for some secre t p ur pose vie w ed as unpatrioti c or
un w orthy The w ord junto, once curre nt in a s imilar s ense ,
.

has falle n almos t comple te ly out of us e .

A cons pi racy is a combinationo f pe rso ns for ane vil pur pose ,

or the a ct of so comb in ing C ons p i r ac
.
y i s a dis tin ct cr i me
un der common, and g e ne rally unde r s tatutory law A fac tion ,
.

is more ex te ns ive thana cons pi racy le s s formal inorg ani zation,

,

less defin ite in plan F action and its adjective , fac ti on

. s , ha ve

a lw ays an unfav orab le se nse A g ang is a company of w ork

.
me n all doing m w ork under one leade r ; the w ord
the sa e

is us ed fig urative ly on ly of combination s w hich it is me ant to

s tig ma tize as rude and merce n ary ; cr ew is use d in a close ly
s imilar se n se A conclave is w ors t, b ut of lar g er numbers ,
.

or din arily, th an a cabal, and may have h onorable use ; as , the

con clave o f ca r di nals Compare COMPAN Y
. .

CALC U LATE
S YN O NY M S :
ac c o u nt c o m ute cou nt e nu m e r at e nu m b e r r e ck o n
cas t co ns cr d e cm e s t i m at e r at e su m up

Numbe r is the g e neric term To count is to number one by

.

on e
. To calculate is to use more complicated p rocesse s , as
multiplication, divis ion, e tc , more rapid but not less e x act
. .

Comp ute allow s more of the e le me nt of p robab ili ty, w hich is

s till more str on l
g y e x pr ess ed by es ti mate We com p ute the .

s lainin a g re at w ar from the numbe r know n to h ave falle n in

ce rtai ng re at battles : co mpu te re fe rs to the prese nt or the pas t,
e s ti mate more fre que n tly to the future ; as , to es timate the
cos t o f a propos ed b ui ldin g T o en u m e r
. ate is to m e n ti on
item by ite m ; as , to enume rate one s g rie vances
’
To rate is to .

e s ti mate b y compa ris on , as if th e ob je ct w e re on e o f a s e ries .

We count upon a des ire d future ; w e do not count upon the

un de si re d As ap plie d to the p res e nt, w e re ckon or count
.

a thing precious or w orth less Compare s em e n

. .

P R E P O S I T I ON S
I t is v ain to calculate an or up on an unce rtai n res ult .

C ALL,
S Y N O N YM S
b aw l cr y ( out ) r o ar sh r i e k
b e llo w e jacu lat e s cr e a m v o c i fe r at e
c lam o r e x clai m sh o ut y e ll

is to s e nd out the v oice in or de r to attr act anoth er s

’
To call

atte nti on, e ith er by w or d or b y i narticulate utte r ance Animals .

call th e ir ma te s , or the ir young ; a man calls h is dog , h is h o rse ,

e tc. The se nse is e x te nde d to include s ummons b y h e ll or any .

s ig n al To s h out is to call or ex claim w i th th e fulle s t volume

.

o f s us ta ine d v o ice ; to s cre am is to utte r a s h rille r cry ; to

s h ri e k or to ye ll re fe rs to th at w h ich is loude r and w ilder sti ll .
B almy is that w hich is frag ran
said of t, re fres h ing , or heal
ing like b alm, soothing , mi ld ; bland of th at w hich is mild,
soft, g e nial, and ag ree able ; th us th e air or the breeze may be
des crib ed as balmy or b land ; b lan d is also applied to s mooth
and sooth i ng manner , s pee ch , or the like, in the sens e of
g e nt le , g e ni al, s o ft s p o ke-
n , or ag re e ab le O f m e n t al co.ndi
tion s , on e is calm w ho tri umph s ov e r a te n de ncy to ex cite
me nt ; cool, if he scarce ly fe e ls the te nde ncy One may be .

calm b y the v ery re a ction from e x cite me n t, or by th e op

p ress io n o f ov e r p o w e ri ng e m o tio n, a s w e s pe a k o f t h e c a lm n ess
of des pa ir One is comp os e d w h o has s ubdue d e x cited fee ling ;
.

h e is colle cte d w he n h e has ev e ry th oug h t, fee ling , or pe rce p

tion aw ake an d at command Tranqui l re fe rs to a p re s en
. t
s ta te ; p lacid, to a pre v ai lin g t e nde ncy W e s pe ak o f a
. t r an q l
u i
mi nd, a p lacid dis posi tion The s e rene s pirit dw e lls as if in
.

th e clear uppe r air, above all storm and s h adow .

Th e s tar of th e unconque red w ill.

H e ri se s i n my b re as t ,

S e r ena and r e s olute and sti ll ,

And calm, and s e lf p os s e ss e d

-
.

L os o r annow L ig h t f S tars , at
o . 7.

A NT O NY M S
ag i tat e d e x ci t e d fr e nz i e d p as s i onat e r ui ne d n
v i o le t
b o i s t e r o us fi e rc e fur io us r ag i n g s to r my w ild
d i s t ur b e d n
fr a t i c h e at e d r o us e d t u r b u le nt w r at h fu l

C ANC EL
B YN O NY H S :

ab o li s h di s c h ar g e nu lli fy r e s ci nd
ab r c at e e fl ao e ob li t e r at e r e v ok e
ann fi e r as e q u as h ru b of or o ut
b lo t o u t ex p u ng e re m ov e s crat ch ou t
cr os s of or o u t m ak e v oi d r e p e al v ac at e

Cance l, e fl ace , e r as e, e x pung e, and o bli te rate h av e as th eir

'

firs t me aning th e re mo v al o f w ri tte nch aracte rs or othe r forms o f

re cor d To cance l is , lite rally, to mak e a lattice b y cross lines ,
.
-

e x actly our E n li h fi a i b f, m h
‘

g s c r o s s o u t; to e ce s t o r u o s o o t
aw ay the face , as o f an i ns cr i ption; to e r as e is to s cr at ch o ut,
co mmon ly for the p urpos e of w r iting s ome thing e lse i n th e
s ame s pa ce ; to e x pu n g ,e i s t o p u n c h o u t w i th s o me s h ar p in
s tr ume nt s o as to sh ow th at th e w ords are no lon
, g e r p ar t
of th e w r i ting ; to o b li te r a t e is to co v e r ov e r o r r e mo v e , a s w a s

done by re v e rs ing the Roman s tylus , and rub bing out w ith th e
rou nded end w hat had been w ritten w ith the point on the
w ax e n table t What has been cance le d eras e d ex pung ed
.
, ,

may per haps s till be traced ; w hat is ob li te rate d is g one for

e ve r as if it h a
, d n e ve r bee n I n many es tab lis h me n
.ts , w h e n
a de b t is dis ch arg ed by payme nt th e re cord is cance lle d The , .

fig u rati ve use of the w ords kee ps close to the primary se n se .

Co mpare w omen .

m o m s
app ro v e e nac t e s tab li s h p e rp e t uat e
co nfi rm e nfo rce mai ntai n r e co r d

CAND I D

ab o v e b o ar d h o ne s t t r u t h ful
u nb i as e d
fai r u np r e ju d i c e d
s t r ai g h t f o r w ar d u nr e s e r v e d

g ui l e l e s s nai v e t r ans p ar e nt u ns o p h i s t i c at e d

A candid s tate me nt is me ant to b e true to the real facts and

j us t to all partie s ; afair s tate me nt is re ally s o F air is applied .

to th e co n duct ; candid is not ; as , fair tre atme nt, a fai r fie ld, “

” One w ho is frank has a fearles s and uncon
and no fav or .

s tr a ined truth fulness H ones t and i ng e nuous unite in ex

.

p re ss i n g c on te m p t f or d ec e it O n th
. e o t h er h an d a r tles s , ,

g u i le le s s , n a i ve , s i m p ,le a n d u ns op h is ti ca t e d e x p re ss th e g oo d
us es w hich come s from w an t o f the know le dg e or thoug h t o f
e v il . As tr uth is not alw ays ag ree ab le o r time ly, candid and
rank h a v e o fte n a n b j i n ab l n “ b an id i h
f o e ct o e se se ; to e c d w t
” “ ”
y o u , to b e p e r f ec tly f r an k are re
, g a r d e d a s s ur e p re lu d e s

to s o me th ing dis ag ree ab le Op e n and unr es erv ed may i mply

.

uns tudi e d tr uth fuln ess or de fian t re ck less n e ss ; a s op e n admira

ti o n, op e n robbe ry The re may be trans pare nt integ rity or

.

trans pare nt fr aud S ince re app lie s to the fe e lin

. s
g , as b e in g
all that one s w ords w ould imply
’
.

M O NT H S
ad m i t cu nni ng d i p lomat i c i nt r i g ui ng s h arp s ub t le
ar t ful d e c e i t ful fo x y k now i ng s h re w d t ri c k y
craft y d e s i g ni ng i ns i nce re mane u v e ri ng s ly w ily

P R E P O S I TI O N S :

Candid in de b ate ; candid to or tow ar d opponen ts ; ca ndid

w i th frie nd or foe ; to be candid abo ut or in reg ard to the
matter .
 CAPARI SO N
ac co u t e r m e nts h ar ne s s h o us i ng s t r ap p i ng
H arnes s w as forme r ly armor o f a kn
use d of the ig ht as w ell
as of a h ors e ; it is now use d almos t ex clusi ve ly of the stra ps
an d ap purte nances w ornby a horse w he nattached to a v e hicle ;
the an imal is s aid to be “k ind in h arness ” The other .

w ords apply to the orn ame ntal outfit of a hors e, es pe cia lly
un de r s ad dle We s pe ak als o of the accoute rme nts of a
.

so ldie r .Cap aris on is used rare ly and some w hat s lig hti n l
g y,
and trap ping s quite conte mptuous ly, for s how y h uman ap parel .

Co mpare ARM S ; p as se .

C API TAL
S YN O NY H B :

ch i e f ci t y m e t r o p o li s s e at of g ov e r nm e nt
The me tr op olis is the chie f city in the comme rcial, the
capi tal in th e politi cal se nse The capi tal . of an Ame rican
S tate is rare ly its me tr op olis .

C AP T IO US
S YN O NY H S :
0 cr i ti cal fr e t f u l
ca g cy ni c al h e r c r i t i oal
ce ns o r i o us f aultfl nd i ng t ab l e

C ri tical, th oug h o fte n use d i nv idious ly, is a w ord o f hig h

and g ood me an ing ; as , a c ri t ical s tudy o f S h akes pe are is
w orthy o f re s pect a nd co ns ide r ation; no important matte r,
as a de e d, the s pecifications for a b uilding , a co ntract, a leg is
lative act, o r the like , s ho uld be pas s e d w ith out cri tical e x
amination Cap tio n
. s de note s a te nde ncy to untime ly, nu
calle d for , or un re a s on ab le criticis m e s pe cially in s mall mat
.

te rs , o r on pe tty g rounds ; cap tio us nes s is a fault o f the

s pir it an d dis pos ition, and is clos e ly s yn on y m o us w i th fa ult
n d i n th a i n i it at h at v e ry ch an ce to fin d
fi g; e c p t o s s p r c c es e

fault, and is on the w atch for i t ; h e nce , cap tion s approa ches

the me aning of fre tful i r r itab le p e e v is h p e tulant e tc Ce n

, , , , .

s o ri ous de note s a te ndency to ce ns ure for th e s ake of e s n aut

ing ; ce nsorious nes s is le s s pe tty and more se v e re th an cap
tious ne ss ; one may b e ce n s o ri o us fro m hig h i de a ls or pr inciples
o f rig h t a nd duty joine d w ith lack of appre ciation, charity,
harm and ris k only to he es cape d, i f at all, by care ful de libi
tion an d obs ervation Car e incli ne s to the pos itive , cautioi
.

the n eg a ti ve ; care is s how n in doin g, ca ut io n larg ely in

doing P re cau ti on is allie d w ith car e, prude nce w i th cauti
.

amanrides a dang e rous horse w ith care ; cautionw ill kee p

from mounti ng th e hors e ; p re cauti on looks to the sad dle g ir -

bit, and b ridle , and all that may make the ride r se cure 1 .

cums p e ction is w a tch ful obse rvation an d calculation , b ut w

out the ti mi dity implie d incaution B oth e r is disag ree ab le c

.

di s lik ed or res e n ted by the pe rson compelled to e x ercis e

C once rn de n otes a se rious in te re st, milder than anx ie ty ;
con ce rn for th e s afe ty of a s hi p a t sea H e e d impli es at.

tion w i thout disquie t ; it is n ow la r g e ly dis pla ce d b y atten

and car e S olici tude inv olves e s pecially the ele me nt of de

.
-

not e x presse d in anx i e ty, and o f h ope fulness not imp lie c ,

car e . A pare nt fee ls cons tant s oli ci tud e for his childr
w e lfa re , a nx ie ty as to dang e rs th at thre ate n it, w ith care
g u a rd a g a ins t th e m W a
.tch fu ln e s s rec og n izes th e p oss ib i
of da ng e r , w arines s the prob ability A man w h o is not
.

fl ue nce d b y cauti on to kee p out of dang e r may dis play g )

w arin es s i nth e mids t of it C ar e h as als o the s e nse of res po
a
.

bi lity, w ith p oss ib le contr ol, s e x press e d in ch arg e , mam

me nt, ov e rsi g h t, as , th es e childre n are unde r my car e ; 8
the mone y to me in care of the fir m Compare am .

AN XI ETY ; PRUD EN CE .

A NT O NY M S :
car e le s s ness
di s r e g ard
h e e dle s s ne s s

P R E P O S I TI O N S :

Take care o f the h ouse ; f or the futur e ; ab out th e matte :

C AREER
S YNO NYM S :

fi rbf
ach i e v e m e nt li f e g n
m e

A care e r w as orig inally th e g round for a race , or , es pe cit

for a knig ht s ch arg e in tourname nt or b attle ; w h e nce cm
’

was early applie d to th e ch arg e itse lf .

I f you w i ll us e th e lance , tak e g r ound for your car e e r .

four h or s e me n me t in full car e e r .

S cor r Q ue nti n D ur w ar d ch . 14 , p . 19 4 .
(n
. r . a
 I n its fig urativ e use care e r s ig nifie s some continuous and
co n spicuous w ork, us ua lly a life w ork, an d most freque ntly
-

o ne of h on orable ach ievement Compare as s umes . .

CARESS
c o d dl e e m b r ac e p am p e r
l at t e r pet
To caress is les s than to e mbrace ; more dig n ifie d and less
f a miliar than to fondle A vis itor caress es a friend s chi ld ; a
.
’

m o ther fondles her babe F ondling is alw ays by touch ; car es s

.

i ng may be als o by w ords , or oth e r te nder an d pleas ing at

m o m s :

See sy nonyms for am our .

Cm d by or w ith th e h and ; cares se d by admire rs , at

court.

CARI CATU RE
m om s :
t ak e = o fl
i mi t at i o n t r av e s t y

A caricature is a g rotes que ex ag g e rationof s triking features

or peculiarities ,
g e ne ra l ly o f a p e rso n ; a b u r le s q u e t re a ts a n y
subj ect in a n abs urd onincong ruous manner A bur le s que is .

written or a cted ; a caricatur e is mor e common ly in ske tch or

i
p cture . A parody chang e s the s ubj e ct, but keeps th e s tyle ; a
tra ves ty k ee ps the sub j e ct, b ut ch a ng es the s tyle ; a burles que
does not h old itse lf to e ithe r s ub j ect or s tyle ; b ut is conte nt
with a e n
g e r al rese m b la n ce to w h a t i t m ay i m it a t e A c
. a r ic a
ture, paro dy or traves t
, y m us t h a v e a n o r ig in al , a b u r le s q ue

may be an independent composition An account of a school .

boys quarrel after the g ene ral manner of Home r s I li ad w ould

’ ’

be aburles que ; the re al s tory of the I liad told in new s p aper

style w ould b e a tra v es ty An ex travag anza is a fantas tic
.

com pos iti on, mus ical, dramatic, or narrative I mi tation is

.

serious
; m im icry is e ith e r in te n tib n a lly o r u n i nte n tio n a lly
co mical .
 car o u s al 144
e ng ag e

CARO U SAL
sur nam et

c ar o u s e r e v e lr y
d e b au e h org y r out

Thes e w ords all de n ote w ild a nd careless merrymaking , ll

w hich a ll res tr aint is throw nas ide All are forms of le ttin
.
gg t

w i th difi e re n ces in the deg ree of se lf ab andonme n t Th

-
.

carn ival, the final fes tival be fore th e lon g p r i vatio n of L en t

includes much h armless , but some w hat riotous , fun, an d then e

re a che s a ll de g rees of unre s traine d li cense ; w e may s peak 0

a skating carnival, a carniv al of deb auchery, a carnival o
s la ug hte r The rev e l and rev e lry may include much that i
.

e leg ant and s umptuous , w ith e njoyment that is merely can

les s and unre s tr ain e d, the nce ex te nding to the w ildest ex ecs
in i ts best us e , eith er rev e l or re ve lry is of a hig he r g rad
than carn ival :
Th e re w as a sound of r e v e lry b y nig h t,
And B elt inn i s cap ital h ad g ath e r e d th e n
'

H e r be auty and h e r ch iv alry .

B YRON Oh ilde H arold .

Carous al, carous e, de bauch, o rg y, e tc , all denote unres tr ain

. t

indulg e nce in dr unke nnes s or o th e r vicious ple as ur e , w i th tl

accompanying deg radation Compare rs as r .
'
.

ANT O N !t“
ab s te mi ous ne s s t e mp e ram
ab s ti ne nce

C ARRY
S Y N O N YH S :
b e ar c o nv e y
b r i ng lif t t ak e

A pe rs on may bear a load e ithe r w h e n in motionor at res

he car rie s it only w he n in motion The s tooping Atlas ban
.

the w orld on his s houlders ; s w i ftly movin g Time carri e s tl

hour g lass and s cythe ; a pe rson may be s aid e ithe r to b e ar 1
-

to carry a s car , s in ce it is upon h im w he ther in moti on or

res t . I f an ob j e ct is to be mov e d from the place w e occup

w e s ay carry ; if to the pla ce w e occupy, w e s ay b ring .

mes s e ng e r car ri es a le tter to a corres pondent, and b ri ng s 1

ans w e r Take is ofte n use d in this s e nse in place of earn
.

as , take th a t le tter to th e ofiice Carry often sig n

. ifies
 oat oh

“ mo m s ;
b e ne fi t b oo n
b les s i ng c o mfort

P R EP O S I TI O N S :

The catastroph e o f a play ; f

o a s ieg e ; rare ly, to
e tc.

CATCH
S YN O NY M S :
ap p r e h e nd ns nar e
e
c ap t u r e e nt r ap
c las as ”
c lnt h g
c o m p r e h e nd
ga
i
p
r
g pe
di s co v e r lay h o ld of (o n, up o n) t ab
To catch is to ith or take poss e ss ion of
co me up w

de par ting , fug itive , or illus ive We catch a runaw a .

fl yi ng b all, a mous e in a trap We clutch w ith a s .

‘

cious mov e me n t of the fing e rs ; w e g ras p w ith a

mode rate clos ur e of the w h ole h and ; w e g rip or t
th e s trong es t mus cular clos ur e o f the w h ole h and 1
ex ert We clas p in the arms We s natch w ith a c
. .

de n, and us ually a s ur pris ing motion I n th e fig ure .

catch is use d of any act that b rings a pe rs on

into our p ow e r or poss es s ion; as , to catch a cr imi
act ; to catch an ide a in the s e nse of ap p re h e nd 0
,

h and . Compare ARRES T .

u rom s :

( all of g i v e up
fa ll s h or t of le t g o
P R EP O S I TI O N S :

To catch at a s tr aw ; to catch a fug itiv e b y the

catch a b all w i th th e le ft h and ; h e caug ht th e dis
the pati e nt ; the thie f w as caug h t i n the act ; the b
snare .

C AU S E
am ou nts a
f o u ntai n
ag e nt m o ti v e
ant e c e d e nt o c c as i o n
au t h o r ori g i n

oas u d i t y o r i g i nat o r

The e fficient caus e, th at w hich mak es anyth ing to

done , is the common me ani n g o f th e w o r d, as i n t
 c at c h

There is no e fi e ct w ith out a caus e E v e ry man ins tinct iv e

.

r e cog n izes hi ms e lf acting th roug h w i ll as th e caus e o f h is on

a c tion s The C re ator is the Great F irs t Caus e o f all thing s
. .

c o n dition is some thin th at n a il d a ult b

'

g e ce s s r y p re ce es re s ,

d o es n ot produce it An antece de nt s imp ly prece de s a re s a

.

w ith or w ith out an y ga e ncy i n p rod u cin g it ; a s , M o nd a y

t h e in va riab le ante ce de nt of Tue sday, but not th e caus e o f
T he direct antonym of caus e is e ffe ct, w h ile that o f ante ced e1
is conse que n t An occas ion is some e vent w hich br ing s
.

c a use in to action at a p articular mome nt ; g rav itation at

b e s t are the caus es of an av alanche ; the stee p incline of tl
m ountaind de is a necess ary condition, and the s hout of tl
-

t r aveler may be th e occas ion o f its fall Caus ali ty is tl .

d octrin e or prin ci ple of ca use s caus ation the action or w orl

,

i ng of caus es Compare DES I GN ; REASON

. .

A lum n u s :
co ns e q ue nce d e v e lop me nt end frui t o u tc om e p r o d ui

cre ati on e ffec t event i s s ue o ut g ro w t h r e s ult

M ON O ”:
The cause o f the dis as te r ; caus e f or inte r fe re nce .

CAV I TY
am o u n
ts :

ape r t ur e cr ac k p e r f o r ati o
b or e cr at e r pipe
d e ill e p or e
d e ll h o le r av i ne
de n h o llo w re nt
d e nt i nd e nt at i o n s li t
d e p r e s si on m i ne tu b e
ch as m d e p th no t c h t u nne l
e x c av at i o n o p e ni ng v ale
n
co cav i t y fis sur e o ri fi ce v alle y

A cavi ty is a hollow s pace w ith in a b o clv w hich may 1 .

Openex te r n ally or comple te ly e nclos e d ; as the rar i ty of tl ,

mouth ; the cavi ty of the s k ull; concavity us ually de notes t]

State of be in g concav e b ut m ay de no te
, a concav e s ur face

cavity .A h ole is an op e ning in a s o lid body o r comps

su bstance ; it may e x te nd e ntire ly th roug h the b ody or 011 .

partly throug h it, for min g a ca vi ty, an d may b e o f any s h ap

provided the trans v e rse ax e s are not g re atlv une qual as ,

ha “
unte d in the prov e rb o f fitting ro und me n into s qua
hole.
” A hole is g enerally thoug ht o f as ope n at one
 c e l e b r at e

A NTO NYM S :
b eg in i nau ‘ rat e s et in o e ratio n
c o mm e nce i nlt i i e g et np
g
o
e nt e r upo n i ns ti t ut e

P R E P O S I TI ON
Ce ase f m an
rog e r .

C E LE B RAT E
S YN O N Y M S :

co mm e m o r at e k eep ob s e r v e s o le mni se
To ce le b r ate any ev e nt make s ome demon
or occas io n is to
s tration of res pe ct or re j oicin g b e cau s e o f or in m e m o ry o f it,

or to perform s uch pub lic r ites or ce r e mon ies as it properly

de mands We ce le b rate the birth, comme mor ate the death of
.

on e b e lov e d or h onore d We ce le br ate a national anniversary

.

w i th mus ic a nd s ong , w ith firi ng of g uns and ri ng ing o f bells ;

w e comme morate b y an y so le m n a n d th o ug h tfu l se rv i ce ,
or b y
a monume nt or oth e r e nduring me morial We ke e p the Sa b .

b ath , s o le mmze a marriag e , o bs e r v e an anniv ers ary ; w e cele

’

b rate or o bs e r v e th e Lor d s S uppe r in w hich b elie ve rs com

’

me mo rate th e s nfi e ring s and de ath o f Chris t .

A N TONYM S :
con te mn d i s h o nor
d e s p is e d i s re g ar d
P R E P O S I TI ON S t

w e ce le b r ate day w ith ap pro pr iate ce re mon

the ies ; the
v ictory w as ce le b r ate d by th e pe o p le , w ith r e joicing .

C E NT ER
sy no ny ms
m i d d le mi d s t
We th e ce nte r o f a circle , th e mid dle of a room,
s pe ak of

th e middle o f the s tree t, the mi ds t o f a fores t The ce nter .

is e qually dis tant from e v e ry p oint of th e circumfere nce of

a cir cle , or from the oppos ite b o undaries on e ach ax is of a
p a r alle lo g ram , e tc ; th e m.i dd le i s m o re g e n e r al and les s de fin ite .

Th e cente r is a point ; th e midd le may be a line or a s pace .

We s ay at the ce nte r; inthe middle Mids t commonly implie s a .

g r o up o r m ult i tu de o f s urro u nd ing o b j e cts C om p ar e AM I D . .

A N TO NYM S t
b o und b o und ar y c i rc u mfe re nce p e ri m e t e r
 C H AG RI N
S Y N O NY M S t
co nf u s i o n di s o o m p os u r e h u mi li ati o n sham e
m r m i nt m e nt di s may m o r t i fl oati o n v enat i o n
Chag ri n un i tes dis appointme nt w ith some de g re e of h w
ms liatio n A r ainy day may b ring dis ap p oi ntme nt ; nee dles s
'

fai lure insome ente rprise bring s ch ag rin S h ame inv olves the .

co n scious ness of fa ult, g ui lt, or improprie ty ; chag rin o f

failure of j udg ment, or h ar m to r eputation A consciousness .

th at on e ha s di s play ed h is w n i n an w ill aus e h im

o g or ce c
a or tificat ion, how e ve r w orthy his inte nt ; i f the re w as a
des ig n to dece iv e , th e ex p s ure w ill cov er
o him w ith s ha e m .

d elig h t e x u ltati o n g lory j

r e oi ci ng t ri ump h

C H AN GE , v
m o m s:
e x ch ang e sh i ft t r ans m i t “
co mm u t e m e t am o r p h o s o s u b s ti tu t e t ur n
m o d i fy t r ans fl g nr e v ar y
q uali f y t r ans f o r m veer

To chang e is dis tincti v ely to make a thing oth e r th an it h as

been, in so me res pect at le as t ; to e x ch an e to ut or take some

g p
thin g e l se i n i ts p la ce ; t alt is ordinari ly to h a n a r ti a l ly,
o e r c g pe
to ma k e di ffere nt in one or more particulars To ex ch ang e
.

is ofte nto tr ans fer ow ne rs hi n i t f u n t

p; as , to ex cha g e c y o r c o r y
proper ty . Chang e is ofte n use d in the s e ns e o f e x ch ang e ;
as, to chan e hors es T t an m u e is to h a n th u a l i ti e s
g . o r s t c g e e q
While the s ubs tance re mains the s ame as to t r ans mute th e
; ,
ba ser metals in to g old To trans o r m is to ch ang e form o r ap
.
f
peara nce , w ith or w ithout dee pe r and mor e e s s e nti al ch ang e ; i t
is les s abs o lute thantran s mute , th ou h so me time s u s e d for t h at
g
Word, an d is o fte nuse d ina s piritual se ns e as t r ans mute co u ld
n “ n
ot be
; B e y e tr ans f or m e d b y th e re n e w i n g o f y o u r m i d ,

Rom x 11, 2 Trans fig ure is , as inits S cr i tur al us e , to ch ang e

p
. . .

inan e x alte d and g lorious s iri tual w a “J es us w as

p y;
ira n s fig ur e d be fore the m an
, d h is f ace d id s h i n e a s th e s u n ,
a nd his r aime nt w as w hite as th e li h t , ” Matt x v ii , 1, 2 T o
g .

metamorp h os e is to make some re mar k ab le ch ang e , ord inar i l y

 ang e
ch
o h ar aot e r

in ex ternal qualities , b ut o fte n in s tr ucture , us e, or chemical

con s titution , a s o f a ca t e r p i lla r in to a b utte rfl y, o f the s ta
me ns of a plant into pe tals , or of the crystalline s tr ucture
“ ”
o f ro cks , he n ce ca lled me tamorphi c rocks , as w he n a lime
s ton e is me tamorp h os e d in to a marb le . To vary is to ch ang e
fro m time to time , o ften capricious ly . To commute is to put
s ome th in g e as ie r , lig h te r , m i ld e r , o r in some w ay more favor
able in p lace of th at w hich is commute d ; as , to commute
capita l punis hme nt to impris on me nt for life ; to commut e daily
fares on a r ailw ay to a monthly payme nt . To conve rt (from
L can, w ith , and ve r to, turn) is to primarily turn about, and
.

sig ni fie s to ch ang e in form, ch aracte r , use , e tc , throug h a w ide

.

ra ng e o f r e lati ons ; iron is conve rte d into stee l, joy into g rief,
a s inne r into a s aint To turn is a popular w ord for chan
.
g e

in any se ns e s hort of the me anin g o f e x ch an g ,

e b e ing of te n
e qui vale n t to alte r, conv er t, trans form, tran s mute , e tc . We
mo dify or quali fy a s tate ment w hich mig ht seem too strong ;
w e mo d ify it b y s ome li mi ta tion, qualify it by s ome ad dition .

A NTO NYM S
ab id e conti nue
b id e end ur e

P R E P O S I TI ON S 3

To ch ang e a home toile t fo r a s tre e t dress ; to ch ang e fr om a

cate rpillar to or into a b utte rfl y ; to ch a ng e cloth e
s w i th a
be g g ar .

C H AN GE,
S Y N O NY M S t
alt e r at i o n m u t at i o n r e ne w i ng t r ans m u t at i o n
c o nv e r s i o n no v e lt y r e v o lu t i o n v ar i at i o n
div ersi t r e g e ne r at i o n t r ans f o r m at i o n v ar i e t y
i
i nno v at o n r e ne w al t r ans i t i o n v i ci s s i t u d e

A ch ang e is a pass ing from one s tate or form to anothe r, any

act o r proces s by w h ich a th ing be come s unlike w h at it w as
be for e o r th e unlike ne s s s o p roduce d ; w e s ay a chang e w as
,

taking place , or the ch an g e t h at h a d t ak e n p la ce w as m an if es t .

Mutation is a more formal w ord for chang e, ofte n s ug g es ting

re p e ate d o r co n tinual ch an g ;e a s ,
th e m u ta ti on s o f f o r t u n e .

No v e lty is a ch ang e to w h at is ne w , or the new nes s o f th at to

w h ich a ch an g e is mad e ; as ,
h e w a s p p
e r e tu a lly d e s ir o u s o f
nov e lty Re v olution is s pe cifically and mos t commonly a
.

ch a ng e of g ov er nme nt Vari ati on is a partial chang e in form,

.
 ch ar act e r i s t i c
ch e ck

s ti tutio n as s tr o ng or w eak, e tc , and fig.ur ativ e ly, alw ays

the adje ctiv e , of his me ntal or moral cons ti tuti on Com .

C H ARACTERI STI C .

P R E P O S I TI O N S
The itness h as a ch aracter for v e racity ; his
w ch aract

above s us picion; the ch aracte r of th e ap plicant .

CHARACT ER I S T I C
am ou ts : n
at t r i b u t e
c h ar ac t e r
d i s t i nct i o n
f e at u r e
A characte ris tic b e long s to th e nature or characte r o i
p e rs on , th ing , or c la ss , and se rv es to i de nti f y a n o b j ;
e ct
coppe r colored s kin
-

, h ig h ch ee k b o ne s , a nd-
s tr aig h t, bl a ck
are ch ar acte ris tics of the Ame ri can I ndian A s ig n is man .

to an obs e rve r ; a mar k or a ch aracte ris tic may b e more

cult to dis cove r ; a n inse ns ible pe rso n may s h ow s ig ns o f
w hile some times on ly close e x amination w i ll dis clos e mar l
v iole n cc Pallor is ordinari ly a mar k o f fe ar ; b ut in
.

b rav e nature s it is s imply a charac te r is tic of i nte ns e e ar

nes s Mar k is so me times us e d in a g ood b ut o fte n in a
.
,

s en se ; w e s pe a k o f th e ch ar acte ris tic of a g e ntle man, the a

of a vi lla in Compar e am rs urn; CH ARACTER
.
'
.

C H ARMI N G
S YNO N YM S
b e w i t ch i ng d e li g h t f u l e nr ap t u r i ng f as c i nat
c ap t i v at i ng e nch ant i ng e nt r anc i ng w i nni ng

That is char ming

b e w i tch ing w h ich is adap te d to
or

oth ers a s b y a mag ic s pe ll E n ch an ting , cnr ap tur mg e ntrar

. . .

re pre se nt th e infl ue nce as not only s upe rnatur al, b ut i r re s is

and de lig h tful Th at w h ich is fas ci nating may w in w it
.

de lig h ti ng , draw ing b y so me uns e e n p ow e r , as a s e r pes

p y;
r e w e ca n s p e a k o f h orr i b le f as c i na tio n (
"
h a r m i
. ng ap
on lv to w h at is e x te rnal to o ne s e lf de lig h tful may ap p]
p e rs on a l e x pe ri e n ce s or e m o t i o ns a s w e ll ; w e s p ak
e

char min g m ann e r , a ch a r min g d res s , b ut o f d e lig h tf u l anti q

tion s .Compare AMI AB L E ; B EAUTI F UL .

 ch ar ac t e r i s t i c
ch e ck

C H AS TE N
s x no nr u s
afl i c t ch as t i s e d i s ci li ne p u ni s h re fi ne sub d ue
oas t i g at e co r r e c t h u m lo p u r i fy s o ft e n tr y

Cas tig ate an d chas tis e re fe r s trictly to corporal punis h ment,

t h oug h bo th are some w h at ar ch aic ; co rr e ct and p unis h are
o f ten used as e uph e mis ms i n pre fe re nce to e ithe r P unis h i s .

d i s tinctly re tr ibutiv e in se nse ; ch as tis e, partly re trib utiv e , and

p artly corre cti v e ; ch as ten, w holly corre ctiv e Ch as te n is use d .

e x clus ive ly in the s pi ritua l se nse , and chie fl y of the v is itation

o f God .

P REP O S I TI O N S :
“We ” “
are ch as te ne d of th e L ord, 1 Co r x i, 32 ; th ey .

”
c haste ne d us af te r the ir ow n p le a s ure , b ut H e fo r o ur p r o fit,
”
H eb x ii , 10;
. ch a s te n i n th y h ot dis p le as ure , P s iv , 7; .

c s ten w i th p a
ha i n; by trials and s orr ow s .

CH E C K
b r i dle cu r b i nh i b i t re d u ce s lac k e n
ch e c k m at e h i nd e r m o d e r at e r e pr e ss s t ay
cou nt e r ac t i mp e d e o b s t r u ct r e s t r ai n s t op

To che ck is to r es tr ai n move me nt (s e e RES TRAI N ) s udde nly,

and partially or te mpor arily ; as , to ch e ck th e s pe e d of a
horse or o f a r ailw ay tr ain; to ch e ck the adv an ce o f a n
enemy ; to ch e ck pr og ress Ch e ck h as none of th e s ug g e s tion
.

of a rt, cunni ng , or s upe rior s ki ll th at is in b affl e and fo il

(see e m s ) ; an e ne my s adv ance may b e ch e ck e d b y march
’

in g up an e fi e ctiv e fo rce or p lanting canno n square ly i n h is

fron t Th e w ords ch e ck and ch eck mate are to be discr iminate d
.

a s pa rti al and total; in th e g ame o f ch ess , in w hich both

orig in
“ ”
ate d , a che ck is any attack upon the ki ng ; a p laye r s ’

first busi ne ss is to g e t h is k ing “ ”

o ut o f ch e ck ; un ti l th at is
don e he ca n make no othe r mov e ; i f he cannot do that h e ,

is beate n, and is te ch nically s aid to be ch e ck mate d ; ch eck mate

(from Pe rs s h ah mat th e ki ng is de ad ) is ne v er to b e use d
.
,

fig urativ e ly of anyth ing le ss th an final and irre me diab le de

feat (Comp are DEF EAT unde r CON Q U ER ) A pe rs on or mov e
. .

men t is ch e ck e d i f in any w a y re s tr ai ne d ; ch e ck mate d if de

fea ted be yond r e cov ery Co mp are am as s ; m a
. n ne r ; as
mom: RES TRAI N .
 ch e r i s h

C HB R I S H
S YNO N YM S :

ch e e r enc o u r ag e h ar b o r nur s e s h e lt e r
c li n to e nt e r t ai n h o ld d e ar nur t u r e t r e as u r e
co m or t fo s t e r no u r i s h p r o te ct v alu e
To ch e ris h is both to h old de ar and to treat as dear Mere .

un e x pr es s e d es te e m w ould n ot be ch e r is h in g I n th e m a rr i ag e

m
.

v ow ,
“ to love , hon or , a
”
nd ch e ris h , the w ord ch e ris h im ies all
th at e ach can do by lov e and te nde r n ess for the w e lfa re a nd
hap p iness o f th e oth e r, as by s upport, protection, care in
s ick n es s , co mfort in s orr ow , s ymp a th y, and he lp o f e ve ry ki nd .

To nu rs e is to te nd the h e lples s or fe e b le , as infants , or the

s ick or w oun de d To nouris h is s tr ictly to s us tain and b uild
.

up b y food ; to nur ture in cludes ca re ful me n tal and s pir itual

training , w i th s ome th ing o f lo v e an d te nde rness ; to fos te r is
s imply to main tain and care for , to b ring up ; a fos te r child -

w ill be n o uris h e d, b ut ma y n o t b e a s te nde r ly nur tu r e d or a s

lov ing ly ch e ris h e d as if o ne s o w n I n th e fig urati v e se nse,

’
.

the o pinion on e ch e r is h e s h e h olds , n ot w i th me re cold con

v i ctio n, b ut w it h lo vi n g d e v o t io n .

S ee s ynonyms for AB AN DON ; C H AS I E N

' ‘
.

C HI EF,
S YNO N YM S z
c a t ai n c o m m and e r h i ng m as t e r p r i nc i p al s ac h e m
e ft ai n h e ad le ad e r p r i nc e r u le r

A ch ief is e ith e r th e r ule r o f a trib e or the he ad o f some

de p artme nt o f es tab lis he d g ov e rnme nt ; as , th e chie f of poli ce ;
the w or d is r are ly, and for the mos t par t colloquially, app lied
to one h oldin g s o me a n alog o us p o s i tio n i n li te r ar y o r

me rcantile life , e tc Ch ie ftai n is now mainly e mploye d in

.

lite r ary, and chie fl y poe tic use : it h as s pe cial h is tori c ap

,

p li ca ti o n to th e h e ad o f a S co ttis h cla n A le a de r is o n
. e w h o

is v oluntarily follow e d, be cau e o f ability to g uide o r co ntrol

s
.

or a s th e ch oice o f a p arty A mas te r is one w ho can e nforce

.
 ci r c u m s t ance

pre ss i ng th oug h t ; ci rcumlocution is th e more common, peri

p h r a s i s th e m or e tec hn ica l w or d . C o ns ta n t c i rc u m lo c ntio n pro

duce s an afi e cte d and h e avy s tyle ; occasion ally, s kilful peri

p h ra s is c on d u c es b oth to be a u ty an d t o s im p li city . E t ym olog
ically, di/fus e ne s s is a scatte ring , both of w ords and thoug ht;
re d un dan cy is a n overfl ow . P r olix ity g oes into e ndless petty
de tails , w i thout se lection or pe rs pectiv e P leon
. as m is the
e x pres s ion o f an ide a a lr e ady plainly implie d ; tautolog y is the
res tate me n t in othe r w ords of an ide a alre ady s tated , or a
use less re petition o f a w or d or w or ds . P leonas m may add
e mp h as is ; tautolog y is alw a a f a u lt
“I a i t i th m
y s . s w w y
“ ”
e yes is a p leonas m; all the me mb e rs ag re e d unanimous ly is
tauto log y . Ve r b iag e is the us e of mere w ords w ith out th oug ht .

Ve rb os i ty and w or d ine s s de note an e x ce ss o f w ords i n pro

p o rt io n to th e th o u g h t . T e di o us ne s s is t h e s u re re s ult o f an y
of the se faults of s tyle .

ANTO NYM S z
b re v ity p lai nne s s s ucc i nctnes e
co mp ac t n es s s h o r tnes s t e rs e nes a
co mp r e s s i o n

C I RC UMSTANC E
S YNO N Y M S :
ac c o m p ani m e nt { no t
c o nc o m i t ant f e at u r e
d e t ai l i nc i d e nt
e v e nt

A cir cums tance (from L circum, around, and s to, s tand) is

.

s o me thi n g e x is tin g o r o c cu r r i n g i n co n n e ct i o n w i th o r r e la tio n

to s ome o th e r fact o r e ve nt, modi fying o r th row ing lig h t upon
the princi pal matte r w itho ut afi e cting i ts ess e n ti al char acter ;
an acco mp anime nt is s ome thing that unites w ith the p ri ncipal
matte r , tho ug h not ne ce s s ary to it ; as , the p iano acco mpaniment
to a s o n g ; a c o nc o m it a n t g o es w i th a th in g i n n a tu r al conn ec

tion, b ut i n a s ub ordinate capacity, or pe rh aps i n contras t ; as ,

ch ee r fuln e ss is a con co mitan t o f v irtue . A ci rcums tance is
not s trictly, nor us ually, an occas ion, condition, e fi e ct, or re
s ult .
(S e e th es e w o r d s u n d e r C AU S E.
) N o r i s th e ci r cum

s tan ce prop e r ly e u in cide n t .

(S e e under ACCI DENT ) We say .
,
“M d i i n w i ll d e e n d u n i u m t a n ”—
n o t “ u n
y ec s o p p o c r c s c e s p o
”
i ncid ents . Th at a man w e re a b lue neck tie w ould no t prob
ably be the cause , occasion, condition, or concomitant o f his
 ci r cu m s t anc e
c las s

co mm itti ng mur de r : b ut i t m ig h t b e a w ry imp o r tant c i r

c ums tan c e in ide n ti fyi ng h i m as the murde re r All the car .

cums tan ce s ma ke up th e s i tuat ion A ce r tain di se as e is the

.

cause o f a ma ns de ath ; his s ufi e ring is an inci de nt; that h e

’

is in his ow n h ome , that he h as g ood me dical atte ndance ,

ca re ful n urs ing, e tc , are co
. n so latory ci r cu ms tances W ith th e .

sa
“
me idea o f s ubordination, w e ofte n s ay, Th is is not a ci r
”
cums tan ce to tha t S o a pers o n is s ai d to be i n e as y cir
.

cums tan ces Comp are E VE NT

. .

P R E P O S I TI O N S :
“Me re s ituatio nis e x pre sse d by i nthe circums tance s ; action
‘ ’

afi ecte d is pe rform e d ‘
und e r th e cir cums tance s
’
M
[ ] . .

CLASS
su mm er
nooo c i nti o n ci r c le c li no co m p any deg ree or d e r s et
cla n cl u cot e r i e

A clas s is a numb e r or body of pe rs ons or ob j ects having

common purs ui ts , pur pose s , attrib utes , or ch a ra cte ris tics .A
ca s te is h ere dita ry ; a cla s s ma y b e i n de p e n d e n t o f li n e ag e o r

des cent ; me mbe rs hip in a cas te is su ppose d to be for li fe ;

members hi p in a clas s may be v ery trans ient ; a r e lig ious and
ceremon ial s acre dnes s attaches to the cas te, as not to th e clas s .

The rich and th e poor form s e parate clas s e s ; ye t i ndi vi duals are
con s tan tly p ass in g f r o m e a ch to t h e o t h e r ; t h e c la s s e s in a
colle g e re main the s ame , b ut th e ir me mbe rs h ip ch an g e s e v e ry

year We s pe ak of rank among he re di tary nobility or military

em
.

ee rs ; of v a rious or d e rs o f th e pri es th ood ; b y accommodation ,

we may re fer in a g e n e r al w a y t o th e hi g h e r ra n k s ,
t h e lo w e r

orde rs o f an y so c ie t y . G r ad e implie s some re g ular scale of

va luation, and s ome inhe r e nt qualities for w h ich a pe rs on or
thin g is pla ce d h ig h e r o r lo w e r i n th e sc a l e ; a s , t h e co a r se r
a nd fin er g r ade s of w ool; a ma n o f an inferior g rad e .A
cote rie is a s ma ll company of pe rsons o f s i mi lar tas tes , w ho
meet fre que ntly in an informal w ay, r ath e r for social enj oy
ment than for any se ri ous p ur pos e .Cli que h as alw ays an
un favorable mean ing A cli que is alw ays fr ac tional, implyi ng
som e g re ate r g ath e rin g o f w h i c h i t is a part ; the as s ociati on
breaks up into clique s Pe rsons uni te in a cote ri e thr oug h
.

simple li ki n g fo r n e a n o th e r ; th e w i th d a w in t a l na
o y r o o i e
larg e ly throug h av ersion to outsi ders . A s e t, w h ile e x clus ive;

is more e x te ns ive than a clique, and chie fl y of e rs ons w ho

p
are unite d by common social s tation, etc Circle is s imilar in .

me aning to s e t, but of w i de r application; w e s peak o f s cien

tific and re lig ious as w ell as of social circles .

r nnr o s m o ns ;
A claf
ss m e roch ants ; th e se nior class at ( m
soe times of)
H arvard ; th e clas s es in co lleg e .

C L EANS E
S YN ONY H S z

b ru s h
c l e an
d i s i nf e c t
d us t

To clea n is to n by re moving dirt, impuriti e s , or

make cle a

soil of a ny kind Cle ans e implies a w orse condition to start

.

from, and more to do, than clean He rcules clean s e d the

.

Aug e an s tab les Cle an

. s e is e s pecially applie d to pur ifyin g
p roces s es w h e re liq uid i s use d, as in th e fl us hi ng o f a s tre e t,

e tc . We brus h clothing if dus ty, s pong e it, or s pong e i t 05 ,

if soile d ; or s p ong e e d a s pot Furniture books , e tc , are
. . .

dus te d ; fl oors are mappe d or s crubbe d ; me tallic ute nsils are

s coured ; a room is s w e p t; so ile d g a r me n ts are w as h e d ; foul
air or w ate r is purified Cle an se a
. nd p uri fy are use d ex
te nsi ve ly in a moral s e nse ; w as h in th at se n s e is archaic .

Clean s e your h ands . ye si nne r s , and puri fy y our h eart s . y e d ou b le

mind e d .

James , i v . 8
Compare AB LUTI ON AMEN D .

ANTO NYM S :

b e i ou l
b e s me ar
b e s mi rch
b es p at ter

P R E P O S I TI O N S :

Cleanse of or from phys ical or moral de fileme nt ; cle an se

w i th an ins tr ument ; by an ag e nt ; the room w as cleane d by

the attendants w i th so ap and w ater .

 cle v e r
co m f o r t ab le

hindrance ; as , p lain lang uag e ; a p lai n s tateme nt ; a clear ex

p lan ati o n P e r
.s p i cuo us i s o fte n e qui v ale nt to p a
l i n, b ut plain
nev e r w holly los es the me aning of unador ne d, so that w e could
not call it at once ornate and p lai n Compare m m . .

A NTO NYM S
amb i g uo us
c lo ud y

P R E P O S I TI O N S :

Cle ar to the mind ; clear in arg ume nt ; clear o f or f

ros

annoyances .

C LEV ER
S YN O N Y M S
d e x t e r ous i nt e ll e c t u al u i ok = t i tt s d
ad r o i t
ap t
b ri g h t
ex rt
te d
ap p y
i nt e lli g e nt
k een
k no w i ng
w
s ul

oap ab l i ng e ni o u s q u i ck

Cle v e r, as use d i n Eng land, e s pecially implies an aptitucl e

fo r s tudy or le ai ning , and for e x ce lle nt th oug h not p ree min

'
el i
t

me ntal achiev e me nt The e ar ly New Eng land us ag e as irfl

‘

“
.

l
py gi n s i mp le and w e ak g oo d natu re h as lar e l
g y afi ected ti,
use o f th e w o r d th ro ug h out th e U n ite d S tates , w he r e it b’
ne ve r b e e n much in fav or S mar t, indi cating das hing ab ilitfi ”
.

is no w co ming to hav e a s ug g e s tion o f unscr upulous nesé '

s imilar to th a t o f the w ord s h arp , w h ich mak e s its use a doub?

’

ful complime nt Th e dis criminating us e of s uch w ords a ; s

—
,
.

able, g ifte d, tale nt e d, e tc , is g re atly p re fe rab le to an e x ecs

.
f
”

si v e us e o f th e w or d cle ve r Comp are ACUM EN ; s a

. m 3
POWER .

am m s
k d id
33 53}
t
11 1 i ig
h k z h e ad e‘
clu ms y w i tle s s

C O LL I SI ON
S YN O N YM S
co nfl i c t
c o nt ac t
e nco u nt e r

Co llis i on, th e act or fact of s triking viole ntly tog e the r, in

he re s ult o f motion o r action, and is s udde n an d mome n tary ;
may be a condition of res t, and be continuous and
mt ; collis ion is s udde n and violent contact Concus .

ofte n by tran s mitted force ra the r than by direct im

ro ra ilw ay tr ain s come in
-
to collis i on; an e x plos ion of
e s hatters n e ig hborin g w in dow s b y concus s i on I mpact .

low g ive n by the s triki ng bo dy ; as , the impact of the

shot upon the targ e t An e ncounte r is a s udden mee t
.

ndly or hostile ; as , an e ncounte r w ith frie nds or w i th

ncounte r o f w its or of comb atants ; th e hos tile mean
e

coomin g p r e do m i n a n t M e
. e ti n g is ne ut r a l, a n d m ay
ie deares t fri e n ds or of the bitte res t foes ; of obj ects ,
DDS , or of Opin i on s ; of tw o or of a multitude S h ock .

ss ult of co lli s ion . I n the fig ur ativ e use , w e s pe ak of

of vie w s co llis i on o f pe rs on s Opp osi tion is used
.

if
p e rs o ns , m o re r ar e ly o f o p in i on s o r in te res ts ; con

use d in difi e re ntly of all .

e cen

o n of one ob ject w i th anoth er ; o f or b e tw e e n oppos ing

C OM F O RTABL E
“ 8
ib le ch e e r y g e ni al s nu
e co m m o d i ous p le as ant w e z
ofl
t c o nt e nt e d s at i s f ac t o r y w e ll = p r o v i ded
ui c o nv e ni e nt s at i s fi e
'
d w e ll = t o = d o

sonis mfo r table inmind w he n contente d and me as ur

co

sfie d A little additional b rig htne ss makes him ch e e r

.

i s comfo rtab le in b ody w h e n free fro m p ain quie t, ,

at r es t H e is comfortab le in circums tance s , or in

.

ib le ci rcums tan ces , w h e n th ing s ab o ut hi m ar e g e ne r

r
e ab le a nd s atis facto ry, us ually w ith the s ug g e s ti on of
me ans to s e cure th at re s ult .

fo r lorn unco mfortab le

mi s e rab le w r e tc h e d
 co mmi t

C O MM I T
B YR ON “ !z
as s i g n co nfi d e co ns i g n e ntr u s t r e le g at e tr ust
Commi t, in the se n s e he re con s ide red , is to g ive in cha rge,

p u t in to ca r e or k ee in
p g ; to co nfi d e o r in trus t is to comm it
es pe ci ally to one s fide li ty, confide be in
’
g used chie fl y of men
tal or s piritual, intrus t als o of material thin g s ; w e as sig na
d uty, confide a secre t, intrus t a tre as ure ; w e commi t thoug hts
to w ri ti n g ; co m m i t a a
p p e r to th e fla mes , a body to the
ea rth ; a p rison e r is commi tte d to j ail Con s ig n is a form
. al
w or d in me rcantile use ; as , to con s ig n g oods to an a g e n
t
Re lig io us ly, w e cons ig n the body to the g rave , commi t the soul
to God .Compare DO .

P R E P O S I TI O N 8
Commi t to a frie nd for safe kee pin g ; i-
n l a w , co m m i t to

p ri s o n fo r tri al ; w i th o ut b ai l; in de fault o f bai l; o n s us pi ci on .

C OMPAN Y

co nv o c ati o n h o st
cr o w d
g at h e r i ng
g r oup

C o mpany (from L . cu m, ith , and p anis , b re ad ) de

w

no tes pri mari ly the as s oci ation of those w ho e at at a common

tab le , or the pe rs on s so a s s ociate d, tab le compa nions , mess
-

mates , fr iends , and h ence is w ide ly e x te nded to include any

as s ociation o f thos e unite d pe r mane ntly or te mpo rarily, for
b us ine s s , pleas ure , fe s tivi ty, tr av e l, e tc or by so rrow , mis .

fortune , or w r ong ; co mpany may de note an inde finite num ‘

be r (ordinari ly more than tw o ) , b ut les s th an a multi tude ; in

the military se n s e a co mp an y is a lim i te d a nd defini te num
be r of me n; comp any implies more unity o f fee li ng and
u
p p r o s e th an cr o w d ,
and is a l e ss f o r m a l and more famili ar
w or d th a n as s e mb lag e or as s e mbly An as s e mb lag e may be of
.

p e rso n s o r of o b j e cts ; an a s s e m b ly is al w a ys of pe rson s An .

as s e mb lag e is promis cuous and unorg aniz ed ; an as s e mb ly is

org an ize d and unite d in s o me commo n p ur pos e A conclar e .

is a se cre t as s e mbly . A conv o catio n is an as s e mbly calle d b y

authority for a s pe cial pur pose ; the te rm conv e n ti on s ug g es ts
 166

p l
a ins ofa re al or ass umed g ri e v ance ; h e may mur mu r th roug h
me re pe evis hness or ill tempe r ; h e repi nes , w ith v ain dis h e s,
at the irre vocab le or the ine vitab le Complai n in
.
g is b y p
s e e ch
or w riti n g ; m ur m u ri ng is co m m on ly s ai d of half re pre s ed -

utter a nce ; repining of the me ntal act alone One may com .

p lai n of an o ffe nse to t h e ofi e nde r or to others ; he rema n

s trates w ith the ofi e n de r only Complai n h as a formal an
. d
leg al me an ing , w hich the oth er w or ds h ave not, sig ni fying to
make a formal accus ation, pres e nt a s pecific charg e ; the s ame
is tr ue of th e n oun co mp lain t .

ANTO N “ !t
ap p laud app rov e co mm e nd e ulog i z e p rai s e
P R EP O S I TI ON S :

Complain of a thing to a pe rs on; of one pe rson to anothe r,

of or a g ains t a pe rso n fo r an act ; to an ofiicer ; b efor e the
court ; about a thin g .

C O M P L EX
S YN O NY H S t

ab s t r u s e co nf u s e d i nt r i cat e mi x ed
c o m p li c at e d c o ng l o m e r at e i nv o lv e d m u lt i f o r m
com p osi te e nt ang l e d m ani f o ld o b s c ur e
c o m p o u nd h e t e r o g e ne o u s mi ng le d t ang le d
Th at is comp lex w hich is made up of se veral conne cte d p arts .

Th at is comp ound inw h ich th e parts are not me re ly co nnecte d,

b ut fus ed , or othe rw is e combine d in to a s in g l e s ub s ta n ce .I n a
comp os i te obj e ct the dif fere nt p arts h ave less of uni ty th an in
th at w hich is comp le x or co mp ound, b ut main tain the ir dis ti nct
i ndiv iduality . I n a h e te rog e ne ous body unlike parts o r p arti
cle s a r e in termin g le d , o fte n w i th o u t a pp a r e n t o r d e r o r p la n .

C ong lo me rate (lite r ally, g lobe d to g e the r ) is s aid o f a co nfus e d

ming li ng of mas se s or lumps o f v ari ous s ubs tances Th e New .

E ng land p udding s to ne is a cong lome rate r ock

-
I n a comp le x
.

obj e ct the a r ran g e m e n t an d r e la t io n o f p a rt s m ay b e p e r fec t ly

cle ar ; in a co mp licate d me ch an is m the parts are s o nume ro us ,
o r s o comb in e d, th a t th e mind can n o t re a di ly g ras p th e ir
mutual re lations : in an intricate arr ang e me nt the parts are
so in te rtw in e d that it is di f ficult to follow the ir w inding s ;
th ing s are i nvolve d w h ich are r olle d tog e th e r s o as not to be
ea s i ly s e para te d, e ith e r in thoug h t or in fact ; th ing s w hich are
tang le d or e n tan g le d m utu ally h o l d a nd d r aw u po n e ac h ot h e r .
The co nce ption of a mater ial obj ect is us ually comp lex , in
v olvi n g f o r m , l es s co lor, si ze , and o th e r e le m e nts a clo ck is a
comp licate d mecha nis m , the Gordian knot w as i ntr icate ; the
tw in in g s e r p e n ts o f the L a o co on are i nv o lv e d W e s p e ak o f an
s bs tr us e s ta te ment, a comp le x conce ption, a con fus e d h e a p, s

h eterog en e ous ma s s , a ta ng le d skein, an intri cate prob lem ; of

compos i te a rchite cture, a ninvolv ed sente nce ; of the complicated
or i n tri cate a ccoun ts of a g reat b usin es s , the e n tan g le d ac

coun ts of an in compe ten t or dis h on es t bookkee pe r .

am m as
c le ar h omog e ne ous plai n uncom b i ned uni form
di r e ct o b v i ous s i mp le unc omp o un d ed unrav e le d

C OM PROM IS E
m o m s :
ar b i t r at i on co m p o undi ng co nci li at i on
ar r ang e m e nt c o nce s s i o n s e t t l e m e nt
ag re e m e nt com p o s i t i o n

Ag re eme nt ex pres s es the act fact of ag ree ing , and may

or

be fre e and he arty or s ecure d w ith labor and difficulty Con

.

ce ss ion is a yie ldin g to an ot h e r o f th a t w h i ch o ne w o u ld l i k e

to re tain; con ces sio n may be v olun ta ry a nd g e ne rous , calculat

ing and cr afty, or forced and unw illing . Compr o mis e is
mutual conces s ion by those of opposing vie w s and inte res ts ,
each yie ldin g so m e th in g to th e o t he r o r o th e rs ; th e e x p re s s i on
“ ”
mutual co mp romis e , some times he ar d, is tautolog ical, for
comp r omis e is b y its v e ry n ature “ ”
mutual ; w he re all the
con ces s ion is on on e side , th e re is n o comp r omis e . Adjus t
me nt of difl ere nces is larg e ly by tre atme nt or e x planation of
matte rs o f fact on some bas is th at can be mutually acce pted ,
and may or may not in v olv e con ces s ion or comp r o mis e ; a s,

the adjus tme nt of a loss unde r an ins urance policy .Accom

mo dation is a fitting or adapting of the vie w s or w is hes of
on e to those of an oth er ; ar r an g e m e nt i s s i m il ar in m e an in g ;
e i ther accommodati on or arr an g e m e nt p a r t a k e s o f th e n ature
o f co mpr omis e, b ut is les s formal a nd compre h ens iv e in me an
ing ; as , his creditors g rante d him an accommodation; or,
h e made an arrang e ment w ith h is cre ditors ; th e decis ion to
admit Mimouri as a s lav e S tate on condition of fre edom
fo r all othe r te rritory north o f the paralle l of 35 deg r ee s
30 minutes mig ht be te r med an ag re e me nt, acco mmodation,
 co nd e mn

adjus tment, or arrang e me nt; i t is his torically kn ow n a s the

“Miss our i Com r omis e ” Com os i tion an d m n n in
p p. c o po u di g
this se nse are n ow some w ha t rare an d te chn ical te rms ; th e
latte r is chie fl y us e d in an o pprobrious se n se ; a s , th e ca n s

p oun ding of a fe lony, by re fr ain ing , for a considerati on, from

b ri ng ing t he g u il ty p ar ty to j u s ti ce C on cil ia tio n .is a g e n
era l te rm, sig n i fying the ov e rcomi ng of enmity or appea r:

tion b y some ple as ing me thod, action, or in fl uence, pe haps

r
,

t houg h n ot n e ce s s ar ily, in volv in g c o n ces s i o n o r c om p r om i s e ,

c on ciliati on o fte n pr eced e s any formal acti on, an d is tln‘

b as is that makes ag r e e me nt poss ib le S e ttlement is the cor- n
.

e lus ion o f a ny matte r , w he th er in dis pute or not, b y com 4 .

act that is final ; as , the s e ttle me nt o f an account by

me nt of the amount due Ar bitration is the most formal 0

—
.

thes e te rms , s ig n ifying the re fe re nce o f a di s puted matte r 0 “ f

matte rs , by law , tre aty, or mutual ag ree ment, to some outs id ‘ e

“ ”
pe rsonor pe rs ons (an arb itrator or w hose dg B

—
J -

cision s h a ll be binding upo n both th e conte nding parties ; ag

—
o

the Co urt o f Ar bi trati on at the H ag ue S ince the re adies .

“ J "t

me th od of comp r omis e is ofte n by the yielding of principl B

for ex pedie ncy , th e w or d h as come to h av e an opp rob rioufi

se n s e w h ich is n ot pa rt of i ts ori g in al meaning .

Th e y e ns lave th e ir ch ildr e ns ’
childr e n w h o mak e compr omis e w i th si n .

LOWE LL P r e s e nt Cri s is . st . P

Wh e n co mpr omis e b road e ns . i nte llect and co ns ci e nce ar e th rus t lute - J

narr ow e r r oom . Gs onc s E mor F e lix H olt ch 16 , .

Te mpor izi ng (fr om L te m u

p ,
s t im e ) is no
. t s e ttle me nt ; it
"
;

h as no mo re v ir tue th an co mp ro mis e , and le ss s tab ility, be i ng

me re mo me ntary adjus tme nt, to me e t the s uppress e d nee d?
o f th e time for th e time .

A NTO NY M S :
alt e rcati o n co nte s t d i s c us s i o n d i s s e ns io n
b at t le co nt r o v e rs y d i s p utat io n q uarr e l
co n t e nt io n d e b at e d i s p ut e s t r i fe

C ON D E MN

co nv i c t do om re ps
-
e ve
d e no u nc e r e pr ob at e

To conde mn is to p as s judici al se nte nce or re nde r j udg ment

or de cis ion ag ainst Ws mav censure s ile ntly ; w e
.
'

co nd e mn
 co nf e s s

actual i nj ury done , as a public w arning ag ainst similar acts , a s

of mali cious mis ch ie f As the judg me nt of th e g ravi ty of an
.

ofi e n se de pe nds larg ely upon the vi ew and te mpe r of the

on e in fl icting the pe nalty , cond ig n has become a s ome w h at
re pr oach ful w or d, h aving be e n o fte n us e d to dis g se punis h
ui
me nts unnecess arily or unjus tly h ars h or s e ve re , or infl icted
in ang er or re ve ng e Compare S EVERE. .

ANT O NY M S :
ent le le ni e nt tri v ial
nad e q uat e mild

C O NFESS
“ mo m s :

ac ce p t allo w co nce d e
ac k no w le d g e av o w d i s clo s e
ad mi t ce r t i fy e nd or s e

We accep t anothe r s s tate ment ; ’

ad mi t any point made ag ai nst
us ; acknow le dg e w h at w e h av e said or don e , g ood or bad ;

avow our indiv idual be lie fs or fee ling s ; ce r tify to facts w i th in

our kn ow le dg e ; con fe s s o ur o w n f a u lts ; e ndo r s e a f r ie nd
’
s n o te
or s ta te me nt ; g r ant a re ques t ; ow n our faults or ob lig ation s ;

r e cog n iz e law ful author ity ; co nce de a claim Confess h as a .

hig h and s acre d use in th e re lig ious s e nse ; as , to confe s s Ch ris t

be fore me n I t may have also a playful se ns e (ofte n w i th to ) ;
.

as , one confe s s es to a w eaknes s for confe ctione ry The chi e f .

p r e se n t use o f the w o r d h ow e v e r , is in th e se n
, s e o f m aki n g
k now n to oth e rs one s ow n w r ong doing ; in this se nse confe ss
’ -

is s trong e r th an ac know le dg e or admi t, and more s pe ci fic th an

ow n a pe rs on ad mi ts a mis ta ke ; ackno w le dg es a fault ; co n
f e s s e s s in or cri me C o m
.
p a re A PO L OG Y avow .

A NTO N YM S s
c lo ak d e ny
co nc e al d i s av o w
co v e r d i s g ui s e

C O NFI RM
S Y N O NY M S s
as s u r e sa nc t i o n
c o r r o b o r at e s e tt le s us tai n
e s t ab li s h s tr e ng t h e u u p h o ld

C onfir m (from L con, tog e the r and fir mus , firm) is to add

. .

firmness or g iv e s tability to B oth confir m and cor r oborate pr e

.
 co nf e s s

mething already e x is ting to w hich the confirmation

s up pos e s o
o r corrob or ati on is added Tes timony is corroborate d by
.

con curre nt te s timony or b y ci rc ums tance s ; confir me d by

e st ab lis he d facts That w hich is thoroug hly prov ed is s ai d to
.

be es tab lis h e d ; s o is that w hi ch is ofiicial and h as adequate

p o w er b e hi nd it ; as , th e es tab li s h e d g ov e rn m e nt ; th e e s t ab li s h e d
ch urch . The contine nts are fix e d A treaty is ratifie d; an
.

ap pointme nt confir me d Anact i s s ancti oned by any pe rs on or

.

authority th at passes upon it approving ly A state me nt is

.

s ub s tan tiate d ; a re port con fi r m e d ; a c o n trov e rs y s e t tle d ; t h e

de cis ion of a low er court s us tai ne d by a hig her J us t g ov e rn.

me nt s hould be uph eld The be ne fice nt res ults of Ch ris ti anity

.

con fi r m o u r fa ith i n it as a di v in e re ve la ti on .

“ To m s
ov e r t h ro w
d e s troy s h ak e

P R EP O S I TI ON S :

Confirm a stateme nt by te s timony ; nfirm a pers on i n a

co

C ON GRATU LAT E
anto m

To fe li citate is to pronounce ne h appy or w is h one joy ;

o

to con g r atu la te i s to e x p re s s h e ar t m
y y p
s ath y in h is jy
o s or

h opes .F e lici tate is cold and formal We say one fe li citate s .

himse lf ; th oug h to cong ratulate o nese lf, w hich is le ss natur al,

is be co mi ng pr e v ale nt .

A NTO N Y M S :
cond o le w i t h co nsole
P R EP O S I TI O N S :

Cong r atulate o ne on or up on h is s ucce ss .

C 0NJ O lN
S YN O N YM S z
“
232
as s o ci at e
An ob j e ct that adjoi ns anothe r touches th at othe r at one
o r more po i n ts or at on e s ide o r e dg e ; a g a r de n adj o ins a

h ouse w h e n lying be s ide o r b e h ind i t ; i f w e w ere to s ay th at

 co nq u e r

the g arde n is conn e cte d w i th the house, w e s hould thin k of

s o me p ath o r pas s ag e w ay by w hich the on e mi g h t be reached
from the othe r To conjoi n is to join w i th much comp leten
. ess

and pe rman en ce , a s by adh es ion , in te rg row in g, o r f u s i ng to

g e t h e r at a p o i n t, ed g e , o r s ur f ac e ; p ai n t is a t o n ce cos

j oi ne d w i th th e s u r fa ce t o w h ic h it is ap p lie d ; t h i n g s th a t a re

j o in e d m a y n o t b e c o nj o i n e d ; f rie n d ly h a n d s o r m ee ti n g ro a ds

o r s tre a ms are joi ne d, b ut not conjoi ne d Conjoi n is ofte nia .

te rch an g e a b le w ith u ni te ,
b u t ca n jo i n di rec ts a tte n ti o n to t he

or ig in al s e parate ness , uni te to the final unity To s ubjoi nis

.

to add at the e n d, to attach or aflix as some th in g a d di ti o na l to .

appe nd . Concate n ate (a s omew h at rare or te chni cal w ord)

s ig n ifie s to joi n in a chain or se ries , all the parts o f w hich
h av e ne utr al re lations ; as , i n nature causes and e fi ects are
con caten ate d .Compar e ADD ; APP END ; APPLY ; ar racn; U NI TE .

“ To m s:
S ee th e antonyms fo r th e w ords above re fe rred to .

C O NQ U E R
d Y N O N YM S s

b e at
ch e c k m at e
cr u s h
d e f e at
di s c o m fl t
d ow n w ors t
h u m b le

To de fe at an e ne my is to g ain an adv antag e for th e time ;

to vanquis h is to w i n a s ig nal v icto ry ; to co nquer is to ov e r
co me s o e fi ectua lly that the v ictory is r eg ar ded as final An .

army is defeate d w he n i t is dri v e n b ack or compe lle d to t e

ti re dis as tr o us ly, w i th loss of p os ition, mi litary e qui pme nt, an d
“ ”
me n A de fe at is final for a b attle , b ut not ne ce s sarily for
.

a campaig n . Conque r, in many case s , carrie s the ide a of

i n; as , to co nque r r e s pe ct, afi ection, pe ace , e tc A
'

p o ss e s s o .

coun try is conque r e d w he n its armie s are de fe at e d and its

te rr ito ry is o ccup ie d b y the e n e my : it ma y b e s ubje c te d to i a
de mnity or to v ar ious dis ab ilities ; it is s ubjug ate d w he n it
is he ld he lples s ly and co ntinuous ly under military contr o l ; i t is
s ub d ue d w h e n all re s is tan ce h as die d o ut An army is ro u te d
.

w h e n i t is co n ve rte d i nto a mob o f fug i tiv e s Co mpare B EAT . .

e le me nts ; the is s ue is that w hich fl o w s fo r th d i re ctly ; w e sav

the is s ue a b attle , the r es ult o f a campaig n A cons equent

of .

co mmon ly is th at w hich follow s simply in orde r of time, or

by log ical infe re nce The end is the actual outcome w ithout
.

de te rmination of its r e lation to w hat h as g one be fore ; it is

ordin arily v ie w ed as eithe r the neces s ary, natural, or log ica‘
outcome , a ny e ffe ct, cons e que nce, or re sult be ing te rme d an
en d ; as , t e e nd of s uch a course mus t be ruin The eve!
h - t .

( fro m L e , ut, a d v enia, come ) is primarily e x actly the can

o n , 0
"
.

inme ani ng as o utcome ; b ut in use it is more ne ar ly e quivales

to ups h ot, s ig nifyi ng th e s um and s ub s tance of all ef
f e cts , co “
s e que nces , a nd res ults o f a course of action Compare ACI D
'
'
.

CI DEN r ; CAU S E ; CI RCU M STAN CE ; EN D ; EVEN T

'
.

CO NSO L E
S YN O NY M S
co m for t co nd o le w i th e nc o u r ag e sy m p ath i s e w it

—
One condo les w ith anothe r by the e x pres s io n of kindly s yn ‘ fl '

a th i n h i t u b l h n l h im b n si d a ti n a d a ted d
p y s ro e ; e c o s o e s y co e r o s p
' ld
to sooth e and s us tai n the s pirit, as b y the as s ur an ces e u

m i f th l h n u a h im b th h : f
p ro s es o e g o s pe ; e e co r g es y e op e o z

some re li e f or de liv e r a nce ; h e comfo r ts him by w hatev er act

”
w or d te n ds to b rin g m in d o r b o dy to a s ta t e o f r es t a nd ch ee r
'

We s ympathize w i th othe rs , not only in sorrow , but in joy "

Compare ALL EVI ATE ; PI TY .

ANT O NY M S :
anno y d i s t r e s s d i s tu rb g ri e v e h urt s ad d e n tro ub le w e an,

C O NTAG IO N
l Y N O NY M :

i nf e c t i o n
I nfe ction is freque ntly co nfus e d w ith contag ion, e v e n by
me d ical me n The bes t us ag e no w limits contag i on to dis eases
.

th at are trans mi tte d b v co ntact w ith th e dis e ased pe rs on ,

e ith e r di rec tly b y to uch or indirectly by use o f the s ame articles ,

by b re ath , e ffl uvia, e tc I nfe c tion is ap plie d to dis e as e s pro
.

duced b y no k now n or de finab le infl ue nce o f one pers on upon

anothe r, b ut w here common climatic, malarious , or othe r w ide
s pread con ditions are be lie v ed to be chie fl y i ns trumental .
 CO NT I NU AL
mnmmr u m
cc ns t ant
i nce s s ant
i nv ar i ab le
re
nu fi nn
a
k e
u ni nt e r r up t e d
u nr e m i t t i ng

Continuous descri bes that w hich is absolute ly w i th out pause

or br eak ; con tin ual, th a t w hich ofte n in ter mi ts , b ut as reg u
larly beg in s a g a in A con t
. i nuous be a c h is e x p o se d to th e

con ti nual be atin g o f th e w av es A s im i la

.r d is tin ctio n is ma d e

betw ee n inces s ant and ce as e les s The ince ss ant dis ch arg e of
.

firearms makes th e ce as e les s roar of b attle C on s tant is some .

times us e d in the se n se of con tinual; but its chie f uses are

mental and moral .

C ON T RACT

0 “ p lc
co
cov e
m p ac t
nant
ob 3
a t
302
p c

All th es e w ords inv olv e at le ast tw o parties , th oug h aneng ag e

nent or pr omis e may be the act of but one A contr act is a .

forma l ag re e me nt be tw ee n tw o or more parti e s for the doing

or lea v ing un do ne som e s pecifi e d act or ac ts , an d is ordi na r i ly
inw riting Mutual p r omis es may h av e the force of a con
.

tract . A consi de ration, or compe ns ation, is es se ntial to con

vert a n ag r ee me nt into a contract A contract may be or al . .

or w ritten .A cove nant in law is a w ri tten contr act under se al .

Coven ant is freque nt in re lig ious us ag e , as contract is in law

and bus ines s Comp act i s e ss e ntially th e s ame a
. s con t ract,
but is ap plied to international ag r ee ments , tre atie s , etc A .

barg ainis a mutual ag r e e ment for ane x chang e o f v alues , w i th

out the forma lity of a contract A s tipulation is a si ng le ite m
.

ina nag re e me nt or contract A carte l is a military ag ree ment

.

for the ex chang e of pris one rs or the like .

C ON T RAST
M OM !
di Rc r e nt i at c d i s cr i m i nat e o p p os e

To mpare (from L con, tog eth e r and par, equal) is to

co .
,

Pli es tog ether in orde r to s how like ne ss or unli ke nes s to con

W t (from L contra, ag ains t, and s to, stand ) is to se t in o p
.
 co nv e r s at i o n

pos i ti oninorder to S how unlikenem We contras t ob je cts that .

hav e be e n already comp are d We mus t compare them, at

.

leas t momentarily, e v en to know th at th ey are difi e rent We .

co n tras t the m w he n w e obse rve the ir un like ness in a g e n era l

w a y; w e diffe r e nti a t e the m w h e n w e n ot e th e d i f
f e rence ex actly

and point by point We dis tin .

g u i s h ob j e cts w h e n w e n ote a

di fi e re nce th at may fall s hort of contr as t ; w e dis crimin ate

the m w he n w e cla s s ify or place th e m accordin g to the ir did st
en ces .

P R EP O S I TI O N :
We co ntras t one obj ect w ith anoth e r .

CO N V ERSAT IO N
SH OW :

“" “ ” “
5 323333“ it?
zm a’x
z g uf am is s . is ) :
‘’
s i oat i o n cr e nc e
Conv ers ati on (from L con, w i th ) is, e tymolog ically, anin
. ter
cha ng e o f ideas w ith some other person or pe rsons Talk may .

be w holly one s ided -

Many brilli ant talkers have been in
.

capa ble of conv e rs ation The re may be intercour se w ithout

.

con v e rs ation,
a s b y loo ks , si g ns , e tc co m mun io n is of
. h ea rts
w i th or w i th out w ords ; commun icatio n is o fte n b y w r iti ng ,
and may be un invite d and unre ci procate d Talk may de note .

the me r e utte rance of w or ds w ith little th oug h t ; th us , w e say

i dle talk, e mpty talk, r ather than idle or e mpty conv e rs ati on .

D is cours e is no w ap plied ch ie fl y to public addres s es A con .

f e r e nc e is mo re for ma l th an a c on ve rs ation Di alog ue de notes .

or di n ar i ly an artifici al or imag inary conve rs ation, g e ne r ally

o f tw o pe rso n s , b ut some time s o f more A colloquy is i nde fini te
.

as to numbe r , and g e ne rally some w h at informal Comp are .

B EHAVI OR .

P R EP O S I T I O N S :

Conv e rs ation w i th frie nds ; be tw e e n or amo ng the g ues ts ,

ab out a matte r .

S YN O NY M S s

d i s c i p le ne o p h yt e p r o s e ly t o

The name dis ciple is g iv e nto the follo w er o f a ce rta in fai th ,

w ith out re ference to any p re vi o us be lie f or a lle g iance ; a con
 eo nv o k e

C O NVOKE
S Y N O NYH S t

as s e m b le ce ll t o g e th e r co nv e ne
c o ll e c t g at h er

A conv ention is calle d by so me office r or officers, as b y i t s

i d nt i t utive committe e , or some e min e nt leade s
p re s e , s ex e c r

the de le g ate s are as s e mb le d or conve ne d in a certain place ,

at a ce rtain h o ur Conv o ke implies an org anized body and a
.

s upe rior auth or ity ; a s s e mb le and conv e ne e x pre s s more ia

de pe nde nt action; Parliame nt is convoke d ; Cong res s as s e mb les
Troops are mus tere d ; w itnes se s and j uryme n are s ummon ed

am m e
adjo urn s c at t er
b reak up s e parate

CRI M I NAL
ne f ar i o u s
c u lp ab le s i nfu l
f e lo ni o u s
fl u i ti o us i ni q ui t o us v i c i o us

Ev ery criminal act is i lleg al or unlaw ful, b ut i lleg al or n u

law ful acts may n ot be cri min al Ofi en . s es a g n
a i s t public la w a re

c r imin al; ofi e nse s ag ain s t priv a te rig hts are me re ly illeg al or?
un law ful .As a g e ne ral r ule , all acts punis h able by fine or:
impris onme nt or both , are cri minal in vie w of the law . I t is
illeg al for a man to tre s pass on anothe r s land, b ut it is n
’
ot:

cri min al; th e tre s pas se r is liab le to a civi l s uit for damag e s ,
b ut not to indictme nt, fine , or impriso nme nt A fe lonious act: .

is a cri mi n al act of an ag g rav ated ki nd, w h ich is pun is h able

b y impris onme nt in th e pe ni te ntiary or by de ath . A flag i ti ous
cr ime is on e th at b rin g p
s u b lic o d iu m . V i ci o u s r e fers to th e

indulg e nce o f e vil appe ti te s , h abi ts , or p as s ions ; vicious acts

are not nece ss arily cri minal, or e v e n i lle g al; w e speak o f a
v ici ous h ors e . Th at w hich is ini qui tous , i e , contr ary to . .

e quity, ma y so m e t im es b e d o n e u n d e r t h e f o rm s o f law . In
g r a titu de i s s i nful , h yp oc ris y i s w ic k ed ,
b u t n e it h e r is p u n is h
ab le by h umanlaw ; he n ce , n e ith er is crimin al or illeg al Com .

par e SI N .

e m m s:
I nnoc e nt me ri t orious
jus t mo ral
 co nv o k e

C RI TERI O N
sy no ny ms :
t o u ch s t o ne

A s tandard is a meas ure of quantity, quality , or v alue

estab lis h e d by law or g e n er a l conse nt ; it is g e ne ral recog m
tion and acce ptance that make s a s tand ard A cri te ri on (from
.

Gr k r ino, j udg e ) is a s tandar d belie v e d to h av e s pecial ac

.

“ ”
cur acy or ce rtain ty, so th at othe r th in g s m ay be j u d g e d b y
it ; t h e meaning is ofte n s treng the ne d by adje cti ves ; as , a
sure o r a n infallible cri terion; any fact, tr uth , or principle,
reg ar d e d a s es ta b lis h e d, may be a crite rion A tes t v iew s .

a p e rs on or thing as put upon trial unde r fix e d and approv ed

co n ditions ; as , a tes t for the purity or fine ne ss o f g old, for
th e te n s ile s tre n g t h o f a ro p e o r w i r e ; a ch e m ica l t e s t t o

d e te r min e the e x is te n ce or the qua ntity of any ing re die nt in

a mix tur e ; ce rtain oaths h av e be e n at v ario us time s us e d as
t e s ts of loyalty, an d kn ow n a s tes t oa-
th s Touchs tone, fo rme r
.

ly de noti n g a st o n e s u pp ose d t o i n d i ca te th e fi n e nes s o f g o ld ,

i s now only us e d fig urativ e ly in the g ene ral s ense of tes t .

C o mpare n s non sr a arron TES TI M ON Y .

m nu
A lu s :
c h a cen i mag i n at i o n p o s s i b ili ty
n
c o je ct ure p r ob ab i li ty s upp o s i t i on

D AI LY
3 7 3 0111 11 3
d i ur nal
Daily is th e S ax onand pop ular , diurn al the Latinand scien
ti fic term I n stri ct us ag e , daily is th e antonym of nig h tly as
.

d i urnal is of nocturnal D aily i s not, how e v e r , he ld str ictly to

.

th is use ; a ph ys ici anmake s d aily vi si ts if h e calls at s ome time

w ithine a c h pe riod of tw e n ty four h ours
-
D i urnal is more e x act
.

inall its a diurn

uses ; al fl ow e r o pe ns or b looms only indaylig h t ;
adiurnal b ird or animal fl ies or r ang es only b y day ; in contra
distin ctio n to noctur nal fl ow e rs , b irds , e tc A diurnal motion.

ex actly fills a n astronomical day or th e time of one r o tation o f

aplanet on i ts ax is , w hile a dai ly motion is much le ss de fin i te .

a ro m a:
n
ig h tly noc t ur nal
 DANGER
S Y N O N YH S 1
h an d i ns e c u r i t y j e o p ar d y peril
D ang er is to poss ible e vil, w h ich may be e i th e r n
ex pos ure ea r

and p robab le or re mote and doub tful; p eril is ex pos ure to im

minent and s h arp ly thre ate ni ng e vil, e s pecially to s uch as results
from violence Aninvali d may be indang e r of con
. s umpti on; a
dis armed soldi er is in p e ril o f death J e opar dy is nearly the
.

sa me as p eri l, b ut inv olves , like ris k, more of the e le ment of

cha nce or uncertainty ; a man tried upon a capital ch arg e is
s aid to be put inj e opardy of li fe In s ecur ity is a fee b le w ord,
.

b ut e x cee ding ly b road, applying to the placin g o f a dis h,

or

the poss ib iliti es o f a life , a fortune , or a g ove rn ment Com .

o

p a re H AZA RD .

A NTO N Y H S :
d e fe ns e i mmu ni ty p rot ec ti on s afe g uard s afe ty s e curi t y s h elter

DARK

as m “ ow y
flfi m
' ‘
b sh ady
S trictly, th at w hich is b lack is absolute ly des titute o f color ;
that w hich is dark is ab s olute ly des ti tute of lig h t I n common .

s pe ech , ho w e v e r , a co at is b lack, th oug h not optically color less

th e nig h t is dar k, th o ug h the s tars sh ine That is o bs cure , .

s h ad o w y, or s h a dy from w h ich the lig h t is more or less cut of .

D us ky is applied to obje cts w hi ch appe ar as if view ed in fadin z

lig h t ; the w or d is ofte n use d, as are s w ar t and s w ar th y, of the
h umans kinw h e nqui te dark, o r e ve nv e rg ing to w ard b lack D i n .

re fe rs to impe rfectiono f outli n e , from dis tance , darkn es s , mi s t ,

e tc , o r from s ome de fe ct of v is ion

. Op aque obj ects , as s mok e d
.

g las s , are impe rv ious to lig ht Murky is s aid o f that w hich

.

is at once dar k, obs cure , and g lo omy ; as , a mur ky de n; 3

mu r ky s ky . F ig ur ativ e ly, dar k is emb le matic of s adnes s ,
ag ree ing w i th s omb e r, d is mal, g loo my, als o of moral e vil ; as ,
a dar k de e d Of inte llectual matte r , dar k is now r are ly used
.

in the old se n s e of a dark s a in

y g , e tc S ee M YSTEB I OU s ;
.

O B S C L RE
'
.
implication D ecep tion may be in
. nocent, and even uni nten
tional, as in the cas e of an optical illusion; de ce i t alw ays ia
v olv es in ju ri o us in te nt C r aft a
.n d cun ni ng h av e no t um s

rily an y m o r al qu ality ; th e y are co mm on tr ai ts o f ani mu s , b u t

s tand rath e r low in th e h uman scale D up lici ty is th e hab itual .

s pe aking or acting w ith inte nt to appe ar to me an w h at on e

doe s not D is s i mulation is rath e r a conce ali ng of w hat is th an
.

a pre te nse of w hat is not E qui vocation is the s ayi ng or s tat

.

ing o f one thing in orde r that some thing othe r an d difi e re nt

may be unde rs too d F ines s e is s imply an adroit and de licate
.

manag eme nt of a matte r for one s ow n s ide , not ne ces s arily

’
.

i nv olv ing de ce i t Compare m rrrcs ; m an

. ner ; me mos ; m un;
nr p ocms r .

AN TO NY M S 1
can d or frank ne s s h o ne s t y simp li ci ty tru t h
fai r d e ali ng g ui le le s s nes s op e n ne s s si nc eri ty ve r aci ty

D E FE NS E
S YN O NYM S 1

ap o lo g y rd ra m p ar t s h e lt e r
b u lw ar k u s t i fl c at i o n r e s i s t anc e s h i e ld
for tr e s s p o t e c ti o
r n s af e g u ar d vi nd i cati o n
Th e w e ak may s pe ak or act in defe ns e o f the strong ; none
b ut th e pow e rful can ass ure oth ers of p ro te cti on A de fe ns e .

is ordinari ly ag ains t actual attack ; p rote ction is ag ain s t pos

s ib le as w e ll as a ctua l dang e rs We s pe ak of de fens e ag ains t

.

an as s ault p r o te ction from th e cold

, Vindi cation is a tri .

ump h an t d efe ns e o f ch ara cte r and conduct ag ains t charg e s o f

e rror o r w r on g C o m
.
p ar e A PO LOGY .

A NT O N Y M 8 1
ab and o nm e nt b e t r ay al cap i t u lat i o n d e s e rt i o n fl i g h t s urr e nd e r
P R E P O S I TI O N S 1

De fe nse ag ai ns t as s ault or as s ailants ; in law , de fense to an

action, fr om the tes timo ny .

D E F ER
S Y N O NY M S
ad jo u r n d e lay p r o c r as t i nat e
b r e ak o f d i s s o lv e p r or o g u e
b r e ak u p p o s t p o ne p r o t r act

Ad jour n (thr oug h F from L . . ad, to , diurnus , daily, from

di es , day ) s ig ni fies lite rally to put e d to anothe r day, he nce ,
by e x tension, to put ofi to any futur e timc P r or og ue (from .

L pre r og o, ex te nd, defe r ) is a spe cial leg al or le g is lative te rm,

.

applyin g onl y t o the B ri ti s h P arli ame nt o r to s i mi lar coloni al

ass embli es A v oluntary as se mb ly may adjourn itse lf ; Parlia
.

me nt is p or og ue d
r by orde r of the king .

B y th e king s auth ority alone , and b y h is w r its are th e y (th e tw o h ou ses

'

of pe e r s an d co mmons ) asse mb le d and b y h i m alone are th e y p r or og u e d

.

and di s s o lv e d, b ut each h ous e m y adjou rn i ts e lf B acon . .

A par li ame nt which is p rorog ue d s ti ll e x is ts , and may be s um

mone d b y the sov ereig nat any time to mee t ag ainw ithout ane w
e lecti on a pa r lia me nt w hich is dis s olve d ce ases to e x is t ; all its
unfin is h e d b us iness is dead ; the re canbe no parliament until a
g e n e r a l e lec t i o n is h e ld , res u lti n g i n a n e w p a r lia m e n t ,
w hi c h
mus t take up all bus iness de nov o; an adj ournme nt is si mp ly “ ”

a v oluntary inte rmiss ion at the discre ti on of e ithe r or both

h ous es . The cong re s s of the Unite d S tates and the v arious
S tate leg is lature s terminate the ir se ss ions only b y adjo urnme nt,
e i th e r to a da y fi x e d b y v o te o r t o t h e ti m e o f co m p u ls o r y re

as se mbling pro vi ded b y the cons titution I f a de lib e r ativ e .

b ody adjourns w i th no day fix e d e ithe r b y v ote o r law for

re a ss emb lin g , it th e r e b y t e rm in a tes i ts e x is t e n ce ; h e n c e t h e

p h r a s e t o a d j o u rn s in e d i e ,
o r w i th o u t d a y ( w h i c h i s e ty m o lo g
ically a co ntradiction in te rms ) is use d to de note the final
bre aking up or dis solution of an as s emb ly ; to adjourn w i tho ut
day is to ter minate the e x iste nce of the body and, of cours e , any
futur e con s i dera ti on by that body of its unfini s hed b us ines s ;
the e x is te nce of an Ame rican con g r e
s s w o u l d te r m in a te i p s o

f a c to ,
e v e n if th e re w e re n o f o r m a l a d j o u r n m e n t , b y t h e a r

r i va l of th e day fix e d b y th e cons titution for th e as s embly of

a ne w cong re ss , and by the e x piration of the te rm for w hich
th e re pr es e n tativ es and many of the se nators w e re e le cte d .

I n common us ag e , to adjourn a matte r is to h old it in ab e y

ance (s ee u n ancs ) until it may be more conv e nie ntly or
s uitab ly con s ide red — to defe r, or p os tp one it ; in s uch use de fe r
and pos tp on e are close ly equiv a le nt to adjour n; to d e fe r is
s imp ly to la y y b o r p u t a s i d e te m p o r a r i ly; to p o s tp o n e ( f r o m L
.

n “ ”
p os t,
a fte r , p o n o , p
la c e ) is s t r i ct l y t o p u t a s i d e u t il a f t e r

some th in g e l se i s d o n e , k n o w n ,
o b t a i n e d ,
o r t h e li k e ; a s , t o

t n t h e a tt a ck un t il d a yl ig h t ; b u t p o s tp on e is o ft e n u se d
p o s p o e

w ith out s uch limita ti on; bo th d e fe r and p os tp one imply e x

 d e fi le
d e li b e r at e

pe ctati o nof late r cons ide rati on, or action; procras tinate is les s
de fin ite than adjourn, defe r, or de lay ; procras tin ati o n is pur
pos e les s o n e w h o p r ocr as tinate s g i v es no amura nce th at he

w ill e v er s e t Compare B I N n
. an .

e nem a:
act d e s pat ch urg e o n
ac t o n e x pe d i t e urg e for w ard

D E F I LE
S Y N O NY M S :
b e t o ul eo m pt p o llu t e s p oi l
c o nt ami nat e i nfe c t s oi l s t ai n
The h and may be de file d by a touch o f pitc h ; s w in e that ha ve

bee n w allow ing in th e mud ar e befoule d Contaminate and in .

f e e t re f e r to so m e th in g e v il th at d ee p ly p e rv ad es a n d p e r

me s te s , as the humanbody or mind P o llute is us e d chi efl y o f .

liquids ; as , w ate r p ollute d w i th se w ag e Tainte d me at is re

.

p u ls iv e ; i nfe ct e d m e a t co n ta in s g e rm s o f d is e as e A s oil e d
.

g ar m e n t m ay b e c le a n s e d b y w as hi n g ; a s p led g arme nt is
oi
be yond clean s in g or r e p a ir B ri
.
g h t m e ta l is t arni s h e d by

e x p os ure ; a fa i r s hee t is s ullie d by a dirty h and I nfig ur ati v e .

us e , d efile may be use d me re ly in the ce re mon

“
ial s e nse ; the y
th e ms e lv es w e nt n ot in to the j udg me n t h all, les t the y s h ould
”
b e d efiled, J o hn x vi ii , 28 ; contaminate re fe rs to dee p s p iritual
i njury P ollute h as als o a re fe re nce to s acrile g e ; as , to p o llut e
.

a s anctuar y, an altar , or an or dinance The innoce nt are

.

o fte n contamin ate d b y as s ociation w i th the w icke d ; the v icious

are more and more corr up te d b y the ir ow ne x cesses We s melt .

o f a v i tiate d ta s te or s tyle ; fraud v i tiates a ti tle or a con tr act .

ANT O NYM S :
cle an c le anse d i s i nfe c t h allo w p u r i fy n
s a c ti ty w as h
P R E P O S I TI O N S z
Th e te mple w as de file d w i th b lood ; de file d b y sacrile g ious

de e ds .

D E F I N I T IO N
ar no m s
co m m e nt d e s cr i p ti o n ex p osi ti on re nd e r i ng
c o m m e nt ar y e x p lanati o n i nt e r p r e t at i o n t r ans lati o n

A d efini tio n is e x act an e x p lanati on g e ne ral ; a de fini tion i s

.

fo rmal a d e s cri p tion picto r ial A d e fini tion mus t include all
. .
 d e m ons t r ati o n

grou nd ; i t is de s tr oye d w he n i ts s tructural uni ty is g one,

w he the r or n ot its co mpon en t parts remai n An edifice is .

des troye d b y fir e or e art hquake ; it is de molis h ed by bombard

me nt ; it is ruine d w he n, by v iole nce or neg lect, it h as become
un fit for h uman habitation Co mpare w omen; m ax . .

m um s z
b u Ild re p ai r re s t ore
co ns truct

D E MO N S T RAT ION
S YN O NYM S s

ce r t ai nt y co ns e q u e nc e evi d e nc e
c o nc lu s i o n d e d u ct i on i nd u c ti o n pr oof
D e mons trati on,
i n th e and prope r se ns e , is th e hi g hes t
s tr ict

form o f p r o of, and g iv es the mos t abso lute ce r tai nty ; b ut can
no t be applie d outs ide o f pure mathe matics or othe r s tri ctly
de ductive re as oning ; the re can be p roof and ce rtainty, how
e v e r , i a matte rs that do no t admit o f de mons tr ation A con .

e lus i on is the ab so lute an d n e ces s ary re s ult o f the admi s s io n

o f ce rtain p re mi ses ; an infe re n ce is a pr ob a ble conc lusio n
tow ar d h ich know n facts , s tate me nts o r admiss ion
w s p oi n
,t ,

but w hich the y do not abso lute ly e s tab lis h ; s o und pre mis e s .

tog e the r w ith the ir n e ce ss ary co nclus ion,

co ns titute a d e mo n
s trati on E v id e nce is th at w h ich te nds to s how a th ing to
.

be true ; i n th e w id e s t se n s e a s i nclud,ing s e lf evi de n ce or -

co n scio us nes s , it is th e bas is o f all k n ow ledg e P roof in th e .

s trict se n se is co mp le te , i r res is tib le e vi d e n ce ; as , the re w as

much e v id e nce ag ains t the accuse d, b ut no t amounti ng to
p r oo
f o f g ui lt M or a
. l ce r tain ty is a c o nv ic ti o n res t i ng o n
s uch e v id e nce a s p uts a ma tte r be yond re aso nab le doub t, w hile
not s o irre s is tib le as de mo ns tratio n Compare H YPO I H ESI S ;
.
' ‘

I N DU CTI ON .

DEPEN D ENT ,
n .

S Y N O NY M S
d e fe cti v e deg e ne r at e d e li nq u e nt

The se te rms are us e d s ome w h at v ag ue ly to indicate clas se s

o f pe rso ns w h o fall b e low av e r ag e s o cial re quire me nts , and
ord inari ly de mand s uppo rt o r re s tr aint o r bo th b y org an , .

ized socie ty D efe c tiv es ar e those w h o lack s o me natur al fac

.

ulty of pow e r, or din arily e s s e ntial to se lf s upport, includi n g

-
 d e m o ns tr at i on

the de af, blind, cri ppled, idiotic, e tc D eg ener ates ar e thos e

.

w ho n aturally tend to rev e rt to a low e r me ntal or mor al g rad e ,

ordin arily in some w ay h ar mful or dang e rous to the com
munity, as ce rtain pe rsons w ho from ch ildhood s how a
ten de ncy to ars on, se tting fire to anyth ing th at can burn, w ith
out re g a rd to con s e que n ces to prope rty or life , a nd w ith out
the or di nar y motives o f the crimin al ince ndiary ; s uch tenden
cies ma y m a nif es t t h e m se lv es in n u m e r o u s w ays ; man y a lc o

holics ar e now class ed as deg e ne rate s . D e linquents ar e thos e

w ho ha v e commi tte d s ome overt a ct a a i n s t la w a n d o de r
g r ,

r equi r in g t o b e d ea l t w i t h b y le g a l a c t io n ; t hi s c la s s w ou ld
s trictly i n clude a ll cr imin als , but th e te rm is ordinar i ly us ed
to des crib e those g uilty of min or ofi e n ses , a s th e j uv e n ile
ofi en ders w ho are at once care d for, res trained , and e ducated
i n re form schools ; the re is an i ncre asi ng te n de ncy to se parate
cr imi n als w ho commit crime w ith dis tinctly criminal purpos e ,
as the p ro fes si onal b urg lar , from thos e w h o drift into criminal
acts w ith no fix ed criminal inte nt, as boys break into base
me nts to s teal chains , g as fitting s , etc ; the dividing li ne is
-
.

va g ue a n d o fte n d iffi c ul t to d r a w , d e p e n di n g u p o n cle a r a n a l

y s is o f e a c h in d i vi d u a l c a se , w h ic h i s la r g y
e l th e w o rk o f
the judg es of the mode rn j uve n i le courts . D efe ctives an d
d e g e ne r ates may n ot be de p en dents , as they may be long to
families ab le to support the m, or may be ev e n inhe r itors o f
w ealth , w h ile commi ttin g a n no t re q u i r i n g l e g a l i n te r f e re n c e .

D ep e nd e nts are all those for an y re a so n u n a b le to s up port

the ms e lv es , i n cludi n g ch il d r e n w i t h o u t p a r e n t s o r g u a r di a n s

able to provide for the m ; de p e nde nt chi ldre n may be ne i the r

d efe ct i v e s nor d eg enerates , b ut i n e v e ry w ay normal; in
natur al li fe de pe nde nts are ordinar ily made s uch b y some
me ntal o r phys ical de fect, and include the imbecile , those o f
un so un d mind not clas s e d as p os itiv e ly ins ane , cri pples , par
alytics , con s umptiv es , those e n fee bled by adv ance d ag e , e tc .

1n s tr ictn e s s the i n s an e a re i n th e h ig hes t de g ree d e p e n de nts ,

b ut are no t us ually r e ferre d to unde r th at clas s ificatio n Ther e .

is anincre as ing te nde ncy inmode rnle g al and s ocial adminis tr a

tionto a h ig her h uma nity, w hich se parates th os e w h o ne ed care
or r es tra int becaus e of de fect, w e ak nes s , he re di ty, e tc , from .

those know in l
g y a n d d e te r m in e d ly v i ci o u s o r c ri m in a.l
 D ES I G N
S YN O NYM S 1

fi nal c au s e
d e v i ce p lan PM
j
p r o e ct s ch e me
D es ig nre fers to the adaptationof mean s to anen d, the cor
r es pon dence and coordinati on of parts , or of se parate acts , to
p r od uce a r e s ult ; i nt e nt and u
p p
r os e ov e r le ap all p arti culars ,

and fas te n on th e and its e lf I ntention is simply the more

.

famili ar for m of the le g al and ph iloso phical inte nt P lan re .

late s to de tai ls o f form, s tructure , and action, in the ms elves ;

des ig n cons iders thes e s ame details all as a mean s to an e n d .

The p lan of a campaig n may be for a se rie s of s har p at

tacks , w ith th e de s ig n of th us s ur pris ing and ov e r po w e rin g
the e n e my .A man comes to a fix e d inte ntion to ki ll his
en e my ; h e for ms a p lan to e n tr ap h im i n to his pow e r , w i th
the des ig n of the n compass in g h is d e at h ; as th e l a w ca n no t
re ad th e h e ar t, it canonly infe r the inte nt from the e vide nces o f
des i g n I nte nt de note s a s training , s tre tch in
.
g f o r th tow ar d a n
o bj e ct; p urp os e s imply th e placi ng it b e for e o ne se l f ; he nc e ,
w e

s pe a k of the p urpos e r athe r th anthe inte nt or i ntentio no f God .

We hold that the marks of de s ig n in nature prov e it the w or k

o f a g re a t D es ig n er I ntentio n co n
. te mplate s the pos s ibility o f
failure ; p urp os e looks to as s ure d s ucce ss ; intent or intentionre
fe rs es pecially to th e s tate of mind of the actor ; p urp os e to th e
res ult o f th e a ction Compare am ; CAU S E ; I DEA ; MODEL
. .

P R E P O S I TI O N S :

The des ig n of de fr auding ; th e des ig n of a b uilding ; a de

s ig n fo r a s tatue .

D ES I RE
S YN O NYM S
ap p e t e nc e co nc np i s c e nc e h ank e r i ng p r o c li vi ty
ap p e t i t e co v e t i ng i nc li nat i o n p ro ns i t y
as p i r at i o n c r av i ng lo ng i ng w is r
I nclination is th e mildes t of th e s e te rms ; it i s a quie t, or e ve n
a v ag ue or unconscio us , te nde ncy Eve n w he n w e s peak of a
.

s tr on g or d ec i de d i nc li nati o n w e do not e x pr es s th e inte ns i ty o f

de s ir e . D es i re h as a w ide r ang e , from th e hig hes t ob jects to
th e low e s t ; d es i re is for an obje ct ne ar at h and, or near in
th oug ht, and v ie w e d as attainable ; a w is h may b e for w hat is
 d ex te ri ty

s e lfto pr ayer ; to ho llow the S abb ath day C ons ecr ate and .

ho llow retain their orig inal s acrednes s , but dedicate an d de

v ote h av e dri fte d far aw ay Th us , to de dicate a book is for
.

the author to pre face it w ith a complime n tary in s cription

be aring th e name of a frie nd or patron D e v ote (from L de, . .

from, v ove o, from v otum, v ow ) w a s orig in ally to s e t apart

from ones e lf, or from or dinary us e to some s acred p urpose,
w hich mig h t be des tructiv e th us Je richo, w ith all th at it con
taine d, w as de v ote d b y Jos h ua to des tructi on (J os h v i, 17; .

v ii , 1 ; w h er e the Ame rican Re vi s ion h a s w is e ly pre ferred

the w ord
“ ” “ ”
de v ote d to the w ord accurs ed of the Author
ize d Ve rs ion) ; th us it is s ti ll poss ib le to s peak of per
son s or thi n g s a s de v ote d to de ath , des tr uctio n, o r r u in; in
common us e , h ow e ve r, to de vo te is to s e t apart w i th a
s acre d or earn e s t p ur pos e to some desi rable ob j e ct ; as ,
a young man de v otes h imse lf to th e minis try ; a s um of
money is dev o te d to ch arity ; thi s p ortion of th e b ook is
de v ote d to th e study o f e v oluti on I t is chie fl y by the lin
.
g er
in g touch of s acre dness th at de v ote d ifi e rs from ap ply w h e n
the tw o w ords are use d as s yn on ym s ; a p e rso n a pp lie s h ims e lf
to s tudy as a matte r of fact ; h e de votes himself to s tudy
from s ome e arnest pur pos e be hi nd the fact Compar e s b w r ; .

APPLY ; AP PORTI ON .

m um s 1
b‘ i i m and e r
g dgat e g g ggrbpriate
e
li i
d e s e crat e

D EXTERl l Y
' '

S YN O N Y M S :

ad r o i t ne u c le v e r ne s s
ap t i t u d e ex p e r t ne u
Adroi tnes s (from F d, to, and d r oi t, r ig h t) and dex t e ri ty
.

( from L dex ter, rig ht, rig h t h and ) mig ht e ach be re ndere d
.
-

nde dnes s ”
r ig h t h a
-
but ad r oi tne s s carr ies more o f th e i dea o f
e ludi n g, p arr y g , or checking s ome hosti le mov eme n
i n t, or taking
adv antag e of anoth e r incontrov e rs y dex ter i ty conveys th e idea
o f doin g , accomplis h ing s ome thing re adily and w e ll, w ithout
re fe re n ce to a ny action of oth ers We s pe ak o f adroi tness in
.

fe ncing , b o x i ng or deb ate ; o f de x te r i ty in h orse man

, s hi p , in the

use of tools w e apon

. s , e tc Ap ti tude (fr om L ap tue , fit, fitted )
. .

is a n atural re adines s , w hich by practis e may be de ve lo ped into

 di l er s ns e
di fl c u lt

action, is fig urativ ely applied to anything w hich has the sp

pe ar ance o f li fe .

Wh ere th e dyi ng ni g h t lamp fl ick e rs

-
.

Ts unr sou Lockols y H all, s t. 40

.

An echo, a s train of mus ic, a tempe st, a topic, an imue , dies .

E x pi re (lite rally, to b re ath e out ) is a s ofte r w ord for die ; it is

use d fig ur ative ly o f th in g s th at ce as e t o e x is t b y re achi ng a
natur al limit ; as , a le ase ex pi res ; the time h as ex pi re d To .

p eris h (li tera lly, i n La tin, t o g o th r o ug h , as i n En g lis h w e s ay,

“the fir e oe s out” is ofte ne s t use d of death b i a i n
g ) y p r v t o o r

e x pos ur e ; a s,
“ ”
I p e ris h w ith hung e r, Luke x v , 17; some times ,

of de a th b y v iole nce Know ledg e and fame , art and ernpires ,

.

may be s aid to p e ris h ; the w ord de notes utte r des tr ucti o n and
decay .

ANTO N YM S :
b e b o rn co me i nt o b e i ng fl o ur i s h n
r i s e ag ai
b e g in co me to li fe row ri s e from th e d e ad
b e i mmor tal ex is t iv e s u rv i v e

P R E P O S I TI O N S .

To die f fe v eor ; by v i ol e nc e ; r ar e ly, w i th th e s w ord, fami ne ,

e tc (E z e k vii , to die fo r on e s coun try ; to die at se a; i n

’
. .

on e s be d ; ina on i h ld
’
g y; d e to t e w o r .

D lFF ERE N C E
S YN O N Y H 8 1
c o nt r ar i e t y d i s c r i mi nat i o n d i s t i nct i o n in
co nt r as t d i s p ar i t y d i v e r g e nc e
di s ag r e e m e nt d i s s i m i l ar i t y d i v e r s i ty v ar i at i o n
d i s c r e p anc y di s s i m i li t u d e i nco ns i s t e ncy v ar i e t y

D if f e r e n ce is th e s t a t e o r qua li ty o f b e in g un lik e o r t h e

amount of s uch unlik e ness A diffe rence is in the thin

.
g s co m
p ar e d ; a d is c ri m i na ti o n i s i n o u r j g
u d m e n t o f th e m ; a d is

ti ncti on is in our de fin ition or de scri ption or me ntal 1mag e of

the m . C ar e ful d is cr imi nation of r e al dif f e r e nce s res u lts in
c ea
l r d is ti n c ti on s D . i s p a r i ty i s s tro n g e r t h a n i ne qu ali ty, i m
l
py g in th a t o n e th i n g f a l ls fa r b e low an o t h er ; a s , th e dis

p ari ty achie v e me nts w he n compare d w ith our ideals

o f our .

D iss imi lar i ty i s b e tw ee n th ing s s h ar ply contras te d ; th ere may

be a d ifie rence b e tw e e n th ose almos t alike Th e re is a dis
'

cr e p ancy in a ccoun ts th at fail to b alan ce Var ie ty inv olves .

more than tw o obj ects ; s o, in g eneral, does div ers i ty; v aria
 d i r e c ti o n
d i s e as e

D I RECT ION
sr x o m s :

ai m b e ar i ng co u r s e i ncli nat i o n t e nd e ncy w ay

Th e di r e ction of an ob j e ct is the line of motion or of vision
tow ard it, or the lin e in w hich th e obj ect is movin g, co ns id e re d
from our ow n actual or mental s tandpoint Way, li terally the
.

r oad or path , comes n atur ally to me an the dir ecti on o f the

roa d or p ath , conve rs ationally, w ay is almost a per fect syn
on y m of d i r e c ti o n; a
s , w hi ch w ay d id he g o ? o

di recti on? B e aring i s the directi on m w hich an obj ect i s seen

r , in w hi c h

w i th re fe re n ce to a nothe r, and es pe cially w ith re fere nce to

th e points of th e compas s Cours e is the di re ction of a movin
.
g
ob j ect ; i nclin ati on, that tow ard w h ich a s tationary ob j ect le an s ;

ten de ncy, the dire cti on tow ard w h ich anything str etch es or
re a che s out ; te n de ncy is s trong er and more active th an i n
clinati on Compare
. AI M ; CARE ; ORDER ; OVERS I GHT .

D I S C ER N
S YN O N Y M S
b e h o ld d i s c r i m i nat e ob s e r v e r e cog ni s e
d e s cr y di s t i ng u i s h p e r ce i v e
What w e di s ce r n w e s e e ap art from all othe r ob j ects ; w h at
w e di s cri mi nate w e j udg e apar t ; w hat w e dis tin g uis h w e m ar k
apart, or re cog nize by s ome s p e cial mark or manifes t difi e re nce .

We dis criminate by re al diffe re nces ; w e dis ting uis h by outw ard

s ig ns ; an office r is re adily dis ting uis h e d from a commons o ldie r
by hi s uniform Objec ts may be dimly dis ce rne d at tw ilig h t,
.

w he n ye t w e ca nnot cle arly dis ting uis h one from anoth e r We .

de s cry (or ig inally es py ) w h at is di fficult to dis cov e r Compare .

DI SCOVER ; LOO K .

D I S CO V ER
S YN O N Y M S
as c e r t ai n d e t e ct d i s c lo s e fe r r et ou t fi nd o u t
d es cr y d i s ce r n ex p os e fi nd i nv e nt

Of humanactions or ch aracte r d e te ct is use d , almos t w ithout

,

e x ce p tio n , in a b a d se nse ; di s co v e r ma
y b e u se d i n e i th e r th e

g o o d o r th e b a d se n se , o fte n er i n th e g oo d ; h e w as de t e ct e d i n
a fraud ; re al me r it is s ure to be dis cov e re d I n scienti fic lan
.

g ua g e , d e te c t is u s e d o f de lica te i nd i ca ti o ns th at a pp e ar i n co ur s e
 m eeu o n
d i s e as e

of car e ful w atching ; as , as lig ht fl utte ring of the puls e could be

de te cted We dis cover w hat has ex is te d b ut has n
. ot be e nkn ow nto

us ; w e i n vent combin ations or arrang e me nts not be fore in use ;

Columb us dis covere d Ame rica; Morse inve nte d th e electric te le
g raph .F in d is the mos t g e n e ral w ord for e v e ry me ans of
comi n g to k n ow w h at w as not be fore ce rtain ly know n A man .

finds in the road some str ang e r s purse , or finds h is ow n w hich

’

h e is searchin g for T he e x
.
p t dis cove rs or de te cts an e rror in
e r

an acco unt ; the auditor finds the account to be correct Com .

p a re m es s e s .

m o m s :

S ee sy nonyms for m us .

D I S EAS E
am ou ts n :

al e c t i on di s o r d e r i nd i s p o s i ti o n s i ck ne s s
ai l m e nt dis te mp e r i nfi r m i t y u nh e alt h i ne s s
c o m p lai nt i llne s s m alad y u ns o u nd ne s s

D is e as e is the g e ne ral te rm for any de vi ati on from he alth ; in

a mo re li mi te d se nse it de note s s o me de finite morb id condition;
d i s o r de r and af
f e ctio n are r ather par tia l an d li mi te d ; as , a
ne r v ous affe ctio n; a dis orde r o f the dig e s tiv e s ys te m S icknes s
.

wa s gen e ra lly us ed in Eng lis h s p e ech and lite ratur e , till the
clos e o f the eig htee n th ce ntury at le as t for e v e ry form of
,

h
p y s i ca l d is or de r, a s a b un d an tl a
y pp e a r s i n th e E ng l is h B ib le
“Jes us w ent abou h e ali ng all manner o f s icknes s and
t
”
all manne r of dis e as e among the p eo ple , Matt iv , 23 ; Elis ha .
“
s fallen s ick of his s i ck n
”
wa es s w he re of h e die d, 2 Ki ng s x iii,
14 . There is now , in Eng land, a te nde ncy to res trict the
w or ds s i ck and s i cknes s to naus ea, or s i ck n es s at th e
” and to h old i ll and i llness as the o nly pro pe r
sto mach ,

w ords to use in a g e n e ral se ns e This dis tinction h as re

.

ce iv e d b ut a v e ry limite d a cce pta nce in th e Unite d S tate s ,

w he re s ic k an d s i cknes s hav e th e e arlie r and w ide r us ag e .

We s pe ak of tr ifl ing ailments , a s lig ht indis p os i ti on a se rious ,

or a dead ly dis e a s e ; a s lig ht or se v e re i lln e s s ; a p ain ful s i ck

ness . C omp laint is a p opular te rm, w hi ch may b e applie d to
any deg ree of ill h e alth , s lig h t or se v ere I nfirmi ty de note s.

a chron ic or ling e rin g w e ak n e ss o r d i s a b ili ty, a s b lin dn ess o r

lame n ess .
A N TO NYM S 1
h ealth rob us t nes s s ou nd ne s s s t re ng t h s tur di nes s vig or

D I S PARAGE
S YN O N Y M I 1
b e li t t le d e p r e ci at e d i s cr e d i t u nd e r e s ti mate
c ar p at d e r o g at e f r o m d i s h ono r u nd e r r at e
-

d e cr y d e t r ac t fr o m lo w e r

To de cry 15 dow n, m some noisy, public, or con

to cry s picuous

manne r A w itness or a s tate me nt is dis cre di ted ; th e cur re ncy is

.

dep r e ciate d; a g ood name is dis h onore d b y un w orthy con duct ;

w e un de res ti mate i nour ow nminds ; w e may un de rrate or under
v alue ih s ta te me n t to oth e rs These w ords are use d, w ith few
.

e x ce ptio n s , o f th in g s s uch as qualities , me rits , attain ments , etc .

To dis p arag e is to be li ttle by damag ing comparison or s ug

g e s tio n; it is us ed o nly o f th in g s A m an ’
s a chi e v e me n.ts are

dis p arag e d, h is motiv es de p re ciate d, his profe s sion s dis cr e dite d ;

he himse lf is calumniate d, s landere d, etc Compare m om . .

AN T O NYM S :

S ee sy o n nyms for PRAI S E .

D IS P LAC E
s m o m s :

co nfu s e d e r ang e di s t ur b m i s lay re m o v e

c r ow d ou t d i s ar r ang e i u m b le mi s p lac e u ns e t t l e

Objects are d is p lace d w h e n move d out o f th e place the y hav e

occupie d ; the y a r e mis p lace d w he n put i nto a place w h e re th e y
s h ould n ot b e One may k now w h ere to find w h at he has mis
.

p l ace d ; w h at h e h as m is lai d h e can not lo cate Com p a r e n I x . .

A N T O NYM S
ad jus t as s o r t d i s po s e o rd e r p u t i n o rd e r s et in o rd e r
ar r ay c las s i fy g r ou p p lac e p ut i n p lace s o rt

S YN O NY M S 1
ac c o m p li s h c ar r y ou t d i s c h ar g e p e r fo r m
ac h i e v e c ar r y t h r oug h e l e ct p to
ac t u ali s e c o m mi t e x e cu t e
b r i ng ab o u t c o m p le t e fi ni s h t r ans ac t
b r i ng t o p as s co n s u m m at e fulfi l w o r k out

D o is the o ne co mpre he nsi v e h ich includes this w ho le

w ord w
“
class . We may say of the le as t ite m o f daily w ork, I t is done,
”
a victory . Compare h er um ; TRANS ACT ; m as cmon .

m o m s 8
b attle d e fe at fail mar
co me s h or t d e s t ro y fr us t rat e mls carry neg le ct s poil

D oci LE
B YR O N “ !
am e nab le m anag e ab le p li ant t e ac h ab le
com li ant ob e d i e nt s ubm i s si v e t r ac t ab le
g e nt c p li ab le t am e y i e ld i ng
One w ho is docile is e as ily taug h t ; one w ho is tractable is
eas i ly led ; one w h o is p liant is e as ily bent in any dire ction;
comp lian t re prese n ts one a s in cline d or pers uade d to ag ree
ment w ith anothe r s w ill Compare DU TY
’
. .

m o m s 8

d e t e r mi ne d
d og g e d
fi rm

D O CTRlNE
“mo m s:
ar t i c le o f b e li e f b e li e f p r e ce t
ar t i c le o f fai t h do g m a p r i nc p le p
D octr ine pri marily s ig nifie s th at w h ich is taug h t ; p rinci ple
the fundame ntal bas is on w hich the teach in g res ts A d o ct r i ne .

is re asone d out, and may be de fe nde d by re asoning ; a dog ma

r es ts n authority, as o f d ire ct re v e lation, the decis ion o f the
o

ch urch , e tc A doctrine o r dog ma is a s tate me nt o f some one

.

ite m o f be lief; a cre e d is a s ummary o f doctri nes or dog mas .

D og ma h as commonly, at the prese nt day, anofi e n s iv e si g nifica

ti on as o f a be lie f arrog antly as se rte d
, Te ne t is s im y th at
.
m
w h ich is h e ld, a nd is applie d to a s ing le ite m of b e lie f; it is a
ne utr al w o rd, neith e r approv ing no r conde mning ; w e s peak
of th e d octr in es of o ur ow n ch ur ch ; o f th e te n e ts o f oth e rs A .

p r e ce p t re late s not to b e li e f b ut to co nd uc t ,
C o m p a re FAI TH ; .

LAW .

D OG M AT I C
s r uo m s
ar r o g ant d o c t r i nal m ag i s t e r i al p o s i t i v e
au t h o r i t ati v e d o m i ne e r i ng o p i ni o nat e d s e l£ = o p i ni o nat cd
di c t at o r i al imp e ri ou s o v e r b e ar i ng s y s t e m at i c

D og matic is tech nically applie d ina g ood se ns e to that w hich

is fo r mally nunciate d by ade q uate auth o r ity ; d o ctr i nal to th at
e

w hi ch is s tate d inthe form of doctrin e to be taug h t or de fe n de d .

D og mati c th eolog y, called als o “dog matics , ”

iv es d e fini te
g
p p
ro os i ti o s ,
nw hi ch it holds to be de liver ed by authority ; s ys
t ematic theolo y con s i de rs th s ame i ti n in the ir
g e p p
ro o s o s

log ical conn ection a nd or der as parts of a sys te m ; a

d oct ri n al stateme nt is les s absolute inits claim th ana dog matic
tre atis e , and may be more partial th an the te rm s ys tematic
w ould imply .Outs ide of theolog y, do g matic h as g e ne r ally an
ofi e n s i v e sen se ; a dog mati c s ta te me nt is one for w hich th e
auth or does not tr ouble hi mse lf to g ive a reas o n, e ith e r be
caus e o f the stren g th o f hi s co nv i ctions , or bec a u se o f h is con
te mpt for th os e w hom h e addre sses ; thus dog matic is , in com
mon us e, allied w ith arrog ant and kindre d w ords .

D O U B T, v .

SH OW :

mi s tr us t s ur mi s e s u s p e ct

To d oubt is to lack conviction I ncomple te nes s of e vide nce

.

may compe l one to doub t, or s o me perv erse bias of mind may

in cli n e h im to D i s trus t may e x pres s s imply a lack o f con
.

fide nce ; as , I dis trus t my ow n j udg me nt ; or it may be ne arly

e quiv alen t to s us p e ct; as , I dis tr us te d th at man from the s tart .

M is tr us t and s us p e ct imp ly th at one is almos t as s ure d of

p o s iti v e e v il ; one m a y d i s tr us t h ims e lf o r oth e rs ; h e s us p e ct s

others . Mis trus t is now r are ly, i f e ve r, use d of pe rsons , b ut

on ly o f motiv es , inte nti ons, e tc D is trus t is alw ays s e rious ; mis
.

trus t is ofte n us e d playfully Comp are FLU CTUATE ; S U P POS E

. .

Compare synonyms for DOUB T, n .

m o m s :
b e li e v e d e p e nd o n t r us t
con fide in d e p e nd u po n

DOU BT ,
n .

SH OW S :

di s t r u s t
h e s i t anc y
h e s i t at i o n
i ncr e d u li t y p e r p le x i t y n
sus p e s e
i nd e ci s i o n q u e s ti on n
s u s p i ci o
i r r e s o lu t i o n s c r u p le u nb e li e f
m i s g i v i ng s k e p t i ci s m u nc e r t ai nt y

D oub t is a lack of co nvictio nth at may r e fer e ith e r to matters

of belief or to matte rs o f pr actise As reg ards be lie f, w hile
.

doub t is lack of con v icti on , d is b e li e f i s c o n v ic t io n t o th e co n

trary ; unb e lie f re fers to a se ttled s tate of min d, g e ne r ally s e
compa nie d w i th oppos ition of heart P e rp le x i ty is active and .

p ai nf u l ; d o u b t m a y b e q u ie sc e n t .P e r p le x it y p r es s e s t o w ard a
soluti on; d oub t ma y be c o n t e n t to li n g er u n r e so l v ed Any im
.

p ro b a b le s ta te m e n t a w ak e n s i n c r e d u li ty I n th. eo lo g ic al u s ag e

un be li ef and s kep ticis m h ave a conde mnatory force , as implyi n g

w ilful r ej e ction of ma nifes t truth As reg ards practical mat
.

te rs , un ce r ta inty applie s to the un know n or unde cide d ; doubt

implies s ome n eg a tiv e e vi de nce . S us p ens e reg ards the future,
and is e ag e r and anx ious ; un ce r tain ty may re late to an y p e ri od ,

and be quite indi ffe re nt Mis g i vi ng is ordinari ly in re g ard to

.

the outcome of someth in g a lr e a d y d o n e or d ec i d e d ; h e s i ta tio n ,

i nde cisi on, and i r res oluti on hav e re fe re nce to some thin g th a t
re ma ins to be de cided or done , and are due ofte ne r to infirmity
o f w ill th a n to lack of know le dg e D is trus t and s us pici on ap
.

py l es p e cia lly t o th e m ot i v e s , c h a r ac t e r , e t c , o f o t
.h e rs , a n d a re

more de cide dly adverse th an doub t S am p le re lates to matters .

of con s cien ce a nd duty Comp are DOU B T, c ; PERPL EXI TY

. . .

ANTO NY H S :
as s ur ance c e r t ai n ty co nv i ct i on d e t e rmi n at i on n
re s o lut i o
b e li e f co n fi d e nce d ec i s i o n p e r s uas ion r es o lv e

D RAW
S YN O NY H S :
allu r e dr h au l i nd u c e
att r ac t en cc i nc li ne le ad

One j
ob ect draw s another w he nit moves it tow ar d itse lf or in
th e dir ection of its ow n motion by the e x e rtion of ade quate
force , w h e th e r s lig h t or pow e r ful To attr act is to e x ert a force
.

th at te nds to dr aw , th oug h i t may produce n o actual mo tion; a ll

ob jects a re attracte d tow a r d th e e arth , th oug h th e y may b e s us

taine d fr om falling To dr ag is to d raw ag ains t s trong t e

.

s istan ce ; a s , to dr ag a s le d ov e r b a re g roun d , o r a carriag e up

a s tee p h ill To p ull is to e x e rt a draw ing force , w he ther
.

ade quate or inadequate ; as , th e fis h pulls on th e line ; a de ntis t

p u lls a to o t h To . tug is to d r aw ,
or t ry to d r aw ,
a re s is ti ng
obj e ct w i th a con ti nuo us s tr aining motion; as to tug at the
oa r . To haul is to draw somew h at slow ly a he avy ob j ect ; as .
S YN O NYM S t
ap p ar e l c lo t h e s g ar b h ab i t u ni f o rm
ar r ay c lo t h i ng ar m e nt s r ai m e nt v es t m e nts
at ti r e co s t u me ab i li m e nt s r ob e s v e s t ur e

C lo th i ng de n ote s the e n tire cov er ing o f th e bo dy, tak e n as a

w h ole ; clo th es an d g ar me nts v iew it as compos ed of se parate
p ar ts . Cloth e s , cloth ing , and g ar me nts may be use d o f in ner
or o ute r co v e ri ng ; all the othe r w ords 1n th e lis t (w ith poss ible
r ar e e x ce p tion s in th e ca se o f rai me n t ) re fe r to the outer

g a r m e n ts A . r r a y, r ai me n t ,
a n d v e s t u r e a re a rc h ai c or p oe tic ;
s o , too, is h abi t, e x ce p t in te chn ical use to de note a lady s rid ’

ing dr es s
-
The w ord v es tme nts is now r are , e x ce pt in ec
.

cle s ias tica l use . Ap p are l and atti r e are mos t fre que ntly used
o f s ome w h at comple te a nd e le g ant o ute r clo th ing , th oug h S h ake
s pe a re s pe a
“
ks o f poo r and me an atti re ”
D re s s may be us ed
.
,

s pe ci fically, for a w omans

’
g o w n ,
a n d i n th a t s e ns e ma y b e
e ith er r i ch or s h a bby ; b ut in th e g e ne r al s e n se i t de n otes outer

clo th i n g w hi c h i s m e an t t o b e e le g a n t, c o m pl e te , a n d a pp p
r o r i
ate to so me social or p ublic occas ion; as , full dres s court ,

d res s , e v e ning dr e s s e tc ,
. D re s s has now larg e ly dis place d
appar e l and attir e .Gar b de note s the clo th i ng ch aracte ris tic
o f so me cla s s , p rofe s s io n th l i k a th e g arb of a pries t
‘
, or e e ; s ,
.

C os tume is ch ie fl y us e d for th at w hich be fits an as s ume d ch ar

acte r ; as , a th e atri cal cos tume ; w e some times S peak of a
national cos tume, e tc .

nak e d ne s s und re s s
nud i t y

D RI VE
th r us t

To dr i v e is to mov e anobj e ct w i th s ome fo rce o r vi ole nce be

fo re or aw ay from one se lf ; it is the di re ct r e v e rs e of d raw ,
le ad, e tc A man le ads a hors e by the h alte r d riv es h im w ith
.
,

w h ip a nd r e in One may be d ri ve n to a th ing or from it ;

.

he nce , d ri v e i s a s yno nym e qually fo r co mp e l o r for rep e l or

re
p uls e R
. e p uls e is s tr ong e r and mo r e conclus i v e th an r e p ;
e l
o ne mav be p llé tl
ft b y t
’
h el v e ry
‘
a s
p e c t o f t h e p e r s o n W llOS

fav or he see ks , b ut is not r ep uls e d e x ce pt by th e di re ct re fus e

o r ig noring of h is s u i t A c e r ta in co n v
. e nti o nal modern us ag i
es pe cially in Eng land, require s us to s ay th at w e driv e in
ca rria g ,
e r i d e u p o n a h ors e ; t h ou g h i n S cr i p t u r e w e re ad 0
rid in g in a c ha r io t (2 K in g s ix , 1 6 ; J e r x v i i , .1 5 , g o o .

e x amples of th e s ame us a g e m ay b e f ou n d a b un da n t ly in th
older E n g li s h M. a ny g oo d a ut h or i ti e s p re f e r t o u se r i de i n th
older a nd broade r se nse as sig nifying to be s uppo rted an .

borne along by an y me an s o f co n v e y a nc e ,
as i n a ra i lw ay os 1

Compare am en; cone s » ; mrw rmcn .

u ro m
'
s :

S ee sy on nyms for DRAW .

P R E P OS I TI O N S :

Dr ive to market ; to des pair ; drive into e x ile from one ’

p res e nce ; out of th e ci ty ; dr ive by, w i th or unde r the las h ,

d ri v e by or p as t be autiful estates ; along the be ach ; b esi d

t he river ; th roug h the park ; acr oss the fie ld ; around the square
t o the door ; in to the b arn; out of the s un s hin e .

D RU N K, a
m m
.

o s :

h alf s s c as o v c r =
s o t ti s h
i ne b r i at e d th e w or s e f or li q u o r
i nt o x i cat e d t i p sy
u nd e r th e i nfl u e nc e 0
'

m u d dl e d li q u o r
ov e r c o m e

Numer ous colloquial and

ng e x pre ss ions mig h t b e adde c
s la

to the li s t above g iv e n D r unke nmay imme diate ly pre ce de th

.
.

noun w hich it qualifies , w h ile dr unk cannot ; thus , the man

wa s dr un k ; he ma de him drunk ; a d runke n man D runk, in .

ebriated, i n tox icate d, etc , de note actua l condition at some on

.
.

tine ; drun ken may denote habitual condition or ch aracte r, 0

w ha tev e r is caused or ch ar acte rized by dr unk e nness ; as , at
idle, drunke nw re tch ; a drunke n s le e p , s pee ch , quarre l, b raw l
or ri ot S ottis h alw ays re fe rs to es tablis he d h ab it or ch aracte r
.

I ntox icate d is the more scie ntific and e le g ant te rm to de not

the con ditionroug hly indicate d b y dr unk or d runke n F ig ura .

tivcly, w e may s peak of a pe rse cutor as drunk w i th b lood

 d u p li cat e
fl cr

or of a person as intox icate d w ith success , ambi tion, g lory, or

the lik e .

“ ”
The fact th at dr unk, the past parti ci ple of the verb
”
drink, is the s ame in form as the adj ecti ve drun k causes
con fusion in many minds ; pe rs on s fee l it incorrect to s a y,
“h h ”
e ad drunk a g las s of w ate r ; yet this is per fectly correct,
and g rammatically th e only corre ct form .

Th e stag at e ve h ad d runk h i s fill.

Wh ere d ance d th e moon on Monans ’
rill .

800" L ady o f the L ake , ca n . i. I t. 1

.

“I h ave drank ” “h e h ad drank ” e c

, , t , are inadmiss ib le ; if
.

the use the p articiple drunk cause s undes ir able s ug g es tion

of

in any cas e , th e confus ion is bes t avoided by s ome ch an g e of

e x pres s ion; as,
“ ”
he had bee n dr inking a g las s of w ater ; he “
— —
h ad had o r h ad take n a g las s of w ate r, e tc .

ANT O N “
!
ab s te mi ous ab s t i ne nt as ce t i c s ob e r t e mp e rate

D U P L I CAT E
S YN O NYM S 8

cop y f ac s i m i l e li k e ne s s r e p r o d u cti o n
c ou nt e r p ar t i m i t at i o n r e p li ca t r ans cr i p t

A cop y is as ne ar ly li ke th e orig inal as the copyi s t h as

p o w e r to m ak e i t ; a d u p lica t e is e x a c t ly l
ik e t h e o ri g in a l ; a
ca r bon cop y o f a type w ri tte n docume n t mus t be a d up licate ;
w e may h av e an in accur ate copy, but ne ve r an inaccurate
dup licate . A facs imile is like th e orig inal in ap pe arance ; a
dup licate is the s ame as the orig inal in s ubs tance and e ffe ct ; a
i m i l o f the D ecla a io no f I n d e pe n d en ce is n o t a d up licate
f ac s e r t .

A facs i mile of a ke y mig ht be quite us e les s ; a d up licate w ill

ope n th e lock . A counte r p ar t e x actly corre s po nds to ano ther
ob j e ct, b ut p e r h aps w ith out de si g n , w h i le a cop y is in te n tional .

An imi tation is alw ays th oug ht of as infe rior to the orig inal
as , an i mi tati on of Mi lton A re p lica is a copy of a w ork of
.

art b y th e maker o f the orig i nal I n law , a cop y o f an ins tru

.

me nt h as i n its e lf no authority ; the s ig natur es , as w e ll as othe r

matte rs , may be copie d ; a d up licate is re ally an or ig inal, con
taining the s ame provi s ion s a nd s ig ne d by the s ame pers ons ,
s o th at it ma y h a v e in a ll re s p e cts t h e s am e f o r ce a n d effect ;
 e d u cat i o n

fores ee s rath e r the pain of dis appointme nt than the de lig ht

of a ttain me nt One is eag e r for the g ratification of any ap
.

p e tite o r p as s i o n ; h e is e ar ne s t i n c o nvi cti on, p pom, or

ur

ch a ra cte r E ag e r us ually re fe rs to s ome s peci fic and immediate

.

sa tis facti on, earn es t to some thin g p e rm an e nt and e ndur ing;

th e patriotic s oldie r is earnes t in his de v otion to his country,
ea g e r for a d ec is iv e ba ttle .

AN T O N “ !
apat h e ti c c oo l i nd iffe r e nt re g ar d le s s n n
u co c e rn ed
calm d i s p as s i o nate ne li g e nt s t o li d un i nt e r e s t e d
c ar e le s s fri g i d g
p h e g mat i c s to n n
u mi nd ful
co ld h e e dle s s p ur p o s e le s s s t up d u nmov ed

P R E P O S I TI O N S :

Eag e r f or (mor e rare ly afte r ) fav or , honor , e tc .

; eag e r in
p urs ui t .

EAS E
S YN O NYM S z
e as i ne s s cx p e r t ne s s faci li t y k nac k r e ad i ne ss
E as e in th e ns e h e re conside re d de no te s fre edom fro m con
se

scio us or ap par e n t e ffor t, tax , or s tr ain E as e may be e ither of

.

con ditionor of action; faci lity is alw ays o f action; r e adi ness is
of a ction or of e x pecte d action . One liv es at e as e , w ho h as no
p r ess i n g ca re s ; o n e s ta n d s a t e a s e ,
m ov es o r s p e a k s w i t h e as e,

w h e n w h olly w ith out con s trai n t . F aci li ty is alw ays acti ve

r eadin e s s ma y b e a c t iv e o r p a ss iv e ; t h e s p e ak e r h a s f a c i li ty o f
e x p re s s ion , r e a d i n es s o f w i t ; a ny pp a l i a n ce i s i n r e ad i n e ss f o r

us e . E as e o f actionmay imply me r e ly th e po s s e ss ion of ample

p o w e r ; fa c i li ty a l w a y s im p l i e s p r a c ti s e a n d s k i ll : a n y o n e ca n
p r e s s d o w n t h e k e y s o f a t yp e w r i te r w i t h e as e ; o n ly t h e s kil l e d
o e ra
p to r w o r k s t h e m a c h i n e w i t h fa c i li ty R. e a d i n es s i n t h e

activ e s e ns e i ncludes much of th e me aning of eas e w i th the

adde d i de a o f pr omp tne s s or ale rtne ss . E as i nes s applies to
th e th in g d o n e ,r a th e r t h a n t o t h e d o e r E
. x p e r tn e s s a pp lies

to the mor e me ch an ical proce s se s o f b ody and mi nd ; w e s peak

of th e r e adin e s s of a n or ator , b ut of the ex p er tnes s of a g ym
nas t Compar e COM FORTAB LE ; a w mrr ; row an
.
'
.

ANT O NYM S
anno y anc e une as i nes s
aw k w ar d ne s s vex ati on
co ns t rai nt
 dex te ri ty S kill is more ex act to line , rule , and meth od th an
.

de x te ri ty D ex ter i ty can not be communicate d, and, often

.

time s can n ot e v e n b e e x plaine d by i ts posses sor ; s k ill to a

“ ”
ver
y g reat e x te nt can be imparte d ; s ki lle d w or kme n in
various tr ades are numbe re d by th ousan ds Compar e An .

n
s s ss ; cu m ; POWER ; S KI LF UL .

PR E P O S I TI O NS :

De x te ri ty of hand, of mov e me nt, of manag e ment ; w i th th e

p e n; i n acti on , inma nip ulating me n; at cards .

D i cTlO N
B YRO N“ !s
u p re ssi
i
n
g zzl
hr
hr o og y 32
1
" di n
w or
o o . b u l.

g
”
An auth or s diction is s trictly his choice and use of w ords ,
’

W i th no s pecial re fe re nce to thoug ht ; ex p r es s ion r e g ards the

w ords s i mply a s the v e h icle o f th e th oug h t P h r as e and p h ras e
.

O log y apply to w ords or comb inations of wor ds w hich are

s ome w h a t te ch nical; as , in leg al p h ras e olog y ; in mi litary
hras e B ich on is g e ne r al; w ording is limi ted ; w e s pe ak of
'

p .

t he diction of an auth or or of a w ork , the w or ding of a prop

O s ition , o f a res o lu tion , e tc V e r b ia
.
g e n e v er b e a rs t h i s s e nse

( see CI RCU ML OC UTI ON ) Th e lang uag e of a w riter or s pe ake r

.

t h e y be th e n ati onal s pee ch he emp loys ; as , the E n g l is h o r

T rench lang uag e ; or the w ord may de note hi s use of th at

l ang uag e ; as , th e author s lang uag e is w e ll (or ill) ch ose n
’
.

S tyle in cludes di cti on , e x p r e s s i o n , r h e to ric a l fi g u r es s u c h as

l n e taph or a nd simile , the e fi ect of an author s pre v ailing tone ’

o f thoug h t, of his pe rson —

al traits i n s h ort, all th at makes up
t he clothing of thoug h t i n w or ds ; th us , w e s pe ak of a fig ura
1 i ve s tyle , a frig id or an arg ume ntativ e s tyle, e tc , or of th e .

e of Ma caula A n ’
s tyl
y , P r e sc o tt, o r o th e r s .a u th o r s v o c ab
sa lary 1s th e ran g e o f w o r d s w hi c h h e b r in g s 1n to his u s e C om.

p are L AN GU AGE .

m o m s t

d e c li ne ex pire
dece as e d e p ar t fad e

Die , to g o out o f life , b ecome des titute of vi tal p o w e r and

 di l er e ne e
difi cu lt

action, is fig urativ ely applied to anything w hich has the ap

pe ar ance o f li fe .

Wh er e th e dyi ng nig h t -
lamp fl ick e rs .

Ts mrr son L ocks ley H e ll, s t. 40.

An ech o, a s tr ain o f mus ic, a te mpe st, a topic, an iss ue , dies .

E x p i re (lite r ally, to bre athe out ) is a softe r w or d for die ; it is

us e d fig urativ e ly o f thin g s th at ce as e to e x is t by r e ach ing a
natur al limit ; as , a le ase ex pi res , the time h as ex pi r ed To .

p e ris h (li te ra lly, in L a tin, t o g o th ro u h

g , as i n En g lis h w e s ay,
“ he fir e oe s out” is ofte ne s t use d of death b i a n
t g ) y p r v t io o r

e x pos ure ; a s,
“ ”
I p e ris h w ith h ung e r, Luke x v , 17 some ti mes ,
of de a th b y v iole n ce Know le dg e and fame , art and empires
. ,

may be s aid to p e ris h ; the w ord denotes utte r des tructi on and
decay .

art r o man :
-

b e b or n co me i nto b e i ng fl ouri s h ri s e ag ain

b e g in co me t o li fe r ow m th e
r i s e fr o d ead
b e i mmo rtal ex is t iv e s u rv i v e

r nnr o ar r ro ivs :

To die f fe v e r b
; y
o v i ol e nce ; r are ly, w i th t h e s w or d, fami ne ,

to die for o ne s coun try ; to di e at sea; in

’
e tc (E a
. ch v ii , .

on e 8 be d ; in a
’
n
g y,
o di e to th e w or ld .

D lFF ERE N C E
S YN O N YM S
co nt r ar i e ty di s c r i mi nat i o n d i s t i nc t i o n in
c o nt r as t d i s p ar i t y d i v e r g e nc e
d i s ag r e e m e nt d i s s i m i lar i t y d i v e r s i ty v ar i ati on
d i s c r e p anc y di s s i m ili t u d e i nc o ns i s t e ncy v ar i e ty

f
D if e re nce is th e s tate or quabe ing unlike or the
lity o f
amount of s uch unlike ness A diffe rence is in th e thing s com
.

par e d ; a d is cr i m i n a tio n is i n o u r j u d g m e n t o f t h e m ; a d is

ti ncti on is i o n u r d e fi n i ti o n o r d esc r i p ti on o r m e n ta l im ag e o f
th e m C
. a r e f u l d is c r i m i na t i on o f r e a l d iff e r e n c e s res u lts in
cle a r dis ti n cti on s D is p ari ty is s tr on
.
g e r th a n i n e q u a l i ty, im
l
p y gi n th a t o n e th in g f a ll s fa r b e low a n oth er ; a s , th e dis

a i t o f o u r a c hi e v e me n t s w h e n compa re d w ith our idea l s

p r y
.

D is s imi lari ty is be tw ee n thi ng s s h ar ply con tr as te d ; th e re may

be a d f i f e r e nc e b e t w e e n th o se a lm os t a lik e T h e re . i s a d is

cr e p an cy in accoun ts th at fail to balance Var ie ty in

. volves

more t h a n t w o o b j e c ts ; so , i n g e n e r al,
d oes d i v e rs i ty; v a r ia
 d i r e c t i on

D I RE CT I O N
B YR O N “ !

The di r e ction of anobj ect is the line of mo tion or o f vi sion

tow ar d it, or the lin e in w hich th e obj ect is movin g, c o ns id e re d
from our ow nactual or me ntal s tand poin t Wag , literally the
.

r oa d or path , comes natur ally to me an the direction of the

roa d or path , co nve rs ationally, w ay is almost a pe rfe ct syn
on y m o f d i r ecti on ; as , w hi ch w ay d id h e g o ? or , in w hi c h
dir ecti on? B e aring is the direction in w hich an obj ect is seen
w i th re fe r en ce to a nothe r, and es pecially w ith re fe re nce to
the poin ts of the compass Cours e is the di re ctionof a movin
.
g
obj ect ; in clin ati on, that tow ar d w hich a s tationary ob j ect lean s;

tende ncy, the dir e cti on tow ard w hich an y th ing st re tch es or

re a che s out ; te n de ncy is s tro ng er and more active th an in

clin ati on Compare ant ; CARE ; ORDER ; OVERS I GHT
. .

D I S C ER N
S Y N O NY M S
b e h o ld d i s c r i m i nat e ob s e rv e re eog ni s e
d e s cr y di s t i ng u i s h p e r c ei v e

What disce r n w e s e e apart from all oth e r ob j ects ; w hat

we

w e dis cri minate w e j udg e apart ; w hat w e dis ti n g uis h w e mar k

apart, or recog nize by some s pe cial mark or manifest difi e rence .

We dis cri minate by re al difi e re nces ; w e dis ting uis h by outw ard
s ig ns ; anoffice r is re adily di s ting uis h e d from a common s o ldier
by his uniform Obj ects may be dimly dis cerned at tw i lig ht,
.

w h e nyet w e ca nnot cle arly dis ting uis h one from anothe r We .

des cry (orig inally es py ) w h at is difficult to discove r Compare .

DI S C OVE R ; LOO K .

D I S C OV ER
S Y N O NY M S z
as c e r t ai n d e t e ct di s c lo s e f e rr e t ou t fi nd o u t
d e s cr y d i s ce r n ex p os e fi nd i nv e nt

Of humanaction s or ch a racte r d e te ct is use d , almos t w i th out

.

e x ce ption , in a b a d se nse ; di s co ve r may be used in e ithe r the

g o o d o r th e b a d s e n s e , o fte n e r in th e g oo d ; h e w as de tecte d in
a fraud : r e al merit is s ure to be dis cov e re d I nscie ntific lan
.

g u a e
g , d e te c t is u s e d o f de lic at e i ndi c atio n s th at a ppear i nco urse
 u r e e u on
d i s e as e

o f care ful w atchi ng ; a s , a s li g h t fl utt e r in g of th e p u ls e co uld be

d e te cte d We dis cover w h at has ex is te d b ut ha

. s n ot b ee nk n ow nto

us ; w e in v en t combin ations or arrang e ments not be fore in us e ;

Columb us dis cov e re d Ame rica; Morse inve nte d the e lectr ic te le
g r a p h . F ind is the mos t g e ne ral w or d for e v ery me ans of
comi n g to kn o w w h a t w as n o t b e fo re ce r ta in ly kn o w n A m an .

finds in the road some s tr ang e r s purse , or finds his ow n w hich

’

he is se archi ng for Th e e x pe rt dis cov e rs or de te cts an error in

.

an account ; th e audi tor finds the account to be correct Com .

p a re D I S C ER N .

m o m s :

Se e sy nonyms for H I DE.

D I S EAS E
B YR O N “ !
afl ee ti o n di s o r d e r i nd i s p o s i t i o n s i ck ne s s
ai lm e nt di s t e m p e r i nfi r m i ty u nh e alt h i ne s s
co m p lai nt i llne s s m alad y u ns o u nd ne s s

D is e as e is the g e ne ral te rm for any de vi ati on from he alth ; in

amore limi ted s e ns e it de note s s ome de finite morb id conditio n;
dis or de r and af fe ction are r ath e r p artial an d li mi te d ; as ,
a
nerv ous affection; a dis o rde r of the dig e s tiv e s ys te m S icknes s .

wa s g en e rally use d in E ng lis h s pee ch and lite ratur e , till the

close of th e e ig h tee nth
ntury at le as t for e v e ry form of
ce ,

h
p y s ic a l d is or d e r,
as ab un da n tly ap p e ars i n th e E ng lis h B i b le
“Jes us w e nt about h e aling all manne r of s icknes s and
”
all manner of dis e as e among the peo ple , M att iv , 23 ; Eli s ha “.

”
wa s falle n s i ck Of hi s s i ck n es s w here of he die d, 2 Ki ng s x iii ,
14 . Th e re is now , in Eng land, a te nde ncy to re s tr ict the
w ords s ick and s i cknes s to naus ea, or “ si ckn ess at th e
”
stoma ch , and to h old i ll and illness as the o nly pr Opcr
w ord s to use in a g e n e ra l s e ns e This dis tinction h as t e
.

ceiv e d b ut a v e ry limite d a cce ptan ce in th e U n ite d S tate s ,

w he re s i ck a nd s i cknes s hav e the earlie r and w i de r us ag e .

We s pe ak Of tr ifli ng ailments , a s lig ht indis p os iti on a se rio us ,

or a de a d ly dis eas e ; a s lig ht or se v e re i llnes s ; a p ainful s i ck

n ess . C omp laint is a po pular te rm, w hich may be applie d to
an y d e g r e e o f ill h e alth , s li g h t o r se v er e I n fi mi tg de note s
r .

a chronic or li ng ering w e akne ss or dis abili ty, as blindne ss or

lame ness .
 d i s p ar ag e
do

A NT O N YM S
h e alth rob us t nes s s ou nd ne s s s tre ng t h s t ur di ne s s v ig or

D I S PARAGE
S YN O NYM S
b e li t t le d e p r e ci at e d i s c r e di t “ d e r os t i - ato
c ar p at d e r o g at e f r o m di s h o no r u nd e r r at o
d e cr y d e t r ac t fr o m lo w e r

To de cry is to cry dow n, insome noisy, public, or con s pichous

manne r A w itnes s or a s tate me nt is dis cre di ted; the curre ncy is
.

dep r eciat e d; a g ood name is dis h ono re d by un w orth y con duct ;

w e un de res timate inour ow nminds ; w e may un de rrate or un de r
v alue ia s tate me n t to oth ers These w ords are use d, w ith few
m
.

e x ce p ti ons , o f thin g s s uch as q ua l iti e s , me ri ts , e en ts , etc .

To dis p arag e is to be li ttle by damag in g co m p a ri s on or sug

g e s tion ; it i s us e d o nly o f t hi ng s A m an ’
s a chi e.v e m e nts a re

motives de pr e ciate d his profess ion

dis p arag e d, h is s dis cr edit ed; ,

he himself is calumniate d, s lande re d, etc Compare sn m n .

M OM S :

S ee sy o n nyms for mu s ic .

D I S P LAC E
s m o m s:
co nfu se d e r ang e d i s tu r b re move
cr o w d out di s ar r ang e Ju m b le
Objects are dis p lace d w h e nmo v e d out o f the place they have
occupie d ; the y are mis p lace d w he n put in to a place w here they

s hould n ot be One may know w he re to find w h at he h as mis

.

p lac e d ; w h at h e has mis lai d h e can not locate C om p are n ix . .

A N T O NY H B :

adjus t as s o r t d i s po s e o rd e r pu t i n o r d e r s et i n ord er
array c las s i fy g r o up p lac e p u t i n p lac e s o rt

S YN O NY M B t
ac co m p li s h c ar r y out d i s ch ar g e p e r for m
ac h i e v e c ar r y th r ou g h e fl e ct p to
act u ali s e c o m mi t e x e cu t e re 0
b r i ng ab o u t c o m p le t e fi ni s h t r ans act
b r i ng t o p as s c o ns u m m at e f u lfi l

D o is th e o ne co mpre he nsi v e hich in

w or d w cludes this w hole
“
class . We may say of the le as t ite m o f daily w ork, I t is d one,
”
a victory. Compare acr ; u m ; TRAN S ACT ; w an ton .

A M ON Gt
b affl e d e fe at fai l mar
co me s h or t d e s t roy fru s t rat e m i s carry neg le ct s p oil

D O C I LE
S Y N O NYM S :

am e nab le m anag e ab l e p li ant t e ac h ab le

co m li ant o b e di e nt s ubmi s s i v e t r ac t ab le
g e nt e p li ab le t am e yi e ld i ng
One w h o is doci le is e as ily taug ht ; one w ho is tractab le is
“

ea s ily le d ; one w h o is p liant is e as ily be nt in any dire ction ;

co mp lian t re prese n ts one as in cline d or pe rs uaded to ag re e
me nt w ith an o the r s w ill
’
Compare DU TY . .

m o m s
d e t e r m i ne d
d og g e d w i lful
fi rm unyi e ld ing

DOCTRI N E
s m o m s :

ar t i c le of b e li e f b e li e f p r e ce
ar t i cle o f fai t h dog ma p r i nc p le i
D octrine primarily sig nifie s th at w h ich is taug ht ; p r inci ple ,
the fundame ntal bas is on w h ich the te ach in g re s ts A d o ct r in e .

is re asone d out, and may be de fe nde d by reasonin g ; a d o g m a

res ts on authority, as o f dire ct re ve lation, the d ecis i on o f t h e

ch urch , e tc A doctri ne or dog ma is a s tate me nt of some one

.

ite m of b e lief; a cr e e d is a s ummary of do ctrines or dog mas .

D og ma h as mmonly, at the pre se nt day, anofi ens ive

co s ig nifica
tion, as of a be lie f arr og antly as s e rte d Te ne t is s imply th at
.

w h ich is h e ld, an d is applie d to a s ing le ite m of b e lie f; it is a

ne utr al w o rd, neith er ap prov ing nor conde mning ; w e s pe ak
o f th e doctr in es of our ow n ch urch ; o f the te n e ts of oth e rs A .

p r e ce p t re lates no t to b e li e f,
b ut to co nduc t C om p are F A I TH ; .

L AW .

D O G M AT I C
s m o m s
ar r o g ant d o c t r i nal m ag i s t e r i al p o s i ti v e
au t h o r i t at i v e d o mi ne e r i ng o p i ni o nat e d s e lf = o p i ni o nat e d
d i c t at o r i al i m p e r i o us o v e r b e ar i ng s y s t e m at i c

D og matic is te ch nically ap plie d I n a g ood se ns e to that w hi ch

is fo rmally nunciate d by ade q uate autho r ity ; d o c tr inal to th at
e

w hi ch is s tate d inth e form of doctrin e to be taug h t or de fe n de d .

D og matic th eolog y, called als o “dog matics ,

”
iv es d e fini te
g
propos i tions , w hi ch it holds to be de live red b y authority ; s ys
tematic the olog y con s i de rs the s ame pro positions in the ir
log ical nnecti on and order as par ts of a sys te m ; a
co .

doct ri nal s tateme nt is les s abs olute inits claim th ana dog matic
treatis e, an d may be more par ti al th an the te rm s ys te mat ic
w ould imp ly Outs ide Of theolog y, dog matic has g e ner ally an
.

ofi en s iv e se ns e ; a dog mati c s tate me nt is on e for w hi ch the

author does not trouble himse lf to g iv e a reas on, e ither be .

cause o f the s tre n g th o f his conv icti ons , or be caus e of h is co n

tempt for th os e w hom he addre sse s ; thus do g matic is , in com
mon us e, allied w ith ar rog ant and kindre d w ords .

DO U BT ,
v.
S YN O M t

mi s t r u s t s ur mi s e s us p e ct

To doubt is to lack co nvi ction I ncomple te nes s

. nce o f e vi de

m ay compe l one to doub t, or s ome perve rse bias of mind may

in clin e him to Dis trus t may e x press s imply a lack of con
.

fidence ; as , I dis trus t my ow n j udg me nt ; o r it may be ne ar ly

e qui v ale n t to s us pe ct; as , I dis tr us te d th at man from the s tart .

Mis tr us t and s us pe ct imply th at one is almost as s ure d of

p o s i ti v e e v il ; on e m a y d is tr us t hi mse lf o r oth e rs ; h e s us p e cts

others . Mis trus t is now rare ly, if e v e r , use d of persons , b ut

on ly o f motiv es , intentions , e tc D is trus t is alw ays s e rious ; mis
.

trus t is ofte n us e d playfully Comp are FLU CTU ATE SU PPOS E

. .

Compare s ynon ym s fo r D OU B T ,
n .

m o m s :
b e li e v e d e pe n d on t rus t
co n fide in d e p e nd u po n

D O U BT n ,
.

BYRO N :

i nc r e d u li t y p e r p le x i ty s us p e ns e
di s t r u s t i nd e ci s i o n q u e sti on s u s p i ci o n
h e s i t ancy i r r e s o lu t i o n s c r u p le u nb e li e f
h e s i t at i o n mi s g i v i ng s k e p ti ci s m u nc e r t ai nty

Doub t is alack of co nv ictionthat may re fer e ithe r to matters

of be lief or to matte rs o f practise As reg ards beli e f, w hile
.

do ub t is la ck of con vi cti on , d i s b e li ef i s c o n vi ct io n to th e co n
trary ; unbe li ef re fe rs to a se ttled state of min d, g e ne rally ac
co mp a nie d w i th oppos ition of heart P e rp lex i ty is acti ve and .

p a in f u l ; d o u b t m a y b e q u i esc e n t .P e r p le x i t y p r e ss es t o w a r d a
solution; d oub t ma y b e co n t e n t t o l i n g e r u n r es o l v ed Any im .

p r o b a b le s ta te m e n t a w ak e n s i n c r e d u li ty I n t h eo
. lo g i c al u s a g e

un b e li ef and s ke p ticis m h ave a conde mn atory force , as implyin g

w ilful re j ection of ma nifes t truth As r eg ards practical mat
.

te rs , unce rtainty appli es to the un know n or undecide d ; doub I

imp lie s some ne g ativ e e vide nce . S us p ens e re g ards the future
and is e ag e r and anx ious ; unce rtai nty may re late to an y p e r io L
an d be quite indifi ere nt Mis g i vi ng is ordinar ily in reg ard tc :
.

the o utcome of some th in g a lre a d y d o n e o r d ec id e d ; h es i ta ti o n

i nde cis i on ,
an d i r r es oluti on h a v e re fere n c e t o s o m e t hi n g t h a
r e ma ins to be decided or done , and are due oftene r to infir mitfi
o f w ill th a n to lack of know ledg e D is trus t and s us picion ap
.

p yl e s p e ci a lly t o t h e m o ti v es , c h a r a c t e r , e t c , O f o th.er s , a n d ar e
mo re de ci de dly adv erse than doub t S crup le re lates to me tteg .

of con scie n ce a nd duty Compare DOUB T, v

. PERP LEXI TY
. .

m o m s :
as s ur anc e nt y
c e r tai co nvi ct i on d e t e r mi nati o n n‘
re s o luti o
b e li e f co nfiden ce d e ci s i on p e r s uas ion r es olv e

D RAW
S Y N O NY M S t
allu r e dr h au l i nd u c e
att r ac t en cc i nc li ne le ad

One j draw s anoth e r w h e nit mov es it tow ard its e lf or in

ob ect

the dire ction o f its ow n motion b y the e x e rtion o f adequate

force , w he th e r s lig ht or pow e r ful To attract is to e x e rt a force
.

th at te n ds to dr aw , th oug h i t may p roduce no actual motion; all

ob j ects are attrac te d tow a r d th e e arth , thoug h th e y ma y be s us
taine d fr om fallin g T o d r ag.is to d r aw ag ai ns t s tro ng t e

s is te nce ; as , to dr ag a s le d ov e r ba r e g roun d, o r a car riag e up

a s tee p hill To p ull is to e x e rt a draw ing force , w h ether
.

ade quate or inade quate ; as , the fis h p ulls on the line ; a de ntis t

p u lls a tooth To tug is to d raw , or try to draw , a res isting
.

Ob j e ct w ith a con tinuous s tr ain ing motion; as to tug at the

oar . To h aul is to draw s ome w h at s low ly a he avy Ob j ect ; as .
 D RES S
S YN O NY M S
ap p ar e l c lo t h e s g ar b h ab i t uni fo r m
ar r ay c lo t h i ng ar m ont s r ai m e nt v est m e nt
at t i r e co s t um e ab i li m e nt s . v es t ur e

C lo th i ng de no te s the e ntir e cov e ring of the body, taken as a

w hole ; cloth e s an d g ar me nts v ie w it as co mpos e d of se parate
p ar ts Clo th e s , clo th ing , and g arme nts may be us ed of in
. ne r

o r o ute r co ve r in ; a
g ll th e o th e r w o r d s i n t h e lis t (w ith po mib l . ‘

rare e x ce p ti on s in th e ca se o f raime n t ) re fer to the oute rI -

g ar m e nts A r r a y, r a i m e nt an d v e s tu r e a re a rc h a ic o r poet ic i
¢

—
.
,

so , to o, is h abi t, in te chnical use to de note a lady s ri

e x ce pt
’

in g d
-
r e s s T h.e w o rd v e s tm e n ts is no w r are , ex ce p t i n cc z
'

cles ia s tical use .Ap pare l and attire are mos t fre quently used
o f s ome w h at com le te a
p n d e le g an t o u te r c l o th in g, th ou g h S hake E ! -

s pe a re s pe a
“
ks of poor and me an atti re ”
D r es s may be us er i
.

s pe cifically, for a w oma ns g ow n, and in th at se nse may b

’ e -

e ithe r r ich or s h a bby ; but inthe g e ne r al se n se i t den ote

clo th i n m n n m n "
g w hi ch i s e a t t o

ate to so me soci al or publi c occas ion; a

b e e le g a t,
c o p le te , a d a ro
pp p
s , full d res s , w ar
r i
"
f t —
d r es s , e ve ning dr e s s , e tc . D ress has no w larg ely dis placec ' d
ap par e l and attir e Garb de note s the clo th ing characteristi A 3

“
.

o f some cla ss , pr ofe ss io n , o r th e l ik e ; as , th e g ar b of a pri

C os tume is ch ie fl y use d for th at w h ich be fits anass ume d char

acte r ; as , a the atrical cos tume ; w e some times s peak of 9 8

national cos tume, e tc .

A NT O NYM S
b ar e ne s s nak e d ne s s undres s ,
di s array nudi ty

D RI V E
S YN O NYM S
compel t h r us t
impel

To dr iv e is to mov e an obj e ct w ith some force or v iole nce be

fore o r aw ay from o ne s e lf ; it is the dir e ct re v e rs e o f draw ,
le ad, etc A man le ads a ho rs e by the h alte r dri v es hi m w ith
.
,

w hip an d r e in One may be dr ive n to a thing or from it :

.

he nce , d r i v e is a s yno nym e qually for co mp e l or for r e pe l or

re
p uls e R .e p uls e is s trong e r and mo re co nclus i v e than r e l
p ;
e
us may be re pe lle d b y the the person w h om
v e ry as pe ct of

avor h e see ks , b ut is not re puls e d e x ce pt by the direct re fusal

r ig norin f hi ui t A tai n n nti n al m d n u a
g o s s ce r c.o v e o o e r e
g , s
sp e cially in Eng land, requi re s us to s ay th at w e dri v e in a
arr iag , r ide upon a horse ; th oug h in S cripture w e re ad of
e
id i ng in a chariot (2 King s ix , 16 ; J e r x v ii , 15 , g o
. od
x amples of the s ame us a g e m ay b e f o un d ab und ant ly in th e

lder Eng li s h Many g ood authorities pre fer to use ride in the
.

lde r and broade r s e nse as s ig n i fying to be sup porte d and

orn e along b y any m eans o f con v ey anc e , a s i n a rai lw ay ca r .

tompa re n am es COMP EL ; m nun x cn .

ar o m a:
S ee nonyms for
sy DRAW .

“ 08 111 03 8 :
Driv e to market ; to des pair ; driv e into e x ile from one s ’

iresen ce ; out of the city ; dr i ve by, w i th, or un de r the las h ;

lrive by or p as t beautiful es tates ; along the be ach ; bes i de
he riv er ; th roug h the park ; acr oss the fie ld ; around the square ;
0 the door ; in to the barn; out of the s un s hin e .

D RU N K, a
m om
.

s :

h al f z
s e as =
ov e r s o tt i s h
i ne b r i at e d th e w ors e f o r li q u or
ele v at e d i nt o x i c at e d ti p s y
ex h i lar at e d m au d li n u nd e r t h e i nfl u e nc e of
fu d d le d m u d dle d li q u o r
o v e r co me
Numer ous colloquial and s lang e x pre ss ions mig h t be adde d
0 the lis t a bove g ive n D runk e n may imme diate ly p rece de th e
.

.oun w hi ch it qua lifies , w hile drunk cannot ; thus , the man

was drunk ; he made hi m drunk ; a drunke n man D runk, in .

bri ate d, i ntox i cate d, e tc , de note actual condi tion at some one
.

im0; dr unke n may denote h ab itual condition or ch aracte r , or

rhatev e r is cause d or ch ar acte rized b y dr un ke nness ; as , an
lle , dr unke n w retch ; a drunke n s lee p, s peech , quar re l, b raw l,
r riot S o ttis h alw ays re fe rs to es tab lis he d h abit or char acte r
. .

ntoz icate d is the more scie ntific and e le g ant te rm to de note

he conditi onroug hly indicate d b y dr unk or drunk en Fig ur a .

ively, w e may s peak of a pe rs e cutor as drunk w ith blood ;

 20
8
e d u cat i
g n

fores ees rathe r the pain of di s appointment than the delig ht

o f atta inme nt One is e ag e r for the g ratificati on of any ap
.

p e tite or p as si o n; h e is e ar ne s t i n convicti on, u

p p
r ose ,
or

ch aracte r . E ag e r us ually re fe rs me s peci fic and immediate

to so

satis factio n, ear nes t to some th ing pe rman ent an d en during ;

th e patriotic soldi e r is earnes t in hi s de v otion to his countr y ,
eag e r for a decis iv e battle .

A NT O NYM S :

apat h e t i c c oo l i ndi ffe r e nt re g ar d le s s un co n ce rn e d :

calm d i s p as s i o nate ne li g e nt s t o li d u nlnt e r e s te ‘
c ar e le s s fri g i d g
p h e g mat ic s to n u nmi n d i ul
c o ld h e e d le s s p urp o s e le s s s t up d un mov e d
P R E P O S I TI ON S :

Eag er f or (mo re rare ly afte r ) fav or, honor , e tc .

; eag e r er

p ur s ui t .

EAS E
S YN O NYM S t

e as i ne s s ex p e r t ne s s fac i li t y k nac k r e adi ne s

E as e i n the se ns e h e re cons ide re d de n ote s free dom fr om con

scio us or appar e n t e ffo r t, tax , or s tr ain E as e may be e ither o r : .

con dition or o f action; faci lity is alw ays o f action; re adi n ess is

of a ctionor o f e x pecte d acti on One liv es at eas e, w ho has n

. c:

p r es s i ng care s ; o nen d
s ta
s a t e a s e ,
m o v e s o r s p e a k s w i t h case

w h e n w h olly w ithout con s tr a i nt F acility is alw ays a

. cti ve ;

r e adin es s ma y b e a c t iv e o r p ass iv e ; t h e s p e ak e r h a s f a c i li ty 0 5
e p re ss ion
x
,
r e a d in e s s o f w it ; a n y ppa l i an ce is i n r e a d i n e ss f o r :

us e . E as e o f actio nmay imply me re lv th e p os s es s ionOf ample

p o w e r ; f ac i li ty a lw a y s im p li es p r a c tis e a n d s k i ll : a n y o n e c an
p r e s s do w n t h e k e y s o f a t yp e w r i te r w i th e as e o n ly t h e s ki lle d
o pe r a tor w o rks th e mach ine w ith faci li ty Re ad ines s i n the
.

acti v e s e ns e i ncludes much of the me amng of e ase w ith the

adde d ide a o f pr omp tne s s or ale rtne s s E as i nes s ap pli es to
.

the th i n g d o n e r a .t h e r th a n to t h e d oe r E x p .er tn e s s a pp lies

to th e mor e me chan ical p roce s se s of body and mind ; w e s peak

o f th e r e adin es s o f a n orator , b ut o f the e x p er tnes s of a g ym
nas t Compare COM FORTAB LE ; a rs mrr ; POWER
.
' '
.

ANT O N YM S
anno y anc e une as i nes s
aw k w ar d ne s s vex ati o n
co ns t rai nt
 ef r o nt e 17
e m b le m

o ne doe s for h ims e lf, and in w hich i ns tructi on and tuition

ca nonly point the w ay, e ncour ag e the s tudent to advance, an d
r emov e obs ta cle s ; vig o ro us , p rese rving s tudy is one of the

bes t ele me nts of training S tudy is als o us ed in the sen

. se of

the thin g s tu di e d, a s ub j e ct to be maste md by s tudy, a studious

p urs ui t C .om p ar e K N O W L ED GE ; B EFI N EMENT ; w rs ox n .

ANT O NY M S
ig norance i lli te r acy
Compare synonym s f o r I GN ORANT .

EFFR0NTERY
S YN O NYM S
as s u r anc e h ar d i h o o d i ns o le nce
au d aci t y i m p u d e nc e s h am e le s s uesl

Audaci ty, in th e se ns e h e re cons i de re d, is a re ckless de fiance

o f law , dece ncy, pub lic Opin ion, o r pe rs onal rig hts , claims , o f
v ie w s ,approaching the me an i ng of i mp ude nce or s h ame less nes s

but alw ays car ryi ng th e thoug ht of the pe rs onal risk that on e

dis re g ar ds in s uch de fiance ; the me re ly i mp ude nt or s h aw ls ? "

s
pe rso n may take no thoug ht o f conse que nces ; the audaciow/ ‘

”
p e r so n r e co g n iz e s a nd re c kle ss ly b r a v e s th e m H a r.di h o o d d ?
fies and dis re g ar ds the rational j udg ment of men E j u
f r o n te rf
"
. /

( f ro m L e.
/f r o n s , b are fa ce d , s h am e le ss ) ad ds t o a ud a c i ty a n
;
h ardih ood the s pecial e lement of de fiance of con s ideration s 05
" t
p p
ro e r ty , d u t y , a n d res p ec t fo r o th e r s , y e t n o t t o th e e x t en t ,

s
i mplied in i mp ud e nce or s h ame le s s ne ss I mp ude nce dis re g ard’ fi

¢
.

w ha t is due to s upe riors : s h ame le s s nes s de fie s dece n cy B old/ .

nes s is forw ar d s te pping courag e , s poken o f w ith re fe re nc

-

to the pre s e n ce a nd ob se rvationo f oth ers ; boldnes s , inth e

s en se ,is cour ag e v ie w e d fr om the outs ide ; b ut the w or d if
fre que ntly us e d in an unfav or ab le s ense to indicate a lack OE
p p
ro e r se n s it i v e n e ss an d m o d es t y .C o m p are A S S U R A N C E ; B ans .

A NT O NYM S
b as h fulne s s se ns i t i v e ne s s
co y ne s s s h ri nki n g

EGOT I S M
S Y N O N YM S z
co nc e i t s e lf =
as s e r t i o n s e lf = c o nfl d e nc e s e lf s e s t e e m
e g oi s m s e lf = c o nc e i t s e l£ = c o ns c i o u s ne s s va ni ty
“I ” undue macy in thoug ht ;
E g ois m is g ivi ng the s upre eg o
 e fl ro nt e r y
e m b le m

“
ri s m is g i v ing th e I un mine nce 111 s pe e ch E g o tt e m is
due p r o .
‘

s o me time s us e d in th e se n se o f e g ois m, o r s upr e me re g ard for

on es e lf S e lf as s e r ti onis th e claim by w ord, act, or manne r of

.
-

w h at on e be h a v es to be his due ; s e lf con cei t is a nov e res timate

-

o f on e s Ow n pow ers or deserts Con ce i t is a brie fe r e x

’
.

p r e s s i on f or s e lf c o n c e i-
t,
w i th a lw a y s a n Ofi e n s i v e i m p lic a t io n ;
s e lf con
-
ce i t is ridiculous or piti a b le ; concei t aro use s res ent
m e nt Th ere is a w orthy s e lf confide nce w hich s pring s from
.
-

c on s ci ous n ess of re cti tude an d of po w e r equal to de mands .

S e lf ass e rtion at times becomes a duty ; b ut s e lf conce it is

- -

alw ays a w eakn es s S e lf con

. s cious n -
e s s is the kee pin g o f o n e
’
s

t houg hts upon on ese lf, w i th th e co n s ta nt anx ious ques tion of

w hat others w i ll thin k Vanity is an overw ee nin
.
g a d m i ra t i o n
o f s elf, cra vi n g qe u a l a dm ir ati o n f ro m oth e rs ; s e lf c on s c i o u s -

m s is commonly painful to its posses s or , vanity alw ays a

s ource of s a tis faction , e x ce p t a s it f a il s to r ec e i v e its s uppos ed
d ue . S e lf es te e m is more so lid and be tte r founde d than s e lf
-

c on ce i t ; but is ordin arily a w eakness , and ne v er has the w orthy

s en s e o f se lf con fi
-
de n c e C o m p a.re A S S U RA N CE ; r a m s .

m o ur ns :
b as h fulne s s h umi li ty s e li z fo rg e t i u lne s s uno b t r us i v e ness
d e fe r e nce mod e s t y s h yness unos t e n tat i o us n ess
di illd e n ce s e li zd i s t ru s t

E M BLE M
m o s:m
att r i b u t e fi g u r e i m ag e sy m b ol to k e n sig n t yp e

E mb le m is the Eng lis h form o f e mb le ma, a Lati n w or d of

Gree k or ig in, s ig ni fying a fig ure be ate n o ut o n a me tallic v es
se l by blow s from w ith in; a lso, a fig ure inlai d in w o o d s tone . ,

or materi al as a co py of so me natural o bje ct

o th e r The .

Gree k w ord s ymbo lo n de note d a v ictor s w re ath a che ck o r

'
. .

an y Ob j e ct th a t m ig h t b e co m p are d w ith o r fo un d to cor ,

res po n d w i th an othe r , w he th e r th e r e w as o r w as n o t anv th i ng

in the Ob j ects compare d to s ug g e s t th e co mpar is o n Th us an .

e mb le m re s e mbles , a s ymb ol re pre se n ts An e mb le m h as s ome .

natur al fitness to s ug g es t that fo r w hich it s tands ; a s ymb ol

has bee n ch ose n or ag re e d upo n to s ug g e s t s ome thing e lse ,

w ith or w i th out n atural fitne s s : a s ig n doe s actually s ug g e s t

the thin g w i th or W i th o u t r e aso n an d w ith o r w ith out in.

te ntio n or ch oice A sy mb o l mav b e als o an e mb le m ; th us the

.
 e mi g r at e

e le ments b read and w in

of e i n the Lo r d s S uppe r a
’
re both a p
p ro p r iate e m ble m s a n d hi s o w n ch o se n s y m b o ls O f s ufi er in g
and de ath A s tate ment of doctrine is often called a symbol
.

of fa ith ; b ut it is not ane mb le m Onthe other han . d , the same

thi n g m a y b e b oth a s ig n a n d a s y m b ol; a le tt er o f th e a lp h a bet
is a s ig n w hich indi cates a s ound ; but le tte rs are O ften us ed a s

math e matical, che mical, or as tronomical s ymb ols A tokenis .

some thin g g iv e n or d o n e a s a p led g e o r e x pr es s i o n o f fee lin g

or in te nt ; w hile th e s ig n may be un inte ntional, the toke nis
v olun tary ; kin d looks may be s ig ns of re g ard ; ag ift is a takes ;
a ring , w hich is a natural emb le m of e te rn ity, an d als o its
acce pte d s ymb ol, is frequently g ive n as a token o f frie n dship
or lov e .A fig ure in the se nse h ere cons ide red is somethin g
that re pre se n ts anide a to the min d so me w hat as a form is rep
res e n te d to the eye , as in draw i n g, p a i n ti n g, o r sc u lp tu r e ; a s

r e pres en ting a future reality, a fig ure ma y b e p ra ct i ca lly th e

sa me as a typ e Ani mag e is a vis ib le re pres entation, es peciall y

.

in sculpture , h avi ng or s uppose d to h ave a close res emblan c"

to that w hich it re pres e nts A typ e is in re lig ion it repre

.
’ "
l

s cuta tion o f a g re ate r re a ity to com ;

l e w e s pe a k O f o n e Obj e t f —
f

as the type of the clas s w hose char acte ris tics it e x hibits , as L .

the cas e o f an imal or ve g e tab le typ e s An attri bute in art

.

some acces sory us e d to ch ara cte ri ze a f ig ur e or sce n e ; the a

tri b ute is ofte n an e mb le m o r s ymb ol; th us the eag le is tl

attri b ute Of S t J oh n as an e mb le m of lofty s piritual vis ion
. :
Comp are S I GN .

E MI GRAT E
s m o m s t

i m mi g r at e mi g r at e
To mig r ate is to ch ang e o ne ’
s dw e lli ng place ,
-
us ually w it} :
the ide a of ng e , or o f pe riodical re turn; it appliefi
re pe ate d cha

to w ande ri n g tri be s o f m e n , a nd to m any b ir ds an d anim als

E mig rate and i mmig r ate car ry the ide a of a pe rman en t ch ang e

o f r es ide nce to s ome oth e r co un try o r s ome dis tan t reg ion; the
tw o w ords ar e us e d dis ti n cti v e ly o f h uma nbe ing s , and apply to
the s ame pe rs o n and th e s ame act, accor din g to th e s ide from
w hich the actio n is v ie w e d .

P R E P O S I TI O N S :
co nclude d, or fini s h e d w h ich h as come to an ex pecte d or a
o
p oprie te
r end A s peech may be ende d almost as soon as be
.

g un, be cause of the s pe ake r s illn e ss , or of tumult inthe a udi

’

en ce ; in s uch a ca s e , the s pe e ch is n ei ther clos e d, completed,

nor finis h e d, nor, in the s trict se nse , conclude d An arg umen . t

may be clos e d w ith nothing proved ; w hen an arg ument is
con c lude d a ll that is dee med necess ary to prove the poin t ha s

be e ns tate d To finis h is to do the las t thing the re is to do ; a

. s.
“I h av e nis h e m c ”
m n m
fi d y ou rs e , 2 T i .i v , 7
. F i is h h as c o e

to me an, n ot me re ly to comp le te in the e sse n tials , but to per

fe ct in all the minute de tails , as in the e x pres sion to add the “
” m
fi n i s h i ng to u ch e s . T h e e n u m e r at io n is co m p le te d ; th e po e ,

the picture , the s tatue is fin is h e d To te rmi n

. ate may be either
to b rin g to an ar bi t r ary o r t o a n app p r o ria te e nd ; a
s , be

te rmin ated his re marks ab ruptly ; the s pire te rmin ates ina
cros s . A thing s te ps th at comes to re s t from motion; or the
motio n s te ps or ceas es w he n the obje ct comes to res t ; s top
fre que ntly s ig n i fie s to bring or come to a s udden and decided
.

ce s s ation o f motion , p
r og ress , o r a c ti on o f a ny ki n d. C om p a re

D0 ; TRAN S ACT .

AN TO N YM S :
S e e s ynonyms for B EGI N .

E N D, n .

S Y N O N YM S
ac c o m p li s h m e nt li m i t
ac h i e v e m e nt ou t co m e
b o u nd p e r i od
b o u nd ar y p o i nt
ce s s at i o n p ur p os e
c lo s e re t
co m p le t i o n t e r m i nati on
c o nc lu s i o n t e r mi nu s
c o ns e q u e nc e ti p
c o ns u m m at i o n u tm o s t
d e si g n u t t e r m os t

Th e nd is th e te rminal p art o f a mate rial object that has

e

le ng th ; the ex tre mi ty is dis tinctiv e ly th e te rminal p oint an d ,

may th us be b ut part of the e nd in the g e ne ral se nse of that

w o rd ; th e e x tr e mi ty is v ie w e d as th at w h ich is mos t re mote

from s o me ce nte r , or s ome me an or s tandard pos ition; the

S outh e rn e nd o f S outh Ame rica i ncludes all P atag onia .

the s o uthe rn e x tre mi ty or p o int is C ape H orn Tip h as .

m ly the m meaning as ex tre mi ty, but is s aid of small
sa e

s lig h t a nd tapering obj ects ; as , the tip of the fing e r ;

rio t in such con nections is s aid of that w hich is draw n
It to ex cee din g fi n e n ess o r s h ar pn e ss , a s th e p o i n t of a
se dle
, a f or k , o r a s w o r d ; ex tr e m i t y i s s aid o f s o m e th in g co n
i er ab le ; w e do not s pe ak of th e ex tr e mity of a nee dle .

rrm i nus is chiefl y used to des ig nate the e nd of a line o f

s v e l or tr a ns portation: s pe cifically, the furthe rmos t s tat1on
any direction on a r ailw ay, or by e x ten s ion th e tow n or

[lag s w h e re i t is si tuate d . Te rmination is th e Latin an d

ore forma l w ord for the S ax on end, b ut is chie fl y use d of
me , w ords , unde rtaking s , or abstr actions of any kind E x .

?ration s ig n i fies th e coming to an e nd inthe natur al course of

in g s ; as , th e e x pi r a ti on o f a y e a r , or of a le as e ; it i s use d o f

i ng s of some con s e que n ce ; w e do n ot or di n ar ily s pe ak of the

epi rat on of a n hour or of a day Li mit implies s ome che ck
'

l .

or res tr a int upon further adv ance , rig h t, or privi le g e ; as ,

no li mits of a n es tate (compare B OU NDARY) . A g oal is an

i d soug h t or striv en for , a s in a ra ce
. For the fig ur ative
mass of e nd and its associ ated w ords , compare the s ynonyms
>r th e v e rb EN D ; a lso for am ; CON s s quaN cs ; n rs x a
. N

m om s :

Se e sy nonyms for B EGI NN I N G.

E N D EAVO R , v.
m om s
att e m p t e s s ay s tri v e tr y u nd e r t ak e

To atte mp t is to tak e action somew h at e x pe ri me ntallv w ith

us h o pe an d purp os e o f accomplis h ing a ce rtain r es ult ; to
a m
de av o r is to atte p t s tre nuous ly and w ith firm and e nduri ng
ur pos e .To atte mp t e x pre s s es a s ing le act ; to e nde avor, a
mti nuo us e x e rtion; w e s ay I w ill e nd e avor (not I w ill
te mp t ) w hi le I li v e To atte mp t is w ith th e v ie w of ac
.

»m lis h in
p g ; to es s ay, w ith a v ie w o f te s ti ng o ur o w n p ow e r s .

o un de r tak e is to acce p t or take upononese lf as anob lig ation,

s o me b us in ess , labor , or trus t ; the w ord o fte nimplie s comple te
s ur an ce of s ucces s ; as , I w i ll un de r take to produce the w i tne ss .

o s tri v e s ug g es ts little o f th e re s ult, much o f toi l s tr a in, .

ad con tes t, ins ee ki ng it ; I w i ll s tri ve to fulfil v our w is he s , i e , . .

I i ll s p are no lab o r and e x e rtio n to do i t
w Try is the mos t .

comp re h e n s iv e o f the se w ords The orig inal idea of testin

.
g
or e x pe rime n tin i n t th u h t f w h n a man a “I w ill
g s o o g o e s ys
”
To atte mp t s ug g es ts g iving up, if the thing is n ot so
try .

complis h e d a t a strok e ; to try implie us in

s g o ther me a n
s and
s tudyi ng o ut o the r w ays if n ot at firs t s uccess ful End eav or is .

more mild and formal; th e pilot in the burning pilot house -

“ ” “
does not s ay I w ill e nde av or or I w ill attemp t to hold the
s h ip to he r course ,
” “
but I ll try, sir !
’ ”

m o m s :
ab and on
d i s mi s s
d r op

E N D EAVOR, n .

an o m as
at t e m p t e fl or t e s s ay e x er ti o n m h i. )
Ef fo r t d e note s th e voluntary pu ttin g forth of pow e r to atta i “
or a ccomplis h s ome s pecifi c th in g ; i t re ach es tow ard a de fin ib ‘
"
end ; e x e r tionis a putting forth o f pow e r w ithout s pecial re fer
e nce to an ob je ct ff. Eve ry e n , b ut
or t not e verfi
is an e x e r ti o

e x e r tionis a nefl or t Atte mp t is more e x pe rime ntal th anai mfl

'
.
! -

en de av o r le ss s tre nuo us b ut more continuous An ef a

f or t is ‘ .
r

s in g l e s e t, an e nd e av o r a co nti nue d s e ri e s o f s et s ; an e nd e a vo r
e
is s us tai ne d and e nduring and may be life long ; w e do not hav
-

a s ocie ty o f Chris tian Atte mp t or o f C h r is tian E f b f

f ,
‘

, or t ut or :
C hris tian E nde avor A s trug g le is a v iole nt e f s tren —8
f o r t or uouF r
.

e x e r tion A11 es s ay is an atte mp t, e ffor t, o r e nde avor made M

.

a te s t of the pow e rs of the one w ho make s it Compare B N / .

DEAVOR, v .

E ND U R E
S YN O NYM S :

ab i d e b e ar u u nd e r p ut u w i th
al o r d b e ar th s ub m t to
all o w b r o ok '
s u ll e r
b e ar p er mi t s up p o rt

B e ar is the mos t g e n e ral of the se w ords ; it is me taph orically

to hold up or k ee p up a b ur de no f care , pain, g rie f, an noyance .

or th e like w ithout si n ki ng lame nting , or re pinin A llow

.
g, .

and p e r mi t inv olv e larg e concess ion of the w ill; p ut up w ith

and tole rat e imply decide d av e rs i on and reluctant w i thholdin g
 e nm i t y
e nt e r t ai nm e nt

P R E P O S I TI O N S
He w as th e e nemy of my friend in th e co ntes t .

ENM “Y
s n om s i

ac r i m o ny b i tt e r ne s s
ani m o s i t y
ant ag o ni s m h o s t i li t y s pi t e

E nmi ty is the s tate of be i ng an e nemy or th e feelin g

and di s position ch aracterizin g an e n emy (compa re B N m

Animos i ty de note s a fee li ng more active and ve hemen t, bl ’ t .

often less e n during and de termined, than e nmi ty E nmit fl

’
.

dis tinctly re cog nizes its ob j e ct as an e ne my, to be met or deli, t

w h
it a o d g y
c c r i n l H os i ty is e nmi ty in action; the terr:
t.i l : n -

h os ti li ti es be tw ee n nation s de n otes actua l arme d collision B ig

"
.

te rnes s is a r ese n tful fee li n g a r is ing fro m a be li e f th at on c

h as b e e n w rong e d , acri mony is a kindre d fee lin b d

:
g ut ee p e
”
,

and mo re pe rs is te nt, and may arise fr om th e cros sin f n

“
g o o e

w is he s or p lan s by a noth e r , w he re no inj us tice or w rong is fol .

Antag onism, as b e tw ee n tw o compe ting authors or merch anté i

doe s not ne cess ari ly imply enmity, b ut ordinarily s ug g es ts fl “

sha de , at le as t, of hos tile fee ling Malice is a dis pos i tion or:
'
1 ‘
.

inte nt to injure othe rs , for the g r atification o f some e vil pas -5

‘

s i on; malig ni ty is inte nse and v io le nt e nmi ty, h atred, oz

'

: 1 ‘

malice . Compare synonyms for ACRI MON Y ; AN am ; name s - I ‘ D

A N T O NYM S :

e e me nt fri e nd s h i p k lnd li ne s s
al lanc e h ar mony k i nd ne s s

ENTERTAlN
S YN O NYM S
am u s e ch e e r di s p ort e nli v e n i nt e r e s t p le as e
b e g u i le d e li g h t div ert g r at i fy o c cu p y r e cr e at e

To e nte r tain, in the nse he re cons ide re d, i s to e ng ag e and

se

p le as ant ly o ccupy th e at te nti o n ; t o a m us e i s to oc cu py th e at

te ntio n in an e s pecially b rig ht and che e r ful w ay, ofte n w ith
th at w hich e x cite s me rr ime nt or laug h te r ; as , b e e nte rtai ne d
11s w i th an amus i n t T d i v r t is to tur n from ser ious
g s o ry o . e

thoug h ts or lab ori ous p urs uits to s ome thin g th at lig h tly and
ag re e ab ly occup ies the mind ; one mav be ente rtaine d or amus ed
 e nv i o u s
am m as
e nnui fatig ue lab or las s i tud e t oil w e ar i nes s w ork

E N THU S lAS M
S YN O NYM S :
ar d o r e x ci t e m e nt fr e nzy t r ans p or t
dev oti on ex t r av ag anc e i ns p i r at i o n v ol c an o,
e ag e r ne s s f anat i ci s m i nt e ns i t y w ar m t h
e ar ne s t ne s s f e r v e nc y p as s i o n s e al
e c s t ac y fe r v o r r ap t u r e

The oldme aning of enth us ias m implie s a pse udo ins pi ratw "
an almos t fr antic e x travag ance in be h alf of s omething s up
p o s e d to b e an e x p r es s i o n o f th e div i ne w ill This se nse re z.

mains as th e controlling one in the k indre d noun enth us ias t

E nth us ias m h as now chie fl y th e me aning o f ane arnes t and com »
.

me ndab le de votio n, an inte ns e and e ag e r inte res t .

the hindran ces of the w or ld, n othi ng g r e at and g ood can b - 8

carrie d w ith out a ce r ta in fe rv or, i nte ns i ty, and v e h eme n ce i

the s e j oine d w ith faith , cour ag e , and h o pe fulness make en
th us i as m . Z e al is b urni ng e arnes tness alw ays te nding to ,

or ous a ctio n w ith a ll the d e v oti on or e nth us ias m, thoug h ofte‘ n

w ith o ut its h o pe fuln es s Comp are EAGER
. .

m o m s
n n d e ad ne s s i nd i ffe r e n t i mi di ty
d
calc ulat i o cau t i o ce po li c y
cal mn
es s cold ness d ulne s s lu k e w ar m ne s s p r u d e nce w ari n es- b x
’
”

S YN O N YM S 1
acc e s s
ac ce s s i o n
adi t
door
E N T RAN C E
ap p r o ac h

d o o r w ay
g at e
at e w ay
n ess
i nt r o d u e t i o
o p e ni ng
p e ne t r at i o n
— fl

ad m i s s i o n e nt r e e in et p o r t al
ad m i t t anc e e nt r y
E ntr ance, th e act of e ntering , re fers me re ly to the fact 05
p as s i ng fr o m w i th ou t to w it h i n s o me e nclo s ur e ; a d mi s s i o n a n “ "
ad mittance e fe r t
r o e nte ri ng b y o r w it h so m e o n e
’
s co n s e nt, of f

at le as t to o pportunity afforde d b y some one s act or

’

We may e fi ect or force an entrance but not admi ttance or ,

"

admis s ion; th ose w e g ain, procure , ob tain, s e cure , w in Admit .

tan ce re fe rs to pla ce admiss i on r e fe rs als o to p os ition priv

, ,

ileg e , fav or , frie nds hip, e tc An intr ude r may g ain ad mit tance
.

to the h all of a socie ty w h o w ould not be allow ed ad mis s ion

w ealth or p ow er ; e nvious o f him f or, be caus e f,
o o n account
o f his w ealth or pow er .

EQ U lVOCAL
s n om s 1

am b i g u o us e t i e al i nd i s t i nct q ue s ti o nab le
d o u b tf u l i n e fl ni t e ob s c ur e
d u b i o us i nd e t e r mi nat e p e r p le x i ng
en i g m at i c
E quivocal(from L . an l,
d v ox , v oice ,
oe quus , equa

that w hi ch may equa lly w e ll be unde rs tood in e ith er of tw o 0

more w ays Amb ig uous (from L ambi, around, and ag e , drive
. .

le ad ) s ig nifie s lacking in di s tin ctn ess o f ce rta inty, obscure o

doub tful th roug h inde finite nes s of e x pres sion Ambig uous .

applie d only to s poke n or w ritte n s tate me nts ; e qui v ocal ha

othe r application s A stateme nt is amb ig uous w h e n i t leave = =
.

the mind of the re ade r or be are r to fl uctuate be tw ee n tw

me aning s , w hich w ould fl t th e lang uag e e qually w e ll; it i :

e qui v ocal w he n it w ould n aturally be unde rs tood i n one w afi

but is capab le of a di ffe re nt inte r pre tation; an e qui vocal ex :
p r es s io n is , a s a r u le ,
i n te n ti on a lly de ce pt iv e ,
w hi le a n a m
big uo us utte rance may be s imp ly the re s ult of a w ant e ithe r
o f cle ar th oug h t or o f ade quate e x pre s s i on Th at w hich is :
.

en ig matical mus t b e g ues s e d lik e a r iddle ; a s tate me n t ma:

be purpose ly made e nig matical in o rde r to prov oke thoug hr
and s tudy Th at is dou b tful w h ich is fair ly o pe n to doub t
.

th at is d ubi o us w h ich h as b e come the s ubject o f doub ts so

g r a v e a s s ca r ce ly t o fa ll s h o rt o f c o nd e m na t io n ; as , a d ub i o u s ;

r e puta tio n Q
. u e s ti on a b le m a y b e us e d n e a r ly in th e se n se ;

e ith e r o f dub ious or o f do u b tful; a que s tio n ab le s tate ma

is one th at mus t be p rov e d be fore it can be acce pte d To s aya .

th at one s h one s ty is que s tio nab le is a mild w ay o f s ayi ng

’

th at in th e op i ni on o f the s pe ake r h e is like ly to pr ov e dis

h one s t . E qui vocal is s ome times , th oug h mor e r are ly, us ed its ?
th is s e ns e . A s u s p icio us ch ar acte r g i v es manife s t r e aso n to be
s us pe cte d ; a s us p ici o us te mpe r is incline d to s us pect the
mo tiv e s and inte ntions of othe rs , w ith or w ithout re ason Com .

p a re C L EA R .

A N T O NYH S
c e r t ai n e v id e n t lu c i d p e r s p i c uo u s une q uiv ocal
c le ar i nd i s p u tab le mani fe s t p lai n unq u e s t i o nab le
d i s ti nc t i nd u b i tab le o b v i o us un am b i g uo us unq ue s t i o n ed
 e q ui v o cal

ESTEE M v.
m
,
o m s :

t h i nk
dee m h o ld reg ar d v alu e

Es te e m and mate alike imply to set a certainmental value

es ti

upon , b ut es te e m is les s p r e cis e a n d m e rc a n tile th an c a lc u la te

or e st i mate . We es tee m a j e w e l precious ; w e es ti mate it to b e

wor th so much mon ey This s ens e of es te e m is now chie fl y
.

found in li te r ary or oratorical s tyle, and in ce rta i n con v en

tional ph r ase s ; as , I es tee m it an h on or , a favor I n popular .

u s ag e e s te e m, as said of pe rs on s , de n otes a un ion of res pe ct

in d ki ndly fee li ng and, in the hi g hes t se nse , of mor al appro
bati on; a s , on e w hom I h ig h ly e s tee m; th e w ord ma y b e u s ed
n a simi lar se nse of mate rial thi ng s or abs tr acti ons ; as ,
no w hos e frie nds hi p I es te e m; a s h ell g reatly es te eme d for
alaid w ork . To ap p reciate anythi ng is to be deeply or kee nly
e ns ib le o f or se n s itive to its qua li ties or infl uence , to s ee its
u ll import, be ali ve to its v alue , imp ortan ce , or w or th ; a
°

s , to
i
p p re ciate be auty or harmon y; t o a pp r e ci ate o n e
’
s se r v ic e s in a
au se ; th e w or d is s imilarly, th oug h rare ly, used o f pe rsons To .

W i s e is to se t a hig h v alue on for some thing more th an mere ly

0 mme rcial re aso n s One may v alue so me obj ect, as a picture ,
.

te
y o n d al l p r ic e , a s a f am i ly h e ir loo m , o r m a y p r i ce i t a s t h e

li f t of an e s tee me d frie nd ; w ith out at all app r e ci ating its

I ti sti c me rit or commer cial va lue To reg ard (fr om F r eg ar de r
. . .

00 k a t, obs e rv e ) is to h av e a ce r tain me n tal vie w fav orab le

un fav orab le ; as , I reg ard him as a frie nd ; or , I re g ar d him
‘
'l

ls a vi llain; r eg ard has a dis tinctiv e ly fav orab le se ns e as ap

> li e d to ins titutions , pro prie ties duties , e tc , b ut does not
, .

“ ”
h e re th e use of the noun reg ar d as applied to p ersons ; w e
g ar d the S abb ath ; w e reg ar d a p ersons fee lin h a
’
a
‘

e w
g ;s e v e
” n n
‘
re a
g r d f or t h e p e rso C om .
p a r e ES T EE M , .

ESTEE M , n
“mo m
.

s :

d e fe r e nc e e s ti m at e e s t i m at i o n f av o r re g ar d r e s p e ct

Es te em for a pe rs on is a fav or ab le opinion on th e bas is of

Worth, es pe cially of mor al w orth , j oined w i th a fee ling of in
teres i in and attracti on tow ard th e pe rs on Re g ard for a pe r .

so nis the me ntal view or fee ling that s p ri ng s fr om a s e ns e

of his value , ex ce llence, or s uperiority, w ith a cordi al an d
h earty frie ndliness Reg ar d is more pe rsonal and less distan
. t
than es te e m, and adds a s pecial kin dlines s ; res p ect is a more
dis tant w ord than es tee m Res p e ct may be w holly on on
. e Si de s

w hile r eg ar d is more often mutual; r e s p e ct in th e fullest sen s e

is g iv e nto w h at is lofty, w orthy, and honorable , or to a pers on
o f s uch quali ties ; w e ma a
y p y an e x t e r n a l r es p e ct to on e 0 1
lofty s tation, re g ardle ss of pe rs onal qualities , s how ing r es pe = t ¢
for the offi ce D efe rence , s ig nifying re s pectful s ub mis s iozz z ,
.

may be w h olly formal, as yie lde d to ag e , authority, or pos itiom ,

or it ma y be founde d upon dee pe s t r eg ar d an d es te e m E s t .

mate h as more of calculation; as , my es timate of the m .

or of h is abi li tie s , is v e ry hig h E s timation in . volves th e

idea o f calculationor apprais al w ith th at of es tee m or reg ar= d,

and is es pe cially us ed of th e fe e ling e nte rtain ed by n umber s _ f
p p ;
eo l e as ,
h e s to od hig h in p ub li c e s ti mation 00 .
m
e m , v . FRI E N DS H I P ; LOVE
.

ANTO NYM S :
ab h o rr e nce loat h i ng
anti p ath y r e p ug nanc= = ze

ET E R NAL
S YN O NYH S :

d e at h le s s f ad e le s s ne v e r f ai li ng
:

e ndle s s i m m o r t al p e r e nni al
e o ni an i m p e r i s h ab le p e r p e t nal
e v e r las t i ng i nt e r m i nab l e t i m e le s s
e v e r li v i ng ne v e r : e nd i ng u nc e as i ng I
!

E te rnal s trictly s ig nifie s w ith out beg inning or e nd, in w hie fl

lone ; e v e rlas ting ap plie s to th at w hic
“ b
s ense it applie s to God a

may or may not h ave be g inning , b ut w ill ne v er ce as e ; a nd “

is also us e d 1n th is more limite d s ense ; e ndle s s , w ithout end, in = = 3 7

its utmos t r e ach , is not d is ting uis h ab le from e ve rlas ting , b u f — f

en dle s s is cons tantly us e d in infe rior s e nses , e s peci ally it ?

mech anics , as in the ph rase s ane ndle s s s crew , an e ndle s s ch air!
E v e r las ting and e ndle s s ar e b oth us e d in a limited sen se o f

p ro tr ac t e d in d e fi
.n ite ,
b ut no t i n fi n it e d ur ation ; a s , th e e ve r

las ting h ills ; e nd le s s de b ate s ; s o w e s pe ak of inter mi n able

q u arr e ls . E te rn a l h o ld s quite s tr i ct ly to th e v a s t a nd s ac re d
meaning in w hich it is applie d to the D ivine B eing and the
future s tate E v e rlas ting , e ndle s s , and e te rnal may be app lie d
.
 EXC ES S
S YN O N Y M S :
d i s s i at i o n lav i s h ne s s p r o fu s i o n
e x or i t anc e lu x u r i ance r e d u nd anc e
e x t r av ag anc e o v e lu s
i nt e m p e r anc e p r o d
ali t y s u p e r ab u n au ce w as t e ful! “
Ex is more than e noug h of anythin
ces s g, and, s i nce thi s i t !
v e ry ma ny cas es indicates a lack eithe r of j udg ment or of s elf
con trol, the w ord is us e d fre que ntly in an un favorable se n se
C are le ss e x pe nditure in e x ce s s of income is ex travag ance ; 17 42
may h av e also ex travag ance of lang uag e , pro fes si ons , e tc .

e x trav ag an ce is e x ce s s in outlay, e x or b i tance is e x ce s s in dB

’

mands , and e s pe cially in pe cuniary demands upon oth ers

Ove rp lus and s up e rabundance de note in the main it satis fi es :

—
tory, and s up e rfl ui ty an undes irab le , ex ces s ; lav is ltnes s and - l l
p f on, a g e nerous , bounti ful, or amiable ex ces s ; as ,
r o u s i
p f
r o u s i on o f fai r h ai r ; lav i s h n e s s o f h os p ita lity. S t a ph
8

is n e utr al, h a v in n n f h n f a a bl m an in g that afte — 0

—
g o e o t e u v o r e e r 2

attach e s to ex ce s s ; a s ur p lus is th at w hi ch re mains over

—
all de mands are met Re dundance or re dundan cy re fer chie fl J
’ "

to lite ry ty e , de n
r a s l otin g an e x ce s s o f w or ds o r m a tte r . E x ec B 8

in the moral s e nse is e x pres s e d by dis si pation, prodig ali ty, i fl r

te mp e rance , e tc .

A NT O NYM S
d e art h d e s t i tut i o n fru ilt y lack scan ti ue s e
d e te ct e co n om y i na e q uac y ne e d s h o rtc om n’i fl
d e fi c i e nc y fai lur e i ns uffi ci e ncy p o v e rt y w ant

EXE C UT E
S Y N O N YM S

—
ad mi ni s t e r car r y out do e nfo r ce p e r for m
To e x e cute is to follow thr oug h to the e nd, put into abs olut' e

and final efl e ct in acti on; to ad minis te r is to conduct as on e 9

r
h olding a tr us t, as a mi nis te r and not anorig inator ; th e n iiorifl
e x e cutes a w r it ; th e tr us tee adminis te rs an es tate , a char ity 1’
‘

e tc. to e nforce is to put i nto e fi ect by force , actual or po/

te ntial . To admi nis te r the law s is the pr ovi nce o f a court of
j us ti ce ; to e x ecute th e law s is the province o f a s he rif ,
mars h al, cons tab le , or othe r e x ecutiv e office r ; to ad minis ter
th e law is to de clare or apply it : to e x ecute the law is to put
it in force ; for this enforce is the more g e ne ral w ord, ex e cute
th e mor e s pecific From s ig nifying to s upe rinte nd ofi cially
.
 h “

so me ap p li cati o n o r nllictl o 11, ad mu u o li r p as s e s b y a nat ur al

1

tran s i tion to s ig n i fy infli ct, me te o ut, d is p e ns e , and blo w s ,

medici ne , e tc , are s aid to be adminis te r e d : a us ag e thoroug hly
.

es ta blis h e d and re putable in s pite of pe dantic obje ction s .

En for ce s ig nifies a lso to b e p rese nt a n d u r g e h ome b y in

te llectual an d moral force ; as , to enforce a pmce pt or a duty .

Compare n o KI LL MAKE .

sx sac ss n

ac t i v i t y
M
m
e
M “
p lo y m e nt
33 3333“
o p e r at i o n
Ex e rcis e, inthe ordi nse , is the eas y natural action of
nary se

a n y p o w e r ; e x e r ti on is t h e p u tt in g o f a n y p o w e r to s tr a i n an d
tax . An ex e rcis e drive for a hors e is so much as w ill de v e lop
-

s tre n th
g a n d h e a lth a n d n o t app re c i a b ly w e ary B ut by
.

Q uali fyi ng adj ectiv es w e may b ring ex e rcis e up to the full se nse
O f e x e r tion ; a s vi o le n t e x e r ci s e E x e r
. ci s e is a ct i o n tak e n at an y
ti m e w i th a view to e mp loying , main tain ing or incre as ing
,

p o w e r , o r m e re ly fo r e n jyo m e n t ; p r a c tis e is s ys te matic e x

e r c is e w ith a vie w to the a cquir e me n t of facility and s ki ll in

s o m e p urs uit ; a pe rs ontake s a w a lk for ex e rcis e , or take s time
f o r p r actis e onthe p iano P ractis e is also use d of putti ng into
.

a c t i o n and e fi ect w h at one h as learne d or h olds as a the ory

as , t h e p racti s e of law or medicine ; a profes s ion o f re lig ion is
g o o d ,
b ut th e p r ac tis e o f i t i s be tt e r D r.i ll is s y s te m ati c,

r i g o r o us , a nd commonly enforced pr ac tis e unde r a te ache r or

c o mman de r .Compare H AB I T .

m o m s
i dle ne s s i nact i o n i nac t i v i t y r e lax ati on

EX P E N S E
S YN O N YH S :

ex p e ndi t u r e o ut g o o u t lay

The cos t of a thing is w h ate v e r one s urre nde rs or g iv e s up

for it, inte nti onally or uninte ntionally, or e v e n uncons cio us ly ;
e x pe ns e is w h at is lai d out by calculation or i nte ntio n We .

“ ”“
sa y : H e w o n his fam e at the cos t o f h is life , I k now it to
”
my cos t, w e spe ak of a j oke at anothe r s ex p ens e ; at anothe r s
’ ’
cos t w o uld s e e m to make it a more s e ri o us matter . The re is a
tendency to us e cos t of w h at
a
p y fwe
or a p oss es s i on, e x pe ns e

of w ha t w e pay for a se rvice ; w e s pe ak of the cos t of g ood s ,

th e ex p e ns e o f ma ki ng up Outlay is us ed of s ome defl n
. it A
e x pendi ture , as for the p ur ch ase of s up plies ; outg o of as teal :
drain or o f in cide ntal ex pens es S e e PRI CE
. .

—
ANT O NYM S
“tut l

EX P L I C I T
am ount :

ex pre s s
B oth e x p lici t and e x p res s are oppose d to w h at 18 mer ely ir_ l

p li ci t or im l
p di e Th at w hi ch 18 e x p lici t is unfolded, so that
.
l
}
may not b e obs cure , doubtful, or ambig uous ; that w hi ch : 15

e x p r es s is uttere d or s tated s o decidedly th a t it may n ot

forg otte n nor ov e r looke d An ex p lici t s tate me nt is too clea

.
r

to be mi s unde rs tood ; an e x pr e ss command is too e mphatic t’ to

be dis re g ar de d .Compare CLEAR .

A N T O NY M S
am b ig uo us i nd e fi ni t e un certai n fi
n
d oub t ful i nd e t e rmi n ate v ag ue

EX T E MPO RAN EO US
S YN O NY M S
ex t e m p o r ar y i m p r o m p tu of h and
'l
ex te mp or e i m p r o vi s e d u np r e m e tli t at e b

E x te mp o rane ous , inally s ig nifying of or fr om the time

orig
T
"

or o cca s i o n,
h as co m e to me an d o n e or ma de w ith b u i i
t l ttle ( i i —
3

any ) p re p aratio n, is now chie fl y applie d to address es of w hich4 /

1

th e th o ug h t h as be e n pre pare d, and only the lang uag e an d in

'
/

cide n tal tre atme nt le ft to the s ug g e s tio n o f the mome n t, s o that

an e x te mp o rane o us s pe e ch is unde rs tood to b e any on e th a t if
not re ad o r r e ci te d ; i mp ro mp tu ke e ps its orig inal se nse , de not— f

ing s ome th ing th at s pring s fro m the i ns tant ; the i mp r omp tu;
utte ran ce is g e ne rally b rie f, dire ct, and vig o rous ; the e x
te mp or ane o us s pe ech may ch an ce to h e pr os y t and is s till
.

more e mph atic as to the re adines s and fre e dom o f the utte r
ance . (I np r e me d i tate d is g rav er and more formal, den oting
dis tinctne ss of color or s ound, as s aid of w ritte n characte fi ,

v oices , or mus ical n otes A pe rson may be faint w hen physi

—
.

ca lly w e ari e d, or w he n ov e rcome w ith fe ar ; he may be a fair 1

adhe re nt because natur ally fe e b le or p urp os e les s , or becaun l e
h alf h ear ted in the cause ; he may be a falteri n
-

g s upp or te r be

d ti mid in
—
ca use n atur ally i rr es olute or be cause faint he arted an -

vie w of pe ri ls th a t threate n , a lis tle ss w or ke r , th r o u g h w a n t o f

me ntal e ne rg y and pur pose Wri tte n ch aracte rs may be fair-
. t
or di m, e ithe r beca us e orig in ally w ritten w ith poor in k, or be
ca us e they h ave b e come fade d by time an d ex pos ur e

—
.

ANT ON YM S :
b rig h t c le ar d ari ng fr e s h r e s olut e s tu rd y
b ri lli ant n
c o s p i c uo us e ne rg e ti c h e ar t y s tro ng vig o rou s l

P R E P O S I TI O N S :

F aint w i th hung er ; fai nt i n color .

F AI T H
S YN O N YM S x

as s e nt co nfi d e nc e cr e di t or
as s u r anc e c o nv i c t i o n cr e e d
b e li e f c r e d e nc e d o c t r i ne t r us t

B f,
e lie a s an i n te lle ctu a l p r o ce ss , is t h e a c ce p ta nce o f so m - llle

th ing as tr ue n ot r g
o h e r o und s th a pn e rso n al ob se rv ation s u r f —
fl
e x pe rie nce We g ive cre de nce to a re port, as s e nt to a propos i
.

tion or to a pro pos al B e lief is s tr ong e r th an cre de n

. ce j

cr e de nce mi g h t b e de scr ibe d a s a pr ima facie be li ef; cr e de n cg

is a more for mal w ord th an b e lief, and s e e ms to imp ly so me/

w h at mor e o f v o li tion w e s pe ak o f g i vi n g cr e d e nce to a re p or t y

b ut not of g iv ing b e lief Goods are s old on cre di t; w e g ive one

.

cr e di t for g ood in te ntions C onv ictio n is a be lief e s tab lis he d

.

b y arg ume nt or e vide nce ; as s urance is b e lie f be yond th e r e ach

o f arg u me nt ; as the Chr is tians as s urance o f s alv ation Au
,
’
.

o pi n io n is a g e ne ral co nclus ion he ld as prob ab le , th oug h w i th

o ut full ce rtai n ty ; a p er s uas ion is a more confide nt op ini on .

inv olv ing th e h e art as w e ll as the inte llect I n re lig ion, a .

do ctr ine is a s tateme nt of b e lief re g ar ding a s ing le po int

a cre e d is a s ummary s tate me nt o f doctr ines Con fide nce is a .

firm de pe nde nce upona s tate me nt as true , or upona pe rso nas

w orthy . Re li ance is confide nce onw hich w e act or are re ady to
act u11que s tioning ly ; w e h av e a calm r e liance upon th e un i
°

for mitv o f nature Trus t is a p ractical and tr anquil res tin

.
g
 o f the mind u po n th e inte g ri t y . kind ne s s , fri e nds h ip , or p o
r m
is e s a pe rs o n; w e h av e tr us t in Go d
of F ai th is a unio n o f .

b e lie f and trus t F ai th is chie fl y pe rso nal ; b e li ef may b e quite

.

imp e rs onal; w e s pe ak of b e li ef o f a p ropos ition, fai th in a

p o
r mis e , because the pro mise e manate s from a pe rs on B ut .

b e li e f in a person is often us e d w i th no appreciab le difi ere nce

fr o m fai th I n re lig ion it is common to dis ti ng uis h b e tw e e n
.

int e lle ctual be lief of re lig ious truth , as any othe r truth mig ht
b e be lie v ed, and be lie f of the heart, or s aving fai th .

m o m s :
d e ni al d i s s e nt d ou b t i nfi d e li ty re je c ti o n s u s p ic i o n
d i s b e li e f di s t rus t i ncr e d u li t y mi s g i v i ng s k e p ti c i s m unb e li e f

P R E P O S I TI O N S :

H av e fai th in God ; the faith of the g os pe l .

FAI T H FU L

d e v ot e d t r ue tr u s t y
t rus tw orth y u nw av e r i ng
i nc o m p t i b le
A pers on is fai thful ho
he the r w ith or
w w ill ke e p faith , w
W i t hout pow er to aid or se rv e ; a pe rso nor th ing is t rus ty th at
p o ssess es s uch quali ti es as to justi fy the fulles t confide n ce and
d e pendence e ma y ps e ak
. of a W
fa i th ful b ut fe e b le frie nd ;
W e say a trus ty ag ent, a trus ty s tee d, a trus ty s w ord
'

A m ou n
ts :
e a rici ous u nfai t h ful u ntr us t w o r th y
f th ie s s un t r ue w av e ri ng
P m os m os s :

Fa i th ful in se rvice ; to dutv : to co mrade or co mmander ;

t
‘

Zi ithful amo ng the fai thle ss .

F ALLACY
B n o m s :

qui b b le sh i ft s oph is
qui b b li ng s h i f t i ng s p e c i al p e adi ng
refi ne m e nt s o ph i s m s u b t e r fu g e
h i r s p li t t i ng

A fallacy in log ic is a p iece o f mis le ading re as oning s uch .

t h at the conclus ion does not follow fr om the pre mise s ; th e

fallacy has s tr ictly noth ing to do w ith the truth or fals e h ood
of th e co nclus ion; the co nclus ion may be true , thoug h the
re aso ning be fallacious ; thus
All plane ts are in h ab ite d
Th e e arth i s a plane t ;
Th e re for e , th e e arth is i nh abite d .

This arg ume nt is a fallacy by fault o f the maj or premise;

“
that all plan e ts are in
”
h abite d h as ne v e r be e npr ove d, an d tha t
s tate me nt can not, the re fore , b e use d to prov e an y t h ing e l
s e
“
ne v erth e less , th e conclusion, The earth is inh abited , happen” s

to be true , th oug h the arg ume nt doe s not pr ove i t Or, ag a in .

Time is e ndles s ;
Th i s h our i s a p ort ion of time ;
Th e r e for e , th i s h our i s e ndle ss .

He re th e fallacy is in the une x pres se d ass umption that

Wh at is true o f time as a w hole is true of ev e ry portion of
”
time , w hich is impos s ib le to main tain, and w hich le ads to th e
“
mani fes tly false conclus ion, This hour is e ndle ss Th us , fallacy ”
.

is not a matte r of truth or false hood, b ut of th e so undness or 1111

so un es s
d n o r n
f o u r eas o i g ; n b ut i n commo use a fallacy
n is

un l
ders tood to be fa s e re aso n in g f r o m a p p a r e n tly t r ue p re m i s e s

to a f se c nc us ion I n a w ide r se n
al o l . s e , falla c y is used O f
anything false , dece ptiv e , or mis le adi ng or some mis le ad i ng
,

u a li ty a e a an i n th a t w i t h h i h d al a t h e
q o r pp r c e w c w e e ; s ,

f a lla c y o f t h e s e nse s ( w h e r e t h e e r r o r h a s b e e n s ho w n t°

b e , not in the action of th e s e nses , b ut in our me ntal inf e r'

on ce s from w h at th ey pr e se n t ) Comp ar e DELU S I ON S ophis ‘ W

. .

is the s kilful use of fallaci es in a ch ain of reas oning —s ub fl ?

fallacious dis putation, according to the me thods o f the an ci
t
e ‘
}
“
Gree k S oph ists , w ho acquire d g re at and pe rnicious s ki ll 1 “
dis putation unde r log ical for ms , e s pe cially in the us e O f
s pecious an d fallacious modes o f th oug h t de s ig ne d to mfl li e
‘

the w ors e appe ar th e b e tte r cause

’
. A s oph is m is a S pe C ’
? 1 8 1
in s ta nce o f s op his try ; it is a fallacy des ig ne d to dccci w e .

Cas ui s try (from L cas us , case ) is s tri ctly the appli cation
.
Q t
the g e ne ral rules o f mor ality to particular cas es ; in £ 1 1 5

s trict s e n s e ca s uis try w ould i n clude a ll practical mor ality, w ln e r e

the application o f r ule s to cas es is the v e ry b as is of ri g h t

liv i ng ; b ut cas uis tr y w as s oo n pe rv e rte d b y s h re w d 801100] ! q

into as ys te m b y w hich th e g e ne r al pri nciple s or rules o f moral l f?
w e re quite los t i n the s up pos e dly e x ce ption al features O f
 f anati c i s m

a dis honorable coun terfe it of fame E mi nen

. ce a nd dis tinction
may res ult from rank, s tation, or char acte r C ele brity is
.

limite d in rang e ; w e s pe ak o f local ce le b rity, or w orld w ide -

f am e . F a m e in i ts b e s t se n se m a y be de fi n e d as t h e app lau s e

of n umbe rs ; r e n ow n ,
as s uc h app la u se w o rtt w o n ; w e s pea k
of the con m n n n n
’
q ue r or s f a e ,
t h e p a tr i o t
’
s r e o w G lo r
.
y a d h o o r

are o f g ood import ; h onor may be g ive n for quali ties or act s
that s hould not w in i t, but it is alw ays g i ve n a s something

g oo d and w o rt h y; w e c a n s pe a k o f a n e v i l f am e ,
b ut n ot o f
e vi l h ono r ; g lory h a s a more e x alte d a nd ofte na sacre d sense
ANT ONYM S z
co nt e mp t d s cr e d i t d i s h onor h umi li at i o n i nfamy o b s curi t y
co nt ume ly s g rac e d i s r e p ut e ig no mi n y ob li v i o n s ha e m

F A N AT I C IS M
S YN O N YM S :

b i g o tr y c r e d uli t y i nt o le r anc e

F anaticis m is ex trav ag ant n fre nzied ze al; b ig otry

or e v e is
obs tin ate an d unre asoning attachme nt to a caus e or cree d }
f a n a i i m n
ad big o try u u y include i tole an
a ll n ce , w hich
t c s s r 1 5
’
un l n i li g ne to toler ate b el e fs or opinion
i s con trary to on
w ss e s

ow n; s up e rs ti tion is ig n o r an t n t i n
a d irra o al re lig io us be li e f
r d
C e u y l i t is n o t dis tin c i
t e y
v l re lig ious , b ut i s a g e neral r ea a l

ne ss to be lie v e w ithout s ufficie nt e vide nce , w i th a pronena fs “

to acce pt th e marv e lous B g otry is narrow , fan

i . at icis m {
5

fie rce, s upe rs ti ti on is ig norant, cr e duli ty is w eak , intole ran ce

{
3

s e ve re . B ig o try h as n h
ot t e capa i
c ty to r e as on fa ir ly, fund "
cia m h as not th e patie nce , s up e rs ti ti on h as not the know led g G '

and me ntal discipline , i nto le rance h as not the di s positio 1 ‘

B ig o try fanatici s m an d s up i ion are pe e rs i ons o f th e r e “
,
e rs t t rv

li g io us se ntime nt ; cre dulity and intole rance ofte n accompan y

s ke p ticis m or athe is m .

m o m s x

cy ni ci s m fr e e z th i nk i ng i nd i ffe r e nce lat i tud i nal ianis t

-
n
‘

FA NC I FU L
S YN O N Y M S :
c h i m e r i c al f ant as t i c g r ot e s que i m ag i nati v e vi si o nary
Th at is fanciful w h ich is de dicate d or s ug g es ted by fan cy

inde pe nde ntly o f more s e rio us co ns ide r ations ; the fantas tic is
 f anat i c i s m
f anc y

the
famf t ul W i l li the adde d e le me nts o f w lmns i c alncs s and
e x trava g an ce T h
. e f anc i fu l s w i ng s a w a y fr o m th e r e a l o r t h e

ordin ar y lig htly and pleas antly, the fantas t ic e x trav ag antly .

the g r otes ue r idi culous ly

q A fa n c i.
fu l a rr an g e m e n t o f o h
jeeta is commonly ple as ing , a fantas tic arr ang e me nt is
striki n a a a n m n i la h ab l A n i l
g, g r o tes q u e rr g e e t s u g e f a c f u .

the or
y or s u gg e s ti on m a y b e cle a r ly r e co g niz e d a s s uc h ; a
vis i on ary sche me is e rroneo us ly s uppos e d to h av e a b as is in
fac t . Co mpare s yn on ym s f o r m en u ; w a s i m ox n s rro s '
.

m o m s
ac c u rat e co mmo np lac e p r o s ai c
c alc u lab le li t e ral r e al
c alcu lat e d o rd i n ary r eas o nab le

FANCY
S Y N O NYU I s

b e li e f d e si r e p r e d i le c ti o n
h umo r s u p p o s i ti o n
i dea li k i ng
c o nc e p t i on i mag e m o od w h im

An intellectual fancy is a me ntal i mag e or picture founded

u p on s lig ht or w hims ical a ssociation or rese mb la nce ; a concei t
h as less of the pictures que and more of th e the ore tic than a
f ancy; a concei t is somew h at as ide from the common law s
o f re a son ing, a s a an
f yc is li g h te r a nd m o re a i ry th an the
c o mmon mode of thoug h t A conceit or fancy may be w holly
.

u nfoun ded, w hile a conce p tion alw ays h as , or is be lie v e d to

h ave, some an s w e ring re ali ty ( mpare REAS ON ) An ih
C o . .

t e llectua l fancy or concei t may be ple as ing or amus ing b ut is ,

ne ver w orth se rious dis cus si on; w e s peak of a me re fancy,

a droll or odd concei t An e mo tional or perso nal fancy is a
.

c a ricious liki n forme d w ith s li h t re a n a n d n i f

p g g so o e x e rc s e o

j u dg ment, and li able to fade as lig h tly as it w as formed I n .

a broade r se nse , the fancy s ig nifies the faculty b y w hich

f an cie s o r me n ta l imag es are forme d ass ociate d or co mb ined , . .

C o mpare syn on y m s for DR E A M ; m m ; I M AGI N A TI O N .

m o m s
actuali t y ce r tai nty r e ali t y t rut h v e ri t y

P REP OS I TI O N I :

To hav e a fancy for or take a fancy to a pe rson or thing .

 FAREW ELL
I YN O NYH I 8
adi e u ar t i - g s alu t at i o n v ale di otssfl
rat i ng
oo d s
oong e s av c { s ale di ct i o n

Good by is the home ly and he arty, far e w e ll the formal Eng

-

lis h , w ord at par ting Adie u, fr om the Fre nch, is s till mo re

.

ce re mon ious than far e w e ll; cong é, also from the Fr e n ch, is
common ly con te mptuous or s uperci lious , an d equivalen t to
dis mis s al Vale dict ionis a learn
. e d w or d nev e r inpo pular us e .

A vale dictory is a public fare w e ll to a company or ass emb l i

P B EP O S I TI O N S 8

I bade farew e ll to my comr ades , or (w ithout pre pos itio n)

I bade my comrade s fare w e ll; I took a s ad fare w e ll of m y
friends .

FEAR
S YN O NYM S t
dis q ui e tu d e mi s vi ng t i mi di t y
g
afl r i g h t
ap p r e h e ns i o n d r e ad p an t r e m b li n
av e fr i g h t s c ar e
co ns t e r nat i o n h orr or t e rr or t r e p i d ati . a
! s

d i s m ay
F e ar is the g e n eric te rm de n oting a n e motion e x ci ted l l?

th reate ning e v il w ith a de s ire to av oid or es cape i t ; fe ar m ay

be s udde n or ling e ri ng , in vie w of pr e se nt, or imminent, or of

dis tant and only pos s ible dang e r ; in the latte r se nse dr e ad
is o fte ne r use d . H or ror (e tymo log ically a s hive ring or s hu d
de ring ) de notes a s h uddering fe ar accomp anie d w ith abh o r
re n ce or s uch a s h ock to th e fee lin g s a n d s e ns ib il it i es a s m ay
e x is t w ith out fe ar , a s w h e n on e s udde n ly e ncounters some
g h a s tly p s e cta c le ,
w e s a y o f a d e s pe r at e b u t fe t te r e d cr im i nal .

“I looke d u on h im w ith h or r or W
p h e re h o r r or in cludes

f ,
e a r i t i s f e a r m i n g le d w it h ab h orre n ce.
(S e e ARB OR ) .

A/frig h t, fri g h t, and te r ro r are alw ays s udde n and in actual ,

p r e se n c e o f th a t w h ic h i s te rr ibl
. e F e a r m a y o v e r w h e lm, or
may ne rv e one to de s pe r ate de fe ns e ; frig h t and te rr or re nder
on e in ca a b l f d f n m a b n l l d b f
p e o e e s e ; f e ar y e co tr o e y o r c e of
w i ll;
f r ig h t a n d te r r o r ov e r w he lm th e w ill ; te r r or
p ar a l z
y es :
f g h t may caus e one to fl y, to scre am, or to s w oon F ri g h t
r i .

is lar g e ly a matte r of the ne rv e s ; fe ar of th e inte llect and the

imag ination; ter ror of all th e faculties , bodily and me n .tal A
s care is s udde nfr ig h t, e s pe ci ally a s due to a s lig ht or i ma in
g ar y
 fe m i ni ne
f e nd

B anque t ( 0 F b anqu e t, . . cp . It . b ane h e tto, a s mall b ench or tab le ) nae d

g e ne r ally to be r e st r aine d to a s lig h te r r e p as t, to th e lig h te r and or na
me ntal d e s se rt or r e tection or th e b anqu e t of w ine ( Esth v i i
,
‘ ’
.
, w h ich
follow e d and cr ow ne d th e mor e su b st anti al r e p ast .

Tan x c n S e le ct Glo ss ary , p . 24 .

He nce , banque t prope rly carrie s th e ide a of g r ac e and e leg ance ,

as fe as t does th at of ab undance , w h ich may b e e ithe r ru d e
or s ple n did A tre at is s ome form o f e nte r tainme nt es pe cially
.

p r o v i de d to me e t th e ta s te s o f th e re ci pie nt ; as , to g ive th e

c hild re n a tre at; h e nce , anything th at g iv es e s pecial or un

us ual p le as ur e i s calle d a tr e at ; as th e mus ic w as a treat , .

I n fig ur ativ e use anything th at afi or ds s atis faction or delig ht

to the i nte lle ct or th e e motions may b e calle d a fe as t; ban qu e t
doe s not le nd itse lf so re adily to fig urativ e us e Compare .

CAROU S AL .

m o m s
ab s t i ne nce d e s t i t u t i o n fami ne fas t fas ti ng ne e d p ri v ati on w an
t

FE M I NI NE
s m o m s :

e ife m i nat e f e m al e w oma ni s h w oman ly

We apply fe male to the s e x , fe mi ni»ne to th e qual
i ties

es pe cially the fin e r ph ys ica l or me ntal qualiti es th at dis tin g u ish

the fe male s e x in th e h uman fami ly, or to the obj ects a p

p pro r i ate for o r e s p e c i ally e m l
p yo e d b y th e m A fe m a le .

v oice is th e v o ice o f a w oma n: a fe mi nine voice may belon g to

a man Womanis h de no te s the undes ir ab le , w omanly the a

.
d
m i r ab le o r lov l
e y qu a li ti es o f w o m an W o m a n ly te ars w o u ld.

s ug g es t re s p ect a nd s ymp athy, w omanis h te ars a touch of con

te mpt The w or d e ffe mi nate is a
. lw a ys use d re pro ach fully, a n d
n
o ly o f m e n a s p o s s e s s in g w o m a nly tr aits s u ch as ar e in co n
s is te nt w ith true man liness .

A N T ON Y M S :

S ee sy nonyms for M AS CU L I N E .

FETTER
S YN O NY M S
b nd ag
o e cu s to d y es
b o nd s d u r anc e h and o nifs manacles
c h ai ns dur e ss i m p r i s o nm e nt sh ack les

B onds may be of cord, le athe r, or any othe r s ubs ta ce n t

tha
 f e m i ni ne
fe u d

m bind ; n are of linked metal Manacles and handcufl s

ch ai s .
’

r
e for the h an ds , fe tte rs are primar ily ch ains or j ointed iro n
t s te n in g s f o r th e f ee t ; gy ve s m ay be f or e i th e r A
. s h ac k le

a metallic ring , clas p, or b race let like fas te ning for e n

-

r e lin g a nd res tr a in i ng a lim b ; co m m o n ly o n e o f a p a i r ,

s e d e ither for han ds or fe e t . B onds fe tte rs and ch ai ns

,
,

r e us ed in a e n
g e r a l w ay f or al m os t a n y fo r m o f res tr ai n t .

i
g oc e is n o w w h o lly p oe tic , a nd th e o th e r w o r ds a r e m o s tly
a s tricte d to the lite rary s tyle ; han dcuf fs is t h e s p e c i fic a n d
“o n s the g e n e ra l term i n pop ular us ag e ; as , the pr is o ne r w as
tu t ini r on s .B o nds , ch ains , and s hackles are freque ntly use d
a the me taph orical sense .

F EU D
nco m
i e:
al r ay co nt e nti o n
ani m o s i ty c o nt e s t
b i tt e r ne s s c o nt r o v e r s y
b r aw l di s p u t e
b roi l di s s e ns i o n

A fe ud is e nmi ty be tw ee n familie s , clans , or par ties , w ith acts

f h os tili ty mutually re taliate d and ave ng e d ; fe ud is rare ly
s e d of i n divi duals , ne ve r o f nations . t ile all the othe r
ro r ds of th e g roup ma y r e fe r to th a t w h i ch is t ra n s ie n t ,
a
en d is long e nduring , and ofte n he re ditary
-
. D is s e ns i on is
sed of a n umbe r of p e rso n s , of a pa r ty or oth er org an ization .

ti t te rne ss is in fee ling on ly ; e nmi ty and h os ti li ty inv o lv e w ill

nd p ur pos e to oppose o r inj ure A quar r e l is in w ord or
.

ct, or both ; it may b e , an d commo nly is , s lig h t an d trans ie nt,

s w e s peak o f chi ldis h quarr e ls ; it may be fie rce , n ois y a , nd
i ole nt, or quie t, courte ous and de adly Co nte nti on and s tr ife
. .

m ay b e in w or d or de e d ; contes t ordi narily inv olves so me form

of actio n C ontes t is ofte n use d in a g oo d s e nse , co nte ntio n
.

md s trife v ery rare ly s o Controv e rs y is commonly inw or ds ;

.

trife e x te n ds from v e r b al contr ov e rs y to th e co nte s ts o f armie s .

if f y,
r a b r a w l,
b r o i l,
an d r o w ,
lik e q u a r r e l,
are w o rd s o f i n
feri or dig nity ; the at) ray alw ays inv olv e s phys ical force ; the
"

pro w l, b r oil, or raw may be confine d to viole nt lang uag e .

Vra
g, an ir re g ula r c o nfl ict , co mm o nly o f a r m ed o pp o n e n ts , is

l w or d tha t holds place inli te rature , b ut is not n ow incommon

“
me , e x ce pt in the familiar ph ras e , the thick of the fray ”
. A
fracas is a dis orde r ly and indiscrimin ate fig ht, us ually in
 v olv i ng a numbe r mb atants A rio t is a se rio us distu r
of co .

b ance o f th e pe ace , w h ich may reach the w ildes t e x tre mes of

mob v iolence , and o f w hich the law takes s pe cial cog nizance .

F I CK L E
S YN O NY M S s
c ap r i c i o u s i nc o ns t ant
c h ang e n b le i r r e s o lu t e
c h an e fu l m u t ab le
cr o t c g e ty
f anc i f u l
fl t fu l sh i f ti ng
fl u c t u at i ng

The w ords of the lis t abov e g iv en, natur ally div ide th e m
s e lves in —
to th re e g roups : F i rs t w ords de noting mere facili ty
o f chan g ,
e w i th n o r e f e re n c e to an y k n o w n or s ug g e s te d

rea s on; a s , ch an g e able , chan g f , fl

e u l u c tu a t ing, m u t ab le , r e s t
le s s , s h ifti n g, v a c i lla ti n g ,
v a r i a b le ,
v a r in
y g, v e rs ati le ,
w a v er
ing . Compare F L U CTU ATE . Ve rs atile li fts its e lf out o f this
g r o u p a s i m l
p y g i n n o t m e re f a c i li t y o f c h a n g e b ut o f p ro fi t
—
,

a e and e
b l f fe c t i v e c h ang e de noting ab undance of p ow e r
comb in e d w ith w i de adapta b ility ; a v e rs ati le mind, a v e r
s ati le g e n i us may, indee d, ch ang e its activ ities from me re
fickle ne s s or i ncons tancy o f p ur pose , b ut ofte ne r chan g e s b y
dis ti nct ch oice and purpose in re cog nition o f so me n ew de
mand o f ci rcums tance s or s ome ne w ope ning of o pportuni ty ;
s uch a min d se e ms able to use its full p ow e r w i th almos t
e qua l r eadine s s i n any field i n w h ich it ch oose s to act, an d
may be as far as p oss ible from i ncons tant or fick le , but de
i
c de d a nd re o ute w e n c oice is made ; S econd Words th at
s l h h —
de no te th e me re ne g ation of fix ity , the lack of s te adin es s of

fee ling dis pos itio n de s ire , purp ose , ch ar acte r , or w ill ; as
. .

i nco ns tant, i rr e s o lute , p urp os e les s , unce r tain, unfix e d, un

re liab le , un s e ttle d , uns table , uns te ady . Pe rs ons marke d by
s uch qualities ar e lia b le to be fick le for w an t of any reaso n to
ke e p the m fro m une x pe cte d and incalculah le ch ang e . Th i r d
Words de noting a te nde ncy to chang e founde d upon s ome
q u a l i ty or e le m e n t o f d is p o s i t i o n , i nte lle c t, o r c h ar acte r ; as ,
cap ri ci o us , cro tch e ty, f a n c i f , fi
u l c k le , f r e ak i s h , s p a s m o d i c,

w h ims ical . F ick le (fr om AS ficol, de ce itful, cr afty ) or ig inally

.

d e note d chang ing w ith inte n t to de ce iv e or b e tr ay ; the w ord

 te nt A le g e nd mav be tr ue , b ut can no t b e hi s to r ically v eri
.

fie d ; a my th h as bee n re ce i ve d a s tr ue a t some th e , b ut is no w
kn ow n to be fa lse A fabricati on is de sig ned to deceive ; it
.

is a le ss odious w ord thanfals e h ood, but is re ally s tron e

g ,r as

a fals eh ood may b e a s udde n unpreme di tated s tatement w h i le

a fab r ication is a se ries o f s tate me nts care fully s tudied and
fitted tog ethe r in order to dece iv e ; th e fals ehood is all fals e ;
the fab ri cation may min g le t he tr ue w ith t h e fa ls e A fig m e n t .

is s ome thing imag inary w hich th e on e w ho utters it ma y or

“
may not be lie ve to be tr ue ; w e s ay, That s tateme nt is a fi g
me nt o f his imag ination ”
Th e s to ry may b e e t er tr ue
. i h o r

false , and cov e rs the v ar ious se n se s o f all the w ords in t h e

g ro up A .
p o lo g u e, a
w or d s im l
py tr ans fe rr ed fr om Greek in to

Eng lis h , is the s ame as fab le Compare ALLn . GoaY .

ANT O NY M S :
c e r t ai nty fac t h i s to r y li t e ralne s e r e ali ty truth v ol
—fl “
“

PI E R C E
S YN O N YM S :

fe r o c i o u s fu r i o u s r ag i ng u nc u lt i v at e d v i o la - r ill
fi e ry i m p e tu ous s av ag e u nt r ai ne d

F ie r ce ni fie s havi ng a furi ous and cruel nature , or bei

s ig n g
in a fur ious and cruel mo od, more commonly the latter .
It
applies to th at w h ich is now inte nse ly e x ci te d, or li ab le to ia
te n s e an d s udde n e x cite me nt F e roci o us re fers to a state 01
'

dis pos i tion; th at w h ich is fie rce fl as he s or b lazes ; that w hich is

f e r oci o us s te a d ily b u r ns ; w e s p e ak o f a f e r o c i ou s an im u l
fi e r c e p as s i o n A
.
fie r y s p i r it w i th a g oo d d is p os it i on 18

i k l i b l i n a a b m a n b 0
'

a 1
q u c y e x c t e g o o d c use u
,t y o t e fi e r ce

f e ro cio us . S a v a g e s ig n i fi es u n t r a i ne d ,
u n c u lti v a t e d .P e r c e n
t ? ”
"
alw ays de notes a te nde ncy to v iole nce ; it is more dis tino 1 1 3
b loodthi rs ty th an th e othe r w ords ; a pe rs o n may be dee p
i nte ns e ly cr ue l, and not at all fe r ocio us ; a fe r oci ous cOL’ n '

c
te nancc e x p r es s e s h ab itual ferocity ; a fie r ce counte narzi c »

may e x pre s s h ab itual fierce ness or o nly th e s udde n ang e r

,
” f

the mo me nt Th at w hich is w ild is s imply unre strai ned ; t

.
, 1 e

a t
w ord may imply n o an h a h n a i ld d li l
'
w i
g e r o r rs e ss ; s , e g
w ild alar m .

A NT O NY M S :

affe c t i o nat e k i nd p at i e nt s ub m i s s i v e tu na
d o c i le nn d p e ac e ful tend a
'

sw eet
 F I NA NC I A L
S Y N O N YM S z
m o ne t ar y p e c u ni ar y
These w or ds allmone y, rece ipts , or e x pe nditure s
re late to .

Mo ne tary re lates to actual money, coin, curre ncy ; as , the mo no

tar y sys tem ; a mone tary tr an saction is on e in w hich mon e y is

tr an sferre d P ecuniar y r e fe rs to that in w hi ch mo n

. e y is i n

v o lved b ut less directl

, y; w e s pe ak o f o ne
’
s p e cu n ia ry a ffa i r s

or in te res ts , w i th no s pe ci al r e fe re nce to th e handling of cas h .

F in an cia l applies es pe cially to g ov e rnme ntal re ve nues o r e x

Pe ndi tures , or to private tr an sa ction s o f con s ide r ab le mome nt ;
We speak of a pe cuniary re w ard, a financ ial e nte r p rise ; w e
iv e a n eedy pe rson p e cun i a ry (n ot fin an cial) a ss is ta n I
g ce t .

18 common to s e a k f h a a h h an h n n i a
p o t e fi s c l r t e r t t e fi a c al y e r

F I NE
S t rea m s 8

e le gant
b e au t i fu l e x c e lle nt s m ooth
c lar i fi e d e x q ui s i t e s p l e ndi d
h and s o m e s ub t i le
k een s u b t le
d ai nt y m i nu t e t e nu o u s
d e li cat e ni c e s li g ht th in
Fine ( fro m L n
fi , i.s e n d ) d e no t e s t h a t w h ic h h a s b ee n b r o u g h t
t o afull end, fin is h e d From th is r oot se n
.
-
s e man y d e r i v e d m e a n
i n g s bran ch out, caus i n g w o r ds q u i t e re m o te f ro m e a c h o th e r t o

b e a like synonyms of fine Th at w h ich i s truly finis h e d b ro ug h t

.
,

to a n ide al end, is ex ce lle nt of its k ind , and b e autiful, ii a

'

t h in g t h a t a d m i ts o f b e au ty; a s , a fi n e h o u s e , fi n e tr e es , a fi m
W oman , a fi ne m o r n i ng ; i f a t h i n g t h a t a d m i ts o f t he r e

m oval of impurities , it is not finis hed till the se are re move d .

and he n ce fin e s ig n i fies clar ifie d, clear, p ure , r efine d ; as fine ,

g o ld , Th at w hi ch is finis he d is apt to be p o lis h e d, s mooth to

t h e touch minute l e x act in outlin h n n m t b
, y e ; e c e fi e c o es o e

a S ynon m for all w ords like daint , de licate , e x quis ite ; as

y y .

fi ne manne rs , a fine touch, fine pe rce ptions As th at w h ich is .

d c li c ate is a t to be s mall b ane as e x te ns ion of me anin i r c

p y y g f
-

,
b e lso n i es a s yn on m f o r s le n d li h t m i n u t mm in u te d :
y e r ,s g ,
e , c o
as , a n h a d n an d f l m n h i n a a
fi e t r e fi e, s ; o r o r fi y , te u o u s
,
t : s .

fine lace , fine w ire ; and as a th in e dg e is ke e n, s h arp fine be ,

comes a lso a s ynonym for thes e w o rds ; as , a fin e p oin t a fine

,

e (l e
g . Comp are B EAUTI FU L ; m x m s .
 f oo d

w ith alte rnate rise and fall A pe ndulum os cillates ; waves

.

fl uc tua te or u ndu la te ; a l ig h t or a fl a m e w a ve r s ,
‘
a frig ht ened
s tee d s w e rv e s from hi s co urse ; a tool or w eapon s w erves from

the mark or li n e ; the te mpe r a ture varie s ; the w ind v eers when
it s udde nly chan g es i ts di re cti on Th at w h ic h
. ve e r s m ay s te a dily
h old the ne w direction; th at w hich os cillates, fluctuates , us
dulates , or w ave rs r e tur n s upon its w ay As re g ards menta . l
s tate s , h e w ho h esi tates sticks (fr om L h ce re re ) onthe v erg e of
.

decis ion; be w ho w av e rs does not s tick to a de cis ion; b e w ho

vacillate s de cide s n ow on e w a y , an d no w a n o th e r ; o n e e as il
lates be tw ee n contr as te d de cis ion s or a ction s ; he ma y w av e r

be tw ee n deci s ion and inde cisi on, or be tw ee n action and in

action Pe rsons h es i tate, vacillate, w ave r; fee ling s fl uctuate
.

or vary Compare S H AK E
. .

m o m s :
ab i d e ad h e r e h old fas t p e rs i s t s tand fas t s tay s t i ck

FL U I D
S H OW S :

g as li q u i d

A flui d is a s ub stance that, like air or w ater, yields to any

force th at te nds to ch ang e its form ; a liquid is a body in th at
s tate in w hi ch th e p ar ti cles mov e fr e e ly a mong th e ms e lv es , b ut
r e maininone mass , kee ping the s ame v olume , b ut taki ng alw ays
th e form of the con tainin g v e sse l ; a li qui d i s anine las tic fl id ;
u
a g as is ane las tic fluid th at te nds to e x pand to the utmos t li mits
o f th e containing s pace All liqui ds are fl uids , b ut no t all fl uids
.

are li quids ; ai r and all th e g as es are fluids , b ut they are no t

li quids under or dinary circums tan ce s , thoug h capab le o f be ing
re duce d to a li qui d form by s p e cial means , as b y cold and pre s
s ure . Water at the ordinary te mpe rature is at once a fl uid
and a li quid .

FO LLO W
S YN O N YM S
ac c o m p any co m e af t e r 0 af t e r ob e y pursue
at t e nd co p y eed ob s e rv e r e s u lt
c h as e e ns u e i m i t at e p r ac t i s e s u cc e e d

Anyth ing that comes after or g oes afte r anothe r , eithe r in

s pace or in time , is s aid to fo llow it A s e rv ant follow s or .

att ends his mas te r ; a vi ctorious g e ner al may follo w the t e

 tiring e ne my me r e ly to w atch and h old h im in che ck
; h e
cha
s es or p urs i nte nt to ov e rtake
ue s w i th and attack ; th e
chas e is close r and hotte r than the purs uit (Compare syno .

n ym s fo r H U NT ) O ne e v en t may follow an
. oth e r e ith e r w i th

or w ith out s pe cia l connecti on; if it ens ue s , the re is s ome

orde r ly con nection; as , the ens uing ye ar ; if it r es ults from
anothe r, th e re is some re la tion of e fi ect, cons e que nce , or ia
ference , A cle rk ob s e r v es his e mployer s direction
’
s A child .

obeys his pa re nt s commands , follow s or copi es his ex ample ,

’

imi tates his s peech and man ners The composi tor follow s
m
.

co py ; th e in comin g s ucce e ds th e outg o ing o ci al .

FOO D
s m o m s
d i l u e nt fe e d no u r i s h m e nt p ab nlnns s us t e nanc e
diet f od d e r nu t r i m e nt p r o v e nd e r vi and s
f o r ag e nu t r i t i o n re g i men v i c t u als

F o od is , inthe p opular se nse , w hate v er on e cats in contradis

ti ncti onto w h at one drinks Th us , w e s pe ak of food and drin
. k,
o f w h oles ome , un w hole so me , or in dig es ti b le food ; b ut in a
more s cientific se nse w h ateve r , w he n take n into the dig e s tive
o r g an s , se r ves to b ui ld up s tr ucture or s upply w as te ma y be
ter me d food ; the w or d is e x te n de d to plants to s ig nify w hat
e v e r ta ke n in any w ay into th e org anism se rve s s imilar pur
p o s e s ; th u s ,
w e s p e a k o f li q u id f o o d , p la n t f o o d , e t c ;
. in t h is

w id e r s e n s e food is clos e ly s yn on y m o u s w i t h n u t r i m e n t,
n o u r

i s hm e nt, and s us te nance . D i e t r e fe rs to the quantity an d

q u al i ty o f f o o d h a bi tu a l ly t a k e n ,
w i t h r e f e r e n c e to p re se rv a
t i on of h ealth Victuals is a plain, h ome ly w or d for w h at
.

e v e r ma y b e e ate n ; w e s p e a k o f c h o ic e v ia n d s ,
c o ld v ic tu a ls
.

N o uri s h ment and s us te nance apply to w hate ve r can b e intro

d uce d into th e sys te m as a me ans o f s us taini ng li fe ; w e s ay
o f a con va les ce nt, he is taking nouri s h me nt . Nu tri ment and
nu tri ti on h av e more of scie ntific re fe re nce to th e Vi talizing
p r i n c i p les o f v ar i ou s f oo d s ; th u s ,
w h e a t i s s a i d t o c o n ta i n a
e a t am o u n t o f n u t r im e n t R e g i m e n c o n s i d e rs f oo d a s t a k e n
g r .

b y str ict rule b ut app . l ie s m o r e w i d e ly t o th e w h o le o r d e r in g

o f li fe . F are is a g e n e r a l w or d f o r a ll t a b le s-
u pp l ies ,g o o d o r

b ad ; as , sumptuous f a r e ; w re t ch e d f a r e . F e e d , f
o d d e r ,
an d
ov e n de r a r e use d o n ly o f t h e f o o d o f t h e l o w e r a n im a l s , f e e d
p r

d e noting anyth ing c o n s u m e d ,

b u t m o r e c o mm on l y g r a i n, f o dd e r
 f o r m i d ab le
f o r t u nat e

de notin m “ n
g h ay, c o s talks -

, o r t h e lik e , s om e ti mes ca lled lo g

”
f e e d ; p r ov ende r is dr y f e e d, w h e th e r g r ai n or h a y, s tra w .

e tc . F orag e de note s any kind of food s uitab le for h orses a n d

cattle , prim:1ri ly a s obtain e d by a military force in scourin g
the country, es pe cially an e n e my s coun
’
try .

FORM I D A BL E
am ou nt s :

d ang e r o u s i nd o m i t ab le re d o ub ted t r e m e nd ous

i m p r e g nab le i nv i nc i b le t e r r i b le

Th at hich is formi dab le is w orthy of fear if e ncounte red or

w

op p ose d ; a s , a for mi dab le arr a y o f troo s

p , or o f e v i de nce .

F o r mi dab le is a w ord of more dig n ity than dang e r ous , an d

s ug g e s ts more calm a nd collecte d pow e r than te rr ible ; for
midab le is le ss ov erw he lmi ng th an tr e me ndous A loaded g unis .

dang e rous ; a park of artille ry is formidab le ; a ch arg e of

ca v alry is te rri ble ; th e full s hock o f g re at ar mies is tr e
me ndo us . A dang e rous man is like ly to do mis chie f, and
ne e ds w atch ing ; a for midab le man may not be dang e rous if
not attacked ; an e nrag e d maniac is te r ri b le ; th e force of
oce an w a v es in a s torm, a nd the s ile nt press ure in the oce an
de pths , ar e tr e mendous .

A N T O NY M S
co nt e m p ti b le fe e b le h ar mle s s h e lple s s p ow e rle s s w eak
d e s p i cab le

P R E P O S I TI O N S z
F ormidab le by or i n numb e rs ; i n s tre ng th formidable to the
e nemy .

FO RTlFlC ATlO N
S YN O N YH S z
b r e as t w e r k ent r e nch m e nt fo r t r e s s s tr o ng h o ld
c as t le f as t ne s s i nt r e nc h m e nt t r e nc h e s
c i t ad e l fl e ld =
w or k s ri fl e pi t
f
w or k s
d e f e ns e s fo r t

F or tiflcati on is the g e n e r al w ord for an y a r ti ficial de fe ns iv e

w ork ; a fo r tres s is a for tificati on o f es pecial s ize and s tre ng th ;

a fort re s s is re g arde d as permane nt, and is ordi narily an inde
p e n de nt w o r k ; a f or t or f fi
o r ti cati o n m a y b e te m po ra r y ; a
fo r tificati o n ma
y b e b u t p art o f a d e fe n s i v e s y s te m ; w e s pe a k
o f th e
f f
o r ti ica ti on s o f a c i ty A ci ta d
. e l is a f fi
o r ti c a ti o n
w i thin a city, or the for tifie d in ner part of a ci ty or fo rtres s ,
 fr au d
f r i e nd s h i p

FRAUD
am ou nts :
ar t i fi c e d e c ei t d u p li ci t y sw i ndl e tr e ason
c h e at d e c e p ti o n i m p o s i ti o n s w i nd li ng t r i ck
c h e at i ng di s h o ne s ty i m p e s t ur e t r e ach e r y

A fraud is anact of de libe rate dece p ti on w ith the des ig n0

secur in g so m e th i n g b y t a k i n g u n fai r a d v an ta g e o f an o th e r A .

de ce i t or de cep tion may be des ig n e d me re ly to g a in some en .

o f on e s ow n
’
, w i th no in te n t o f h ar m i n g a n o th e r ; a n i mp os i tio n
to take s ome s mall adv antag e of an o the r , or s imply to ma le
anothe r ridi culous . An i mp os tur e is des ig ne d to obtain mon ey

cre dit, or pos i tion to w hi ch on e is n ot e n title d, and may b

p ra c tise d by a s tr ee t b e gg a r or b y th e p r e te n d e r to a th ro n e

All action that is not h ones t is dis h one s t, b ut th e te rm dis

h ones ty is g e ne r ally ap pli e d in bus ine ss , politi cs , e tc , to de .

ce i tful pr a ctis es w hich a re n ot dir e ctly crimin al F raud in

.

clude s de cei t, b ut de cei t may n ot r e a ch th e g r a v ity of fraud

a ch e at is of the nature of fraud , b ut o f a pe tty so rt ; a s w indl

is more s e ri ous th an a ch e at, i nv olving larg e r v alues and mor
fl ag rant di s h ones ty . F raud is commonly actionable at law
ch e atin g an d s w i nd ling are for the mos t part out of the read
of le g a l procee di ng s . Tr e ach e ry is ch ie fl y use d o f d is h ones t
in matte rs of frie nds hip, s ocial r e lation s , g ov e rn me nt, 0
wa r ; tr e a ch e ry ma y b e m o r e h ar m f u l th an fraud, b ut is n o

s o g ross , a nd is not ordinarily open to leg al re dres s Treas a .

is a s pe cific form of tre ach e ry o f a s ubje ct to the g ov e rn me n

to w h ich he ow es alleg iance , and i s de fin ab le and punish abl
at law . Compare ARTI FI CE ; DECEPTI ON .

ANT ONY M S :
fai r nes s g ood fai th h one s ty i nt e g r i ty truth up ri g h tnes l

FRI E ND LY
S YN ONY M S :
ac c e s s i b le co m p ani o nab le g e ni al ne h b e r ly
afl ab le c o m p lai s ant h e ar t y s o c ab le
aR e c t i o nat e c o r d i al k i nd s o ci al
am i c ab le f av o r ab le k i nd ly t e nd e r
b r o t h e r ly fo nd lo v i ng w e ll z di s p o se t
'

F r ie ndly, as sa ns , s ig nifie s h av ing the dis pos itim

id of pe rs o

of a friend ; as s aid of acts it s ig ni fie s b e fitti ng or w orthy o

,

a frie nd The adjective fr ie ndly does not re ach the full sig
.

“ ” “
nifl cance of the nouns friend and frie nds h ip ; one an; ”
 f r au d
f r i e nd s h i p

be f rie ndly to th os e w h o ar e no t h i s f r i e nd s , and to be in

f r i endly r e latio ns n s ig ni fies little mo re th an no t to b c
ofte

h o s tile . I n its appli cation to pe rsons , acce ss ib le is use d of

p u blic an d emin en t pers on s , w ho mig h t, if dis pose d, hold
t h e mselves at a dis tan ce from othe rs C omp ani o nab le and
.

s o c ia b le re fer to man ner and be havi or, co rdial and g e nial e x

p r ess g e n uin e kin dlin ess of he art We s pe ak o f a cordial
.

g r e etin g, a f av o r a b le re ce p ti o n, a n e ig h b o r ly ca ll, a s oc i ab l e
V i s itor
, an a m ic a b le se tt le m e nt , a k i n d i n te re st, a fr ie n dly
r e
g ar d , a h e art y w e lc om e .Th e S ax on fri e n dly is s tron g e r
t h anth e Latin ami cab le ; the amicab le ma be me re l formal;
y y
t h e ri en d l i f m h h a n i m m n ly p p e d to an
a i
f y s ro t e e rt F .o d s co o l
a fi ection th at be come s , or at least appe ars , ex ce ss ive Affe c .

t io n ate, dev oted, an d te nde r are almos t alw ays use d in a h ig h

a nd g ood s ense ; as , an af i n a n a d f i n d “ h
f ec t o te so ; e v o te d r e ; t e
t e nde r merc of our God ” 7 m
y , L u k e i , 8 C o p
. a re F R I E N D S H I P .

M OM S :
a d v ers e d i s tant i li z d i s po s e d un k in d
a li e nat e d e s t ra ng e d i ndi ffe r e n t w arli k e
a ntag o ni s ti c fri g i d in i mi cai
b e lllcos e h os t i le un fri e nd ly

FR I E NDS H I P
m o m s :
eo mi e ste e m oo d w i ll
e onsi e r at i o n f av o r ov e
d ev o t i o n f r i e ndli ne s s reg ar d
Fri e n ds h ip is a dee p, quie t, e nduring afie ction, founde d upon
m utual res pe ct and es t ee m F ri e nds hip is alw ays mutual; the re
.

m ay be unre ciprocate d affe cti onor attach me nt, unre quite d love ,
o r even un re cog n ized and unappre ciate d de votion, but ne ve r
un reciproca te d or un re qui te d frie n ds h ip ; one may h av e friendly
feelin g s tow a r d a n e n e m y , b u t w h ile th e r e i s h o s tili ty o r co ld
ness onone side th ere can not b e frie nd ship be tw e e n the tw o .

Frien dlines s is a quality o f frie ndly fe e ling w ith o ut the de e p .

an d settled attach me nt imp lie d in th e s tate o f fr ie nds h ip .

Comity is mutual ki ndly co urte s v w ith car e o f e ach o th e r s .

’

ight, and amity a frie ndly fe e ling and re lation, not ne ce ss arily
f
un p yin
l i al i n l n a h m f n a i n
g s p ec fr e d i e s s ; s t e c.o i ty o t o s , o r

M y betw ee n ne ig hb oring countrie s Affectio n may b e pure ly .

n atura l; fri ends hip is a g row th F r ie nds h ip is more inte l

.

leth a l and less emotional than lov e ; it is e as ier to g iv e

 fr i g h t e n
g ar r u lo u s

r e as o ns fo r f ri e nds /up th an fo r lo ve ; f
r ie nds h ip is more
cal m and qui e t,
lo v e mor e fe r v e nt ; lo ve ofte n rise s to ln
te n
s es t p ass ion; n not s pe ak of th e
we ca p as s ion o f friend
s h ip. F rie nds h ip implies some deg re e of e quality, while
love doe s not ; w e can s peak of mans lov e tow ar d God, n
’
ot

of his fri e n ds h ip for God (Th e r e is m o re lat

.itude in the

use of th e con cre te noun fr ie nd ; Abrah am w as called the

“
” “ ”
frie nd of God ; Chris t w a s calle d th e friend of sin ners )
Compar e ACQ UAI N TANCE ; LOVE .

m o m s :

S ee synonyms for m u m ; mun; m m

P R EP O S I T I O N S
The fr ie nds hip of one pe rson for or tow ar d another, or th‘

frie nds hip b e tw e en them .

F RI G H TE N
sy no ny ms
“h m “ ‘
2333 “ s. 322 m firs t “ . w as,
One is fr ig h te ne d by a caus e of fe ar address e d di re ctly an fl
s udde n ly to th e s e ns es ; he is intimidate d by an apprehen s ion "
.

t on s ome act of M
5
of con ting e nt conse que nce s de pe nde n
ow n to be don e or for born e ; th e mea ns of intimi dation mar q
act th roug h th e s e ns e s , or may ap pe al only to the i n ’
tellectJ
or the se n The s udde n r us h o f an armed madmanC —
T: J

—
s ib ilitie s
"
. A

may fr ig h te n; the quie t le v e ling o f a hig hw aymans pistoL‘ ’

i nti midates A sav ag e be ast is intimidate d by th e kee per fl

.
’

w hip . Employe rs may intimidate the ir e mployees from 23

votin g c o nt r ar y to th e ir w ill b y t h rea t o f di s ch ar ge ;

moth er may be inti midate d th roug h fe ar for he r child T" .

b r ow b e at or cow is to b rin g i nto a s ta te o f s u b m iss i ve fe ar s

to daunt is to g iv e paus e or che ck to a vi ole n t, thre aten in g,
or e ven a b ra v e s pirit To s car e is to cause s udden, un
.

ne rving fe ar ; to terrify is to aw aken fear that is over

w he lmin g T
. o a pp al (f rom L ad ,
to p al e
. o, b e p ale ) is
to str ike w ith s udde n fear , dis ma y, a n d ho rro r ; o n e m ay
be app alle d at th e s nfi e ring s or pe ril of others ; he is ter
r ifle d b y da ng e r to hi mself Compare ALARM ; m a . .
add re s s e s . s p e ak of a ch atte r i ng monke y or a ch at terin
g
i diot, a talkati v e chi ld, a talkati v e or loquacious wo man, a
g a r rulous old m a n, a v e r bos e w rite r . Compare 013 001111000 "

“ON

—
.

A NT ON Y M S :
laconic r e s e rv e d r e ti ce nt s i le nt s p e ech les s tad tun b

G E ND ER
S YNO N YM :

S ea : is a dis tinctiona mong living being s ; it is also the charm

te ris ti c by w hich mos t livi n g b e in g s are dis ti ng uis h ed i ro n
inanimate t ing s , w ch are of no s ex ; g e nde r is a di stin
h hi ctioi
'
l ,
-

in lang uag e parti ally corre s ponding to th is di s tin ction im z m

nature , w h ile the re are but tw o s e x e s , there are in some Ian
g u ag ,e s as in E n g lis h and G e r ma n , t
h re e g e nde s The Fren
r clI Z J - l .
'

lang uag e h as b ut tw o g e nd e rs and makes the name s of alL — ll

inanimate ob jects e ithe r mas culine or feminine ; some lan g ua g m
ar e w itho ut the di s tinction of g e nde r, and those that mainta ins ,
it are o fte n quite arbi tr ary in its application We s peak ct .
- f

the mas culine or fe mi n ine g ende r, the male or female sex .

G E NERAL
S YN O N YH S :

co mm on
c o m m o np lac e
cu s t o m ar y
e v e r y d ay

Commons ig nifies fre que ntly occurring , not out of the reg ular
course , n ot e x ce pti on al ; h ence , not above the averag e , n ot a

ce lle n t o r dis ting uis he d, infe rior , or e ve n low ; common also

s ig n ifie s pe rtaining to or par ticipate d in by tw o or more per
s on s or t hin g ;
s as , so rro w is co m mo n to th e r ace G en e r al m a y .

s ig n i fy pe rtaining e qually to all of a class , r ace , e tc , but .

v ery commo n ly s ig nifie s pe rtaining to th e g re ate r number, but

not ne cess arily to all Univ e rs al applies to all w ithout ex
.

ce pti on; g e n e ral app lie s to all w ith poss ible or compa ra ti ve ly
s lig h t e x ce ption s ; common ap plie s to v e ry ma ny w ithout de
cidin g w h e th e r th ey a re e v e n a ma j ority A common remark .
 we ofte n hear ;
a g ene ral ex perience is one th at
to the maj ori ty of people a uni ve rs al ex pe rie nce is
cm w hi ch n o h uma n being is ex empt I t is dang e ro us
.

i ebate r to affirm a uni ve rs al pro pos ition, since th at can

ative d by a s ing le e x ce ption, w hi le a g eneral stateme nt
inv alidate d e v e n by adducing many e x ce pti on s We s ay .

non opinion, common ex pe rie nce , a g e ner al rule , g e n

uth , a un ive rs al law Compare s ynonyms for N ORMAL ;
.

ti o n r ar e ng ular uncommo n unk now n unus ual

?
si
lue n

G E NE RO US
m s :

t i l ts! fr e e li b e r al nob le
s lr o u s f r e e h and e d
s m ag nani m o u s ope n h and e d
s

t er e st e d
. f r e e zh e ar t e d m u ni fl c e nt o p e n h e ar t e d
:

erous ( f r om L .
g e nus ,
a r ace ) p r im a ri ly g
s i n ifi e s h av i ng
uliti s s w orth y of n ob le or h on o r ab le birth ; he n ce , free

andant ing iv ing , g iving free ly, h e artily, an d se lf sacri fic

-

As re g ar ds g iv i ng , g ene rous re fers r ather to the se lf

aing he artine ss of the g iv e r, lib e ral to the amount o f th e
l child ma y s h o w hi m s e lf g e n e r ous in t h e g i f t o f an
a mi llio naire makes a li be ral donation; a g e ne r ous g i ft,
er , is common ly thoug h t o f as both ample and h e arty .

i ifice n t g ift is v as t in amoun t, w h ate v e r th e motive of

tow al . One may be fre e w i th anothe r s money ; he can ’

e r ous on ly w ith h is ow n D is i nte r es ted s ug g e s ts rathe r

.

mg h t of one s ow n s e lf de nial; g ene rous , o f one s he arty

’
-
’

t inan oth e r s w e lfa re or hap pin One is mag nanimous

’
e ss.

ea tn e s s o f so ul ( from L mag n . us , g re at, an d animus , s oul)

ise e ab ov e all th at is poor, me an, or w e ak , e s pecially
e v e ry pe tty o r ig n oble motiv e or fe e lin pe rtain
g i ng to

se lf, an d th us ab ov e res e ntme nt o f injury or ins ult ;

g e n e r o us b y a k ind n e ss of h e art th a t w ould rejoi ce in
elfa re r a th er th an in th e punis h me nt of the ofi en der .
 G ENI U S
S YN O NYM S
tale nt t ale nt s

Genius i s e x alte d inte lle ctual pow e r capable of operating 1n

de pe n dently of tuition and train ing , and mark ed by an ex tra
ordin ar faculty for orig inal cre ation, inv en tion, dis covery,
y
e x pres s i on, e tc .T ale nt i s ma r k e d m e ntal ab ility, a nd in a - l

s pe cial s e ns e , a par ticular and uncommon aptitude for some 2

s peci al me n tal w o rk o r attainme nt Ge nius is hig her tha
. n
tale nt, more s po ntane ous le s s de pe n
. de nt upon in struction , I n
a 2

ame nab le to tr aining ; tale nt is larg e ly the cap acity to learn,

acquire , appr opriate , adap t one se lf to demand Yet th e g enius .

th at h as w on th e larg e s t and mos t e ndurin g s u ccess h as ho ea m

j oine d w ith ti reless indus try and pains taking Compare sync .

nyms for M I N D ; POWER .

A NT O N Y M S :
d u lne s s folly lmb e clllty o b tu s e ne s s se ns e le ss ne s s s tupi dity - r

S YN O NYM S
ac h i e v e g ai n
ac q ui r e ob t ai n

Ge t is a mos t co mpre h e nsiv e w or d A pe rson g e ts w hatevec

.
'

he come s to pos se ss or e x pe ri e nce , w he th e r w ith or w ithout e n

de av or e x pe ctation, or de s ire ; he g e ts a b arg ain, a blow , a fall)
, ,

a fe v e r ; h e g ains w h at h e come s to by e ffort or strivi n g ; th g

s w imme r g ain s th e s h or e ; a man acqui r e s by con tin uous an d or
d inarily b y s low proce s s ; as , one acqui re s a fore ig n lang uag e
A pe rs o n is s o me time s s aid to g ain and o fte n to acqui re w hat ;
h as no t b e e n an obje ct o f direct e nde av or ; in th e purs ui ts of
trade , he i ncide ntally g ains so me k now le dg e of fore ig n coun
tries ; h e acqui re s b y ass o ciation w i th othe rs a co rrect or in
corr ect acce n t ; h e acqui r es a b ro nze d comple x io n b y e x pos ure
to a tropical s un; i n s uch use w h at he g ains is v ie w e d as de
.

s ir a b le , w h at he acqui res as s low lv and g radually res ulting A .

p e rs o n e ar ns w h at h e g i v e s a n e qu iv ale n t o f la b o r fo r , t h oug h

he mav not g e t it . On th e oth e r h and h e may g e t w hat he

.

h as not e ar ne d ; th e te mptation to all dis hones ty is the des ire

to g et a liv ing or a fortune w ith out e ar ni ng it Wh en one
.

g e t s th e o bj e ct o f hi s d es i re , h e is s ai d to o b tai n it w h e th er
.
be e n de s i r e d or cr av e d o r p e r h ap s as ke d, or so me t h ing freely
g i v e n th at me e ts s ome g re at de s ire A g rant is commonly .

con s i de rable in amount and g ive n by pub lic authority ; as, a

g ran t o f p ub li c lands for a colle g e .

ANTONY M S :
comp e ns at i on e ar nings g ue r d o n pe nalty re mune rati on wax es

G I VE
S YN O NYM S
b e s to w c o mm un i cat e d e li v e r
ce d e c o nf e r f u r ni s h

To g ive is primarily to tr an s fer to an other s pos ses s ion 05

’

”
ow n

pop
e rs hip w ith out compe n

u la r u s e , i t is t o put
sa

i n
ti on; in its s econ
to a ot n he r
’
dary se n
s possess ion by a
se it

ny— fl

means and onany terms w hate ver ; a buyer may say Gi ve mes e “ -

”
th e g oods , and I w ill g i v e you the mon ey ; w e s peak o f g i v in g
- G i l

an s w ers , in formation, e tc , an . d ofte n of g i v in g w h a t is

ag ree ab le to th e re cipie nt, as blow s , me dicine , re proo f ; but, t

w he n th e r e 18 n oth in g i n th e c o nt e x t to in d i c a te th e co n t r a ry,z
g v e s a ays unde s tood in ts pr
i i lw r i i m a ry se n se ; a s , this boo b - K

wa s g i ve n me . Give thus b e comes , like g et, a ter m of s uc lr zj l

g e n e r al i m p o rt as to b e a s yn o n y m f or a w i d e v a r ie t y o f w o r d s
.

To g rant is to put i nto one s posses s ion in some formal w ay

’
.

or by auth or itative act ; a s , Con g re ss g r a n ts l a n d s to a r a il J ‘

roa d cor poration To s pe ak o f g ranting a fav or carries 3

.
8

cla im or conce ss ion of s upe riority on the part of the one bi g ?

w hom the g an r t may be made ; to con fe r h a s a s im lai r s en se 5 :

as , to confe r a de g re e or an h onor ; w e g rant a re ques t or ‘ f

i i n b d n n i T i m i t i f h a ‘ t
t t t t f t p a t t
'

p e o ,
u o o c o e r . o r s o g v e o

w hich o n e s till, to a g re a te r or le s s de g ree , re tain s ; the te a cher :

i mparts ins tr uction To b es tow is to g i v e th at o f w hich the t e 5 “

ce lv e r s tan ds in e s peci al need ; w e b es tow alms .

P R EP O S I TI O N S t

We g iv e mo n e y to a p e rs o n f o r a t h in g f
, o r a u
p p r o s e , e tc 3 3
-
3 .

( or w ith o ut p ro pos ition , g i ve a p e r so n a s u m o f m o n e y)

'
i

we g i v e a th i ng to o r in to o ne
’
s ca r e o r k ee i
p gn ; th e W M
fug itive g av e himse lf up to his purs uers .
 G O V ERN
S YN O N YM S :
c o m m and cu r b i nfl u e nc e m o ld rei g n ov e r r u le
c o nt r o l di r e ct m anag e rei g n r e s t r ai n sw ay

Gov e rn carries the idea of authoritativ e administr ation or

s ome ex e rcise of a uthority th at is at on ce e fi ecti ve and con
t inuous ; contr ol is e fi ectiv e , b ut may be mome n tary or cc
c as i onal One controls w h at he h olds or can hold at w ill
.

a bs olute ly in check ; as , a s kilful horseman contr ols a s pirited

h orse ; a p e rso n co n tro ls hi s t e m p ;
e r w e s ay to o n e w h o is e x
c i te d,
“ con tr ol yourse lf .
”
A pe rs on commands another w he n
h e has , or claims , the rig h t to make th at other do his w ill, w ith
p o w er o f i n fl ic tin g p e na lty if n ot obeyed ; he con tr ols an other

w hom h e can e fi ectua lly preve nt from doin g a n y t hi n g co n

t rary to hi s w ill; he g ove rns on e w h om he a ctually doe s cause ,

J eg ula r ly or con stan tly, to obe y hi s w ill; a p ar e nt may com

mand a child w hom he can not g ov e rn or control Th e b e s t .

t e ache rs a re n ot g re a tly prone to command, b ut g ove r n or

c on tro l the ir pupils larg e ly by othe r me a ns Command is
. .

h ow e v e r, ofte nus ed in the se n s e of se curin g, a s w e l l as re q u ir

ing , s ubmiss i onor obe die nce , as w he nw e s pe ak o f a command

in g i n fl u e n ce ; a m a n co m m a n d s t h e s i tu a tio n w h e n h e c a n
s hape e v e n ts a s he plea s es ; a fortre ss comman ds the reg ion
w he n n o en e my ca n p as s ag ains t its r es is tance Gove rn im .

p i
l es t h e ex er c ise o f k n o w l e d g e a nd j udg ment as w e ll as pow e r .

To rule is more absolute and autocratic than to g ove rn; to

swa y is to m o v e b y q u i e t b u t e fi e c tu a l i nfl ue n c e ; to m o ld
is not on ly to infl uence fe e ling and action, b ut to s h ape
cha r acte r ; to man ag e is to secure by s k ilful contr iv ance th e
doing of one s w i ll b y th ose w h om one cannot dire ctly co ntr o l;
’

a w i se mothe r, by g e ntle me ans , s w ays th e fe e lin g s an d m o ld s

the li v e s o f he r childre n; to b e ab le to man ag e se rv ants is

animportan t ele ment of g ood h ous eke e pin .
g Th e w o r d r e ig ,n
on ce s o a bs olute , now s imply de notes th at one h olds th e o fii
cia l s tation of sov e re ig n in a monarchy, w ith or w ith o ut e f
fectiv e pow e r ; th e King of Eng land re ig ns ; th e Czar of
Russ ia b oth reig ns and rules .

ANTONY M S :
b e i n s ub jec ti o n be s ub jec t co mp ly ob e y s ub mi t y i e ld
 GRA C EFU L
sx no m
b e au t i f ul
That w hich is g raceful is marke d by eleg ance and harmon y,
w ith e a se o f a ction , at titu d e , or p os tu re , o r d e lica cy o f form .

Gr aceful commonly s ug g e s ts motion or th e poss ibility of mo

tion; b e autiful may apply to ab s olute fix i ty ; a lan ds cape or a
b lue s ky is b e au tiful, b ut ne ither is g raceful Gr aceful com .

mouly applie s to be auty as address e d to the e ye , th oug h w e

ofte n S pe a k of a g raceful p oe m o r a g raceful complimen t .

Gr aceful applies to the perfection of motion, es p eci ally of the

lig hte r motion s , w hich con v ey n o s ug g e s tion o f s tres s or

s tra in, and are in h armonio us curv e s Apart from the thoug ht
.

of motion a d n a l a in h a m n f lin
, g r c e fu l e o te s p e s g r o y o o u t e ,

p pr e o rtion , e tc , w
. it h a ce r ta i n de g r ee o f d e li ca c y ; a H e rc u les

i s mas s iv e , an Apollo is g raceful We s peak of a g raceful S

. J
atti tude , g raceful dr apery .Compare B EAUTI FUL ; B ECOMI NG .

ANTONYM S :
S e e s ynonyms for AWKWARD .

GRI E F
S YN O N YM S :
afi i c t i o n m e lanch o ly re 1: s o r r ow
d i s tr e s s m o u r ni ng sa ess t r i b u lat i on w oe

Grief i s acute me ntal pain r e s ulti ng from los s , mis fortun e 5 .

or dee p dis ap poin tme nt Gr ief is mor e acute an d less endurin

.
g
than s or row S or row and g r ief are for de finite cause ; s adn
.
ese=
and me lanch o ly may aris e from a v ag ue se n se o f w ant or IM
fr om a low s tate of he alth , or oth e r ill de fine d caus e ; s adness m

—
-
-

may be mome ntary ; me lancho ly is more e nduri ng and m g ,

become ch r onic Afflicti on e x pres ses a de e p h e art sorrow anon d

.
-

—
is applie d als o to the mis fortune pr oducing s uch s orr ow

—
—
mo ur ning mos t fre que ntly de note s s orro w pub licly ex press ei f l
or the p ub lic e x p r e s s io n o f s uch s or r ow as may eason
r ably b e

ex pe c te d ; as , it is co mmon to ob s e rv e thir ty days of m un ii

ing o n th e de ath of an o ilice r of s tate .

ANTONY M S :
S ee s ynonyms for H APPI N E S S .

P R E P O S I TI O N S t

Gr ie f at a los s ; for a frie nd .

none thoug ht of it is s aid to chan
es pecially ce w he nit appea r

to be the res ult of accide nt (compare s yn ony ms f or ACC I DENT)

An incide nt h appens or occurs ; s ome thing e x te rnal or actus
happe ns to ne ; a thoug ht or fancy occurs to him B efai
o .

and b e tide are trans itive ; h app en is intr ansiti ve ; somethin g

b efalls or be tide s a pe rson or h app ens to him B e tide i .

es pecially use d for a nticipate d e v il, thoug ht of as w aitin g

and coming at its appointe d time ; as w oe be ti de him ! On
e ve nt s up er ve nes upon a noth er e ve nt, one dise ase upon au
othe r , e tc . in the se ns e of happ en, is n o

auth orize d by g ood usag e ; a thing that has happene d is prop

e rly s aid to tran s pi re w hen it be comes kn ow n) .

P R E P OS I TI O N S 8

Ane ve nt h appe ns to a pers on; a pe rsonh appens onor upo

a fact, discovery, etc.

H AP P I N ES S
S YN O N YM S 3

b le s s e d ne s s d e li g h t g lad ne s s p l e a s u r e
b li s s e c s t as y at i fl c at i on r a tur e
ch e e r
c o m fo r t
e
te
oy m ou t
ci ty
fl
m
y
e rr i m e nt
r
r e o i ci n g
s at i s f ac t i os
co nt e nt m e nt g ai e t y t r i um ph

Gratification is the g iv ing any mental or phys ical desir

s ome th ing th at it cr av e s ; s atis fac ti on i s th e g ivi ng s uch a dc

s ire all th at i t cra ves H app ines s is the pos itive ly ag ree abl
.

ex nce that s pring s from the pos se ss ionof g ood, the g ratif
pe rie
cati on or s atis facti ono f th e de s ir e s or th e re lie f from p a inan
e vi l . C omfor t may b e almos t w h olly ne g ati ve , b ein g f o u n d i
se curity or re lie f from th a t w hich pains or annoys ; there i
co mfo r t b y a w a rm fire s ide on a w in tr y nig ht ; the s ympath
of a tr ue frien d affords co mfo rt in s orr ow Enjy
o m e.n t i
more posi tive , alw ays implying s ome thing to b e de finite]
and conscious ly delig hte d in; a s ick pers on finds co mfor t i
r e lie f from p a in, w h ile he may b e far from a s tate of enjoy
ment Pleas ur e is s till more v iv id, be in
.
g an aro us in g o

the faculti es to an in te ns e ly ag r e e ab le acti v ity; s atis f a c ti o

 H APP Y
S YN O N YM S
b le s s e d ch e e r i ng g ay
b li s s fu l ch e e r y
b li t h e d e li g h t e d
b li t h e s o m e d e li g h t fu l
b ri g h t d e x t e r ou s
b u o y ant f e li oi {so ns su nny
ch e e r f u l f o r t u nat e

H appy primarily r e fe rs to me th ing that comes

so ool “b
y g
”
hap , a ch ance that b ring s p r os pe r ity, b e ne fit, or s ucces s .

And g r as p s th e s k i rt s of h app y n
ch a ce .

—
Ts x x r s ox I n Me mor i am, st . 2 .

I n th is ns e h app y is close ly allie d to fortunate and luckr

se .

(S e e FORTU N ATE ) H ap p y h as , ho w e ve r , so far div e rg e d fror

. i

th is o rig inal s e nse as to a pp yl to a dv antag es w h e re c h an

not re cog nize d, or is e v e n e x clude d by dire ct re fe re nce to th
ce
— 0

di vine w ill, w he n i t b e comes almos t e quiv ale nt to b le s s e d .

B e h old , h appy i s th e man h om God corr ecte th

—
w .

J ob v, 17 .

H app y is als o applie d to the d

re a y de x t i
er ty o r sk i l l by w h i c ‘ l

fav orab le re s ults (us ually in minor matte rs ) are se cure d, Whe l

i t be comes a s ynonym for de x te ro us , fe lici tous and th e .

s oci ate d w o r ds ; as , h e h as a h app y Wit ; happ y at re to rt (coup J —

pare CL EVER ) I n its mos t fr e que nt pr e se nt use , happy i
.

—
applie d to th e s tate o f one e njoying h appines s , or to th at
w h ich h a
pp in e ss i s e x p re s se d ; a s , a h a p py h e ar t ; a h a ppy } !
face ; h ap p y laug h te r ; h ap py te ars (compare s ynon y m s f o r '

H AP PI N ES S ) C h e e rful ap p lie s to th e pos s e s s ion or e x press io

.
1

A ch e e ry w or d s pon J "
—
o f a mode r ate an d tr anquil h ap pi nes s .

tane o us ly g iv e s ch ee r to oth e rs ; a ch e e ri n d i m d i fi ‘

g w o r s o re s

—
tinctly p lan e d to che e r and e nco ur ag e
n Gay applies to a, .
”
cfi us iv e an d s upe r ficial h ap pine s s (o fte n not re ally w orthy 0 f "

that name ) pe rh aps r es ulting larg e ly fr om ab undan t an ims’ I

s pirits ; w e s pe ak o f g ay r e v e le rs or a g ay h ors e A java I .

p e rso n is o n e b r i m m i ng o v e r w i t h e a s v m e rr i m e n t ig n o r i n g g ,

th e p os s ib ility o f care , anx ie ty or s o r row , and findi n é

‘

g e x p r e

—
,

s ion in s mile s , la ug h te r , an d e v e n b ois te rous me rrime nt ; joc ir‘ i" ,

is o fte n b ut no t ne ces s arily as s o ciate d w ith conv ivial g aietji n
,
v h

And th e r e is no jov i al comp anions h ip e qu al to th at w h e r e th e jok es a “

r ath e r s mall and th e laug h te r ab u nd ant .

v xx o S ke tch B oo k p . 28 2 1 ’
more p as si ve than concur rence ; one s peaks by g ene ral corn
s en t w he n n o on e in th e a s s embly ca res to ma ke forma l oh
j e ct i o n; a decis i on o f th e S upr e me C ou rt de pe nds upon th at

con curr e nce of a ma j y

or i t o f th e j udg es Compare mas s .

FRI EN DS H I P ; MELODY .

A NT O NYM S
antag oni s m
b at t le
con fl ic t
con t e nti on
co n te s t

H ARV ES T
B YR O N “ 83
cr o p h ar v e s t h o m c
=
i ng at h e r i ng
fr u i t h ar v e s t i ng p r oce e d s
g th
r ow h ar v e s t = t i d c p r o d u ce
h ar v e s t s f e as t h ar v e s t = t i m e p r o d u ct y i e ld
h ar v e s t = f c s t i v al i nc r e as e
H arv es t, from th e Ang lo S ax on, s ig nified orig inally
-
“e u
”
tumn, and as th at is th e us ual s e as on of g athe rin g r i p e ne c z

crop s in Nor the r n la nds , the w ord came to its pre se nt mean
ing o f the se aso n of g ath e ring ri pe ne d g rain or fr ui ts , w he the r:
s umme r or a utumn , a nd h e n c e a c r op g a there d or re ady foc
g a t h e r in g ; a lso , th e ac t o r p r o ce ss o f g a t h e ri n g a c r o p o r :
“ ”
crops . The h arv es t tr uly is g re at, b ut the labore rs are fe w ,
L uke x , 2 .
“ Lift up your eye s and look o n the fie lds , for the?
are w h ite alr eady to h arv es t, J oh n iv , 35 ” H arves t is the ?
.

e le g a nt and lite rary w or d ; crop is the common and com

me rcial e x pres s ion; w e s ay a man s e lls hi s crop, b ut w e s h oula
not s pe ak of his se lling h is h arv es t; w e s pe ak of an ample or
ab undant h arv e s t, a g oo d crop . H arv e s t is ap plied almos t
w h o lly to g r a in; crop ap plie s to almos t anyth ing th at is
g a th e r e d i n ; w e s pe ak o f t h e p o tat o-
cro p, n o t th e p o ta to

h ar v e s t ; w e ma y s ay e i th e r t h e w h e at -
c rop o r th e w h e a t
h ar ve s t . P r oduce is a colle ctiv e w or d for all th at is pro
duce d in farming o r g ar de ning , and is in modern us ag e , .

almos t w h olly re s tricte d to thi s s e ns e : w e s pe ak of p roduce

co lle cti v e ly, b ut of a p r od uct or v a r io us p rod uc ts ; v e g e ta bles,
f r ui ts , e g s , b utte r , e tc , ma
g .
y b e t e r m e d fa r m p r o d
-
uc e ,
o r t h e

p r o d u c ts o f th e far m . P r oduct i s a w o rd of w i der ap p lica

tion th an p ro duce ; w e s pe ak o f the p ro duc ts o f manufacturin g

,

th e p roducts of thoug ht, or the p roduct obtaine d b y multi ply

 ing on e n umber by a nother The w ord pr oce eds is chiefl y used
.

of the re turn from a n inv es tme nt ; w e s pe ak of th e pr oduce

1 afarm, but of the p roce e ds of th e money inv es te d in farm
9
m g The yie ld is w hat the land g ives up to th e farmer s de
.
’

man d; w e s peak of the re turn from an ex pe nditure of mone y

o r la bor, b ut of the yie ld of corn or cats H arv es t h as also
.

a fig urative use , s uch as cr op more r arely pe rmits ; w e te rm

a relig ious re viv al a h arv es t of souls ; the res ult of lax e n
f o rcement of law is a harves t of crime As reg a
. rds time .

h a rves t, h arves t tide and harves t time alike de note the e riod
p
- -

,
0 1: sea s onw he n th e crops a re or s h ould be g athe re d (tide be in g
S i m l th e old S ax on w ord for time H m d ina
py ) . a rv e s t h o-
e o r
l i l de n th e fes ti va l of harv es t, an d w hen use d to de note
'

y o t es
S i m l th e s eason a l wa i a u ti n f f ti it and
py y s g v es s gg es o o es v y
r e joicin s uc h as h a t a nd h a t t i m b th m l d
g, rv e s r v es e -

y e se v e s o
n o t ex preu .

H AT RE D
ahh a r ou s e d e t e s t at i o n h o s t i li t y
d i s li k e i ll w i ll
male v o le nc e
m ali c e
In d i an : “
Repug nance app lies to that w hich one fee ls hims e lf sum
m oue d or impe lled to do or to e ndure , and from w hich he
in stin cti v e ly dra w s b ack Av e rs i on is the turning aw ay of
.

t he mind or fee lin g s f r o m so me p e rs o n or th in g, or fr o m so m e

c ours e of a ction , e tc H a
.te , o r ha t r e d, a s a pp lie d to p e rs o n s ,

is intens e and continue d ave rs ion, us ually w ith dis pos ition to
inj ure ; ang e r is s udde n and b rie f, hatre d is ling e ring and e n
“ ”
dur ing ; He r w r ath bec ame a h ate, TEN N YS ON P e lle as and
Ettar r e st 16 As applie d to th ing s , h atre d is inte nse ave rs i on,
. .

w ith de s ire to des troy or re move ; h atre d o f e v il is a ri g h te ous

p a ss i o n, a ki n t o a bh o r r e nc e ,
b ut m o re v e h e m e n t . M a lic e i n
volves the a ctiv e in te nt to injure ; in th e le g al se nse , malice
is th e inte nt to in j ure , e ve n th oug h w ith no pe rsonal i ll w i ll;
as , a h ig hw ayman w o uld be s ai d to e nte r tain malice tow ard the
un kn o w n tra ve ler w h om he attacks Malice is direct, press ing
.

tow ar d a res ult ; malig ni ty is de e p , ling e rin

.
g , a n d v e no m o u s ,

thoug h Ofte nimpote nt to act ; rancor (ak into r anci d ) is che ri s he d

in d ig n i ty that h as sour ed and fes te red and is v i rule nt and
 Rife !
“
2

h placab le S pi te is pe tty malice that delig hts to in

. flict stin g
ing pain; g rudg e is dee per than s pi te ; it is si nis te r an d bitter ;
g r u d g ,
e r e s e n tm e n t,
an d r e v en g e a re a ll re t ali a to ry, g r ud g e

bein g th e d i s p os i ti o n, r e v en g e th e d e te rm ina tio n t o re a

p y re a l
or s uppos e d ofi e n se w i th in j y;
u r r e v en g e ma y d e n ot e al
s o th e

r e tali atory act ; res e ntme nt, th e b es t w or d of th e thre e , alw ays

h olds its e lf to be jus tifiab le , b ut looks less ce rtainly to action:
th an g rud g e or r e v eng e
‘

. S imple g oodness may ar ous e tb ¢ E

h atre d o f the w ick e d ; th e y w ill be move d to rev eng e on ly b,

w h at the y dee m a n injury or afi ront Compare AB OMI N ATI ON
.

AN GER ; AN TI P ATH Y ; EN M I TY .

A NT O NY M S :

S ee n nyms for
sy o F RI E NDS H I P ; LOVE .

H AVE
s m om s
b e i n p o s s e ss i on of h o ld o n
h e p os s e s s e d o f o c cu p y

H ave is th e mos t g e ne ral w ord, and is applied to w hate v ec

be lo ng s to or is con necte d w ith one ; a man has a h ead or
h e adache , a fortune or an opin i on, a friend or an e nemy ; b
h as time , or has nee d ; he may be s ai d to hav e w hat is hi s ow n;
w h at h e h a s borr ow ed , w hat ha s be e n e ntr us te d to him, 0‘
w hat h e h a s s to le n To p oss es s a thi ng is to h av e the ow n
. er

s hi p w i th con trol an d enj oyme nt of it To ho ld is to havg

.

in one s hand, or s e cure ly in one s contro l; a man h o lds big

’ ’

frie nd s coat for a mome nt, or h e h olds a s trug g ling h orse ; he

’

h olds a promis sory no te , or h olds an o filce To ow n is to h av e .

the rig h t o f prope rty i n; to p os s es s is to have th at r ig h t i n

actual e x e r cis e ; to occupy is to hav e poss es s ion and us e , w i th
so me de g ree of pe rmane ncy, w ith or w ithout ow ne rs h ip A .

man occup ie s his ow n house or a room in a h otel ; a man m y

ow n a fa rm o f w h ich h e is n ot in p oss ess ion beca us e a te nant
occup i e s it an d is dete rmine d to h o ld it ; th e pr oprie to r ow n s

the p r ope r ty, b ut the te n ant is in p os s es s i on To be in.

p os s es s i o n di ffe rs fro m p os s e s s i n th at to p oss es s de notes both

ri g h t a nd fact, w h ile to be in p os s es si on de notes simply the
fact w i th no affirmation as to th e rig ht To hav e re as on is
.

to b e e ndow e d w ith th e faculty ; to be i n p os s es s ion of on ’

e s
re a s on de n otes th a t the faculty is in actual presen t ex ercise .
 H EL P
S YN O N Y M S
ab e t b e f r i e nd fos t e r
ai d c o o p e r at e s e co nd
as s i s t e nc o u r ag e nd b y s ta

H e lp ex press es g reater de pe nde nce and dee per n eed tha n

“ “
aid . I n ex tremi ty w e s ay God h e lp me ra ther th an God
” “
aid me ! I n time of dang er w e cry h e lp !he lp ! rathe r ”
“ ”
than aid !ai d ! To aid is to s econ d anoth er s ow n e x ertion
’
s .

We can s pe ak of h e lpi ng the helples s , b ut not of aiding them .

H e lp includes aid, but aid may fall s hort of the me an ing o f

h e lp . I n law to ai d or ab e t makes one a prin ci pal (Com .

p a re s y no nym s for ACC ES S ORY ) T o co op e

. r ate is to ai d as an
e qua l; to as sis t implie s a s ubordinate and secon dary re lation .

One as s is ts a falle n friend to rise ; he coop erates w ith him

in he lping others E ncourag e re fe rs to mental aid, as uphol d
.

now us ually doe s ; s uccor and s upp ort, ofte nes t to material as
sis tan ce . We encour ag e the timid or des pondent, s uccor th e
en dang e re d, s up po rt the w e ak, up h old those w ho els e mig h t
be sh ake nor cas t dow n Compare AB ET ; PROMOTE
. .

ANTO NY M S :
co u nt e rac t d i s co urag e op pos e re s is t t h w art w i th s tan d

P R E P O S I TI ON S s

He lp i n an e nter pris e w i th money ; he lp to s ucces a

; g ain - £5 t

the e ne my .

H ERET I C
S YN O N YH S :
ap o s t at e d i s s e nt e r no nc o nf o r m i s t re ne g ad e t r ai ts - V

d e s e r t e r h e r e s i ar c h pe rv e rt s c h i s mat i c

Etymolog ically a h e retic is one w h o takes or choom h

,
i s

ow n be lie f ins te ad of the be li e f of his church ; hence , f

,

he r e ti c is o ne w h o de n ie s co mm o n ly ac ce pte d v ie w s , or w ls ‘ 7

holds opinions contr ary to th e recog nize d s tandard or te n et 9 -

o f an v e s tab lis he d re lig ious , phi loso ph ical, or othe r s yste m,

sc h ool, or party ; th e r e lig ious s e n s e of th e w ord is th e pre

do minant one ; a s ch is matic is primarily one w ho produces

a s p lit o r r e nt i n the ch ur ch A h e re tic difi ers in doctr ine
.

fro m the r e lig ious body w ith w hich he is connected ; a s chis

matic diffe rs i ndoctrine o r pr actis e , or inb oth A he re ti c may .

be rd ice nt, or e ve ns ile nt ; a s ch is matic intr oduces di vis ion s A .

 277 h lx ’
h e t e r og e ne it
us

heresiareh is the auth or a h eres y or the le ader of a he retical

of

party, an d is th us at once a h e r e ti c and a s chis matic An .

cposta te is on e w ho fors akes a faith that he formerly pro

He [th e Roman emperor Juli an] h ad been a profes sed Ch ris ti an b ut ,

he tell from Chri s ti ani ty. and tur ne d P ag an; and th e re fore i s calle d t h e
, ,

EDw anDs H is t Red empti on, per iii, ch 8, p 82 1

. . . . .

Apervert is o e wn
ho is re g arde d as pe rve rted from a true
to afa lse faith ; the same pers on is ofte n called a p e rve r t by
those w hom he leaves an “ ”
d a conv ert b y those w hom he
joins . Wi th adv an ci n g i d e as o f r e li g i o u s l ib e r ty , t h e o d io u s

sense on ce a ttached to thes e w ords is larg e ly modifie d, and

heretic is ofte n us e d playfully D is s e nte r an
. d non con f o r m i s t
are terms s e ci fica
p l ly pp a l ie d to E n g lis h s u b j ec t s w h o h o ld
themselves aloof from th e Ch ur ch of En g l an d ; t h e fo r m e r

term is e x te nded to nonadhe re nts of th e es tab lis hed ch urch

m
-

inso e oth er countries , as Rus s ia A des e r te r is One w ho

.

forsakes duty or alle g iance ; a soldier w ho become s a de

serter ma im l a b n d h m a “ d t t t h e ne m ”
y s py s co , or e y ese r o e y,
~
on e of th e mos t un a d n a b l f m i li ta fi e n a n
p r o e o ry o se s ; r e e

g ade may b e a des ert er in e i th er se n se , th oug h th e latte r i s

the rev ailin on
p g e ; i n th e an cie n t s tr u gg les a g a i n s t th e M o
hammcdan pow e rs a Chris tian w ho joine d the Tur ks or
Moors w as disti ncti ve ly called a rene g ade A trai tor is one .

Who bas e ly be tr ays his as s oci ate s e ithe r in re lig ious , civ il,
0 1 militar l f m a n d
i ( A N )
'

y e co p re T R E S O u e r F R A U D .

Judas I s car i ot, w h i ch also w as th e trai tor . L uk e v i, 16 .

H ET EROGE NE O US
e ne m a:
co nfu s e d mi ng le d u nh o m o g e ne o u s
cong lo m e r at e m i s c e llane o u s u nli k e
di s c o r d ant mi x ed v ar i ant
no n h o sno g e ne o u s
=
v ar i o u s

S ubs tances quite unli ke are h e te r og ene ous as r e g ards e ach

othe r . A h e te rog e ne ous mix ture is o ne w h ose cons titue nts are
not only unlike in kind, b ut une v e nly dis tribute d ; cement is
comp os ed o f substa nces s uch as lime s and, and clay w hich , ,

are h ete r og eneous as re g ards e ach othe r , b ut th e ce me nt is

sa i d to b e h omog e neous if th e diffe re nt constitue nts ar e e v e nly
mi x e d throug hout, s o th at any one portion of the mix ture is
 mi d 278
i
s
I

ex actly like an y o th e r A. s u b s ta n ce m ay fa il of b e in g h o mo
g e neo us an d y e t n o t b e h e te r o g en e ou s ,
in w h ic h c as e i t is s aid
to be nonh omog en -
eous or un h omog e n e ous ; a b a r of i ron tha t
con tains flaw s , air b ubble s , e tc , or for an
-

y other re as on is n ot

o f un iform s tr ucture and de n s ity thr oug hout, th oug h n o fore ig n

s ubsta nce be mix e d w i th th e i ron, is said to be nonhomo -

g e ne o us A. m i s ce llan e ous mi x ture ma y o r m a y n o t b e h e ter o

g e ne o us ; i f th e ob j ec t s a re a l ik e in kin d, b u t d ifi e re n t i n
s ize , for m, qua li ty, use , e tc , and w ithout s pecial orde r or
.

re la tion, the colle ctionis mis ce llane ous ; i f the ob j ects difi e r in
ki nd, s uch a mix ture is also , and more s trictly, h e ter og eneous ;
a pile of unassorte d lumbe r is mis ce llane ous ; the conte nts
o f a sch ool boy s -
’
p o c k e t a re co mm on ly m is ce lla n e o us an d
mig h t us ually be termed h e te rog ene ous as w e ll S ee COK P LEx . .

am o m s
ali k e p ur e
h omog e neo us

H ID E
S Y N O NYM S 3
b ur y cov e r e nt o m b ov e rfl eh n
c lo ak di s g u i s e i nt e r s cr e e n
co nc e al d i s s e m b le m as k s e cr e t e

H ide is th e g e ne ral te rm, includi ng all the res t, s ig n ifyi ng to

p u t o u t o f s ig h t or b e yo n d re a dy ob s e r v at io n o r a p p roa c h ; a
th in g m ay b e hi d de n b y i nte n tio n, b y a c ci d e nt, or b y th e i m
fe c tio n o f th e f acultie s o f th e on e f r om w h om it is h id d e n:
p e r

i n the ir g ame s , childr e n h id e th e s lipper , or h ide th e ms e lv e s

from e ach othe r ; a man uncons cious ly h i de s a picture from
anothe r b y s tandi ng b e fore it, or h ide s a thi ng from h i mse lf
b y laying s ome th ing e ls e ov e r it . Eve n an uncon s ci ous o b j ect

may h id e anothe r ; as , a cloud h ides the s un, or a b ui ldi ng

h ide s s ome part of the pr os pe ct b y inte r v e ning be tw ee n i t
and the ob se rv e r s p osi tion As an act o f pe r o ns , to co nce al
’
.

s
is alw ays i nte ntional; one may h i de h is face in ang e r , g rie f .

or a b s tracti on; he conce als hi s face w h e n he fears recog n i

ti o n A h ouse is h idd e n b y foli ag e ; the b ir d s n
’
. es t is a rt

fully conceale d . S ecr e te is a s trong e r w ord th an conc e al,

and is used chie fl y o f s uch mate rial ob j e cts as may be se p
arate d from th e pe rs on, or from their or di nary s urround ing s ,
and put in unlocked for places ; a man con
-
ceals a sca r o n his
 k i nd e r

e le vated w hich is rais ed somew hat above its s urroun di n s

g ; tha t
is e mi ne nt w hi ch is far abov e them ; as , an e le vated platform
ane mine nt promontory I nthe fig ur ativ e s e n
. se , e levate d is leaa s

than eminent, and th is les s than ex alte d ; w e s peak of hi g h ,

lofty, or e le vate d thoug h ts , a i ms , e tc , in the g ood sen
. s e , bu t
some ti mes of h ig h fee li ng ,
s loo k s , w or ds , e tc , in the in v.idi ou s
se nse ofh aug h ty or arrog ant A h ig h ambitionmay be merely
.

se lfis h ; a lofty a mb ition is w orthy and noble Tow e ring , in: n

.

the li te ral s e nse compares w ith lofty an d maj es tic ; but in th e

n
fig ur ative s e s e , its use is a lmos t invidious ; as a tow e ri ng
p a ss ion ; a to w e r in g a m b iti on dis r eg ar ds and cr u she s all o ppos

ing cons ide rations , how e ve r rational, love ly, or holy Compa r e .

arn
'
EP .

A NT O NY M S
b as e d e g rad e d s h ort
de ep d e p re s s e d n
s t u ts d
-

Hi ND E R
S YN O NY M S
ba e m c o u nt e r ac t foi l o b s t r u ct
b alk d e fe r f r u s t r at e o p p os e
b ar d e lay h am p e r p o s t p o ne
b lo c k deter impe d e p r e v e nt
ch e ck e m b ar r as s i nt e r r u p t p r o lo ng
c lo g e nc u m b e r

To h inde r is to kee p from action, prog re ss , motion, or g row t‘ ,

or to ma i n
k e s uch act o , prog r ess , m o tio n , o r g ro th late
w r i n
be g innng or comp t o
i le i n th a n i t w o ul d o th e rw i se have b e e ‘ 1

An actio n is p re v e nte d b y anyth ing that comes in be fore it t o

make it impos sib le ; it is h ind e re d by anything that kee ps i t

from e ithe r b e g inning or e nding so soon as i t othe r w ise w ould ,

or a s e x p ect d or
e in t e nd e d . I t is m or e c o m m o n , h o e e , t:
w v r 0

s ay th a t the s tart is d e laye d, the prog r e s s h inde re d . Anactio n

th at is h i nde re d doe s not take place at the ap pointe d or ap pro
i at t im t h at w h i h i s r e v e nte d doe s n o t ta k e la at a ll :
p r e e ; c p p ce

to h inde r a thin g lo n g e no u g h m a y a m o u nt t o p r e v en ti ng i t . A
r ailro a d tr ai n may be h ind e re d b y a s now storm fr om ar riv ing
- -

on ti me ; it may b y s pecia l or de r be p r e v ented from s tar ting .

To r e tard is s imply to make s low by any me ans w hate v e r . To

ob s tru c t is to h i n d e r , or poss ib ly to p re v e nt adv an ce or pa ss a ge
by putting s ome thing inth e w ay ; to oppos e or r es is t is to hi nder .

or p oss ib lv to p re v en t b y dire ctly con trary or h os ti le action ,

wa
is t being th e s trong e r term and having more on of W
1hys ical force ; obs truc te d roads h inde r the mar ch of anen emy,
houg h th ere may be no force strong e noug h to opp os e it ; on e

ppos es a meas ure , a motion, aname ndme n

l
t, or the lik e ; it 1s a
rimin al ofi e nse to res is t an o cer in th e dis ch arg e of his m
uty ; the phys ical s ys tem may r esi s t the attack of dis ea
l s e or
he action o f a remedy Compare concurs ; Dam ; mu m .

m rr ; os s rs ucr ; Pao ms cr
' ' '
.

m o m s :

S ee sy nonyms for qmcx w .

“ 08111 03 8 :
Hinde r n
o e i n h is prog res s ; f
rom acti ng promptly ; by
pp
v os i ti o n.

HlS TORY
m o m s
acc o u nt b i og r ap h y m uni m e nt
ch r o ni c le nar r ati o n
ar c h i v e s m e m oi r nar r ati v e
au t o b i o g r ap h y m e m o r i al r e c i t al

His tory is a sys tematic p a srecord of

t e v e nts A n n a ls a n d .

hronicle s re late e v e nts w ith li ttle re g ard to their relativ e

mportance , and w ith comple te s ubs e rv ie ncy to their s uccess ion
:1 ti me Annals are ye ar ly re cor ds ; ch r onicles follow the orde r
.

f time B oth necess arily lack e mph as is , s e le ction, and pe r

.

p e c ti v e A r ch i v e s a
. re pu blic r e c o r ds ,
w hi ch m ay b e an na ls ,

r ch r on icle s , or dee ds o f prope rty, e tc Me moi rs g e n e ra lly

.

eco rd the liv es of i n divi duals or facts pe rtaining to indivi dual

ves . A biog raphy is dis tinctly a w ritte n account of one pe r
) ns li fe an d actio ns ; anauto biog rap hy is a biog rap hy w ritte n
’

y th e pe rs on w h o se lif e i t r e cor d s A n n als ,

a rch i v e s ,
. c h r o n i
le s , b i og r ap h i es , and me moirs an d oth e r r e cor ds furnis h the
la te r ials o f h is tory H is to ry recounts e v ents w ith care ful
.

tte ntion to the ir importan ce the ir mutual r e lations the ir

. ,

mas s and co ns e que nces , se lecting and g rouping e ve nts on the

roun d of inte r e st or importance H is tory is us ually app lie d
.

r s uch a naccount of e ve nts affecting communities and nations .

noug h so me time s w e s pe a k of the hi s tory of a sin g l e e m i n e n t

fe . Compare RECORD .

m om s :

S ee sy nonyms for FI CTI ON .

 H O LY
b le s s e d d e v ot e d h allo w ed
co ns e c r at e d d i v i ne s ac r e d

S acr e d is appli ed to that w hich is to be re g arded as inviolabl e

on a ny acco unt, and so is not res tri cted to divine thing s ; there
fore 1n its lo w e r applications it is le s s th an ho ly That w hic h
.

is s acre d may be made s o by ins titution, decree , or as s ociation

th at w hich i s h oly is so by its ow n nature , pos s ess in g in tr in s i c

moral puri ty, and, i n the h ig hes t se nse , abs olute moral pe rfec
ti on God is h oly ; hi s commands are s acr e d
. H oly may b e
.

applie d als o to th at w hich is h allow e d ; as , th e place w hereox :“

”
th ou s tandes t is h oly g round, E x iii , 5 . I n s uch us e holy L s
.

more th an s acr e d, as i f the v e ry qualities of a s piritual o f

divine pre se nce w e re imparte d to the place or ob j ect D i va . s c s -

has bee n use d w i th g re at loos eness , as applyin g to a n y t

t
e min en t o r admir able , inth e line e ither of g oodn es s or of me w - fl

p o w e r , as to e loq u e n ce , m u s i c, e tc ,
. b u t th e re is a
.
co mm e n d a b l d

te nde ncy to re s trict th e w or d to its hig h er se n se , a s des i g n atin g

th at w hich be lon g s to o r i s w o rt h y o f t h e D ivi ne B e in g C .on
p a r e s nar e s
-
r ; r u ns .

A NTO NYM S
ab o mi nab le un s an c t lfl e d
co m mo n w i ck e d
cu rs e d w o rldly

HO M E
S YN O NYM S z
ab o d e d w e lli ng h ab i t at i o n h e ar t h s t o ne i ng le s i d
d omi ci l fireside h e ar t h h o us e re si d u e"

Abode , dw e lling , and habitation are use d w ith little

of me a ning to denote the p lace w h e re one habitually li v es
abode and h ab i tatio n be lo ng to the poe tic or e le v ate d s tyle ?
Ev en dw e lling is not us e d in familiar s peech ; a pe rs on s ay
“m h ous e ” “m h ome ” or mo re formall “m reside nce ? j f
y , y , y y
H ome, from the Ang lo S ax on, de noting or ig inally a dw e lli nfl
-
y

came to me an a n e nde are d dae lli ng as the s ce ne of dome s ti A

love and h appy and ch eris he d fami ly li fe , a se ns e to w hic "

the re 18 an incre as ing te nde ncy to re st ct t e
r i h w or d— d es irabl"
so , s i nce w e h av e othe r w or ds to de no te th e me re dw e lling p lace 5 -

“ ”
w e s ay The w re tche d te ne me nt could not be called h ome , o r
 h um ane
11 m m !
inequaliti es ; as , a le ve l road F lat, accordin
.
g to i ts d e r iv ation
from the Ang lo S ax on fl e t, a fl oor, appli es to a s urface on
-
ly,
and, i n th e firs t and mos t us ual sense , to a s ur face that is
h o rizontal or le ve l in all directions ; a lin e ma y b e le v e l, a fl oor

is flat; flat is als o app lie d i n a deri ve d s e nse to any p lan e s ur

face w ith out irreg ularitie s or elev ation s, a s a picture ma y be

p ain te d on th e fl at s ur fa ce o f a p p
e r e ndicu la r w a ll P lan
. e

applies only to a s ur face , and is use d w ith more mathematical

e x actn e ss th a n flat The adj ectiv e p lain, orig inally the same
.

w or d a s p lan e , is n ow ra re ly us e d e x ce pt in the fig ur ati v e

se n s es , b ut th e or ig in al s e nse appe ars inth e noun , as w e s pea k

“
of aw ide p lai n
” We s pe ak o f a h orizontal line , a flat morass ,
.

a le ve l r oad, a p lain countr y, a p lane s urface (es pe cially in the

scie n tific s en se ) . Th at w hi ch is lev e l may not be e ve n, and th at
w h ich is e v e nma y n o t be lev e l; a le v e l r o ad m ay b e v e r y r o u h
g ;
a s lope may be ev en .

ANT O NYM S :
b ro k e n
h i lly

H U M ANE
S H OW S:
b e ne v o le nt c o m as s i o nat e h u man p i t y i ng
'

b e n nant v i ng h i nd y m at h e t i e
g
for
ch a t ab le g e nt le k i nd h e ar t e d t e n f
c le m e nt g r aci o u s m e r ci f u l t e nd e r zh e ar t e d

H umande notes h at pertains to mank ind w ith no s ug ge s tion

w .

as to its be ing g ood o r e v il, as , the h uman r ace ; h uman quali

ties ; w e s peak of h uman achie ve me nts , vir tue s , or e x ce lle nces ,
h uman fo llie s , v ice s , or crime s H umane de notes w h at may
.

rig h tly b e e x pe cte d o f ma nkind at its be s t in the tre atme nt of

se ntie nt be i n g s ; a h u m ane e nte r pri s e o r e nde av o r i s o ne th at
is i nte nded to p rev e nt or re lie v e s nfi e ring The h umane man
.

w ill not nee dless ly infiict pain upon the me ane s t thing th at
liv e s ; a me r ciful man is dis pose d to w i th h old or mitig ate the
s ufi e r i n g e v e n o f th e g ui lty . T h e co mp as s io n a te man s ym
p a th i ze s w i th and d e s ire s to r e lie v e actu al s u ffe r in g , w hile o ne

w h o is h uman e w o uld for es tall an d pre v e nt the s uffe ri ng w hi ch

he see s to b e poss ible Compare M ERCY ; PI TI FU L ; P I TY
. .

ANT O NYM S :
S e e synonyms for B ARB AROU S .
 h umane
_ z_
-

H U NT
ch as e h unti ng i nq ui s i t i o n p ur s ui t s e ar ch

A h unt may be eith er th e act of pursuing or th e act of se ek

ing , or a combination of the tw o A chas e or p urs ui t is after
.

th at w hi ch is fl ee ing or d e par ting ; a s e ar ch i s for th at w hi ch is

hi dden; a h unt may be for that w hich is either hidde n or fl ec
ing ; a s e arch is a minute and care ful s ee king , an d is es pecially
applie d to a locali ty ; w e make a s earch of or throug h a h ous e ,
for anob j ect, inw hich conne cti oni t w ould be colloquial to s ay
a h unt H unt never qui te loses its ass ociationw ith field s por ts ,
.
-

w h ere it in cludes both s e ar ch a nd chas e ; the s e arch till th e

g am e is h unted out, an d th e chas e till it is h unted dow n Fig u .

re tiv ely, w e s peak of liter ary p urs ui ts , or of the p ursui t of

know ledg e ; a s earch for re as ons ; th e chas e of fame or h onor ;
h unt, in fig urati ve us e , in clines to the un favorable se n se of

i nquisi tio n, b ut w ith more of das h an d ag g ress ive ness ; as , a

h unt for her es y .

HY PO C R I SY
al e c t ati o n f o r m ali s m p r e t e ns e
ca nt p h ar i s ai s m s ane t i m o ni o u s ne s s
d i s s i m nlat i o n p i e t i s m sa nc t i m o ny
P re te ns e (from L p rrc te n. do ) primarily s ig n ifie s th e h olding
s ome thin g fo r w a rd a s h a v i ng ce r t a in r ig h ts o r c la i m s , w h e th e r

tr uly or fals ely ; inthe g ood se n se , i t is n ow r a re ly us e d e x ce pt

w i th a n eg a tive ; as , the re can be no p re te n s e tha t th is is due ;

a fals e p re te ns e implie s the pos s ib ility o f a true p re te ns e ; b ut,
alone and unlimite d, p r e te ns e commonly s ig n i fies the ofi e ri ng
o f so me th in g f o r w h a t i t i s n o t . H yp oc r is y is th e f a ls e p r e te n s e

o f mor a l ex ce lle nce , e ithe r as a cov er for actual w rong , or fo r

th e s ak e o f the cre dit and adv antag e attachin g t o v irtue . C ant
( fro m L c
.a n tu s ,
a s o n )
g , p ri m a r i ly t h e si n g s o n g it e ra tio n o f
th e lang uag e of an y p a r ty, s ch o o l, o r se c t, d e n o te s t h e m e ch a n i
cal a nd pre te ntious use of re lig ious ph rase olog y, w i th out co r
re s p on ding fee li ng or ch ar acte r ; s ancti monious ness is the
as s ump tionof a s aintly manne r w i tho ut a s aintly ch aracter As .

can t is h yp ocris y inutte r an ce , so s an cti mon ious ness is h yp ocr is y

i n ap p e ar ance , as in looks , tone s , e tc . P i e tis m, orig inally a
w o r d of g ood import, is n o w chie fl y us e d for a n unreg ulate d
 h yp o cr i te
idea

emo tionalis m ; for malis m is an e x ag g e r ate d de votio n to forms .

ri tes , and ce remoni es , w ithout corres ponding earnes tness o f

heart ; s ham (ide nti cal in orig in w ith s h ame ) is a tr ick or de
vice th at p uts on e to s ha me , or that shame fully dis appoint s
ex pe cta tionor falsifies appe aran ce Affectationis inmatters o f
.

intellect, tas te , e tc , much w hat hypocris y is in morals and

.

re lig ion; af e ctati on mi g ht be te rmed pe tty hyp ocris y Corn ,

.

p are DECEPTI ON .

m o m s :
n
ca d o r nui ne ne s s ing en u o us n since ri ty tr uth
gone s t y
e es s
nn
fra k es s op e nne s s tr ans par e ncy tr uth fulnes s

HY PO C R I T E
S Y N O NYH B t
c h e at d e ce i v e r di s s e m b le r i mpos tor p r e t e nd e r
A h yp ocri te (from Gr hyp okri tes , one w ho ans w ers on th e
.

s tag e , an actor , es peci ally a mimic actor ) is one w h o acts a

false part, or as s umes a ch ar acte r othe r th anthe re al D ec ei ve r .

is th e mos t compre h ens iv e te r m, including all the oth e r w ord s

of the g roup The de cei ver seeks to g iv e fals e impres s i on
. s of

any matte r w he re h e h as an e nd to g ai n; the dis s e mb le r or

hyp ocrite s e e ks to g iv e false impre ss ion s in reg a rd to himse lf .

The dis s e mble r is content i f h e can kee p s ome b ase conduct or

e vi l pur pose fr om be in g dis cov e r e d ; th e h yp o cr i te s e e ks not
me re ly to cove r his vi ce s , b ut to g ai n cre dit for v irt ue The .

che at an d i mp os tor e nde av or to make some thi ng out of thos e

th e y may de ce iv e Th e ch e at is th e infe rior and more me rce
.

nary, as the th imble rig g amb ler ; th e i mp os tor may as p ire to a

-

for tune or a th rone Compare H YPOCRI S Y

. .

AN TO NYM S 1
Th e antonyms of hyp ocr ite are to be found only in phr as es
e mbodyin g th e adje cti v e s candi d,
h one s t,
ing e nuous s incere , .

tr ue , e tc
.

HY PO T H ES I S
S YN O N YM S
co nje ct u r e s ch e me s u p p o s i ti o n
g uess s p e c u l at i o n s ur mise
A hyp o th es is is a state me nt o f w h at is dee me d poss ibly tr ue,
ass ume d and re as o n e d up onas if ce r tainly true, w ith a vi e w o f
 existin g ob j ects imperfectly embody This hig h se nse has nearly
.

dis appeared from th e w ord ide a, and has bee n larg e ly appro
priate d by ide al, thoug h somethin g of th e orig i n al mean ing still
appe ars w he ni n theolog ical or philosop hical lang uag e w e s pea k
of th e ide a s of God The pres e nt popular use of ide a makes it
.

to s ig nify any product o f me ntal app re h e n s i on or a ctivity, con

sidere d a s a n obj ect of know ledg e or thoug ht ; this coincides
w i th the primitiv e s e n se a t b u t a s i ng le p o int— th at an idea
is me ntal as oppose d to anything s ubstantial or p hysical; thus,
almost any me n tal pr od uct, as a b elief, conce p ti on, des ign ,

opi n i on, e tc , may n ow be ca lled an i de a Compare FAN CY; .

ANT O N YM S :
act uali ty re ali ty n
s ub s ta ce

i D EAL
S Y N O NY M B :

ar c h e t y p e m ode l p at t e r n s ta nd ar d
i de a ori g i nal p r o t oty p e
An ide al is that w hich is conce iv ed or taken as the hi g h es t
type o f ex ce lle n ce or ultimate ob j ect of atta inme nt . The
arch e typ e is the primal form, actual or imag inary, acco rding
to w hich any e x is ti ng th ing is cons tr ucte d ; th e p r o totyp e has
o r h as had a ctua l e x is te nce ; in th e de ri ve d se ns e as in me tro] ,

og y, a p r o totyp e ma y no t b e th e o r i g i n a l f o rm , b u t on e h a v i n g
e qua l authori ty w ith th at as a s tandar d . An i de al may b e
p r im a l, o r m ay b e s l o w ly d e v e lo p e d e v e n f r o m f a i lu re s an d by
neg atio ns ; anide al is me ant to b e pe r fe ct, no t me re ly the th ing
th at h as b e e n attaine d or is to b e attai ne d , b ut th e bes t co n
ce iv ab le th in g th a t co u ld b y p o ss ib i lit y b e a t ta i n e d . T h e ar ti s t
’
s

id e al is h is ow n me ntal imag e of w h ich h is finis he d w o rk is b ut

,

an i mpe r fe ct ex pre ss io n The or ig inal is the firs t s pecime n,

.

g o o d or
'

b a d ; t h e o r ig i na l o f a m a s te r i s s u p e ri o r t o a ll co p i es
.

Th e s tandar d may be b elow th e i de al Th e i de al is imag inary,

.

and or dinarily unattainab le ; the s tandard is concre te , an d

ordi n ar ily attainab le , be ing a me as ure to w h ich all e ls e o f its
k ind mus t co nform ; as , th e s tandard o f w e ig h ts and meas ures ,

o f cor n o r o f co t to n . T h e i d e a o f vi r tue is th e me n ta l con

,

ce pt or imag e o f v i r tue in g e n e r al ; th e i de al o f v i rtue i s th e

mental conce pt or imag e o f vi rtue in i ts hig he s t conceiv ab le

p e r fe ct io n C ompa re EX AMP L E ; I DEA .
 ig no r ant
w id e n

tion . A lazy pe rs onmay chance to be employe d inuseful w ork

b ut he acts w ith out en er g y or impe tus We s peak fig uratively
.

o f a la zy s tre a m The ine r t pe rso n see ms lik e dead matter

.

(c h a r a cte r ize d b y in e rt ia) , p o w e rl e s s to mov e ; th e s lu g g ish

mov es heavily and to ilsome ly ; the mos t activ e pe rs on ma y
s o me times fin d the b odily or mental pow e rs s lug g is h S lothful .

belong s in the moral re alm, de noting a se lf indulg e nt aversion -

to e x e rtion
“
. The s lothful hi de th his h and in h is bos om; it
g r ie v e th h i m to b r in g i t a g ai n to hi s mo uth , P r ov x x v i , 1 5 . .

I ndo lent is a mi lde r ter m for th e s ame quality ; th e in dolen t

man lov e s inaction Compare vane . .

ANT O NYM S :
ac t i v e b us y d i lig e nt e mp loy e d i nd us t ri ous occupi e d w orki n
l

i GNORA NT
s n ow s:
i ll i nf o r m e d
=
u ne nli g h t e ne d u nle ar ne d u nt au g h t
i lli t e r at e u ni nf o r m e d u nle tt e r e d u nt u t o r e d
u ne d u c at e d u ni ns t r u c t e d u ns k i lle d

I g norant nifies de s titute of education or k now ledg e , a

s ig

lacking know le dg e or infor mation; it is th us a re lati ve term

The mos t learned manis still ig norant o f many thing s ; pe rs on
are s poke nof as ig no rant w ho h av e not the know le dg e th at he
b e come g e ne rally di ffuse d in th e w orld ; th e ig nor ant s avag
may be w e ll i ns tructe d inmatte rs o f the fie ld and the ch as e, an
is th us more proper ly untutor e d th an ig norant I lli te r ate 5 .

w i th o ut le tte rs an d th e know le dg e th at come s th ro ug h re adin1

Unle tte re d is s imi lar in me anin g to i lli te r ate ,
b ut less a b s o lute

th e unle tte re d man may h av e acquir e d the art o f re adi ng an

‘

w ritin g a nd s om e e le m e nta r y k now le d g e ; t h e un e d u c a te d m u

h as ne ve r tak e n any s ys te matic course o f me ntal training
I gn o ran ce is re la tiv e ; illit e racy is ab so lute ; w e hav e statis tic
o f i lli te r acy ; n o s ta tis tics of i g nor ance are p oss ib le .

am o m s r

e d ucat e d w e llai nfe rme

i ns t ruct e d

I M AG I N AT I O N
S Y N O NYM S :

fancy fant as y p h ant a

Th e old p y
s ch ology tre ated of the Re pr oductiv e I mag i natio a
 I MM E RS E

Di p is S ax on, w hile i mme rs e is Latinfor th e same initial s et

dip is according ly the more po pular and commonplace , imme n se

the more e leg ant an d dig ni fie d e x press ion in man y ca s es T o .

s pe ak of b aptis m by imme rs ion as dippi ng now s ee m rude ;

thoug h e ntire ly prope r and us ual in e arly En g l is h B a p tis ts .

now unive rs ally use the w or d i mme rs e To dip and to i mmerse .

alike s ig nify to b ury or s ubme rg e some obj ect in a liqui d ; but

d ip implie s th at the ob j e ct dipp e d is at on ce re moved from the

liquid, w hile i mme rs e is w holly s ile nt as to the remov al Im .

mers e also s ug g es ts more abs olute complete ness of the action;

on e ma y di p h is s lee ve or dip a s pon g e in a li qu id , i f h e b u t
touches the edg e ; if h e i mme rs es it, h e comple tely s inks it
un de r , and cove rs it w ith the liquid S ubme rg e implies th at the
.

ob j ect ca n not readily be removed, if at all; as , a s ub me rg e d

w re ck . To p lung e is to i mme rs e s udde nly and violen tly, for
w hich dous e an d duck are colloquial te rms Di p is us ed , als o , .

un like th e othe r w or ds , to de note the putti ng of a h ollow v ess el

i nto a liquid in orde r to re mo v e a portion o f i t ; in this se n se

w e s ay d ip up , di
p o u t C ompa re .s yn o ny m s f o r B U R Y .

P R E P O S I TI O N :
The ob e ct
j is immers e d i n w ate r .

I MM I N E NT
SH OW S :

i m p e ndi ng t h r e at e ni ng

I mmine nt from the Latin, w ith th e se ns e o f proj ectin

, g ov er ,
s ig n ifie s liab le to happe n at once , as s ome calamity, dang e rous
and clos e at h and I mp e ndi ng , als o from the Latin, w ith the
.

se n se of h an g ing o v er , i s clo se ly aki n to i mmine nt,

b ut s o m e

w h at le s s e mph atic . more imme diate , i mp endi ng

I mmine nt is
more re mote , th reate ni ng more conting e nt An i mp e nding .

e vi l is almos t s ure to h ap pe n at s ome un ce rtain ti me , pe r haps

v ery n e ar ; an i mmi n en t pe ri l is on e lia b le to be fall v ery
s pee d ily ; a th r e ate ni ng pe ril may be n ear or r e mote , b ut alw ays
w ith h o pe th at i t ma y be a v e r te d .

m o m s
ch i m e r i c al d o ub t ful p r o b le mati cal
co n tin g e nt i mp ro b ab le un e x p e ct e d
 i mm e r s e

lMPED lMENT
m ou n ts :
enc umb r ance ob s t acle
h i nd r anc e ob s tr u c ti o n
D if
fi cultmakes an unde rtaking othe rw is e than e as y Th at
y .

w hi ch res ts up on on e as a burde n is a n encumb rance An .

impe di ment is primarily some thin g th a t ch e c ks th e foot or in

any w ay makes advance slow or difficult ; an obs tac le is s ome

thin g that stands acrom the w ay, ano b s tru c ti on some th ing th at
is b uilt or placed across the w ay An obs truction is alw ays
.

an obs tacle, but ano bs tacle may not alw ays be prope r ly te rme d
an o bs tr uc tion; box es and bales placed on the s idew alk are
ob s tr uction s to tr av e l; a n ice doe is an obs tacle to nav ig ation,
-

and may become an obs tructi onif i t closes aninle t or channe l .

A hind rance (kindred w ith kind, b e h ind ) is anything th at

makes one come be hind or s hort of his purpose An i mp edi .

me nt may be e ither w h at one finds in h is w ay or w hat he

ca rries w ith h im ; i mp edi men ta w as th e Lati n n ame for the
hm of a soldier or of a n army The te nde ncy is to v iew
.

an i mp ediment as something cons tant or , at le as t for a time ,

con tinuous ; as , an i mp e diment in one s s pe e ch A di /ficulty
’
.

or a h in d ran ce ma y b e e ith e r w ith in o ne o r w ith ou t ; a s p e aker

may find dificulty ine x pre ss ing hims e lf, or d ifliculty inholding
th e attention of res tles s children An e ncumb ran . ce is a lw ays
w hat on e ca rries w i th him ; a n obs tacle or an obs tructi on is
alw ays w i thout To a marching soldie r th e s tee p nes s ot
.

a mountain p ath is a dif fi cu lty, lo o se s to nes a re i m p e d i m en ts ,

a fence is an obs truction, a cli ff or a b oulder across the w ay i;

an obs tacle ; a knaps ack is an encumbran ce .

m o m s :
ad vantag e ai d as s i s t ance b e ne fi t h elp r e li e f s uccor

I M PO RTAN T
SH OW :
co ns i d e r ab le o f co ns e q u e nc e r e le v a nt
cr i ti cal of i m p o r t anc e s e r i ou s
d e ci d i ng of m o m e nt si i fl c ant
d e ci s i v e p o w e r f ul su s t ant i al
d e t e r m i nati v e m at e r i al p r o m i ne nt w e i g h ty
d e t e r m i ni ng m o m e nt o u s
Th at is consid erable w hich is w or thy to b e cons ider ed ; con
s i de r ab le is th us a w ord of much lati tude , and is a concessiv e
 i m p u d e nc e 298
i nc o fl ous

w ord ; to say matter is cons iderable impliw that it is

th at any
not to be ove r looke d, but may very poss ib ly be s urps med .

Th at is important w h ich imports or means much w i th referen ce

to some des ire d res ult ; imp o rtant is thus a s tron g e r w or d tha n
con s ide rab le M omentous is s trong er s till, sig nifying of such
.

w e ig ht or con se que nce a s to ma ke othe r matte rs see m trivia l

by comp ar ison The Ang lo S ax on w e ig hty is les s emphatic
.
-

th an mome ntous , more s ubs tan tial th an i mp o r tant; w eig hty

matters h av e pow e r by and of th e mse lves , w ith 183 re feren ce

to an e ffect upon the res ult than i mp ortant matters ; ma n y

w e ig h ty r e a son s ma y b e ov e rmatc h e d b y one m o m e nto us co n
s ide ra tion Th at w hi ch is e s s e ntial, or mate rial, is so in
. volved

in th e es s e nce , or s ubject matte r of w h at is in hand that it

-

ca n not be s e par ated from it in fact or thoug ht ; material ad ‘

h e res clos e ly to the matte r as ex is ting ; as , a material difi ere n

'

ce ,

mate r ial e v ide nce ; or a mate rial w i tnes s ; es s ential starts at

th e e x is ting ess e n ce ; a s the e s s e nt ial prope rties o f matte r ;
b ut g oe s on to a res ult to be secure d ; as , an ess ential co nditio n
o f s ucce s s Th at w hich is de te rminati v e te nds to de te rmi n
.
‘

or fix a r es ult : that w h ich is de te rmi ning doe s fix it Tls .

w h ich i s de cis iv e or de cidin g fo r ce s dec is i o n Th at w .h ic h

cr i ti cal may de te rmine th e r es ult a t a cr is i s ; as , a cr i tica l u m
me nt ; a c ri tical iss ue Th at w hich is r e le v ant h as re al a,
.

ne ces s ary re lationto th e matte r in h and I ndis p e ns ab le, nece s

.

s ary, and s up r e me r e ach far be yond w hat is con s ide r ab

i mp ortant or mo me ntous to th at w hich is ab s olute ly con trollic r :

and are th us close ly allie d w ith e s s e ntial Compare ns cs s safi
.

AN T O NY M S
fe e b le
fl i ms y
fr i v o lo u s
i d le
i m m at e r i al
i nc o ns i d e r ab le
i nd i ffe r e nt

i mPU D ENC E
sr nm
o s
as s u r anc e i m p e r t i ne nce i nt r u s i v e ne s s p r e s u m p ti o n
b o ld ne s s i nci v i li t y o fi c i o u s ne s s rud e ne s s
e fl nt e r y
ro i ns o le nc e p e r t ne s s s au c i ne s s
f o r w ar d ne s s

I mp e r tine nce primar ily de note s w hat doe s not pe rtain or

be lo ng to the o ccas iono r the pe rs o n, and he nce comes to s ig nify
 i nd u c t i o n

lND U S l RlOU S
’ ’

mo ur ns :
Ki m
b l ed
!
'
nd us trious sig nifies ze alous ly or habitually applying one
t o an y w ork or b us in es s B us y applies to an activity
.

ic h may be te mporary, i ndus tri ous to a habit of life We .

a man is bus y j us t now ; that is , occupie d at the mome nt

h s o me thin g t h at tak es his f ull atten ti on I t w ould be ridi c
.

u s o r s atirica l to s ay, he is indus tri ous j us t now B ut bus y .

1 b e used inth e sen se of in d us tri ous , as w h enw e s ay he 13 a

r
y m an. D i lig ent indi cates als o a dis po si tion ,
w h ich is
[i ns t ily habitual, and s ug g es ts more of he artin ess a nd v oli
u t h an in dus trious We say one is a dilig ent, rathe r th anan
.

lu s tr io ns , re ade r of the B ib le I n th e us e of th e nouns , w e

.

in k o f plodding indus try b ut not of ploddi ng di lig ence Com .

re AC TI VE ; I N DU S TRY .

mo m s:
Se e synonyms for I DL E .

i ND U S TRY
mo m s
.
p p li c at i o n d i li g e nce lab o r p e r s i s t e nc e
aai d ni t y e il e r t p ai ns s e d u l o u s ne s s
st t e nt i o n ex erti o n p at i e nc e
o ns t ancy i nt e nt ne s s p e r s e v e r anc e

I nd us try is th e quality, action, or habit of e arnes t, s te ady,

d co ntinue d atte ntio nor de v otionto any use ful or producti v e
.r k o r ta s k, man ual o r me n tal As s idui ty (from L ad, to,
. .

d s e dco, sit ) , as the e tymo log y s ug g e sts , s i ts dow n to a tas k

til i t is done . D i lig ence (fro m L di lig o, lov e , choos e ) inves ts
.

i re e fi ort a nd e x e rti on, w ith lo ve of the w ork or dee p inte res t

i ts accomp lis hme nt ; ap p lication (fr om L ad, to, and p lico , .

ld ) b e nds to its w ork and conce ntr ates all one s pow e rs upon
’

w i th utmos t i n te ns ity ; h e nce , ap p lication can hardly be as

re mittin g a s a s s i d ui ty C o n
.s tancy i s a s te ad y de v otion o f
art an d princip le P atience w o rks onins pite of an
. noyances ;
r s e v e ran ce ov e rcomes h in drances and di fficulties ; p e rs is tence
ri v e s re le n tles s ly ag ains t oppos ition; p e rsis ten ce h a s v ery

eque n tly an un fav or able me aning , implying that one p e rs is ts

s pi te of con s ide ra tion s th a t s hould induce him to des is t .
 i nfi ni t e

In d us try is dilig ence appli ed to s ome e vocation, b us in ess , o r

p r o fe ss io n .L ab o r and p ai ns re fe r to th e e x e rtions o f t h e

w orke r a nd the tax upon h im, w hi le as s idui ty, pe rs everanc r— 4 ,

e tc , re fe r to his con
. tinuance in th e w ork .

A NT O NYM S :
ch an g e ab le ne ss i dle ne s s i ncons tancy ne g le ct re mi ss ne’ fl
fi ck le ne s s i natt e n ti o n i nd ole nce ne g lig e nce s loth

i NFlNlTE
S YN O M S :

ab s o lu t e n
i i m i t ab le li m i t le s s
b o u nd le s s i m m e as u r ab le m c as u r e le s s u nf at h o m ab l .
‘

co u nt le s s i nnu m e r ab le nu m b e r le s s unli m i t e d
e t e r nal i nt e r mi nab le u nb o u n ded unm e as ur e d

—
—
In fin i te (f rom L i n,
n
.ot ,
a nd n
fi , is lim it ) gs i n i fies w i th ouL LZJlt
‘

bounds or limits in any w ay, and may be ap plie d to s par E v

time , quanti ty or . numbe r C ountless , innume rab le , ar

. J l

numbe r les s , w h ich s h o uld be the s ame as infini te, are in cons —fl “

mon us ag e v ag ue ly e mp loyed to de note w hat it is di cult ct r D r m -

p r actica lly i m pos s ib le to co un t o r num b e r , t h ou g h pe r ha p Z D S ‘

falling far s hort o f i nfinite ; as , countle ss le av e s , the counties

sa nds on the se as ho re , numb e r les s battle s , innume rab le de lay
—
"
9

S o, too, b o und les s , illimi tab le , li mi tless , me as ure le ss , and urn W

limi te d ar e loos e ly use d i n re fe re n ce to w h a t h as no appare n it
"
t

or re adily de te r min ab le limits ins p ace or time ; as , w e s peak Df -

the b oundle s s ocean I nfinite s p ace is w ith out boun

. ds , not onl y
in fact b ut in thoug ht ; infinite time is tr uly e te rnal
. Com .

p are s yno ny ms f o r ET ER N AL .

Afl o m s
b o u nd e d
b ri e f
c i r cu m s c r i b e d
e v ane s c e n t

I N FLU E N C E
S Y N O NY M B :
ac t u at e d r aw impel i nd u c e m ov e s ti r
com p e l dri v e i nc i t e i ns t i g at e p e r s u ad e sw ay
di s p os e e x ci t e i ncli ne le ad prompt urg e

To infl ue nce (from L in in or into and fl uo fl o w ) is to

. . , .

affe ct, mo dify, or act upon b y ph ys ical me ntal o r mora

l , ,

p o w e r , e s pe cially in s ome g e ntle s ub tle and g radual w ay : as,

. .

v e g e tatio n is infl u enc e d b y lig h t : e v e ry one is i nfl ue nce d to

w ork i ng or efi ect as , aninh er ent i m God is said to 1r d
immanent (not i nhe re nt ) in th e un
d culty

Fre quen
.

i vers e . tly intrin si ac -

and inh e rent can be inte rchan g e d , b u t i n h e re n t a pp li es to

q u al i ties , w hil e i ntri ns i c a pp lies to ess e n c e , so t h a t to s p e a k o f

i ntrinsic e x cellence conv eys hig he r pr aise than if w e s ay i ts
h e re nt ex ce lle n ce In .h e re nt and intri n s i c ma y b e s aid o f p e r

son s or thin g ;
s c on g e n i ta l,
i nb or n , i n b r e d, i n nate apply to
livi ng be in g s . C on g e n it a l is f re qu e n t i n m e di c a l and leg al us e
w ith s peci al application to de fects ; as , cong eni tal idiocy
In nate and inb orn are almos t ide ntical, b ut innate is pre ferred
i n philosophic use , as w he n w e s pe ak of innate ideas ; th at
w hi ch is i n b orn, cong e nital, or i nnate may be orig in al w ith the
indiv idual, b ut th at w h ich is inb re d is inh e ri ted In g r ai ne
. d
sig n ifies dye d in the g rain, and de n otes th a t w hich is dee ply
w roug h t in to s ubs tan ce or ch a ra cte r .

m o m s :

acc i d e ntal ex t ri ns i c o u tw ard s up e rfi c i al s up p leme ntal

cas ual fort u i to us s u b s i d i ar y s up e rfl uo u s n nt
t ra s i e
e x t e rnal i nc id e nt al s up e rad d e d s u p e ri mpo s e d unco nne cte d

lNJ U R Y
am ou n ts 3

b le m i s h e vi l
d am ag e h ar m
d e t r i m e nt h ur t w ro ng
d i s ad v ant ag e i m p ai r m e nt

I njury ( m
fro ,
L in not
.
, j j and us , l aur is
w ) g
s.i n
r ig h t,
ifi es

p r imar i ly so m e th i ng d o ne c o ntr ary to la w o r r ig t ; hen

h ce,

some th in g co ntra ry to s om e s ta nd ar d o f r ig h t o r g oo d ; w h a te v er

re duce s th e v a lue , utility, be auty, or des irable ness o f an y t hi n g

is an i njury to th at th ing ; o f pe rsons , w h ate v e r is s o don e a s

to oper ate adv e rs e ly to o n e in h is pe rson ,

r ig h ts p p
r o e r ty, or .

r e putationis aninjury ; th e w or d is e s pe cially us e d o f w hatever

mars the inte g rity o f th e b ody or cause s pain: as , w he nres cued
from the w r e ck h is injuri e s w e re found to b e ve ry s lig ht .

I njury is th e g e ne ra l te r m i ncluding all the re s t D amag e .

lfrom L damnum, loss ) is th at w hich occasion

. s los s to the

p oss es so r , h e nce ,
any i mp a ir m e nt o f v a lu e , o tte n w i th th e s ug
g es ti on o f fa ult on the p ar t o f th e o n e ca u s in g it ; d a m ag e re

duces v alue , utility , or be auty ; de tri me nt (f1 om L de te rer e, to .

r ub or w e a r a w ay ) is s imi la r i n me an ing , b ut far milder Det .

ri me n t may s fi ec t v alue o n ly : d amag e alw ays afi ects r eal w orth

ut ility ; as a rule , the s lig htes t us e of an article by a put
ls a r o perates to i ts de tr imen t if ag ainofi e red for s ale , th oug h
ar ticle may have rece ive d not the slig htes t damag e D amag e .

rar tial; loss is prope r ly abs olute a s fa r a s it is predi ca te d at

t h e loss of a s h ip implies that it is g one be yond recove ry ;
lo s s of the r udde r is a damag e to th e s hip ; but s ince the los s
1 p ar t s till leav es a pa rt, w e ma y ps e ak o f a pa r ti al o r a t o tal
3 .E v il commonly s ug g es ts s ufi e rin g or s in , or b o th ; a s , th e

ls of poverty, the social evi l H arm is clos e ly s yn . on y m o us

b injury; it may apply to b ody, mind, or es tate , b ut alw ays

act s real w orth , w h ile i n j y
u r m a y co nce r n o n ly e s tim a te d
me A h urt is an injury th at caus es pain, phys ical or men
.

a s li g h t h urt may be no re al harm Mis chi ef is dis arr ang e .

mt, tr ouble , or harm us ually cause d by some voluntary

u t , w ith or w ith out in
s ju ri ous in te nt ; a c hi ld ’
s th o u g h tles s

art may do g reat mis ch ief; w r ong is h ar m done w ith e vil

ant An outrag e combines ins ult and inj ury Compar e
. .

o nyms for B LEM I S H ; CRI M I N AL ; m a us rlcs '

.

Pr o m s z
i v antag e b e ne fi t i mp rov e me nt
mo o rati onn b le s s i ng r e me d y

E P O S I T I ON S
L :

Th e i nj ury of the caus e ; aninjury to the structure ; inj ury by

by or from collis ion, inte r fe re nce, e tc .

i NJ U S Ti C E
mo un t s :

:r i e v ano e i njur y u nfai r ne s s u nr i g h t e o u s ne s s w ro ng

l i nt “!
In j us tic e is a vi olatio nor de nial o f j u sti ce , anac t or omis s i on
at is co ntr ary to e quity or j us ti ce ; as , th e injus tice of une qual
x es I nleg al us ag e, a w rong involves injury to person, pr 0p
.

ty, or re p utation, as th e r es ult of e vil inte nt ; injus tice

> plies to civ il 105 3, not necess arily inv olving in
damag e or j y
u r
v ers onor
p p pm e r ty, as b y m is r e p res e n ta t i o n of g oo d s w h ic h
008 n ot amount to a leg al w arranty I npopular us ag e , injas
.

ce ma in
E l n di t i n n i n t
y v o v e o re c j y
u r t o p e rs o , p rop e r ty , te res ,
r cha
~
ra cte r , a nd no harmful inte nt, w hi le w rong alw ays in
01 ves both n h a tt i b t an th ’
t l n a t t
'

; o e w o r u es o e r s r u y g e e r o us c o
s selfish motive does him a ninjus tice I niqui ty, inthe orig inal
.
of th at which does not e x ist or is not pr es e nt to the sen ses, a

t he s e e ing o f s pe c te rs or of re p tiles i nde li ri um tre me ns M o n o .

mania is me ntal der ang e me nt as to o ne subj ect or obj ect .

F renzy and mania are for ms o f rav ing an d furious in san ity .

C omp are s ynonyms for DELU S I ON ; I DI OCY .

A N TO NY M S
c le ar ness g oo d se ns e luc i d i t y rat i o nali t y n
sa
ity

lNTERPO S E
S Y N ON Y M S
ar b i t r at e i nt e r c e p t i nt e r m e d d le me dl
i nt e r c e d e i nt e r f e r e i nt e r r u pt m e di a“
To i nte rp os e is to place me b e tw ee n o the r thing s
or co or

e n us ually as a me ans o f ob s tr uction or pre v e nti on 01

p rs o s,

some e f fe ct o r re s ult h
t t ould oth
a w e r w i s e occur, o r b e e x pec t e d
to take p lace . I nte r ce de and inte rp os e ar e use d ina g ood se n s fi i
inte rmcdd le alw ays in a b ad se nse , and inte rfe re freque ntly 5 0
To inle rce de is to come b e tw ee n p erso ns w h o are at v arianc e
and ple ad w ith th e s tron g e r i n b e h a lf o f th e w e a k e r O n
.e us 8 ?

in t e rp os e w i th authority ; h e inte rce de s b y pe tition To i nte fl

‘

me ddle is to th r us t one se lf into th e conce rns o f o the rs w ith a

p e tt y o fl ic i o us n e s s ; m e d dl in g comm o n ly a r i se s f r om d curi
i le c T l
? -
‘

“ ”
ity ; e v e ry fool w ill be me ddling , P rov x x , 3 ; to inte rfe re 13
.

to intr ude into otli crs afi ai rs w ith mo re s e r io us pur pose , w i

’
th
or w i tho ut acknow le dg e d rig ht or pro prie ty . I nte rce p t is u l" .

pli e d to an ob je ct th at may be s e ize d or s to p pe d w hile in

s it ; as , to in te rce p t a le tte r or a me sse n n i — d
a l
pp i
i t u t c
g e r ; e rr p s
—8“
to anactio n w hich mig ht or s hould b e contin uous , b ut i s hn it;
i n upon (from L rump e re, to b re ak ) b y s ome dis turb i
— ng

—
.

p o w e r ; a s , th e c o n v e rs a ti o n w as i n te r rup te d .One w ho or l“ a
trates or me diate s mus t do s o by th e re que s t or at le as t w ith t: : h e

con se n t of the conte n ding partie s ; th e othe r w ords of the g ro lP

imply th at he s te ps in o f h is ow n acco rd .

A N T O N YM S
av o i d k e e p aloo f re ti r e s tand bu -
‘ k
h o ld alo o f k e e p aw ay s tand as i d e s tand of
h old o ff k e e p cle ar s tand aw ay w i th d raw

P R E P O S I TI O N :
I nte rp ose b etw e e n the mb atants ; in th e matter
co .
 i nt e r p o s e

jo u r ne y

i NV O LV E
sy no ny ms
co m p li cat e e m b ar r as s e nt ang le i m p ly ov e rw h el m
c o nt ai n e mb r oi l i m p li c at e i nc lu d e
To invo lv e (from L in, in, and v olv o, roll) is to r oll o r w ind
.

up w ith or in s o a s to combi n e in e x tr icab ly or in s e para b ly, or

ne arly so ; as , the nation is involv e d in w ar ; the bookkee pe r s ’

accoun ts , or the w rite r s s e nte nces are involve d I nvolv e is a

’
.

str on g e r w or d th an i mp li ca te , d e n o tin g m o r e c om p le te e n ta n g le

me nt As applied to persons , imp licate is alw ays used in an

.

un favor able s e nse , an d i nv olve ordinarily so ; b ut i mp licate

ap plies only to th at w hich is w rong , w h ile i nvolve i s more
00mmon ly use d of that w hich is unfortunate ; o ne is i mplicat e d
in a crime , inv o lv ed in e mbarr ass me nts , mis fortune s , or pe r
ple x ities As re g ards log i cal connection, th at w hich is i nclud e d
.

18 us ua lly ex pres s ly s tated ; th at w h ich is i mp lie d is not s tate d,

b ut is natur ally to be infe rred ; th at w h ich i s inv olv e d is ne ce s
s ar ll to be in f d a a la t f i i n l u d d i n th e o n t a ct :
y e rre ; s s e r oo s
, c e c r

th at the roof s hall be w ate r tig h t is i mp lie d ; th e contr ary s up

-

Po sition invo lve s an abs urdity S ee COM PLEX

m
. .

o m s :
d isconne ct dis ti ng ui s h s e parat e
d i s e ntang i e ex p lic at e
.

J O U R N EY
G n om e
p i lg ri m ag e t r ans i t tri p
e x p e di ti o n t o ur t r av e l v oy ag e

A journey (from F journe e , from L diur nus daily ) w as

’

. .
,

p r imarily a day s w ork ; he nce , a mov e me nt from p lace to place

’

W i thin one day, which w e now des cribe as a day s jou rne y ; “ ’ ”

m
i n its e x te nded ode r n use a jour ne y is a dire ct g oing fro m a .

s ta rti n int t a d tina ti d in a il y e a o n s id a b le

g
g p o-
o es o o r r o v r c e r

d i s tan ce ; w e s pe a k of a day jo ur ne y, or the jo urne y o f life

’
.

T r avel is a pass in g fr o m p la c e t o p lac e no t n e ces s a ri

, ly in a
d i rect line or w ith fix e d de s tination; a jo urne y th roug h EurOpe
w ould be a a
p ss a g e to s o me d e s ti na t io n b e yo n d o r a t t h e fa r th e r
b o un dary ; trave l in Europ e may b e in no dire ct co urse b ut .

may include many journe ys in difi e re nt dir ecti ons A v oyag e, .

w hich w a s for me r ly a j o ur ne y o f an y k in d i s n o w a g o i ng to a
,

con sidera ble dis tance b v w ate r e s pe cially by s e a; as a v oyag e

.
,

to I n dia A tri p i s a s hort and dire ct jour n

. ey A to ur i a .
s
 keep
k no w le d g e

P R E P O S I TI O N S
The jus tice f
o th e king ; to or for the oppres s ed .

KEE P
S YN O N YH S :
c ar r y d e f e nd h o ld p r es er v e r e t ai n
ca o n d e t ai n m ai nt ai n p r o t e ct s u p p or t
ce le r at e f u lfi l ob e y r e fr ai n s u s t ai n
c o nd u c t g u ar d ob s e r v e r e s t r ai n w i t h h o ld
co ns e r v e
K eep , s ig nifyi ng g ene rally to h av e and re tai ninposs ess ion, is
the te rs e , s tr ong S ax on te rm for many acts w hich are more ex
actly dis criminate d by o th e r w ords We k e ep, obs e r ve , or cele
.

b rate a fe s tiv al ; we h o ld a p rison

k e ep or e r i n cus tody ; we
ke e p or p r es e r v e si lence , ke e p the pe ace , p re s e r ve o rde r— pre
s e r v e be ing th e m o re fo r mal w o r d ; w e ke ep or mai n tainahorse,
a se r v ant e tc a man s upp o r ts his fami ly ; w e k ee p or obey a
.

comma ndme nt ; k ee p or fulfil a p ro mis e To cons e rve anythin .

g
is to ke e p or p r es e r ve it in its p re se nt s tate ; as , to con serve
the i nte re s ts o f e mp loye rs or o f w or kin g m e n I n th e e x p re s .

s ion s to k e e
p a s e cr e t, k e e p o ne
’
s ow n co un cil, k e e p fai th,
o r

k e e p th e fai th , s uch w ords as p res e r v e or maintain could n ot

b e s ub s titute d w ithout loss A pe rs on kee ps a s hop or store,

.

co n d ucts o r carrie s on a b us ines s ; h e k e e ps or carries a certa in

li ne o f g oods ; w e may ke ep or r e s train one from folly, crime .

o r v io le nce ; w e ke e p from or refr ain from e v il, ourselves .

K e e p in the se nse o f g uard o r defe nd implie s that the defen se

i s e ffe ctual Compar e CEL EB RATE ; RES TRAI N

. .

P R E P O S I TI O N S :

Ke e p in h and , in mind, ino r w i th i nthe hous e ; from evi l: ,

of mis ch ie f ; ke e p to th e s ub j ect ; ke e p a n an cca

fo r p e rs o ,
o

s io n e tc
. .

K I LL
S YN O N Y M S :

as s as s i nat e d e s p at ch m as s ac r e p u t t o d e at h sh y
b u t ch e r e x e cu t e m ur de r s lau g h t e r

To kill is imply to de pr iv e o f life h uman, animal, or

s . W
t ab le w i th no s ug g e s tion of h ow or w hy
. As s as s i nate ex ecu‘f, .
.

m ur d e r apply only to the tak ing o f h uman life ; to murder 13

to kill w ith p re me ditationand malicious inte n t : to e x e cute is t “
k l in fulfilme n
il t of a le g al se nte nce ; to as s as s i nate is to kill
 facts , tr uths , or principle s acquire d or re tain e d by the min d, in
cludin g a lik e t h e in t u i ti on s n ati v e to th e m in d an d a ll th at ha s

b ee n le arne d res pe cti ng phe nomena, cause s , law s , prin ciples,

liter ature , e tc . The re is a tende ncy to re g ard kno w ledg e a s

accurate and s ys te matic, and to a ce rtain deg re e complete .

In f o r m a ti o n i s kn o w le d g e o f f a c t, re a l o r s u pp o se d , der iv ed
fr om pe rs on s , books , or obse rv ation , a n d is r e g a rd e d a s ca s ua l
and haphazard We say o f a s tudi ous manthat he h as a g rea
. t
s tore of kn ow le dg e, or of a ninte llig e nt manof the w orld, that
h e h as a fund of v arie d infor mation L or e is us ed on . ly in
p o e ti c or e le v a te d s ty ,le f o r a c c um u la te d k n o w l e d g ,
e a s o f a
p peo le or a g ,e o r in a m o re lim i te d s e n se f o r le a r n i n g o r er u d i
ti on We s pe ak of pe rce p tion of e x te rn
. al obje cts , app rehen
s i on of in te lle ctual truth . S imple pe rcep tion g i ves a limited
know le dg e of e x te rnal obje cts , me re ly as s uch ; the cog n ition
o f th e s ame obj e cts is a kn ow le dg e of th em in some rela tion ;
c og n izance is the formal or official re cog ni tion of somethin g as

anobj e ct of know le dg e ; w e take cog nizance of i t I ntui tionis .

p r im a r y k n o w le d g e a n te c e de nt to a ll te a ch i n g o r r e as o n in g,
e x p e ri en ce i s k n t has e nte red di re ctly into on e s own
’
ow le dg e th a

li fe ; as , a chi ld s ex p e rie nce th at fire w i ll b urn L e arn in i

’
.
g s

much hig he r th an i nfor mation, b eing pree mine ntly w ide an d

s ys te matic kn o w le dg e , th e re s ult of long , as s iduous study;
e r ud i ti on i s r econ dite le arning s e cure d only by e x traordin ary

i ndus try, o pportunity, and ability . Compare ACQU AI N TANCEi

EDU CATI ON ; S CI E N CE ; W I S DOM .

A N T O N YM B :
i g no ranc e i ne x p e ri e nce mi s co nc e p t io n ru d e ne s s
illi t e r acy mi s ap p r e h e ns i o n mi s u nd e r s tand i ng u nfam iliarity

LAN GU AGE
S YN O NY M B z

b ar b ar i s m ex pr e ssi o n p at o i s v er nacular
d i ale c t i di om s p e e ch v o cab ulary

d i ct i o n m oth e r t o ng u e t o ng u e

Lan g u a g e ( fr om F .la n a
g g , e f r o m L . l in g ua ,
th e to n g u e )
s ig n ifie o rig inally e p
d x r e s s i o n o f th o ug h t b y p s o k e n w or ds ,
b ill
n o w int i s w id e t
s s e ns e it s i g n i fie s e x p r e s s i on o f th o ug h t by an y
me a n s ; a ts , h e la ng u a g e o f th e e y ,
e s th e la ng ua g e o f fl ow er?»

As re g ards the us e of w ords , lang uag e in i ts b roadest s en s e

den ote s a ll the utte re d s ounds and the ir comb ination s in to w or d s

313 e

d
. nte nces th at humanbeing s employ for the communication
se

th oug ht, and, ina more limited se nse , the w ords or combina
me fo rming a means of commun i cation among th e membe rs
a s i ng le nation, pe ople , or r ace S p e ech inv olve s alw ays th e
.

w e r of a rticulate utte r ance ; w e cans peak of the lang uag e of

im als , b ut not of the ir s p e e ch A tong ue is the s p e ech or
.

g a u g e of so m e o ne p e o p le , coun try, or r ace A dia.le ct

a s p e cial mo de of s pe aking a lang uag e pe culiar to some
ali ty or clas s , n
z ot recog n ize d as in accordance w i th the bes t
ag e ; a b ar b ar is m is a p e rv e rs i on o f a la ng uag e b i
y g no r an t
fe ig ne rs , or s ome us ag e aki n to th at . I diom re fers to th e
n s tr u cti onof phr a ses a nd se nte nce s , and the w ay of forming
us in g w or d s ; i t i s th e p ec ulia r m ol d in w hi ch e a ch l an g ua g e

i ts i ts thoug ht . Th e g reat di fiiculty of tr ans lation is to g ive

ath o ug h t ex pr es s ed in one lang uag e inthe idi om o f another .

di ale ct may b e use d by the h ig h es t as w e ll as the low es t w ithin

r an g e ; a p at o i s is dis ti nct ly illi te r ate , b e lo n i
g g n to th e

ave r cla s se s ; thos e w ho s pe a k a p atois unde rs tand the culture d

r m o f the ir ow nlan g u ag ,
e b u t s pe a k o nly th e d e g r ad e d for m ,

i n th e cas e of the I talianlazz aroni or the former ne g r o s lav es

th e U nite d S tate s Ve rnacular, from the Latin, h as the s ame
.

ne r al se nse as the S ax on moth e r tong ue , o f one s nativ e ’

ng uag e , or th at of a p eople ; as , the S criptures w ere tr ans

be d i n to the ve rn acular . Compare DI CTI ON .

LARGE
H O N YM S :

ab u nd ant
am p le
hi s
br o ad
bu lk y i m m e ns e
cap ac i o u s

Larg e de note s e x te ns ion in more th an one dire ction, and be

)nd th e av e r ag e o f th e clas s to w h ich the ob j ect be long s ; w e
ie ak of a larg e s urface or a larg e s oli d, b ut o f a long line ; a
rye fie ld a larg e room, a lar g e a
.
p ple e tc A larg e man is a
, .

an of mo re th an ordinary s ize ; a g r e at man is a man of re

arkable me ntal pow e r B ig is a more e mph atic w or d th an
.

rrg e , b ut o f le s s dig nity We do not say th at Georg e

.

las h ing ton w as a big man .

m o m s
b ri e f li mi t e d mi nu te
d imi nu ti v e li t tle nar ro w
i nc ons i d e rab le mean p altr y
infi n i t e s i mal mic r os cop i c p e t ty
i ns i g ni fi can t

LAT E N T
S Y N O NY M S t
c o nc e al e d i ncl u d e d p o t e nt i al u nd e v e loped
d o r m ant i nh e r e nt r e c o nd i t e u nk no w n
hi dden i nv i s i b le s e cr e t u no b s e r ved
i m p e r c e p t i b le i nv o lv e d t orp i d u np e r ce i v ed
u p li ci t oc c u lt u nco m p r e h e nd e d u ns e e n
i ns p li e d
That w hich is late nt (from L late o, lie hidde n) is hidden
.

from ordinary obs erv ation (compar e H I DE ) as , late nt pow ers ;

a late nt motiv e ; a dis e ase is s ai d to be late nt be tw ee n the time
of its con tr action an d its manifes tati o n D o rmant (from .

L dormio, s le e p ) applie s to th e w inte r condi tion of hiber

.

nating animals , w he n they s ee m as lee p, or are e v e n apparen tly

li fe les s ; w e s pe ak of dor mant e ne r g ie s (w hich h av e acted, a n d
may ye t ag ain be arouse d ) ; a dor mant v olcano ; torpid (from
L tarp eo, be numb ) is pr actically e quivale nt to dor mant as
.

app lie d to a h ib ernating animal; to rp i d me rely de notes the in

se n s ib ili ty, w hi ch do r man t acco un ts for as a form of s lee p ;
h e nce , torpi d applies to w h ate v e r is s lug g is h , dull, and le tharg ic,
w t out the s ame s ug g e s t on of poss b le arous a
i h i i l as i n dor ma i fl l

w e s oul h d n ot s pe a k of o p i d e ne rg y
t r . P ote ntial app l iil!
’s

t
to th at w h ich is poss ib le , b ut no t actual; a p o tential p ‘ l e

or or ator h a s the quali tie s , thoug h ye t unde ve lope d , Li la }

may make a poe t or an orator ; p o tential e ne rg y or force 15

en e rg y o r force t a h t u de c ta n con
n i ditions is s ure to co m e

“
r e r

into action; p ote ntial h as not th e s ame s ug g es tion as do cn a

?
“
.
-

o f pow e r that h as b ee n p re v ious ly activ e Th at is re conJ fi

.

t el
w h ich is hidde n fr om or din ary and e as y pe rce ptio n and i’
i n n
l g e ce , a d ony t be l o k no w n ( i f a t a ll) y un ual and di
b u s ‘m n l t

re se a r ch
. Occult alw ays car ries the se nse of mys te ry ; o rig i z - - l

Qf
ly applie d to the unknow n or i ll unde rstood forces o r factg
-

h s i a l i n e th w d i n w e t nd d t w h ate v e " ” 3
p y c s c e c , e o r s e x e e o

r e c on d i te and mys te rious , not to be discov e re d or unde rsb o o d

b y th e o rdinary actio n o f the h uman facultie s , or n o t to b e

know n b y any actio n of th e mate r ial s e ns e s , b ut only by a n

illumi nate d s piritual pe rce ption Compar e M YS TERI OU S
. .
e co nomy . L aw is also us e d as a colle ctiv e noun for a sys temof
law s or re cog nize d r ule s o r r eg ulations including no t on
, ly a
ll
s pe cial law s , b ut the p ri n c ip le s on w hich the y are b a s ed . The
Mos aic e conomy is know n also as the Mosai c law , and w e speak
of th e E n g l is h c o m m o n law ,
o r t h e la w o f n a ti o n s. P olity
( fr o m G r p o li t
.e i a,
fr o m p o li s ,
a ci ty) s ig n i fi e s t h e for m ,

con s titutio n , o r m e tho d o f g O v e r n m e n t O f a n a ti o n , att ic,

ch ur ch , or oth e r in s titutio n; in us a g e i t di fi e rs f ro m e c ono m y

as ap plyi ng r athe r to the s ys te m, w hile e conomy applies espe
cially to me th od, or to the s ys te m as admin is te re d ; aneconomy
mig h t b e terme d a p oli ty cons ide re d w ith e s pe cial re feren ce

to its pr actical admin i s tr ati on, he nce commonly w ith specia l

re fe re nce to de ta ils or particulars , w hile p oli ty h as more
re fe re nce to br oad p rincip les .

L I B ERTY
s m om sz
e m anc i p at i o n fr e e d o m i nd e p e nd e nc e li cense

I ng e ne ral te rms , it may b e s aid th at fre e do m is absolute , lib

e r ty r e lativ e ; fr e e dom is th e abs e n ce of r e s tr a in t, lib e rty is
p r im a r i ly th e r e m o v al o r av o id a n c e o f r e s tr ai n t ; in i ts b ro a l
t e S t

se n s e , i t is the s tate of b e in e e m t f o m th d m i na ti n o f
g x p r e o o

othe rs or from r e s trictin g ci r c u m s tan c e s .F r ee d o m a n d lib e r t y

are cons tantly inte rch ang e d ; the s lav e is s e t at li b e r ty, or g a i n ?

his fre e do m; b ut fr e e d om is the nob le r w ord I nde p e nde nc é .

‘5

sa id of s tate s or nations fr e e dom and li b e rty o f i ndividua

,
ls;

or
the i nde p e nde nce o f th e U nite d S tate s did no t se cure lib e r ty
r e e do m to its la k i i l fi h e
f s ve s . L i b e rt
y e e p s q u t e s t r c t y to

th oug h t o f b e ing cle ar o f re s tr aint or comp uls ion fr e e s?

r

tak e s a w ide r r ang e , ap plyi ng to othe r o p pre s s i v e in fl ue ncf e s .

th us w e s pe ak o f fr ee d om from an no v ance o r intrus ; o n .

t ed
L ice ns e is i ni ts limi te d se ns e , a pe r mis s ion or p riv i le g e g ram
‘

b y ade quate auth ority, a bo unde d lib e r ty ; in th e w i de r se n ; 1 1 5 9

lice ns e i s an ig n o ri ng a n d d e fi a n c e o f a l l th at s hould re s trf f m '

and a r e ckle ss doing O f all th at indiv idual cap rice or p as s , " 11

—
may ch oos e to do a b as e and dang e rous counterfe it of fr '
f e ‘

dom Co mpar e AL LOW ; P ERM I S S I ON

. .

ANTO NYM S
cap t i v i ty
co mp uls i o n
co ns t r ai nt
is a w i de s pre ad, b rilli ant lig ht , as w hen all th e w indow s of a
-

h ous e or of a s tree t are lig hte d The lig h t of i n

. cande scencc is
i nte nse and w hi te like th at from me tal at a w hite h e at Com .

p are s me a r .

A NT O NYM S
b lac k ne s s g loo mi n e ss
dark o b s c ur i ty

LI KE LY
S YN O NYM S 8

ap t conc e i v ab le li ab le p r o b ab le
cr e d i b le conje c t u r al pr e su m ab le r e as o nab le
Ap t implie s a natur al fitne ss or te nde ncy ; an impe tuous per
so n is ap t to s pe ak h as ti ly . L iab le re fe rs to a conting e ncy re

g a r d e d as un f a v o r ab le ; a s, th e s hi p w as li able to foun der a t

any mome nt . L ike ly re fe rs to a conting e nt e ve nt reg arded a s

v e ry p rob a ble , and us ually, thoug h no t alw ays , fav orable ; a s,

an i n dus trious w orke r is like ly to s ucce e d C r e d ib le s ig n

. ifies
re adily to b e b e li e v e d ; as , a cr e d i ble n arrativ e ; li k e ly insuch
co n ne ction is use d ironically to s ig ni fy the re ve r se ; as , a likely
s to r y ! A th in is con
g c e i v a b le o f w h i ch th e m in d c a n e n te rta in
th e p os s ib ili ty ; a th in g i s co n je c tu r a l w hi c h is c onject u r ed 8 5

p o s s ibl e o r p r ob a b le w i th o u t o th e r s u pp o r t t h an a c o nj ec tu re,

or te ntative judg me n t ; a thing is p re s umable w hi ch, from

w h at is a ntece de ntly know n, may b e take n for g rante d ill

adv ance o f p roof Re as onab le in this co nne cti on s ig nifies s uch

.

as th e re aso n can b e s atis fie d w i th , inde pe nde ntly o f ex t e rn a l

g ro u n d s f o r b e lie f o r d is b e lie f ; as , th a t se e m s a r eas o n ab le

s up pos i tio n . Comp ar e APPARE N I ' ‘

.

AN T o m s
d o ub t fu l i m p ro b ab le q u e s t i onab le unre asonab le

d u b i o us in c r e di b le u nli k e ly

L IST E N
S Y N O N YM S :
at t e nd h ar k h ar k e n h e ar h eed li st

B e tw n lis ten and h e ar is a difi ere nce like

ee th at b e tw eenthe

w o r ds look an d se e (Compare s ynonyms for LOOK ) To hea

.
r 1 5
.

s i mply to b ecome co n s cio us o f s o und, to lis te n is to make a

'

0 0 9 “

s cious e fi o rt or e n de av or to h e ar We may h ear w i thout lis

.
te fi '

i ng , as w or ds s udde n ly uttere d in an adjoining room; or w e

 m ak e
m as c u li ne

use d s pe cifically for pe rsonal af f e c t i on b e tw ee n t h e se x es in the

hig hes t se nse , th e lo v e th at normally le ads to marriag e , and sub

s is ts th roug h out a ll h ap py w edde d life L ov e can ne ver prop
.

e rly de n ote me r e an imal pass ion, w hich is ex press e d by such

w or ds as appe tite , de s ir e , lus t One may prope r ly be s aid to
.

h ave lo ve for animals , for inanimate objects , or for abstra ct

q u ali tie s th at e nlis t th e a fi ec t i on s , a s w e s p e ak o f lo v e f or a

horse or a dog , for mountain s , w oods , oce a n, or of love of
natur e , and lo ve of v irtue L o v e of article s o f food is better
.

e x pre sse d as lik in g, a s lov e ,

i n i ts f u ll se n s e , e x p resses s om e

thing s piri tual and re cip r ocal, s uch as can h ave n o pla ce in

con ne ction w ith ob je cts th at minis te r me re ly to the salsa .

Compare ATTACH M EN T ; FRI EN DS H I P .

A NT O NY M S
S ee synonyms for AN TI P ATH Y ; E N M I TY ; m
r u .

P R E P O S I TI O N S 3

Lov e o f co u ntry ; for h umanity ; lov e to God and man .

MAKE
S YN O N Y M S :
b e co m e co ns t i t u t e fab r i c at e oc cas i o n
b r i ng ab o u t c o ns t r ai n f as h i o n
b r i ng i nt o b e i ng c o ns t r u c t f o r ce
b r i ng t o p as s c r e at e f r am e
b u i ld do g et
cau s e e ffe c t m ak e o u t
co m p e l e s t ab li s h m ak e u p
co mp ose e x e cu t e m anu f ac t u r e sh ap e
Make is es s e ntially caus ativ e; to th e i de a o f caus e all its vari ,

ous s e ns e s may be tr ace d (compare s y onn ym s fo r CA U S E ) T‘ Z .

’

mak e is to caus e to e x is t, or to caus e to e x is t in a ce rtainfort; 1

”
or ince r tai nr e la tions th e w ord th us include s the i de a of creaté i
“
as in Ge n i, 31, And God s aw e v e rythi ng th at h e had maria
.
”
”
and, be h old, it w as v e ry g oo d Make includes als o the ids g
.
-

o f co mp os e , con s ti tu te ; as , th e parts make up th e w holg

S imi lar ly, to caus e a v oluntary ag e nt to do a ce rtain act is M
make h im do it or comp e l him to do it, comp e l fix ing the at
“
.

te ntio n mor e o n th e pr oce s s , make on the accomplis h ed fa c

Compare COM PEL ; DO ; I N FL U EN CE ; (make b e tte r ) W :

"
( m ak e h as te ) Q U I C K EN ; ( m ak e k now n) AN N OU N C E ; Avovw ;
CON FES S ; (ma ke prisone r ) ARRES T ; (make up ) ADD ; (ma l : e

v oid ) CAN CEL .

 m ak e
m as c u li ne

A N T ONYM S
S ee sy nonyms for AB OL I S H ; B REA K; D EM OL I S H .

P R E P O S I TI O N S :

Make of out of or from ce rtain mate rials into a ce r tain

, , ,

fo rm, for a ce rtai n purpos e or person; mad e w it h h ands by ,

h and ; made by a pris o ne r, w ith aj ack -

knife .

MARR I AG E
u ni o n m at r i m o ny s p o u s als w e dl o c k
nu p t i als uni o n
s p o us al w e d d i ng

M atri mony denotes the s tate of those w h o are in th e unite d

r e lati o n o f h us b and and w i fe ; mar ri ag e de note s p rim ar il y t h e

act of so uni ting , b ut is e x tens iv e ly use d for the state a s w ell .

W e d lo ck, a w or d of s pecific leg al us e , is the S ax on term for

t h e s tate or re lation de note d by matr imony We dding denotes .

t h e ce re mon y,
w i th any a tte ndant fes tiv i tie s , b y w hi ch tw o

p e rs o ns are u ni ted as h us ban d and w i fe nup tials be ing the ,

m ore formal and state ly te rm to e x pre ss the same ide a .

m o m s
b ac h e lo r h oo d d i v or ce maid e nh e ad v i rg i ni t y w i d ow h oo d
c e li b acy

P R E P O S I TI O N S a
Marr iag e of or b e tw e e n tw o pe rs o ns ; o f ne pe rs
o o n t o or

u c i th ano the r ; among th e Gree ks .

M AS C U L I N E
s ur nam e:
male m anfu l m anli k e m anly m anni s h v ir i le

We ap ply male to the m

s ex
,
a s c ul n e ti
o th e q u a l
i t ies e s
pe ci al .

l y to the s tron g e r , h ar die r , a nd m o re i mp e r io us quali ties th a t

d isting uis h the male se x ; as app lie d to w ome n, mas culine h as
o fte n the de re ciator n f u n w m an l u d ha h
p y s e s e o o y, r e , o r rs :
8 8 a ma
, s culi n e fa ce or v oice , o r th e lik e ; tho ug h on e may s ay
in a comme ndatory w ay, s h e acte d w ith mas culine courag e or
decis ion Manli ke may me an only h av ing th e o utw ard ap pe ar
.

ali ce or se mb lan ce o f a man o r may b e clos e ly eq uiv a

. le nt to
Manl M
y . an ly re fers to all th e qualitie s and tr aits w o rth y o f
8 ma n; manful, es pecially to th e v alor and prow es s that b e
co me a man; w e spe ak of a manful s tr ug g le, man ly decision ;
w e s ay man ly g entle ness or tende rness ; w e could n ot sa y siss
n n M n n f n n
'

f ul te de r ess a is
. h is a de preci atory w ord re s r g to

th e mimicry or parade of some s uper ficial quali ties of man hood;

as a mannis h boy or w oman Mas culi ne may apply to thi .

dis tinctiv e qualities of the male sex at any ag e ; vi rilc applie to

the dis tin ctiv e qualities o f ma ture manhood only, as oppos ed n ot

on ly to fe minine or w omanly but to ch ildi s h, and is thus a n

e mp hati c w or d for s tur dy, i n tr epid, etc .

A NT ONYH S :
S ee s ynonyms for FE MI N I N E .

M ASS AC RE
s m o m s :
b loo d s h ed b u tch e r, c ar nag e h av o c s laug h t er
A mas sacre is the indiscriminate killing in numbers of the
un r es is ting or de f e ns e less ; b utch e ry is the ki lling o f men
r ude ly a nd ruthles s ly as cattle are ki lled in the s hambles .

H av oc may not b e so comple te as mas s acre, nor so coldly brutal

as b utch e ry, b ut is more w ide ly s p re ad and furious ; it is de
s truction le t loos e , a nd may be applied to org anizations , ia
te rce ts , e tc , as w e ll a
. s to h uma
“
n life ; as for S aul, he made
”
havoc of the c h urch , Acts v i ii, 3 Carnag e (from Latin caro
.
,

car nis , fl es h ) re fe rs to w i de ly s catte re d o r

heape d up corpses
of th e s la in; s laug h te r is s imilar in me aning , b ut re fers more
to the pr ome s , as carn ag e doe s to th e re s ult ; thes e tw o w ords
on ly of the g roup may be us e d o f g re at de s tr uctio n o f li fe in
ope n a nd h onorable battle , as w he n w e say the e ne my w as re
p ulse d w it h g re at s lau g h te r,
or th e car nag e w as te rrible .

M E DDLE SO M E
S YN O NYH S :

i m p e r t i ne nt i ntr u s i v e m e d d li ng ob tr u s i v e o fi ci ous

The me ddles ome pe rs o n inte r fe re s unas ke d in the afi airs of

oth e rs ; the i ntrus i v e pe r s o nth r us ts h i mse lf uninv ited into th eir
com p a ny o r co nv e r s atio n; th e o b trus i ve pe rs o n thrus ts h imself
or his op in ions co nceite dly an d undes irab ly upo n the ir noti ce ;
the o /Ii cio us pe rs o n thrus ts h is se r v ice s , unas ke d and nude
s i r e d, upo n o the r s . Ob trus i v e is o fte ne r app lied to w ords ,
 m e lo d y

p e ace ful,
cal m, and mild ; w e s peak of g e ntle w ords ; a g en tle
hand ; a g e ntle touch ; one w ho is me e k is at once g en tle ,

p a ti en t ,
a nd p e a c e a b le ,
an d dis po se d t o b e s u b m is s i ve a n d
y ie lding unde r in j ury and provocation, rather th an to res ist;
to be me e k is not n e ce ss a r ily to b e w e a k or timi d, for meekn ess

ha s be e n ch ara cte ri s tic o f ve ry s tr on g n a t a m , f a i th fu l to

afi ecti on or rig hteous ness th roug h all dang e r, e v e n to death;

o n th e oth er h a nd one may be timid, w e ak , and outw ardly
g e n t le a nd s ub m i s s i v e ,
b u t b y n o m e an s m e e k,
a s h a s o f te n b ee n
p r o v e d by so m e s u d d e n ch an g e o f fo r tu n e .M e e kn e s s is o f th e

s piri t . D e mur e re late s to de me anor and appear an ce ; it is

ofte n e s t us ed of w ome n; on e w h o is d e mur e has the miena n d

air o f mode s ty, g e ntle ness , and mee kness , b ut th e re is alw a y s

in the w or d the s ug g e s ti on of late nt fe e ling s or qualifies tha t

may be quite difi e re nt from the controlled appe arance Com .

p are M OD ES TY .

A N TO NYM S
arr og ant
as s umi ng
b o ld
c h o le r i c
co n t e nt io us
fi e rc e
fi e ry

Compar e sy nonyms for PRI DE .

M E LO DY
s m o nm s
h ar m o ny m us i c sy m p h o ny uni s on

H ar mony is mu t l si
a n e o u s ; m e lo d y is s u c c es s iv e ; h ar m o n y is

e s n
th e p l a i g c o rr es p o n d e n c e o f tw o o r m o r e n o te s so u n d e d a t

on ce me lody th e ple a s in u ce ss io n o f a n u m b e r o f no te s con

, g s c

tinuo us ly fo l l o w in g o e n a n o t h e r .A m e lo d y m a y b e w h ol ly i n
on e p art ; h ar m o n y m u s t b e o f t w o o r m o r e p a r t s
. A cco rd a n t
no te s of di ffe er n t p i tc h s o u n d e d s i m u lt a n e o u s l y p r o du ce h a r

mony ; unis on is th e s imultane o us s o un d i n g o t f w o o r m '

ol e

no tes of the s ame pitch Whe n the pitch

. i s t e s me
h a th er e

may b e unis o n b e tw e e n s ounds o f e ry di e e t olu v ff r n v m e a n d

i a i a n d a b ll m a n d i n n i n T n s
q u a l ty, as v o c e e y s o u u s o. o
e
s o un ded at th e i nte rv al o f an octav e are a so s ai d to l b e I n
un is on, alth oug h th is is n ot li te r ally e x a ; t c t h is a
us g e a r ise s

from the fact th at b ass and te nor v oice s in attemptin to d

soul!
g
 m e lo d y

th e sa me note as the soprano and alto w ill infact s ound a note

an octav e be low Mus i c may de note th e s imples t me lody or
.

the mos t complex and pe r fe ct h armo ny A s ymp h ony (apart .

fro m its te ch nical orches tral se nse ) is any ple as ing consonance
o f m us i cal sounds, vocal or ins tr ume ntal, as of many accordant
v o i ce s or ins tr ume nts .

M E M ORY
S H OW S 8

n
r e c o ll e ct i o re m i ni s c e nc e r e t r o s p e ct i o n
r e m e m b r anc e re tr os p e ct

M e mory is the faculty by w hich know led e is re taine d or

g
r e calle d ; in a more g e ne ral se nse , me mory i s a re te ntion of
k no w led g e w ithin th e g ras p of the mi nd, w h ile re me mb rance is
t h e h avi ng w hat is kn ow n con s cious ly be fore the mi nd Re .

me mb r ane s may be voluntary or involuntary ; a th ing is broug ht

t o r e me mbr ance or w e call i t to re me mb rance ; th e s ame is tr ue
o f me mory Recolle ction i nv olv e s v olition, th e mind maki ng a
.

d is ti nct e fi ort to r e call s ome th ing or fix ing the attenti onactiv e

,

ly u po n it w he n recalle d Re mi nis ce nce is a h alf dreamy

.
-

me mo ry o f s ce nes or e v ents long pas t ; r e tr os p ectionis a dis tinct .

t ur n ing of the mind back uponth e p as t, b ring ing long pe riods

u nde r s ur e y v
Re tr os p e cti on is to r e minis ce nce much w hat
.

r e co lle cti o n is to re me mbrance .

m o m s :
to rg ne s s
e t tu l o b li v i o n o b li v i ou s ne s s ov e r s ig ht unco ns ci ous ness

M E RCY
m o m s :

b e ne v o le nce fav o r k i nd ne s s
b e ni g ni t y f o r b e ar anc e le ni e nc e
b le s s i ng f o r g i v e ne s s le ni e nc y
cle m e nc y g e nt le ne s s le ni t y
co m p as s i o n g r ac e

Me rcy is the e x e r cis e of les s se v e rity th an one dese rves ,

or in
a more ex te nde d se ns e , the granting of k indne s s or fav o r be

yo nd h at one may rig htly claim Gr ace is favo r, kindr sea, or

w .

b les s ing s h ow n to th e undese rving ; forg i ve nes s , me r cy, and

p do n are e x ercis e d tow ar d the ill de s ervi ng
a r P ardon re mits -
.

the outw ar d pe n alty w hich th e o ffe nde r des e rve s ; forg i v enes s
dismiss es re se ntme nt or dis ple as ure from the he art of the one
ofi e nded ; me rcy s eeks th e hig hes t pos s ible g ood of the of
fe nder . Ther e may be me rcy w ithout pardon, as in the miti
g ati on o f se n te nce ,
o r i n a ll p o s s i b le al le vi ati o n o f n e cess a ry
s e ve ri ty ; the re ma y be c a se s w h e re p a rd o n w o u ld n o t b e m e rcy ,

s in ce it w ould en coura g e t o re p e ti tio n o f t h e o fi e use , f r om w hi ch

time ly pun is hme nt mig h t h ave s aved Me rcy is als o used in
.

the w ide r se n s e of re fra i nin g fr o m h a r s h n es s o r cr u e lty to w a rd

th os e w h o are in on e s pow e r w i th out fa ult of thei r ow n; a
’
s ,

th ey b esoug ht th e r ob be r to h av e me rcy C le mency is a colder

.

w ord thanme r cy an d w i th out its re lig ious as sociation

, s , sig n ify
ing mi ldness and mode r ation in the us e of pow e r w here sever
ity w o uld h av e le g al o r mi litary, rathe r th an moral san ction
it o fte n de notes a hab itual mild ne s s o f dis pos ition on the pa rt

o f the pow e r ful, a nd is a matte r rathe r of g ood nature or policy

th an of princip le Le nie ncy or leni ty de n
. ote s an ea s y g oin-

g
av oidance of s e ve rity ; these w or ds are more g e n e ra l and less
mag is terial than cle me ncy ; w e s ho uld s peak of th e leniency of
a pare nt th e cle me ncy of a conque ro r Co mp are Pm
, . .

A NT O NY M S
c r u e lt y i mp lac ab llli y
h ar d ne s s jus ti c e
h ar s h nes s pe n alt y
P R E P O S I T I ON S :

The mer cy f
o God to or tow ard nne rs ; h ave me rcy onor
si

up on one .

M ET ER
S YN O N YM S
e u p h o ny m e as u r e rh y th m v e rs e

E up h ony is ag ree able ling uistic so und, h ow e ve r produced

me te r, me as ur e, and r h y th m de note ag ree able s uccess ion of
s o unds in th e utte rance o f co nne cte d w ords ; e up h ony may ap/

ply n
to a s ig le w o r d o r e v e n a s i ng le s y llab le ; th e o th e r w or ds ?
”
apply to lines , se nte nce s , parag raph s , e tc ; rh yth m and me te r .

may be pro duced b y acce nt only as in Eng lish , or b y acce nt

,

”
and quan tity comb ine d, as in Gre e k o r I tali an; r hyth m or
me as ure may ap ply e ithe r to pros e or to poe try, or to music .

danci ng , e tc ; me te r is mor e prec is e th an r hyth m, applies on

.
lv
to poe try, and de n otes a me as ure d r h y th m w i th re g ula r divi

s io ns into v e rs e s s tan z as,, s tr op h e s e tc A

. v e rs e.i s s tr ictlv a J

me trical line b ut the w or d is ofte n use d as synonymous w ith)

.
 mi nu t e

se ns e o f he aring ; b ut s e ns e is use d also as de noting clear

me ntal action, g ood judg me nt, acume n; as , he is a manof
sen s e , o r, h e s how e d g oo d s e ns e ; s en s e , e v e nin its ma te rial sig
nification, mus t be reckone d among the activi ties of min d,
thoug h de pe nde nt on bodily fun ction s ; th e mi n d, not the eye,
r e ally s e e s ; the min d, not the e ar, re ally he ars C on s ciousn ess
.

i ncludes all that a s e ntie nt be ing perce iv es , k now s , thin ks, or

fe e ls , from w h atev e r source ar isi ng and o f w h ate ve r character,
ki nd, or de g ree , w h e the r w ith or w ith out di s tin c t thin king feel ,

ing , or w illing ; w e s pe ak of the cons cious nes s o f th e brute, of

th e s av ag e , or of the s ag e The inte lle ct is that as se mblag e of
.

faculties w hich is conce rne d w ith know le dg e , as dis ti n g u ish ed

from e motion and v oliti on Und e rs tanding is th e S ax onw ord

.

o f th e s a me g e ne ral import, b ut is chiefl y us e d of the reason

ing pow e rs ; the unde rs tanding , w hich S ir Wm H amiltonha s .

ca lle d “ the faculty of r e lation s and comp arisons , ” is dis

tin ui h d b m a n hil h f m a n i n t h at “ eas on
g s e y y p oso p e rs ro r e s o r,

is the faculty of the hi g he r cog n iti ons or a priori tr uth ”

.

m o m s :

b od y b r aw n b rut e fo rce mat e ri al s u b s ta c e n matter

M I NUT E
s m o m s :

m s t ant i al
c i r cu
c o m m i nu t e d
cr i t i c al
d e t ai le d

Th at is minute w hi ch is o f e x ce e ding ly limi te d dimen sion s ,

as a g r ain of dus t, or w hi ch atte nds to matte rs of e x ceedin l

s lig h t a mount or ap pare nt impo rtance ; as , a minute account
in
m ute o s b e r v atio n . T h at w h ic h is b r o k e n up i n to m in u t 4

p a rti cl e s i s s a id t o b e co mm i n u t e d ; thi ng s m ay b e te r m e d fi n
w h ich w ould n ot be te rme d co mmi n ute d ; as , fin e sa nd ; fin
g r a v e l ; b u t, i n u s ing th e a d v e rb , w e s ay a s ub s ta n ce is fi ne l
co mmi n ute d, comminute d r e fe rri n g m o re to th e p ro cess , fin e t :

th e re s ult . An account e x te nde d to v e ry mi nute particulars

ci rcums tan tial, de tai le d p ar ticular ; ane x amin
, ati onso ex ten de
is cri ti cal, ex ac t, p re cis e .Compare FI N E .

A NT O N YM S :

S ee nonyms for
sy L ARGE .
 mi nu t e

MI S FO RTU NE
d i s as t e r i ll f o r t u ne r ui n
di s t r e s s i ll lu c k s or r o w
e c li p s e m i s ad v e nt u r e s t r ok e
13 11 m i s c h nc e
ni h" 33 11? 15 11 017
te s ng ti m i s h ap t r o u b le
ti s e m e nt r everse v i s i t at i o n
pp o i nt m e nt
'
or tu e n is adv erse fortune or any ins tance thereof, any
ir d ev e n t, us ually o f lin g e rin g ch ar act e r o r cons eq u e nce s ,

ch a s th e s uffe re r is n ot dee me d dire ctly re s pon s ib le for ;

h ad the mis for tune to be born b lind Any conside rable

.

oi ntment, fai lure , or mis for tun e, a s r eg ards outw a rd cir

nces , as loss of fortune , pos ition, and th e like , w he n

on ti nue d or atte nde d w i th e nduri ng conse que nces , con
adv e rs i ty F or the loss o f frie nds b y de ath w e com
.

use af fl ic ti o n o r b e r e av e m e nt C a a
l m i
. ty and d is as te r

ad o f s udde n and se ve re mis fo rtune s , ofte n o v e rw he lm

l fo r tune and i ll luck of lig hte r tr o ub les and failure s
,
.

le ak of mi s e ry o f th e po or , th e har ds h ip s of the
th e
Affl ic tion, chas te ni ng , tr ial, and tri bulati on h av e all an
dly re lig io us be aring , s ug g es ting s ome dis ciplinary p ur
f God w i th b e ne fice nt de s ig n Af fl i c ti
.o n m a y b e k ee n
tte r , b ut b rie f ; tr ib ulat ion is lo ng and w e arin g W e .

of an af fl i cti on,
b ut r are ly o f a tri b u la tio n,
s i nce tr ib u
is v i e w e d as a continuous p roce s s , w hich may e ndur e
11 s or fo r a life time ; b ut w e s peak of our da ily trials
’
.

CATAS I ROP H E
’ ‘
re
. .

NYM S
ng co ns o lat i o n g r at i fi c at i o n
g oo d fo rt u ne h ap p i ne s s
rt g oo d lu ck JOY

co m m i ng le co nfu s e j oi n
com m i x fu s e m e d d le
c o m p o u nd i nc o r p o r at e m i ng le
co nf o u nd i nt e r m i ng le u ni t e

si x is to put tog e th e r promis cuous ly and indiscriminate ly,

the par ts or e le me nts be come , fo r the time at le ast, one
as se mb lag e , or b o dy ; w e may mix milk and w ate r , b ut
w ate r and oil can not be mix e d . Ming le is almos t equivalent
to mix , but inming ling th e re is ofte nmore co n s ide ra tion of the
s e p ar ate un its ; ming led race s may live tog e th e r in th e same
city or co un tr y, an d ye t pres e rve their racial indivi duality so
as no t to b ecome mix e d races ; w e may s pe ak of a des cen dant
as of th e ming le d blood of dis tinct r aces ; mix ed b lood, the
sa me inse nse , is infe rior in us ag e ; a pers on of mix e d bl “
is s aid re proach fully, implying lack of pure des cent from the
p o i n t o f v i e w o f t h e s p e ak e r ; m in g l e is e v e r y w h e re a w o rd o f
more dig ni ty than mix Mi ng le is commonly pre ferre d to mix
.

in fig urati ve use ; w e s pe ak of ming led e motion s , ra the r than of

mix e d e moti ons ; in fact, th e use of mix outs ide the mate rial
re alm is r are Comb ine de no tes a close r union than mi ng le or
.

mix ; th is is es pe cially notice ab le inchemis try, w here s ub s tances

che mically co mb in e d form a compoun d, w ith prope rti es di fi e r
cut from th ose o f e ith er con s titue n t ; ox yg e n an d n i tr og e n are
mech anically ming led or mix e d in the atmos p he re , w hi ch s up
p o rts li fe ; if t h e y w e r e c h e m i ca l ly c o m b in e d,
t h e e a r th w o uld
be o ve r fl o w e d w ith nitric acid , de s troyi ng the poss ib ility o f li fe .

To co mp ound is to mix inde fini te pr o portio ns , so as to form a

co mpos i te p rod uct ; as , to co mp o u n d an oi ntme nt ; to co mpo und
tw o or more w o r ds s o as to p roduce ano the r o f e x te nde d , di
minis he d , or othe r w is e diffe re nt me aning . To blend i s to mix
or min g le in s u c h a w a y a s t o r e t a i n s o m e o f th e p pe rtie s o f
ro

ea ch of th e thi n g s bl e n d e d ; t h i s w o r d i s u se d es peci ally o f

co lors an d tones , implying g r adual and harmo nio us union o ne ,

s h adi n g o if a lm o s t o r q u i te im p e r c e p t ib l y i n to t h e o th e r as ,

the b an ds o f colo r i n the r ai nbo w ble nd at th e ir e dg es , so th at

the e ye can fix no de fini te d iv idi ng line .

Moo nli g ht and , th e fir s t timid tr e mb li ng s of th e d aw n w e re b y th is ti me

b le nd i ng .

D B Q LI N CEY
’

M is c e li E s s ay s
.
, Vis i on of S ud d e n D e ath , p . 1 70
.

S o, difi e rent race s , lang uag es , qualities , or fee ling s may be

'

sai d to be blende d To confus e is to mi x in a dis or de r ly or

.

irr ational w ay ; a confus e d s tate me nt, arg ume nt, or compo si

tion h as the di fi e re nt parts so o ut of o rde r o r re lation that the
mind cannot fo llow the m to any cle ar re s ult To confo und in .

th is conne cti on is to confus e ide nti ty, to take one thin g fo r

anothe r th at is insome w ay si milar ; as , to confound me ans w ith

en ds ; do not confound I s aac D I s rae li w ith B e nj amin Dis rae li ;
’
a mob is dis or de r ly and law le ss , b ut may b e rich an d infl uenti al .

The rab b le is de s picab le , w orth les s , purpose les s ; a mob may

hav e e fi ecti v e de s pe rate purpos e . A cr ow d may be dr aw n by
me re cur ios ity ; s ome s trong , pervading ex ci tement is ne e de d
to make i t a mob Compare PEOPLE
. .

M O D EL
S Y N O NYM S i

ar c h e t yp e or i g i nal r e pr es e ntati o n
cop p at t e r n sta nd ar d
des g n p r o t o ty p e ty p e
M pio

A p atte rn is alw ays , in mode r n use , th at w hich is to be

co pie d ; a mode l may b e e ithe r th e thin g t o be copied or the
copy th a t has bee n made from it ; as , the mode ls in the Paten t
Ofl i ce . A p atte rn is commonly s upe r ficial; a mode l is m ually
in re lie f A p atte rn mus t b e close ly follow e d in its minutes t
.

p a rticu lars b y a fa i th ful co p yi s t ; a mo d e l m ay allow a g re at

deg ree o f free dom A sculp tor may ide alize h is liv ing mode l;
.

h is w ork me n mus t e x actly cop y in marb le o r me tal th e mo del

h e has made in clay Compare EXAM PL E ; I DEA ; I D EAL
. .

M O D ES !Y
S Y N O NY M S
b u c k w ar d ne s s co ns t r ai nt r e s e rv e t i m i di t y
b as h f u lne s s c o y ne s s sh y ne ss u no b t r u s i v fl os s
c o ld ne s s d i fi d e nc e

B as hfu lnes s is a s h r ink ing fr om notice

itho ut ass ig nable w

re a s on . C oy ne s s is a h alf e nco ur ag e me nt, h alf av oidance o,

ofi e re d atte n tion, and may be r e al or affe cte d D ifli dence is i 3 ' s -
.

se lf di s tr us t : mo de s ty, a h umb le e s timate o f o n

-
e s e lf in com

p a r is o n w ith o th e r s o r w i
. th th e de m a n d s o f s om e u n de rtaki ng
“
2 °

Mode s ty h as al s o t h e s pe c i fic m e an i ng of a s e ns it ve s hrin
i kin g i -

k
-

from anyth ing i nde licate S h y nes s is a te nde ncy to din

. in g
“ 7"
from obs e r vatio n: timi d i ty , a dis tinct fe ar of criti cis m, e rror,
o r fa ilur e Re s e r r c is the h o ldi ng one s e lf alo o f fro m o the rs of
.
- r

h olding b ack o ne s fe e ling s from e x pr e s s ion or one s s u

’ ’
rf,
" m
fr om communication to o the rs Re s e rve may be the re tre at or
.
" f
s h yn es s , o r on the o th e r h a
, nd th e co nte mptuo us w ith draw al
,
f
p r i d e a n d h au g h ti n e s s C o.m p a re A B A S H ; PRI DE ; TACI TURN .
m o m s x
ab and o n
ar rog anc e
as s umpti on
as s urance
b n
o ld es s
n
c o ce i t

M O NEY
S Y N O NYM S
b i lls c ap i t al coi n f u nd s no t e s s i lv er
b ulli o n c as h cu r r e ncy g o ld p r o pe rty s p e ci e

Mone y is th e authorize d medi um of ng e ; coined money

e x ch a

is called coi n or s p ecie .Wh at are te rmed in Eng land b ank

no tes are inthe Uni te d S tates commonly called b ills ; as , a five
d ollar b i ll The note s o f re s ponsib le men are re adily trans fe r
.

ab le incomme rcial circles , b ut th e y are not mone y; as , the s tock

w a s so ld for $ 5 00 in mone y and th e balance in me rch antable
a
p p e r . C as h is s p e ci e o r m o n e y in h an d , or p aid in h a n d ; a s ,

the cas h account ; th e cas h pri ce I n th e leg al se n

. se , p r op e r ty

is no t mo ney and money is not p rop e r ty ; for p rope r ty is that

,

w hich h a s in herent v alue , w hile money, as s uch , h as b ut re pre

s en tativ e v alue , an d may or may not h av e intrins ic v alue .

B ulli on is e ither g old or si lve r un coin e d, or the coin ed me tal

con s i de re d w ithout re fe r e n ce to i ts coi n ag e , b ut s imply as

me rchandise , w he n i ts v alue as b ullion may be ve ry difi e re nt
from i ts v alue as mo ney The w o rd cap i tal is use d chie fl y o f
.

accumulate d p rope rty or mone y inv es te d in pr oducti ve e nte r

p ri ses o r av a il ab le f o r s uch i n v es tm e nt .

M O RO S E
S YN O NY M S :
ac r i m o ni o u s i ll= nat u r e d
ch u r s ]!n severe
m bb ed u! s nap p i s h
cr u s ty E h um
=
or e d sour

Th e s ulle n and s ulky are disco nte nte d and res e n tful in re
g ar d to th a t a g a in s t w h ic h th e y a re t o o p r ou d to p ro te s t , or

con s ide r all pr otes t v a in s ulle n de notes more o f pr ide s ulky .

more of rese ntful obs tinacy The mor os e are b itte r ly d is s atis
.

fied w ith the w orld in g e ne r al, and dis pose d to v e nt th e ir ill

n ature upon oth ers . The s ulle n and s ulky are for the most
p a r t s ile nt ; th e m o r os e g row ] ou t b it te r s p e e ch e s A
. s u r ly
p er s on is in a s ta te o f l a te nt a n e
g , r re se n ti ng ppa r oa ch a s ih
tr us ion, and ready to take ofi e nse at anythin g ; th us w e s peak
o f a s ur l
y dog S ulle
. nand s ulky m oo ds may b e tr an s i tor y; o ne
w ho 18 moros e or s urly is common ly so by dis pos ition or habit .

m o m s :
ami ab l
b e nt
b lan
gm g
n
ri e
n
n
g e i al
a
o :p i ls a t n
gggt
in
le
lz us t ar e d
d ulg e nt
ga
l d
ng
mild
s
t ”
p le as ant

MO T ION
m o m s .

not ch ang e m o v e m e nt p r o ce s s t r ans i t i o n

ac t i o n m ov e p as s ag e t r ans i t

Motion is ch ang e o f place or posi ti on in s pace ; trmw i tionis

p ass in g from o ne poi nt or p os iti on i n S pace to an othe r .

Motionmay be e ithe r abs tract or concre te , more frequently the

forme r ; movement is alw ays concre te , that is con s ide re d in ,

con necti on w ith the thing that mov es or is mov e d ; thus , w e

s pe ak o f the move ments of the plane ts , b ut of the law s of .

p la ne ta ry m o tio n ; of m i li tary move me nts , b ut o f pe rpetual

motion H op e is us e d chie fl y of contes ts or compe tition, as in
.

ch e ss or poli
; a
ti
scs
, it is your mo v e ; a s h re w d mor e o f the
oppos i ti on Action is a more compre he n
. s iv e w ord th anmo tio n .

We now rare ly s pe ak of mental or s piritual mo ti ons , but

r athe r o fme ntal or s piritual acts or p r oce ss es , or of the law s
o f me ntal ac ti on, b ut a formal pro pos al o f ac ti on i n a delib er

ative as se mb ly is te rmed a motion Compare n or . .

A NT O NYM S :

i mmo b i li t y q u i e s c e nce q uie t r e po s e n

l ti ll e s s

MO U R N
S YN O N Y M S :

b e m o an de lo r e lam e nt
b e w ai l g eve

To mount is to fee l or e x pre ss s adnes s o r dis tres s be cause of

s ome los s , a ffl iction, or mis fortun e ; mourn ing is thoug ht of as
p r o lo ng e d , g r ie f o r re g r e t m a y b e tr a n s ie n t O ne
. may g r ie ve
o r mo ur n ,
r e g r e t,
r ue ,
o r s o r r o w w i th o u t a so und ; h e b e moan :

w ith s uppres s ed an d o fte n i narticulate sounds of g rie f ; he

b e w ails w ith p a ss i on ate utte rance w he the r of inarticulate cries
.

or of s
p o k e n w o r d s . H e la m e n ts in p la i n ti v e or path e ti c w ords ,
“ ”
as the prop he t J e re miah i n his Lame ntatio ns One de p lor e:
.
 nam e
nau t i c al

co mprehe ns ion, as the decree s of God or the orig in of life .

Th at is mys ti c or mys tical w hi ch has as sociated w i th it some

h idde n or re condi te me anin g, e s pe cially of a re lig io us ki nd ; as ,

the mys tic B abylon o f the Apocalypse Th at is dar k w hich

.

w e can n ot pe rs onally se e thr oug h, es pe cially if s adly pe r p lex

ing ; as , a dark prov ide nce Th at is s ecre t w hi ch is inte nti onally
.

h idde n Compare DARK ; LATENT

. .

A N T O NY M S :
S ee s ynonym s for CLEAR .

N AM E
S YN O N YM S
ag no m e n d e no m i nat i o n p r e no m e n sur nam e
ap p e llat i o n d e s i g nat i o n s ty le ti t l e
co g no m e n e pith e t

Name in th e most g e ne ral se nse , s ig nifying the w o r d b v

w hich a pe rson or thi n g i s ca l le d o r k n o w n ,
i n c lud es a ll o t h e r

w or ds o f th is g r oup ; inth is s e n s e e v e ry n ounis a n ame ; i n th e

more limi te d s e ns e a name is pe rs onal, an app ellati on is de
s cri p tive .a ti tle is offici al . I n th e ph r as e , William the Con
q u e ro r ,
k in g o f E n g la n d , W ill i am is th e m a n ’
s n am e,
w hi c h
be long s to h im pe rs onally, inde pe nde ntly of any rank o r
ach ie v e me nt ; Conque r or is th e app e llation w hich he w on by h is
acquis ition of Eng land ; k ing is th e ti tle de noting his royal
ra nk An e p it h e t (from Gr e p ith e ton, s ome th ing added, from
. .

e p i, on ,
an d ti th e m i, p
u t ) is s o m e th i n g p l a ce d u p o n a p e rs o n o r

th ing ; th e e p ith e t does not s trictly b e long to an ob j ect like a

name , b ut is g iv e n to mark s ome as s ume d characte ris tic, g o o d
o r h ad : an e p i th e t is a lw ays an adje ctiv e , or a w ord or ph r as e
us e d as an adj e ctive , a nd is prope rly us e d to e mphas ize a
ch ara cte ri s tic b ut n ot to add in fo rmatio n as in the p h r ase
,

“the s o und in s e a” th e ide a th at an e i th e t is alw a s o

g ; p y p
p r o b ri o us a .n d t h at a n y w o r d u se d o pp r o b r io u s l y is an e p i th e t
is a po pular e rror . D e s i g natio n may b e us e d much i n th e
s en s e o f ap p e llati o n ,
b ut is m o re d i s tin c ti v e or s p e c i fic inme an

ing ; a de s ig natio np ro pe r ly s o calle d re s ts upon some inh e re nt

-

q u a lit y, w h il e a n a pp e lla ti o n m ay b e f a n c if u.l A m o n g th e

Romans the p re no me n w as th e individual p art of a mans name ’

,

th e
“ ”
nome n des ig nate d th e g e ns to w h ich he b elong e d th e
cog n ome n s h ow e d his fa mily and w as b orne by all patr ici ans ,
 nam e
nau t i cal

and the ag n ome n w a s a dded to re fe r to his achiev e me nts or

c ha ra cter . When s cie ntis ts name an animal or a plant, the y
g e it a bin
i v ary or binomi al te chnical name co mpris ing a g e
ner ic and a s pecific appe llatio n I n modern use , a pe rsonal.

name, as Johnor Mary, is g iv e nininfancy, and is ofte ncalled

the g i ven n ame or Chris tian name , or simply the firs t name
( ra r e ly th e p en
r omen) th e cog no menor s ur n ame is the family
name w hich be long s to one by rig ht of birth or marriag e .

S ty le is the leg a l d es ig naion b y w h ich a pe rso n or hous e is

kno w n in oflici al or b us iness re lation s ; a s , th e n ame and s tyle
of B a r in g B r o th ers T .h e ter m de no m i na tio n is appli ed to a
s e pa rate r e lig ious org an iz ation, w ithout the opprob rious me an
“ ”
ing attaching to the w ord sect ; also , to des ig nate any clam
o f lik e ob je cts co lle ctive ly, es pe cially mon e y or notes o f a

cer ta in v alue ; as , th e s um w as in no tes o f the de no min ation

of on e th ous an d dollars Compare m u
. .

N AT I VE
S H OW :

i nd i g e no u s i nnat e nat al natu r al orig i nal

Nati ve de note s th at w hich be long s to one b y b irth ; nat al that

w hich pe rta i ns to the e v e nt o f b irth ; n atural de notes that
w h ich res ts upo n in he re nt qualities o f ch ar acte r or be i ng We .

s pe ak of on e s n o ti ce co un tr v , o r of h is natal day ; o f natur al

’

ab ility, nati ve g e nius Compare I x nm s x r ; PmnEVAL ; RAD I CAL

.
'
.

m o ur ns :

ac q ui re d ali e n art i fi cial as s u me d fore ig n unnatu ral

N AUT I C AL
“m o ur ns :

m ar i ne oc e a ni c
Mari ne (from L mo re ,
.
) ni fies b e lo n
see in
g g s ig
to th e o cean .

mari ti me , a se condary de riv ativ e fro m th e s ame ro o t bo r de ri ng .

on or con necte d w ith th e oce an: as mar ine pro ducts : manne
'

animals ; mari ti me nation s ; mar i time law s Nautical ( from Gr . .

naute s , a sailor ) de no te s p rimar ily any th ing co nnecte d w i th

s ai lors , and he nce w ith s hi ps or navig ation; na al ( fro m L v .

naois , from Gr nous , a s h ip ) re fe rs to the armed force o f a

.
 ne at 340

nationon the sea, and, by e x tens ion, to s imilar forces onlakes

and rivers ; as , a naval force ; a n autical almanac Ocean , us ed .

adj ective ly, is appli ed to that w hi ch be long s to or is part of

the ocean; oce an i c may be us e d in the s ame sen s e , but is es pe

ci ally applied to th at w hich borde rs on (or upon) or is con

us e te d w ith , or w hich is simi lar to or s ug g es ti ve of a n ocean;
w e s pe ak of oce ancurre nts , oce anic is lan ds , or, pe rhaps , of a n
o ce anic intellect .

N EAT
SH OW :

c le an d ap p e r ni c e pri
c le anly natt y ord e fl y s p r u ce

That w hi ch is cle an is s imply free from soil or defl lemen t of

any kind . Th ing s are orde rly w h e n in due re lation to other
th in g ;
s a roo m o r d es k i s o r de r ly w h e n e v e ry ar ti cl e is i n p lace

a pe rs on is or de r ly w h o hab itually kee ps thi n g s so T id

.
y de

notes th at w h ich confor ms to pro prie ty in g e neral; an unlace d

s h oe ma y he p e r fe c tlv c le a,n b ut i s no t ti.dy Ne at re fe rs to
that w h ich is cle an and tid y w ith no th ing s upe rfl uous , con
s picuo us , o r s ho w y a s w he n w e s pe a
, k o f p lain b ut ne at attire :
th e s ame id ea o f fre e do m fro m th e s upe rfl uous ap pe ars in the
h a “
a n a t h ” “ a ne at turn,
” “a ne at re ply, e tc ”
p r s es e s p ee c , or .

A cle an out has no r ag g ed e dg es ; a ne at s tr oke jus t does w hat

is inte nde d Nice is s tro ng e r th an ne at, implyi ng v alue and
.

b e auty ; a ch eap , coars e dress may b e pe r fectly n e at, b ut w ould

not b e ta med nice S p r uce is applie d to the s h ow and afl ecta

'

tion of neatn e ss w ith a to uch of s ma rtn ess , a nd is alw ays a

te rm o f mild co n te mp t ; as , a s p ruce se rvi n g
-
m a n .T r i m de

notes a cer tai ns h ape ly and e le g ant firmne ss , ofte nw ith s upple
ne m and g race ; as , a tr im s uit ; a trim fig ure P rim applies .

to a p recis e , for mal, affe cted nice ty . D app e r i s s p ruce w ith

th e s ug g es tion o f s mallnes s and s lig h tne s s ; natty, a di mi nutive
of n eat, s ug g es ts mi n ute e le g an ce , w i th a te n de ncy tow ard the
e x quis i te ; as , a dap p e r little fe llow in a n atty b asi aw s uit .

A NT O NYM S
d i rt y
d i s o rd er ly
d ow w
 ni m b le

s olutely or re lativ e ly unprece de nted in kind ; a novel con

triv auce is on e tha t ha s n e v er be fore been kn ow n; a n ovel

e x pe rie n ce is on e th at h a s n e v er be fore occurred to the sa me

p e rs o n ; th a t w h i ch is n e w m a y b e o f a fa m i li ar o r ev e n of a n
ancie nt s or t, as ane w copy of anold book Young and youthful
.

are app lied to th at w hi ch h as life ; that w hi ch is young is pos

s es s e d of a compa ra ti v e ly n ew e x iste n ce a s a livin g t h in g, p os

ses s in g actu a l y o u th ; th a t w h i ch i s y ou th f u l m a n if es ts th e at
tributes of youth .
( C om p ar e Y O U T H F U L ) F r e s
. h app lies to

that w hich has the characte ris ti cs of n ew n ess or youth, w hile

capa b le of de te rioration by lapse of time ; that w hich is un
w or n , u ns po i le d , o r u n fa de d ; a s , a f r es h c o un t e n a n c e, f
resh
e g g s , fr es h fl ow e rs Ne w is o ppos e d to old, made i nto an
. cien t,'

r ece nt mote , young to

to re old , ag e d, e tc .

A NT O NY M S :
S ee s ynonyms fo r OLD .

NIM BL E
S YN O NYM S
ac t i v e ale r t b u s t li ng p ro mp t speedy
igt
sp
ag i le b ri sk li v e ly q ui ck s p ri g h t ly sw

Ni mb le re fe rs to lig h tnes s , fre e dom, and quickness o f motion

w i thin a so me w h at n arr ow rang e , w ith re adiness to turn s ud
de nly to any po int ; s w ift ap plie s co mmo nly to more s us tain ed

motion ov er g reate r dis tance s ; a pickpocke t is ni mb le fing ered -

.

a dance r ni mb le foo ted ; an arrow , a race h ors e or an ocean

- -
.

s te ame r is sw i t; S h a k a
’ “n m li ni n ”
i id f
f e s pe r e s i ble g h t g s s s a o

the v is ual ap pe aran ce in s udde n zig za g fl as h a c r os s th e sk y

Fi g ur ativ e ly, w e s pe ak o f a nimb le w it, sw ift inte llig e nce , staffl .

'

des tr uction Ale r t, w h ich is s trictly a s ynonym for ready

. .

come s s ome times n e ar th e me an ing o f nimb le or qui ck, from

the fact th at th e re ady, w ide aw ake pe rso n is lik e ly to be
-

li ve ly, quick, S pe e dy Co mpare ACTI VE ; ALERT

. .

A N TO NYM S :
clums y d i lato ry d ull h eav y inac ti v e ine rt s lo w s lug g is h unread?

NO R MAL
S YN O N YM S 2

com m o n nat u r al o r di nar y r e g u lar t y p i cal and

That w h ich is natural is accordi ng to nature ; that w hich 15
no mal is accor ding to the standard or rule w hich is obee
r l Ved ‘
 ni m b le

or clai to p re vail in n
med ature ; a de formi ty may be natur al,
s mme tr is n m al th n mal l f th crow is b la k,
y y or ; e o r co o r o e c

w hile the n or mal color o f th e s pa rrow is g ra y, bu t o n e is as

natur al as the other Typ ical re fe rs to s uch anass e mb lag e of

.

quali ties makes the s pecimen, g e nus , etc , a type of some

as .

mo re compre he ns ive g ro up, w h ile nor mal is more commonly

applie d to the parts o f a s ing le obj e ct ; the s pe cime n w as
typi cal; color , size , an d othe r char acte ristics , n o r mal Th e .

re g ular is e tymolog ically that w hich is according to r ule ,

hence that w hich is s te ady and cons tant, a s oppos e d to th at

w hi ch is fitful a nd ch ang eable ; the normal action of the h e ar t

is r eg ular That w h ich is common is s h ared by a g re at numbe r
.

of pe rs on s or th ing ;
s d ise as e is c o mmon,
a n o r m a l s tate of

he alth i s r are Compa e GEN ERAL ; U S U AL

.
r .

m o m s :

ab no rm al i r re g ular p e c uliar si ng ular unpr e ced e nted

e x c e p ti o nal mo ns tro us rare uncomm unus ual

N O TW I T H STAN D I N G, es nj
.

S YN O N Y M S t

alt h o u g h ne v e r t h e le s s th ou g h
b ut s ti ll ye t

H o w e ve r s imply w aives dis cuss ion, and (like the arch aic
“ ”
ho w b e i t ) s ays he that as it may, th is is tr ue ; nev e r th e le s s
con ce des the tr uth o f w h a t pre ce de s , b ut claims th at w hat fol
low s is none the less true ; no tw i th s tan ding mars h als th e tw o
state me n ts face to face , ad mits th e on e a nd its se e ming con
tradi cti o nto the oth er, w hile i n s is tin g th at it c an n o t , a fte r a ll,

With s tand the othe r ; as , n o t w i ths tan d ing the force of the e ne my
is s upe r ior, w e s hall conque r Ye t and s till are w e ak e r than
.

no tw i th s tan d ing , w hile stro ng e r th an b ut Th oug h and al

.

th o ug h make as little as po ss ib le o f the con ces s ion , dr o i

pp gn
it, as it w e re , incide ntally ; as “
th oug h w e are g u
. ilty, thou art
d
”
t a “ w a uilt b u t th u a t d ”
w uld m a k e
g o o ; o s y e re g y, o r g oo , o

th e c o n ces s ion of g uilt more e mp h ati c Co mpare B UT ; YET

. .

NO TW I T H STAN D I N G, p ep .
r
S YN O N YM S :
d e s p i te in s pite of

Notw i ths tanding s imply s tate s that circums tance s s h all not
b e or h ave not b e n allo w e d to w i ths tand ; des pi te and in s pi te
e
o
f r e fe r p r i mar i ly to pe rs o nal and pe r h aps s pite ful 0pp0> l
tion; as , he faile d notw i th s tand ing h is g ood inte ntions ; or , he
p ers e v ere d most bitter h os tility When d es pit e
i n s p i te o f th e .

and i n s pi te of are applie d to inanimate thing s , it is w it h

“ ”
s ome th ing o f p e rs onificati o n; i n s p i te of th e s torm i s s ai d
as if th e s torm had a hos tile pur pose to oppos e th e un der

OAT H
S Y N O N YM B z
a u r at i o n cu r s e p r o fane s w e ar i n‘
d av i t ng cu r s i p r o fani t y
anat h e m a d e nu nci at i o n r e p r o b at i o n
e x e c r at i o n
b las p h e m i ng i m r e c at i o n
b las p h e m y m e d i ct i o n v ow

I n the hig he s t se n se , a s in a court of j us tice , an oath is

re ve re n t appe al to God in co rr obo r ati on o f w h at on e sa y ,
s

AB B OTT Law D ict ; an aflidavi t is a sw o rn s tatement made in

.

w ri tin g i n th e p re se nc e o f a co m p e te nt o ffi ce r ; an a d j urwati a v l '

is a s o le mn ap peal to a pe rson in the name of God to s pea l

the truth An oath is made to man in the name of God ;
.
3

v ow to God w ithout the inte r ve nti on

. , of te n w i t h o u t t h e k n ow 1 °

e dg e , o f man I n the low e r se nse , an oath may be more blog g

.

p h e m y or p f
r o an e s w e a ri ng A n ath e m a, c
.u rs e , e x e cr a t io n,
n u 1
(

i mp r e cation are mode s of inv oking v e n g e an ce o r r e trib u tio n

- n r

from a s upe r h umanpow e r upon th e pe rs on ag ains t w hom thg l

'

are utte re d Anathe ma is a s ole mne ccle s ias tical conde mnati_
.
n
of a pe rs on or o f a p ropos i tio n Curs e may be j us t and e m
.

—
th or itative , as , th e curs e of God ; or, it may b e w an ton ac z nd
”
p ow e r less ; s o th e curs e caus e le ss s h all not come , P rov x x = . i

—
2 . E x e cratio ne x pre s s e s mos t o f pe rs onal b itte rne ss and hai rs l
imp r ecation re fe rs e s pe cially to th e co ming of the des i re d emu ii
up on the p e r s o n ag ains t
h om it is utte re dw . Male di ction is a
g e ne r al w i s h o f e vil, a le ss us ual b ut v e ry ex pre s s i ve w o= d .

Compare TES TI MONY .

A NT O NY M S
b e ne d i c t i on b eni s on b le s s i ng

O B J EC T, v.
S YN O NYM S z
c o nt r av e ne d i s ap p r o v e g ai ns ay oppos e t ak e e x ce p t i o n
de mu r e x ce p t t o h e s i t at e sa m p le
To obje ct ( om
fr L . ob, be fore , ag ains t, j ,
aci o th row ) is,
tr ans pare ncy, its de pth or intricacy, or becaus e of me re defect
of lig h t That w hich is comp licate d is li kely to be obscure,
.

but th at may be obs cure w hich is not at all comp licated an d

s car ce ly comp lex , a s a muddy pool I n that w hi ch is abstrsse
.

(fro m L a b s.
,
fr o m, and t r udo , pu s h ) a s if re m o v e d fro m the

us ual course of thoug ht or out o f th e w a y of app re he ns io n or

dis cove ry, the th oug ht is re mote , h idde n; i n that w hich is

ob s cure th e re ma y b e n oth in g to h id e ; i t i s h a r d to see th e bo t
tom of the p r ofoun d , because of its de pth , b ut the most sha l
low turb idne ss is o bs cur e Compare cou r mx ; DARK ; mm
.

M ; nv s rmuous
'
.

S ee sy o n nyms for CLEAR .

O B SO L ET E
S Y N O N YM S
anc i e nt ar c h ai c o b s o le s c e nt ou t of d ate
ant i q u at e d dis us e d

S ome o f the olde s t or mos t an ci e nt w ords a re n ot obs olete .

as fathe r, moth e r, etc A w ord is obs o le te w h ich has quite

.

g o n e o ut o f re pu ta b le u s e ; a w o r d is a r ch aic w hi c h is fa llin g
out o f re p uta b le us e , o r , on th e othe r h and, h aving bee n ohs a
le te , is take n up te ntative ly b y w rite rs or s pe ake rs of i n
fl ue nce , s o th at it may pe rhaps re g ain its pos ition as a liv ing
w or ; a w or d is
d r ae
r i f t h e re a re f e w pre s e nt ins tanc es o j
its r e p utab le use . Co mpare OLD .

m o m s :

S e e s ynonyms for N EW .

O ES T I N AT E
S YN ONY M S :
c o nt u m ac i o u s h e ad s t r o ng m u li s h r e s o lu t e
d e ci d e d h e ad y ob d u r at e r e s o lv e d

d e t e r m i ne d i m m o v ab le o p i ni o nat e d s tu b b or n
d og g e d i nd o m i t ab le p e r s i s t e nt u nc o n u e r ab l
fi rm i nfl e x i b le p e r t i nac i o u s h
u nfl i nc i ng
fix e d i nt r ac t ab le r e fr ac t o r y u ny i e l di ng
The h e ads trong pe rso n is no to
t b e s t p ped i
o n h is ow n cou rs e

of action , w
n
hile the o bs ti a e a
t nd s tub b o rn is not to b e d r iv e ! J

to anoth e r s w ay
’
The h eads trong act ; th e obs tinate and s tub
.

b ornmay simply refuse to s tir The mos t ami ab le pe rson may

.
 o b s o le t e

be obs ti nate onsome one poi nt ; the s tub bor npers onis for the
mos t part h abitually so ; w e s peak of obs tinate dete rmination,
stubbornres is ta nce S tub born is th e term mos t frequently ap
.

p li ed to th e low er anim als a nd in an im u e t h in g s R ef ra c t o r y .

imp lies more activ ity of resis tance ; the s tub bor n horse b alks ;
the re fractory an imal plung e s , rears , and kicks ; me ta ls th at
re s is t or di nary proce mes of reduction are te rmed refractory .

One is obdurate w ho adh e res to his pur pos e inspite of appe als
th at w ould move an y te nd e r h e a r te d o r rig
-
h t m ind e d p e r s o n -
.

Contumaci ous r e fe rs to a pro ud and insole nt de fiance of e u

thority, as of the s ummons of a cour t P e rti n acio us demand
.

is contr as ted w ith o bs tinate re fus al Th e unyie lding conduct .

w hich w e a pp ro v e w e c al l d e cid e d, fi ,
r m i n fl e x ible ,
r es o lu te ;
that w hich w e conde mn w e ar e apt to term h eads tr on g, o b s ti
n ate , s tubborn Compare PERVERS E
. .

m o m s
ame nab le
co mp lai m nt
co m li an t
doci e
t
‘
O B S T RU CT
m om
a e
b lo c k clo impe de
b ar ch e ck em ar r as s i nt e r r u p t s t ay
b ar r i cad e ch ok e h i nd e r op p os e s to p

To is lite rally to b uild up ag ain

o b s truct s t ; th e roa d is ob
t r ac te d by fa lle ntre es ; the pas s ag e of liquid throug h a tube is
b e t r uc te d b y s olid de pos its To bar or b lock is to pre v e nt ad
.

ance b y some s ubs tanti al obs tacle , as b y a b ar or block acros s

p a th or e ntr an ce ; th es e w o rd s ar e th us c lo s e ly a llie d t o c h e ck .

a t e x pres s more finality ; a moveme nt w hich is ch e cke d may

e r es umed ; if b arr e d or b lock e d, it is e fi ectually br oug h t to

11 e n d, unless the obs tacle canb e removed ; as , acti onis b arr e d

t
y th e s tatute o f li m i ta ti on s ; th e r o ads w e r e b loc ke d w i th s n o w ;
I t r equi re d [ by th e Ar ti cle s of Confe de r ation] th e vote of ni ne S tate s
0 p ass any bill. and five could b lock th e w h e e ls of g ov e rnment .

Ds rs w Orati ons , April 80, 1889 .

We may hind er ne s ad v ance by follow ing and cling ing to

o
’

h i m ; w e obs truct h is course b y s tanding in his w ay or putti n g

a ba rrier a cross h is path Anyth ing that makes one s prog res s
.
’

s lo w er
, w h e th e r fr o m w i th in o r fr om w i th o ut, i m p e d es ; an
 ost e nt at i o n
ov e r sig h t

o fte ne s t so us e d, es p e c i ally as the me nt b y le g al au

r e qu i r e

thor ity th at n action be

ce rtai s us pe nde d or re frai ne d from,
pendi ng final le g al decis i on . Compare an nex ; cu s s ; LAW;
Ps o m s rr S YS TEM .

m o m s :
allow ance co ns e nt leav e lib e rt y li ce ns e p er mi- i o n pe rmit

O ST E NTATI O N
S YN ONYM S
b o as t b r av ad o p ag e ant p om p sh ow
b o as ti ng dis p p ag e ant r y p o m p o s i ty aunt
“ an“
v
b r ag fi o ur i s p ar ad e p o m p o us nes s

Os tentation is an ambiti ous s how ing forth of w h atev er i s

th oug ht adapte d to w in admiration or praise ; os te n tation mas
be w ith out w ords ; as , th e os te ntation of w ealth in fine res i ‘

deuce s , rich clothin g, co s tl y q p g ,

e ui a e or th e l ik e ; w h e n i n
w ords , os te n tation is rather in man ne r than in direct state
ment ; as , the os tentatio n of learning B oas ting is in direc t
.

s tate me n t, an d is loude r and more v ulg ar than os tentati ofl

A b rag or b ravad o is a boas t or os te ntation of courag e , w hice l
may, pe rhaps , be real, but is more commonly false and pre
te nti on s . Th e re may be g re at dis p lay or s how w ith little s ub
sta nce ; os tentations ug g e s ts some thi ng s ubstanti al to be ch om
P ag eant, p ag e antry, p ar ade , and p o mp re fe r principally t o

ad airs of arms or s tate ; as , a royal p ag e ant; a mi litar y para! - 8 4

Po mp is some mate ri al de mons tration o f w e alth an d po w e 7

as in g rand and s tate ly ce re mo nial, r ich furnis h ing s , pmce zfl '

s ion s , e tc , co n
. s ide re d a s w o r th v o f the pe rs on o r occa s i on , n
w hose be h alf it is ma ni fe s te d ; p omp is the noble s ide of th a t
w hi ch as os te n tati on is con s ide re d as arrog ant and v ai 1
—
.

P ag e ant and pag e antry are infe rior to pomp, de notin g s p a 4 '

tacular dis p lay des i g ne d to impr e ss th e pub lic mi nd, an d a im 4 1 0 -

th e multi tude is larg e ly ig norant and th oug h tles s , the w on - i i “

a
p ge a n t a n d p g a
a e n tr y h a v e a s ug g e s t io n o f th e t r a n s ie tn az D d '

un s ubs tan tial P arad e ( from L par a pre p are ) is an e x h ib i

“
. .
.

tion as o f troo ps in camp g oi ng th roug h th e e v olutions I t at

are to b e use d in b attle and s ug g ests a lack o f e arnes tn

. e fl q

n
a d dire t or imme diate oc a on or de m
c c s i a n d ; h e n c e i n t i
.
le

more g e ne ral s e nse , a pa ad e i a unc ed

r s n a l l fo r e x h ibi t i n
o , a r i d
so us ed is 9 more dis par a
.
g gin w o r d t h a n os ten t a t i o n : o s t en f l °

tion may s pr in g m e r e ly f r o m u n d ue s e lf g r at u l a t i o
-
n , p a ra d e
w i th re fe re nce to res trai nt or a good
th e pow er of re s tr ai nt ;
h orse man h as a res tles s h orse under pe rfect contr ol; there is
no hig h ch aracte r w ithout se lf control S urve illance is ania
-
.

v idions te rm s ig nifying w atching w ith somethin g o f s us picion .

C omp ar e CARE ; N EGLECT .

PA !
N
S Y N ON YM S
ac h e di str es s
ag o ny
ang u i s h p ar o x y s m

P ain is th e mos t g e ne ral te rm of thi s g roup, including a ll

th e othe rs ; p ai n is a dis tur bing s e n sa tion from w hich n ature
re v olts , res ultin g f r o m s o m e i n j u r io u s e x t er n al i n t e rf e r en c e

(a s fr o m a w o u n d , h m is s , a h a rs h w o r d , o r f ro m so m e

lack of What one nee ds , cr aves , or che ris hes (as , the painof
h ung e r or be re av e me nt ) , or fro m s ome abnormal action of
b odily or me ntal function s (a s , the p ai n s of dise a s e , en vy, or

d is co nte nt ) . S uf fe r in g is o n e o f t h e s e v e r e r f o r m s o f p a i n
.

The pr ick of a nee dle cause s pain, but w e s hould scarcely

.

s pe ak of it a s s ufl e ri n
'
g D. i s tr e s s is t oo s tr o n g a w o r d f or

little h ur ts , too fee ble for the inte nses t s uf f e r i n g, b u t co mm o n ly

app lie d to some continuous or prolong e d tr oub le or need ; a s.

the di s tre ss o f a s hi pw re cke d cre w , or of a des titute family .

Ach e is ling ering p ain, more or less s ev e re ; pang , a painshort ,

s h arp , in te nse , an d pe r haps re pe ate d . We s pe ak o f the pangs

of h un g e r o r o f re m o rs e T
. h r o e i s a v i o le n t a n d t h r il li ng p a in
.

P ar ox ys m appli e s to an alte r nate ly recurring and recedin g

pa , in w h i ch co m es a s i t w e r e i n w a v e s ; t h e p ar o x y s m is t h e

r is i n f
g o t e h w a v e T.o r m e n t a n d t o r tu r e a r e i nt e n se an d te r

rib le s uf f e r in g s . A g o n y a n d a n g u i s h e x p re s s t h e u t m o st p a i n
o r s uf n
fe g of ody o
r i b r m i n d .A g o n y o f b od y i s t h a t w it h
i
w h ch t e h s s te m s tr u gg l es ; a n g u i s h t h a t b y w h i ch it is
y
c r us he d .

A NT ONY M S
c o m fo r t d e li g h t e as e enjoy me nt pe doe rap t ur e r e li ef s ow:e

P ALLI AT E
S Y N O NYM S z
ap o lo g i z e f o r co nc e al ex t e nu at e h ide
c lo ak co v e r g lo s s ov e r mi t i g at e v ei l

I nti n a "
C loak, from th e Fre nch, and palli ate, from the ,
t !
is sa e m in orig inal sig nificati on, but h ave diverg e d in mean
ig ; a c lo ak m a y be us e d to h ide com p le te ly th e p e rso n or

) me ob j ect carried a b out the pe rson, or it may b ut partly

eil th e fig ure , ma ki ng the outli nes less di s tinct ; cloak is use d
l th e forme r, p alliate in the la tte r se nse ; to cloak a s in is
h i de it from dis cov e ry ; to p alliate it is to atte mpt to h i de
> me pa r t of its h la me w orthines s “When w e palliate our
.

am or othe rs faults w e do not s e ek to clok e th e m altog e ther ,

’

”
at only to ex te nuate th e g uilt of th e m in par t TREN C H .

lady of Wor ds le ct v i, p 266 Eithe r to palli ate or to ex

‘

. . .

muate is to admit the fault ; but to ex te nuate is rathe r to

p o lo g ie e f or th e o fi e nd e r , w h i le to palliate is to dis g uis e the
lult ; h e n ce , w e s pe a k of e x tenuati ng b ut not of p alliating
rcums tan ces , s in ce ci rcumsta nces can not ch ang e the inh erm t
m ug of an act, thoug h they may le ss e n the h lame w orthine ss
Ehi m w h o doe s it ; p alliating a b ad thi ng by g iving it a mild
m e does not make it less e vil I n re fe re nce to dise ases , to
.

alliate is re ally to dimi nis h their vi olence , or p a r tly to re

eve th e sufi e re r . Compare AL LEVI ATE ; H I DE .

P AR DO N , v
m om
.

s :

ab s o lv e fo r g i v e p as s b y re mi t
ac q u i t o v e r loo k p as s o v e r

To p ar don is to le t p as s , as a fault or s in, w ithout r es e nt

en
n t, b lame , or punis h me nt F org i v e h as re fe re nce to feel
.

lg s ,
p a rd o n to co ns e q ue nces ; he n ce , t h e e x e cu ti v e m ay p ar d o n ,

at has nothing to do officially w i th forg i v ing P e rs onal i n

.

ury may be forg iv en b y the pe rs on w ron g e d ; th us Go d a

,t
nce for g i v es a nd par dons ; the par done d s inne r is e x emp t
rom
pu n i s hm e nt ; t h e f g
or i v e n s i n n e r is r es t o r e d t o th e di v i ne

av or To p ar do n is the act of a s upe r ior implyi ng the rig h t

. .

7 pun is h ; to fo rg iv e is the p r iv ile g e o f th e h umb le s t pers on

r
ho has bee nw rong e d or offe nde d I n law to r e mi t the w h ole
. ,

nalty is e quiv ale nt to pard o mng th e o ffe nde r : b ut a par t

’

f the pe nalty may b e r e mit te d and th e re mainde r infl icte d , as

'
h ere the pe nalty includes b o th fine and impris onme nt To .

omlon e is to p ut a s ide a r e cog n ize d o ffe ns e b y s o me a ct w hich

es tores th e o fl e n de r to fo r fe ite d rig h t or p rivi leg e and is th e .

ct of a
p r i v ate i nd i v id ual,
w i th out le g al fo rm ali tie s T o .
ex cus e is to me s lig h t ofi ens e, er ror, or bre ach of
over loo k s o

e tique tte ; p ard on is ofte n use d b y co urte s y inn ea me

rly the s a

se n se A person may s pe ak of e x cus i ng or forg iv ing himself

.
,

b ut not of pardoning himse lf Compare “S OLVE ; PAB DON, n . .

ANT ONYM S :
c as t i g ate c h as ti s e n
co v i ct d oom re co m
pe ns e
c h as te n co nd e mn co rr ect p uni s h s courg e

PAKDO N n
S Y N OM S
ab s o lu t i o n am ne s t y fo r g i v e nes s ob li v i on
ac q u i tt al f o r b e ar anc e m e r cy r e m i s s i on

Acqui ttal is a re le as e from ach arg e , afte r trial, as n ot g uilty .

P ar don is a re mov al of pe n alty fr om on e w h o ha s be e na d

j g g
u d e d uil ty A c qu i.tta l is b y th e deci s i on o f a co u r t, co mm o n
ly o f a j ury ; p ardon is th e act of the e x ecuti ve Aninnocen t .

man may demand acqui ttal, and nee d not ple ad for pardon .

P ardon s up pos es an ofi e nse ; yet, as our law s s tand, to g ran ta

p ar d o n is s o m e tim es th e o n ly w a y to r e le as e on e w ho ha s been

w ron l
g y c o n vi ct e d O b liv io n
.
,
fr o m th e L a ti n, s i g n i fies ov er

look ing and forg e tting an o d e n

v i rtually s e , so th at the oi

fe nde r s tan ds be fore th e law i n all re s pe cts as if it h ad never

be e n committe d Amne s ty b ri ng s the s ame idea th roug h the
.

Gr e e k P ar don afi ects i ndiv iduals ; amnes ty and o b liv ion a

. re

sa id o f g re at numbe rs P ardon is o fte ne s t appli e d to th e ordi

.

nary adminis tration of law ; amnes ty, to national and mili tary
affairs An amnes ty is iss ue d afte r w ar, ins urrection, or te
.

“
be llion; it is ofte n g r ante d by an act o f o bliv ion, an ”
d ia
c lude s a full
p ar d o n o f all o fi e nde rs w ho co m e w i th in its pr0
v is io ns Abs olution is a re lig ious w or d (compare s ynonyms
.

fo r AB S OLVE ) Re mis s ion is a dis charg e fro m pe nalty ; as , the

.

r e mis s ion of a fin e .

AN T O N YM S
p e nalt y p u ni s h me nt re tali at i o n re t r i b u t io n ve ng e ance
P R E P O S I TI O N S z
A pardonto or fo r the o ffe nde rs ; fo r all o fi e nses ; the pardon
o f offe nde rs or o ffe nse s .

P ART ,
sr no m s
C o mpare sv no nv ms fo r P ART , n .
 p e o p le

or se rvice , ex ce pt w he n the ntrary is

co ex pre s sly s tated, a
s

w hen w e s pe a
“ ”
k of hig h pay or poor pay “ ” Wag es denotes
.

w h at a w orker receives . E arn ing s is often use d as ex actly

e quiv a le nt to w ag es , b ut may be use d w ith reference to the ma l
va lue of w ork done or serv ice re nde red, an d e v e n applie d to
i nanimate thing s ; as , the earning s of capital H i re is di stin . ct

ly me rce nary or me n ial, b ut as a noun h as g on e out of po pula r

use , thoug h the verb to h ir e is common S alary is for litera . ry

or profes s ion al w ork, w ag e s for h andicraft or other compara

tiv e ly in fe rior se rvice ; a s alary is re g arded as more per manen t
th an w ag es ; an e di tor re ce iv es a s alary, a compositor r eceives
wa g es . S ti p en d h a s b eco m e e x clu s iv ely a li te r ary w o rd A .

f ee is g i ve n f or a s in g le se r vice o r p ri vileg ,
e a n d is s om etim es

inthe n ature of a g r atuity Compare m ums

.
'
.

P EOP L E
S Y N O NYM S
co mm o nw e alt h nat i o n
c o m m uni t y p o p u lat i o n s t at e

A co mmunity is ing e ne ral te rms the ag g reg ate of pe rson s ia

h abiting any te rr itory in common and v ie w e d as having com

moninte re s ts ; a commonw e alth is s uch a body of pe rsons hav
ing a common g ov e rnme nt, e s pe cially a re pub li can g over n
me nt ; as , th e commonw e alth of Mass ach us e tts A communitu .

may be v e ry s mall; a commonw ealth is ordinarily o f cons ider

ab le e x te nt . A p e op le is th e ag g reg ate of any p ublic com
munity, e ithe r i n dis tinction from th e ir r ule rs or as i ncludin g
th em ; a race is a div is ion o f mank ind in the line of orig ina nd
ance s try ; the p e op le o f th e Unite d S tate s includes membe rs of
almos t e ve ry r ace . The us e of p e op le as s ig nifyi ng person s

colle ctiv e ly as in th e s tate me n

“
t Th e h all w as full o f p e ople
”
.
,

h as b ee n s e v e re ly cr iticize d b ut is o ld and acce pte d En

. g lish,

and may fitly be class e d as idio matic and o fte n be tte r tha ,
n
p e rs o ns ,
b y re a s o n o f i ts co lle cti v is m . A s D e an A l fo r d s u g
t it w u ld m ak e a s t an g e tr a n s fo r m at io n o f th e o ld
g es s , o r
“
h ymn All p e op le th at on e arth do dw e ll to s ing All pe rson
” “ s
” l
that on e arth do dw e ll . A s tate is an or g anize d po lit ica
i ty cons ide re d in its co rp orate capacity as
“ a body
co mmun
” h
p oli tic a n d c o rp o r ate ; a s a ,le g is la ti v e a ct i s th e a c t o f t e

s tate ; e ve ry citi ze n is e ntitled to the protecti on of the s ta n

A nation is an org anize d political communi ty cons ide re d w ith
re fe re n ce to th e pe rson s compos in g i t a s h a v i n g ce r ta i n de fi n it e

boundaries , a de fin ite numbe r of citize n s , e tc . The me mbe rs

o f a p e op le a re re fe rred to a s pe rso n s or in di viduals ; the ia
div id ual membe rs of a s tate or natio n are called ci tize ns or
s ub j ec ts . The p op ulat io nof a country is s imply the ag g re g ate
o f pe rson s re s idin g w i thi n i ts b o r d e rs w
, it h o ut re f e re nc e t o

ra ce , org a ni zation, or alle g iance ; unnaturalized res ide nts form

p a r t o f th e p p
o ula t i on ,
b u t n o t o f t h e n a t io n , p
os s es s ing n o n e

of the rig h ts an d be ing s ub je ct to no ne o f the dutie s of citi

ze n s . I n Ame rican us ag e S tate s ig nifies one commonw ealth
,

of the fe de ra l unionknow nas the Unite d S tate s . Tr i b e is now

almos t w holly applie d to rude p e op les w ith ve ry impe r fect
p o lit i ca l o rg an iza tio n ; a s , th e I n d i a n tr i b e s ; n o m ad ic t r i be s
.

Compare nos .

P ERC E I V E
S YN O N Y M B :

ap p r e h e nd co m p r e h e nd co nc e i v e
We p e rce i v hat is pre s e nte d th roug h the se nses
e w e ap . W
p re h e nd w h at is p re s e n te d to th e m i nd,
w h e the r th ro ug h th e

se nse s or by an m n n
'

y o th e r e a s Ye t p e
. r ce iv e is u se d i th e

fig ur ativ e se n se of s ee in g th ro u g h t o a co n c lus io n, in a w ay
for wh ich us ag e w ould not allow us to s ubs ti tute ap p r e h e nd ;
“ ”
as
, S i r, I p e rcei ve th at tho u art a pro phe t, J o h n i v , 19 .

That w h ich w e ap p r e h e nd w e catch , as w ith the hand ; that

w hi ch w e con ce i ve w e are ab le to an alyze and re co mpos e in
our mi n d ; that w h ich w e co mp re h e nd, w e , as it w e re , g ras p
aro und take tog e the r, s e ize e mb r ace w holly w ithin th e mind
. . .

Many thing s may be ap p r e h e nd e d w h ich can no t be compr e

h e nd e d ; a ch ild can app re h e nd the dis tinction be tw e e n rig ht
and w rong , ye t th e philos o p he r can no t co mpr e h e nd it in its
fulne s s . We can app reh e nd the w ill o f God as re ve aled in
c on s cie n ce or th e S cri pture s : w e can co n ce iv e o f ce rta in at
t r ib utes o f De ity as h is tr uth and jus tice : b ut no fin
. ite in
t e lli g e n ce can compr e h e nd th e Div ine Nature in its majesty, .

p o w e r , a nd pe r fe cti on Com p are A

. N TI C I P ATE ; ARR ES T ; C ATCH

ANTO M B
tall o r Ig nor e lo s e mts ap p re h e nd m i s c o ne e lv e mi s s ov e r loo k
 p e r fe c t

P E R F E CT
S Y N O NY H S t

ab s o lu t e co ns um mat e
ac c u r at e c o r r e ct
b lam e le s s e nt i r e
e o m p le t e f au lt le s s
c o m p le t e d fi ni s h e d

Th at is p e rfe ct to w hich noth ing can be adde d, and from

w hi ch n othin g ca n b e tak e n w i th o ut i m p a i ri n g i ts e x ce ll en ce,

marr ing its s ymme try, or de tracting from its w or th ; in this

fulles t s e ns e God alone is p e rfe ct, b ut in a limited sen se a n y
thin g m ay b e p f
e r e ct i n i ts ki n d ; a s a p fe r e ct fl o w er ; 8 copy

of a docume n t is p e rfe ct w he n it is accur ate in e ve ry p ar ticu

lar ; a v ase may be calle d p e rfe ct w he n e ntire and unb le mis hed,
e ve n thoug h n ot a rti s tically faultle s s ; the b es t j udg es n ever

p r o n o u nce a w o r k o f ar t p f ,
e r e c t b e ca u se th e y see a l w ays
ideal pos s ib ilities not ye t attaine d ; e v e nth e ide al is not p e rfect,
by reas on of the impe r fection of th e h uman mind ; a h uman
char acte r faultle s s ly h o ly w ould be mor a lly pe rfe ct th oug h
finite . That w h ich is abs o lute is fre e from admix ture (as ah
s olute alcoh ol) an d in the hig h es t and fulles t s e nse fre e from
impe rfe ction o r limitation; as , abs olute h olines s and lov e are
attr ib ute s o f God alone I n ph iloso phical lan
.
g u a g e , ab s o lu te

si g n i fies fre e from all ne ces s ary , or e v e n from all p omib le n a

lation s, not de pe n de nt or limite d , unre late d and unconditi oned ;
truth imme diately know n, as intuitiv e tr uth , is abs o lute ; God,
as se lf e x is te nt and fr e e fr om all limi tation or de pe nde nce , is
-

ca lle d the abs olute B e ing , or s imply th e Abs olute . Co mpare

I N N OC EN T ; I N FI NI TE ; RADI CAL .

ANT O NY H S :
b ad d e te cti v e
b le mi s h e d d e fl e te nt
c o rr u p t d e fo rm e d
co rr u p t e d falllb le
d e lae e d fault y

P ER M AN E N T
S YN O NYM S t

ab i d i n fix ed i nv ar i ab le st ab le
c h ang e e s s i m m u t ab le las t i ng s t e ad f as t
c o ns t ant i n e r i s h ab le p e r p e t u al
d u r ab l e i n e li b le p e r s i s t e nt
e nd u r i ng i nd e s t r u c t i b le

Durab le (from L . durus , h ard ) is said almost w holly of

 PERNlC lO U S
S YN O NYM S
mi s ch i e v o u s
b ane f ul
d e ad ly no x i o u s
d e le t e r i o u s h ur t f u l o b no x i o u s u nh e alt h i ul
d e s t r u ct i v e i nj u r i o u s p e r v e r t i ng u nw h o le s c ne
d e t r i m e nt al i ns alu b r i o u s p e s ti i e rcus

P e r nicious (from L p e r, thro ug h , and neco, kill) sig n

. ifies
hav ing the pow er of des troying o r injur in g, te nd ing to h urt or

kill P e rni ci ous is s tr ong e r th an injurious ; th at w h ich is m

.

juri o ns is capable of do ing harm ; th at w hi ch i s p e rn ici ous is

like ly to be des tructi v e N ox ious (from L no ce o, h ur t ) is a
. .

s tr on g e r w or d th a n n o is o m e , as r e fe r r in g to th a t w hi ch is is

j u r i o u s or d e s tr u c ti v e .N o is o m e n o w a lw a y s de no te s th at
w hich is e x tr emely dis a g ree a b le or d is g us tin g, es pec ially to t h e

se n se of s me ll ; a s , th e n ois o me s te n ch pr ocla ime d th e pres e n ce

of n ox ious g a ses .

“ To m s :
ad v antag e o us fav o rab le h e] i n ! pr o fi tab le s e rv i c e ab le
b e ne fl c e nt ood in v g o rati n r e juv e nati ng u s e fu l
g
g
b e ne fi ci al e alt h tul li i e zg i v i n s alu tary w h o le s o me
'
g

P ER P L EX I TY
S Y N O NY M S :

am az e m e nt b e w i ld e r m e nt d i s t r ac t i o n d o u b t
as t o ni s h m e nt c o nf u s i o n di s t u r b anc e e m b ar r as s m e nt

P e rp le x ity (from L . thro ug h , an

p e r, d p le cto, p lai t ) is the
draw i ng o r turning o f the thoug h ts or fa culties by tur n s in

di ffe re nt di re ctions o r tow ard con tr as te d or con tr ad icto ry con

clus ion s ; con f on
u s i (f r om L c o nf u s a s fr o m c n f u n d u
.
, o o , po r

tog e th e r ) is a s tate in w h ich th e me n tal faculties are , as it

w e re , thr ow n in to ch aos , s o th at th e cle ar an d dis ti nct action
o f the di f fe re nt pow e rs , as o f pe rce ption, me mor y, re as o n and ,

w i ll is los t ; b e w i lde r me n t is ak in to confus ion ,

b ut is lo s s o ver

w he lmi n g , an d m o re re a d i ly r e co v e r e d f r o m ; p pe r le x i t y ac .

co rdi n l
g y , h a s n o t t h e un s e ttli ng o f t h e facu ltie s i m p lie d in
co nfus i on, nor the ov e r w h e lming o f th e facultie s implie d in
amaze me nt or as tonis h ment; it is no t th e mag nitude o f the
th ing s to be k n ow n , b ut th e w ant o f full and de finite know l
e dg e , th at cause s pe r p le x ity The divi ding of a w oodland path
.

may cause the trav e le r the g re ate s t p e rp lex i ty w hich mav be ,

come b e w i ld e r ment w h e n he h as trie d o ne pa th afte r another

 p e r ni c i o u s

and los t his bearin g s co m p le te ly W i th a n

. ex c ita b le p e rso n
b ew ilde rment may dee pe n into con fu s i o n t h at w ill m ak e him
un able to thin k clearly or e vento see or hear dis tin ctly Ama ze .

me nt res ults from th e s udde n and unimag ined occurre nce of

g re at g ood or e v il o r the s ud de n aw a k e ni ng o f th e m in d to

un thoug h t of truth
-
As tonis hme nt ofte n produces bew ilde r
.

me nt, w hich th e w ord w as forme rly unde rs tood to imply .

Co mpare am ate ur : m u m DOU B T ; ma nw annm .

P ERSU AD E
S YN O M S :

di s os e i nc li ne m ov e
b r i ng ov e r e n cc i nd u ce p r e v ai l o n or up on
c o ax i mp e l i nfl u e nc e ur g e
c o nv i nce i nc i t e le ad w in ov e r

Of these w ords nvince alone h as no direct re fe re nce to

co

mo vi ng the w ill, de n otin g a n cfi e c t u p o n th e u n de rs tanding

o nly on e may be con i n d f h i s duty w itho ut do in i t
; v c e o g , o r

h e may be conv ince d of truth th at h as no manifes t connection

w i th duty or action , a s o f a m a t h e m a tic a l p ro p os i ti o n To .

p e r s u a d e is to b rin g th e w il l o f a n o t he r to a de s ire d d e c is ion

b y s o me i nfl ue nce e x e rte d upon it s hort of compuls ion; o ne

m ay b e convi nce d th at the earth is round ; he may b e p e rs uade d
t o tr ave l roun d it ; b ut pe rs uas ion is s o larg e ly de pe nde nt upon
co n v i cti on th a t it is commonly h e ld to be th e or ator s w ork
’

fi rs t to convin ce i n or de r th a t he may pe rs uade Coax is a

.

s lig h te r w ord th a n p e rs uade seeki ng th e s ame e nd by s h al

,

lo w e r me thods , larg e ly b y appe al to pe rs onal fee ling , w ith o r

w ith out s ucces s ; a s , a chi ld coa x e s a pa re n t to b uy him a to v .

O ne may be broug h t ove r, induce d, or p re v ai le d up on by me ans

not pro perly included in pers uas ion as by brib e ry or intimi ,

d atio n; h e is w on ov er ch ie fl y b y pe rs o nal infl ue nce Compare

.

AM O N G:
d e te r d i s co u rag e d i ss uad e h i nd e r h old b ac k re p e l r es t rai n

P ERT N E SS
SH OM S :

b o ld ne s s f o r w ar d ne s s li v e li ne s s s m ar tne s s
b r i s k ne s s i m p e r t i ne nc e s au c i ne s s s p r i g h t li ne s s
”PM ” i m p u d e nce

Li ve line s s and s pr ig h tlines s are p le as ant and co mme ndab le ;

s martness is a limited and s how y acute ness or s hrew dness,
us ually w ith unfavorab le s ug g es ti on; p e r tness and s aucin ess

are the se qualities ov erdone , and re g ar dles s of the res pe ct due

to s upe ri ors I mp e r ti ne nce and imp ude nce may he g r e w an
. d
s tupid ; p e r tness a nd s auci nes s are alw ays v ivid and keen .

Compare lu mi n ance .

ANT O NY H S :
b as h tuine s s de lus r e nos s di md e nce h umi li ty mod e s t y s hy ness

P ERV ERS E
S Y NO N Y M S
co nt r ar y fr o w ar d p e t u lant u nt o w ar d
f ac t i o u s i nt r ac t ab le s tu b b or n
fr ac t i o us o b s ti nat e u ng o v e r nab le

P e r ve rs e (from L .
p e r v e r s us , turne d th e w ro ng w ay ) sig

nifies ilfully w ro ng or e rrin

w g, un re a so na b ly se t ag ains t rig ht,
re a s on, or a uth ori ty The s tub born or o bs ti nate pers o n w ill
.

not do w h at anothe r de s ires or re quires ; th e p e rv e rs e person

w ill do a nyth ing contrary to w h at is de s ire d or requi re d of
hi m Th e p e tulant pe rs onfre ts , b ut may comply ; the p erv e rs e
.

indivi dual may b e s mooth or s ile nt, b ut is w ilfully intr actab le .

Wayw ard re fe rs to a p e r ve rs e dis reg ard of morality and duty ;

[ r e w ar d is pr a ctic ally o b s o le te ; un t o w ar d i s r are ly h e ard e x

ce pt in ce rtain p hra ses ; a s , un tow ard cir cums tan ces Compare .

os s r
'
m Ars'
.

A NT O N Y M S
acc om m o dati ng co m p lais ant g e ni al
ame n ab le c o m p li ant g ev e r nabi e

P HYS I CAL
S Y N O NY M S
b o d i ly c o r p o r e al I sle
co r p or al m at e r i al 1.
Wh ate v er is co mpos e d matte r may be
of or pe r tains to
te rme d mate r ial; p h ys ical (from Gr p h ys is nature ) applies .
,

to mate r ial thi ng s cons ide re d as p arts of a s ys te m or org an ic

w ho le ; h e nce , w e s pe a k o f mate rial s ub s tance s p hysical force s , .

p h ys ical la w s B od i ly co r p
. or al and co r p o,
r e al a l
pp y p r ima
,r ily
to th e h uman b o dy ; b o di ly and co rp o ral b oth de note pe rta in
ing o r re lating to th e b o dy ; co rp or e al si g nifies o f the nature
of or li ke the b od y ; co rp o ra l is now almos t w h olly res tricted
 1 363

th at hich is pitie d, p itiful and pi tiable are often us e d, by a

w n
eas y tra nsiti on, for w hat mig ht aw ak en pity, b ut does aw aken
co n te mpt ; as , a p i tiful e x cus e ; he prese nted a pi tiab le appear
ance . P i te ous is now rar e ly use d inits earlie r se n se o f feelin g
i
p y,t b ut in i ts de ri v ed se nse app lie s to w hat re ally ex ci t
e s the

e mo tion; a s , a pi te o us cry Compare H U M

. E ; MERC Y ; Pm .

ANT O NYM S :
aug us t o

b e ne fl c e nt
c o m man di ng
d ig ni fi ed

PlTY
am ou n
ts :
c o m m ls e r at lon co nd o le nce
co m p as s i o n

P i ty is a fee ling of g rie f or pa in arouse d by the w e akness .

mi s fortunes , or dis tress es of others , j oined w i th a des ire to

he lp or re li e ve S ympathy (fee li ng or s ufi e ring w i th ) implies
.

so me deg re e of e qua lity, kindre d, or union; pi ty is for w hat is

w e ak or un fortunate , and s o far , at le as t, infe rior to o urse lves :
he nce , p i ty is ofte n re se nte d w h ere s ymp athy w ould be w e l
come We have s ympathy w ith one injoy or g rief, in ple as ure
.

or p ai n, p
i ty o nly fo r t h o se in s ufi e r ing o r n ee d ; w e m ay h a ve

s ym ath y w ith th e s tr ug g le s o f a g ia
p n t o r th e t r i um p hs of a
con que r o r ; w e a r e m ov e d w ith i
p yt f o r th e c a p ti v e o r th e

s lav e . P i ty may be nly in th e mind, b ut me r cy does some

o

thin g f o r th os e w h o a re i ts ob jects C o
. mp as si on ,
lik e i
p yt is
,

e x e r cis e d o n ly w ith re s pe ct to the s ufl e ring or un fortun ate .

b ut comb ine s w ith the te nde r nes s of pi ty the dig nity of sym
p at h J a n d th e acti v e q u a lity o f m e r cy C o mm
. is er ati on is as

te nde r as comp as s i on b ut mor e r e mote and ho pe les s ; w e ha

.
ve

co mmis e rati on for s uf fe re rs w ho m w e can no t re ach or cann ot

re lie v e .C ondolence is th e e x pre ss ion of sympathy Compare

.

M ERC Y .

i l l FrCNN1ENfl B z
b ar b ar i ty fe roc i t y h ars h n ess p ltile s s ne s s s e v erity
b r u t ali t y h ar d h e art e d ne s s i nh u mani ty r i g or nm
s te r u
cru e lt y h ar d ne s s m e r ci le s s ne s s ru t h le s s ne s s n
truculc ce

P R E P O S I TI O N S :

Pity on or upon th at w hich ; pity f

w e h e lp or s pare or tha
t
“ my
w hi ch w e mere ly conte mplate ; h av e pity upon me , 0 ye
 ” “
fr iends , J ob x ix , 21 ; pity for a horse ’
o er -
drive n”
TEN N Y
,

son I n Me morie s» lx i i , s t 1 . .

P LANT
m o m s :

see d see d d ow n set ou t s ow

We se t or s e t out s li ps , cutti ng s , young tr ees , e tc , thoug h.

we may als o be said to p lant the m ; w e p lan t co rn 7

; p b tat oe s ,

e tc , w hi ch w e put inde fin
. ite place s , as inhills , w i th some care ;
w e s aw w hea t or oth e r s mall g rains an d se e ds w h ich are s cat
te r e d i n th e pm Thoug h b y mode rn ag ricultural machin
.

e ry th e s ma lle r g rains are a lmost as precise ly p lant e d as corn,

th e old w ord for broadcast scatte ring is re tain ed Land is .

s e e de d or s e ede d dow n to g rass .

A NTO N :
e rad i cate ex t i rpate roo t up uproot w e ed o ut

P L EAD
s t rea m s
i m p lo r e s o li c i t
ar g ue b eg pr e s s ur g e

To p le ad for one is to e mploy arg ume nt o r pe rs uas ion, or

both in his be half, us ually w ith e arne s tne s s or importun i ty ;
simi la r ly on e ma y b e s a i d t o p le ad f o r h im se lf o r fo r a ca u se ,

etc , or w ith dire ct ob j ect, to p le a

. d a cas e ; in le g al us ag e ,
p le ad i n g is a r g u m e n ta ti v e , b u t in p p
o u la r u s a e
g , p l e adi n g
alw ays impli es s ome appe al to the fee ling s One arg ues a case
.

sole ly o n ra tional g rounds and s uppos ab ly w ith fair cons ide r

ation o f b oth si des ; he advocates on e ads for th e p ur pos e o f

ca r ryi n g i t, a n d u n d e r t h e i n fl u e n c e o f m o tiv e s th a t m a y r a n g e

all th e w ay from cold s e lf inte re s t to the h ig h e s t and nob le s t

- .

impuls es ; he p le ads a cause or p le ads for a pe rs o n w ith s till

.

more i ntense feeling .B e s e e ch , e nt re at and i mp lo r e imp ly

,

i mp as s ioned earn es tn ess , w ith dire ct a nd te nder appeal to

p e rs o na l co ns id e r at i o n s .P r e s s a n d u rg e i m l
p y m o r e d e te r

mined or pe rhaps authoritative ins is te nce S olici t is a w e ak .

w ord de n oti n g m e r e ly a n a t te m p t to sec u re on e

’
s con s e nt o r

c ooper a tion, s ome times b y sordid or corrupt motiv e s .

P REP O S I TI O N S :

Plead w i th the tyrant, f

or th e cap tiv e ; ple ad ag ains t th e op
am m at
d e ti ci e nt in ad e q uat e narro w n
sca t y s mall
d r ai ned i ns ufl lci e nt nig g ard ly s carc e
e x h aus t e d me an p oo r m
s c ri pe d
impov er is h ed mis er ly s ca tn n
to ed

P R E P O S I TI ON :
Ple ntiful i n resources .

PO ETRY
l YN O N YM S t

meter num b e r s pe el ,
m e t r i cal co m p os i ti o n p oe m r i me

P oe try is th at form of literature that embodies beautiful

tho ug h t, fee lin g, or a c t i o n i n m e lo di o u s , rh y th m i ca l, a n d ( u s u

ally ) metr ical lan g u a g e , ih im ag in ati v e a nd art i s tic co n s tr uc

tion s . P o e try in a v e ry w ide se nse may be an y thi ng th a t

p le as i n l
g y a dd r e s ses th e i m a g in at i o n; a s , th e p oe tr y o f m o ti o n
.

I n or dinary us ag e , po e try is b o th imag in ative and me tr ical .

The re may be p oe try w ithout rime, b ut h ardly w ithout me ter ,

o r w ha t in s ome lan g u a g es ta k es i ts p lace , a s th e H e b r e w

p a r a lle lis m ; b u t p oe tr y i n v o lv es , b e s id es th e a rti s tic for m .

the e x e rcis e of the fan cy or imag in ation in a w ay alw ays

be autiful o fte n lofty o r e ve n s ublime
. . F aili ng th is , the re
may be v e rs e, ri me, and me te r, but not p oe try The re is much .

in li te rature that is be auti ful and s ub lime in thoug h t and

artis tic in co n s tr uction , w
h ich is ye t no t p oe try, be caus e quite
de v oid o f the e le me nt of s ong , w he re by p oe try difl e rs from
the mo s t lofty, b eautiful, or impas s ion ed prose . Compare
METER

p ro s ai c w ri ti ng p ros e

PO L I T E
S Y N O N YM S z

ac c o m p li s h e d c o u r t ly g e nt e e l u r b ane
c e r e m o ni o u s c u lt i vat e d g r ac i o us w e ll zb e ll av e d
ci v i l c u lt u r e d obli g i n w e llt b r e d
c o m p lai s ant e le g ant p o li s k e g w e lls m n
au e r e d
co ur t e o us

A ci vil pe rsonobse r ves s uch p p

r o r ieand mann
ty o f s peecher

as to av o id b e ing r ude ; o ne w h o is p o li te (lite r ally p o li s h e d )

ob se rv es more th an the ne ce ss ary proprie tie s , conforming to
all th at is g race ful, be coming , and thoug htful in th e inter
 p o r t i on

church , or a socie ty ; policy is the method of manag ement w ith

re feren ce to the a ttain ment of certainends the nation al polity
o f th e U ni ted S tates is re p ublican; e ach admi nis tration has a
p o licy o f its n
ow . P olicy is ofte n us e d as e quiv ale nt to ex

pe di ency ; as , manythink hones ty to be g ood p olicy P olity .

use d in e ccle s ias tical us e se rves a valuab le purpose in dis

ting ui s hi ng that w hi ch re lates to admi nistr ation and g overn
me nt from that w hi ch re late s to faith and doctr ine ; two
c h urch es ide ntical infaith may di fi s r inp olity, or thos e ap es
ing in p oli ty may difi e r in faith Compare L aw. .

PORT IO N
sr no m s :

lo t p ar c e l p ar t p r o p o r t i on sh ar e
Wh e n any hole is divi de d into p ar ts , an
w
y p ar t t h at is al
lotte d to so me pe rs on, thing , s ubj ect, or purpos e is called a
p or ti on, thoug h the div is ion may be b y n o fix ed rule or re la

tion a fath e r may divide h is es tate b y w ill amon g h is chil dren

so as to mak e the ir s e v e r al p or tion s g reat or s mall, a ccordin g
to his arbitr ary and unr e asonable caprice .Wh en w e s peak
o f a p ar t as a p r op or ti on ,
w e th in k o f th e w ho l e a s d i v ided ac

cordin g t o s om e r ule or sca le , s o t h a t t h e d ifi e r e n t p ts bear

a r

a conte mplate d and inte nde d re lation or r atio to o ne another ;

th us , th e p or ti on allotte d to a ch ild b y w i ll may not b e a fair
p p
r o or ti on o f th e es tate P.r o p o r ti o n is o fte n u s e d w h ere part:
"

o r p o r tion w ould b e more a pp p ro r i ate .C o m p re Pm

a .

POVERT Y
S Y N O N YM S z
b e g g ar y i nd i g e nc e
m e nd i c anc y
p au p e r i s m p r i v at i o n — 1
d e s ti tu ti on p e nu r y w ant
d i s tr e s s ne e d
P ov e r ty de notes s tr ictly lack of p adequate mean:
r o pe rty or

o f s uppor t, b ut incommon use is a re la tiv e term de notin g an:

con di tion be low th at of e as y, co mfor tab le living ; p ri vatio n de =
note s a conditio n o f painful lack of w h at is us e ful or des ir :
ab le , th oug h not to th e e x te nt of ab s olute dis tres s ; i ndig ence 1 :
lack o f o rdinary me ans o f s ubs is te nce ; d e s ti tution is lack a :
the comfor ts , and inp art e v e no f th e ne ce ss arie s of li fe ; penur y
is e s pecially cramping p o ve rty, poss ib ly not so s harp as da t a
“
 p or t i on

tuti on,but continuous , w hile that may be te mpor ary ; paup e r

in» is s uch de s ti tution as throw s on e upon org anized pub lic
chari ty for s upport ; beg g ary a nd me ndicancy denote p over ty
that appeals for in dis crimi nate private charity .

POWER
m o unt s 8
a
co mmand ex p e r t ne s s r e ad i ne s s
co m p e t e nc y f ac u lt y r u le
d e x t e r i ty for ce sk ill
d o mi ni o n mi g h t s tr e ng t h
cfl c ac y p o t e nts s u s c e p ti b i li t y
e fl ci e nc y p o t e nt Ln ty sw ay
co g e ncy e ne r g y q u ali fi c at i o n t al e nt

P ow er is the mos t g e ne r al te rm of this g roup, including e ve ry

q u a li ty, p p r o e rty , o r f a c u l ty y b w h ic h a n y c h an g ,
e e fi ec t, o r

re s ult is , or ma y be , produce d ; as , the p ow e r o f the le g is lature

to en act law s , or of the e x ecutive to e nforce the m ; the p ow e r
of a nacid to corrode a me tal; the p ow e r of a polis h ed s ur face
t o refl ect lig ht . Abi li ty is ne arly coe x te ns ive w ith p ow e r, b ut
d o es n ot rea ch th e pos i tive n ess an d v ig or that may b e i nclude d
i n the mean ing of p ow er, abi li ty ofte n implyi ng late nt, as dis
t i ng uis he d from active p ow er ; w e s pe ak o f an e x e r tion o f
p o wer, but n ot of a n e x ertion of ab i lity P ow e r and ab i li ty
.

i nclude ca aci ty, w hich is p ow e r to re ce iv e ; b ut abi li ty is ofte n

p
li s fin i h d f m a a i a h a t m a b m a n if t d
f g u s e ro c p c ty, s p o w e r t y e es e
I n doin a a a i t i in ece i in n m a h a a t a a
g, s c p c y s r v g ; o e y v e g r e c p c
i t y for ac uirin kn w le d e a n d e t n t ss a b i li t t
q g o g , y o po e ss y o
t e ach . Ef fi c ie n cy i s a c ti v e p o w e r to e fl ’
ec t a d e fi n it e r es u lt,

t h e ow er that actuall doe s as dis ti n uis he d from that w hich

p y , g
m ay do C ompetency is e qual to the occas ion, r e ad ine ss p romp t
.

f o r the occas ion F acult is an inh e re nt quality o f mind or

.
y
b O dy; tale nt, some s pe cial me ntal abili ty D e x te ri ty and s k ill
.

an readiness and facilit in action, hav ing a s pe cial e nd

y
t alen t is in nate , dex te ri ty and s kill are lar g e ly acquire d Our .

ab ilities in clude our n atural capaci ty, faculti es , and tale nts ,
w ith a ll th e de x te ri ty, s ki ll, and r e ad i ne s s th at can be acquire d .

E ficac is the ow e r to roduce ani nte nde d e fl’e ct as s how n in

y p p
" N production of it ; as , the e f fi yc a c o f a dr ug. E ffi c i e n c y i s
e fia ctua l ag e ncy, compe tent pow e r ; e fficie ncy is applie d in
mechanics as de noti ng the rati o of the cfi e ct produce d to th e
Poloer ex pe n ded in producing it ; b ut th is w or d is ch ie fl y us e d
 p r ai s e

of inte llig e nt ag e nts as denoting th e quality that br in g s al

l
on r promptly an d to the bes t pur pos e onthe
’
e s p ow e r to bea

th ing to be don e Compare m os s es ; s u m rs ; s nu ou

.
- -
.

A NT O NYM S :

aw k w ar d ne s s h e lp le s s ne s s i nab i li t y in co m e te n oe s t u di ty
d u lne s s i mb e c i li t y m
i ne p ti t ud e i ne c e ncy d i fulnp es s
te e b I e nes s i mpo te nce in capaci ty mai a d ro i tne s s w e ak n es s

PRAI S E
S Y N O N YM S :
ac clai m a p r o v al co m p li m e nt lau d at i on
ac c lam at i o n h d i s h m e nt e nc o m i um p ane
ad u lat i o n c h e e r i ng e u lo g y p lan
ap p lau s e ch e e rs fl at t e r y s y c o p h ancy
ap p r o b ati o n co mm e nd at i o n
P r ais e is the he ar ty ap prov al o f anin dividual, or o fa num
be r or multitude con s ide re d indi vi dually, and is e x pre ss e d by

s poke n or w ritte n w ords ; a pp l a u s e ,

t h e s p o n t a n e o u s o u tb u r s t
o f man y a t o n c e A pp
. la u s e i s e x p r es se d i n a n y w a y b y .

s tamp in g o f f ee t, c l a p p i n g o f h a n d s ,
w a v i n g o f h a n d k e rc hi e fs .

e tc , a
. s w e ll a s b y v oice ; a cclamati on is th e s pon taneous an d
he arty ap prov al of many at once , and s tri ctly by th e v oice
alone . Thus one is chose n mo derator by acclamation w he n he
rece iv e s a unanimous vi v a v oce v ote ; w e could not s ay he w as
no minate d by ap plaus e Acclai m is th e more poe tic te rm for
.

acclamati on, commonly unde rs too d in a lo ftie r se n se ; a s a .

natio ns ac clai m P laucli t is a s h out o f ap p laus e , and is com

’
.

mouly us e d in th e plur al; as , the p laud i ts of a thr o ng Ap

.

p la u s e is als o u se d i n t h e g e n e r a l s e n s e o f p r a i s e .A pp r o b a
ti on is a mi lde r an d more qualifie d w ord th an p rais e ; w hile
a i i al w a u tt d a b a ti n m a b e s i l n t “A
p r s e s y s e r e pp r o , o y e .
pp ro

b atio n s pe aks o f th e th ing o r action . P rais e is alw ays

p e rs o n a .l ”
A .W A N D .J B . A R E G u e s s e s a t T ru th fi rst

s e r ies . p. 5 4 9 .
[ M A C L L A c c e p ta n ce r e f e r s t o a n o b je ct
o r actio n; ap p r o batio n may re fe r to ch aracter or n atura l
tr aits . Appr oval alw ays s upp oses a tes ting or care ful ex
aminatio n and fre que ntly implies o fli cial san
. ction; a pp r ob a
tio n may b e upon a g e n e r al v ie w The indus try and in
. telli
g e n c e o f a c le rk w in h is e mp oyl e r
’
s a pp r o b a t i o n ; hi s d ec isio n
i n a s pe cial ins tance re ceiv es h is appr ov al Commendationis .

app r o b ati on or ap pr oval formally e x pre sse d P r ais e is alw a

. ys

unde rs tood as g e n uin e an d s ince re , unles s the contrary is ex

 ac t ual fi rm i nfalli b le s tab le s ure und oub ted
as s u r e d i mm utab le re al s te ad y n niab le
u de unq ues tio ablen
ce rt ai n i n co nte s tab le s e ttle d s tro ng

P RE C E D E NT
B YR O N “ !
ant e c e d e nt cas e i ns t anc e
au t h o r i t y e nam p lc o b i t e r di c t u m

A p r ece d ent is an auth oritativ e cas e, ex amp le, or ins tan ce .

The communism of the e arly Chris tians in Jer us alem is a

w on der ful ex amp le or i n s tan ce of Chris ti a n liberality, but
not a pr ece de nt for the univ e rs al ch urch throug h all time .

Cas e s de cide d by irre g ular or unauthorize d tribunals are n ot

p r e ce de nts for th e r e g ular adm i nis tr ati on o f law A n obi ter .

dictum is a n opinion outs ide o f the cas e in hand, w hich can

not be quoted as an authoritati v e p recedent Compare cause ; .

m u ms .

P RE D ES T I N AT IO N
S Y N O N YM S
f at e fo r e k no w le d g e f o r e o r di nat i o n ne ce s s i ty
P r e des tinati onis apre v io us de te rminationor decis io n, w hich,
inthe div ine action, re ache s onfr om e ternity F ate 18 h e athen , .

an ir re s is tib le , irr ational pow e r de te rmin ing all e v e nts w ith n o

manifes t connection w ith re as on o r rig hte ous ne s s ; ne ce s s i ty is

philo so p h ica l, a b lind s ome thi ng i n th e natur e o f t h ing s bind
ing the s lig h te s t action or mo tion in the chain of i ne v itable .

e ter nal s e que nce ; fo re o rdination and p re des tination are Chris
ti an, de noti ng the nal and rig hteous orde r or decree of the
r atio

s upre me an d all w is e God F o re know le dg e is s imply God s

’
-
.

ante ce de nt k now le dg e of all e v e nts , w hich s ome h old to be en

tire ly se par ab le from h is fo re or di n ation, w h ile oth e rs hold
f or e o r d inatio n to be in se p ar ab ly i nv o lv e d i n fo re k now le dg e .

AN T O N YM S
acc i d e nt c h o ice i nd e p e nd e nce
c h an ce fre e ag e ncy un c e rt ai nty

P R E P O S I TI ON S :

Predes tinationof be lie v e rs to e te r nal life .

 P RE D I CAM E NT
m
m
:

dt
-
L " a:
p e r p le ni t y g
n‘ h t
us fl e so
d ar y
e
s t r ai t

ima, p e rp lex i ty, puzz le , quandary, and s trait, as applied

tical matte rs , denote some diffi culty of ch oice The .

a w as o rig inally a for m o f arg ume nt drivi n g the di s

to a cho ice b e tw ee n tw o (late r ex te n ded to more than

in clus ion
“
lly unfavor ab le , calle d the horn
s e qua s of th e
”
a ; the dile mma h as als o be e n called “horn e d syl

An ex ample from the Gree k (w he nce the name

ted ) is
at e ng ag e in pub lic s ils lrs ; it you do w h at is just,
for . me n w ill
"
b ut, i t you d o w h at i s unjust, th e g od s w i ll h ate you .

c, in practical afi airs , a dile mma is a situation w here

lB t choose b e tw ee n o ppos ite e n ds or cours es of action
em e qua lly unde s irable A quandary is a s ituation o f
.

ri t
y o r p uz z le w h e re o n e m us t s tu d y an x i o u s ly t o avo id
e e ab l ut m e a u an d a h a s bee n d e fi n ed as
“ a
f r e o c o ; q r y
” nn n
g p r e d i ca m e n t A. s tra i t,
i n thi s co e c ti o , i s a pe r

s i tuatio n commo n ly inv o lv ing s ome di ffi cult but ne ces

| oice , w h ile th e alte rn ativ e s may b e favorable or un
i le ; it w a s w he n o fi ere d the ch oice of fa mine , pes ti
) l de fe a
‘
t at th e h ands of the e nemy th at Davi d s aid
in a g r e at s tr ait : Le t me ( all now into th e h and of th e Lor d, for
at are h is me rc ie s , b ut le t me not tall into th e h s nd of man .

1 C h r on . mi , 18 .

th e n o f he av e n contr as ted
v is io w i th co ntinue d min
h uman ne e ds , P aul w r o te
am in a s trait be tw ix t tw o, h av i ng a de s ire to de p art, et c.

P h il . i, 2 8 .

ch a s tr ai t th e w ise st may w e ll be pe rple x e d, and th e b olde s t

l
. B UM Th o ug h ts o n P r e s e nt D is conte nts , i , 5 16 .

e dica me nt or p lig h t, as these w or ds are now used, is a

n or condition that is unfav orable o r dis ag re e ab le , or
o

sh ock ing o r e v e n dan g e rous , or on th e c o n tr ar y m ay

e ly co mical; a p r e di came nt ma y b e m e nta l o r socia l,

as ph ys ical ; p lig h t is re s tricte d almos t w holly to some

1 conditi on;
L on e w ho mistake nly intrudes into a
 ng er s dining room is i n an aw kw ard p redicame nt; one
s tr a
’ -

w ho fa lls into a di tch e me rg es in sorry, sh ocking , or w re tche d

li
p g h t .S cr ap e i s a colloq ui a l te r m fo r an y d i ifi cu lt or em
harras s ing s ituati on, a p r e dicame nt or p lig h t, e s pe cially as
res ulti ng fr om on e
’
s ow n a cts ; fi x is use d co lloqu i a lly in nea rly
the s ame se n se , b ut w i th s peci a l emph as is o n th e pe r ple x ity
inv olve d Compare ALTERN ATI VE ; DOUB T ; PERPLEXI TY amour
. .

A NT O NYH S :
as s u ranc e
calm n ess
ce r t ai nty
co mfort
con fid e n ce

P REJ U D I C E
S YN ONYM S :

b i as p r e c o nc e p t i on
p ar t i ali t y p r e p o s s e s s i on
A p res ump ti on (li te rally, a taking be fore hand ) is a partial
decis ion forme d in adv ance o f arg ume nt or e v ide nce , us ually
g r o u nd e d o n so m e g e ne r a l p r i nci le
p , and alw ays he ld s u b j ect
to r e vi s ion upon fulle r information A p rejudi ce o r p re p os
.

s es s i on i s g roun de d ofte n o n fee ling fancy, ass ociation, s , e tc .

A p r ejudi ce ag ains t fore ig ne rs is v e ry common in re tire d com

munitie s .The re is alw ays a p res ump tion in fav or of w hat
e x is ts , so th at th e b ur de n of p roof is upon one w h o advocates
a ch ang e A p re p os s es s i on is alw ays favorable , a pr ejud ice
.

alw ays unfav orable , unles s the contrar y is ex pmss ly s tated .

Compar e I N JU RY .

ANT O N YM S
c e r t al nt v co nv i c t i o n re as o n
co nc lu s io n d e mo ns t rat i o n re as o ni ng

P R E P O S I TI O N S :

Ag ains t; rare ly in fav or o f ,

i n o ne ’
s favor .

P RE T E N S E
S Y N O N YM S z
afl e c t at i o n d i s g ui s e p r e te x t si mulat i o n
ai r d i s s i m u lat i o n rus e s ub t e r fu g e
as s u m p t i o n e x cu s e see m i ng t r i ck
c lo ak m as k s e m b lanc e w i le
c o lo r p r e t e ns i o n s h ow

A p r e te ns e, inthe unfav orab le , w h ich is also the us ual se n

se,
p r e clude (lite r all y, to close o r s h u t in a d v ance ) is to preven t
by anti ci pation or by log ical necess ity ; w alls and bars pre
clud ed the poss ib ility of esca p ;
e a s u pp os i ti on is p re clu de d;
a neces s ity or di fi culty is ob viate d P r event, w hich at first had
.

on ly the anticipatory me ani n g , h as come to ap ply to th e stop

i
p gn o f an ac ti on a t a n y s ta g ,
e th e com p l e ti o n o r c o nc lus io n
on ly be ing tho ug ht of as n e g ativ ed by a nticipation; the en em y
p a sse d the o u tw o rk s an d w e re b ar e ly p r e v e n te d f rom ca pt a r

ing the fortre ss Compare B I N DER ; Ps onmrr

. .

P R E P O S I T I ON :
He w as pre v e nte d by illness f m ro j oining the ex pe ditio n .

P REV I O US
S Y N O NYM S
ab o v e m e nti o ne d
=
ant e r i o r f o r w ar d
ab o v e nam e d
=
e ar li e r f r o nt p r e li mi nary
af o r e s ai d f o r e g o i ng i nt r o d u c t o r y pri or
ant e c e d e nt fo r m e r p r e c e d e nt

Ante ce dent may de note simple priority in time , implying n o

direct connection be tw e e n th at w hich g oe s be fore and that

w hich follow s ; a s , the s trikin g o f o n e c loc k m a y b e al w a ys

ante ce de nt to the s triki ng of anoth e r w i th no caus al con nec

tionbe tw ee nthe m Ante ce de nt an
. d p r e vi ous may re fe r to tha t
w h ich g oes or h appe n s at an y d i s ta n c e i n ad v a n c e , p
r ece d ing
is limi te d to th at w hich i s imme diate ly or ne x t b e fore ; a n
ante ce de nt e v e nt may h av e h ap pe ne d at any time b e fore ; the
p r e ce d i ng tr a n s a c ti o n is th e o n e c o m p l e te d j u s t b e f o re the on e

w i th w hich it is compare d ; a p re v ious s tate me n t or chapter

may be i n any par t of the boo k that h as g one be fore ; the
p r e ce d i ng s ta te m e n t o r ch a p te r co m e s n e x t b e f o r e w i th out a n
inte rv al P r e vi o us ofte n s ig nifies firs t by rig h t ; as a pre vious
. .

en a m nt F i n i u d a l f t h at w h i h i o ken
g g e e . o r e g o g s s e c v o c s s p
or w ri tte n; as , th e for e g oin ta te m n t s A n t e ri o r w h ile it
g s e .
,

ca n be us e d of time is coming to b e e mployed chiefl y w ith

,

re fe re n ce to pla ce ; as th e a nte ri or lobe s of the b r ain Prior .

b e ars e x clus iv e re fe re nce to time and commonly w here tha

,
t
w hich is firs t in time is firs t als o in rig h t ; a s , a pri or dema n d
F orme r is use d of time , or o f pos ition in w ritte n or prin ted
matte r , not of s pace in g e ne ral We can s ay for me r times, I
.

fo r me r ch a p te r , e tc , .b u t n o t th e f o rm e r p a r t o f a g ar d e n ; W 0
 p r e v i ou s

bould s ay the front part of the g arden, the forw ar d car of a

ra in F orme r h as a close re lation, or s harp co ntras t, w ith
.

ome thi n follow in h m al a im li h e la

g g ; t e fo r e r w ys p es t tte r ,
ecu w hen n ot fully ex pres s e d, a s in Acts i , 1, a nd Eccles .

ii, 10 .

m o m s:
aft e r co ns e ue nt h ind h ind mo s t lat te r s ub s e q u e nt
ncludi ng
.

co fo lio as h inder later pos te ri or s ucce e di ng

'
B E P O S I TI O R :
S uch as the s tate of th ing s pre v ious to the re v olution
w .

Pr e v io us to is ofte n use d adve r bially, in con s tructions w he re

r e vi o us ly to w ould be more s trictly corre ct ; as , these ar

in g e m e nts w e re made p r e vi o us to my de p artu re ]

PRICE
“ OM S
c h ar g e ex p e ndi t u r e w o r th
co s t ex p e ns e

Th e co s t of a th ing is all that has bee n e x pe nde d upon it,

h e th e r in disco v e ry, pr oduction, re fine me nt, decoration, tran
‘

or tati on , o r o t her w is e , to b rin g i t t o i ts p res e nt co n d i ti on i n

n o h an ds of its pr ese nt poss es sor ; the pr ice of a thi ng is w hat
i e se lle r a s ks for it I nr eg ular b us iness , as a rule , the s e lle r s
.
’

ri c e on hi s w a res mus t be more tha n their cos t to h im ; w h en

so ds a re sold, th e p ri ce th e buye r ha s pa id be comes their cos t
D h ims e lf I n e x ce ptional case s , w h e n g oods are sold at cos t,
.

10 se ller s p ri ce is ma
’
de the s ame as th e cost of the g oods to
im, th e cos t to the se lle r and th e cos t to the buye r b ecoming
te n i de n tical P r ice alw ays implies that an article is for
.

tle ; w h at a ma n w ill not se ll he decline s to p ut a p rice on;

ificance o f the taunting prov e rb that eve ry man “
en ce th e s ig n
”
a s his p ri ce . Value is the e s timate d e quiv ale nt for an arti
.e , w h e th er th e article is for s ale or n o t ; the ma rke t v alue i s

h at i t w ould b ring if e x pose d for s ale in the o pe n marke t ;

18 in tr ins i c value is the inhe re nt utility of the ar ticle con
.dere d by its e lf alon e ; th e mar ke t v alue of an old a nd rare
olume ma y b e v e r y g re at,
w h i le i ts i n t r in s ic v a lu e m a y b e

ra cti cally n othin g V .alu e h a s a lw a y s m o re r e fe r e n ce to

lhers e stimation (lite r ally, w hat the thi n i ll a a il i h

’
g w v w t
th ere ) than w orth, w hi ch reg ar ds the thing in and by its e lf ;
thus , intrins ic value is a w eak er ex press ion than in trinsic

w or th Charg e has a pe cial re fere n

. ce to services , ex pens e to

minor outlays as , the charg es of a law ye r or h

p ys ician; travel
ing ex p e ns es ; h ous eh old ex pe ns es .

PRI D E
o s te nt at i o n
p r e s um p t i o n
re s er v e
s e lf s co m p lac e ncy
h au h t i ncs s nc e i t
s e lf z c o
i ns o onc e s olf c s t e e m
s

H aug h tines s thi nks hig hly of itse lf an d poorly of others .

Arr og ance claims much for itse lf and conce des li ttle to others .

P ride is an abs orb in g se nse o f one

’
s ow n g re atness ; h aug hti
ness fee ls one s o w n s upe riority to others ; dis dai n sees con
’

te mptuous ly the in fe riority of othe rs to onese lf P r es umptios .

cla ims place or privileg e abov e on e s r ig h t ; p ride dee ms n oth

’

i ng to o hig h I ns ole nce is o pe n and rude e x pres s ion of con

.

te mpt and hos tili ty , g e n e ra lly from an infe rior to a s uperior,

as from a s e rv ant to a mas te r or mis tre ss I n th e pres en ce of

s upe ri ors ov e rw ee n ing p ri de mani fe s ts itse lf in p re s u mptionor

in s ole n ce ; in the prese n ce o f in fe riors , or th ose s up pos e d to be
infe r ior, p ride mani fes ts its e lf by ar r og ance , dis dai n, haug hti
nes s , s up e rci lious ne s s , o r in e ithe r case ofte n by cold res erve .

( S e e RE S E R VE u n d e r n o n s s rx ) '
P .r id e is to o se lf s a t
-
is fi ed to

ca re for p ra i se ; vanity i nte n s e ly cra v es admir ation a nd ap

p la u s e S u
.
p e r ci li ou s n es s ,
a s i f b y t h e u p li f te d e y eb ro w ,
as

i ts e tymolog y s ug g es ts f m L i m b f om
( ro s u p e r
. c l i u ,
e y e ro w , r

s up e r, ov e r , an d ci li um, e ye lid ) s i le ntly mani fes ts min

, g le d
h aug h tines s an d di s dain As s ump tion quie tly take s for g ran
. ted
s upe riority an d privile g e w hich othe rs w o uld be s low to con
cede . C oncei t and v ani ty are as sociate d w ith w e akness , pride
w i th stre n gt h Co c
. n e i t m y a b e fo u n de d u p o n n o th in g ; p r id e

is founde d upon some thing th at on e is or h a ,s , or h a s don e

van i ty, too is commonly fo unde d on s ome th ing re al, thoug h

.

far s lig h te r th an w ould afl or d fo undation for p ri de Vasily

.

is e ag e r fo r admir ation and pr ais e is e late d if the y are ren ,

de re d and p aine d i f th e y ar e w ithh e ld and see ks them ; pride

, ,

co uld n e v e r s olicit admira ti on or pr ais e C oncei t is some wha

.
t
s tron ge r t h an s e lf c o n-
c e i t S e.lf co n c
-
e i t i s r id ic u lo u s ; c on c eit
 p r i nc i p al

try is sato be i n
id dig enous ; th at w hich is actually produced
the re is s ai d to be nativ e, th oug h it may be o f foreig n ex tra c
tion; h ummi n g b ir ds are i
-
ndi g enous to A m erica ; c anar ies

may be native, b ut are not ind ig e nous I mme morial refers .

sole ly to time , in de pe nde ntly o f quality, de notin g, i n leg al

h a “that w here of the me mory o f man r unneth not to the
p r se ,

contr ary as , an i mme morial cus tom ; an imme mo rial abuse .

Comp ar e ow .

A NTONY M S :
ad v e nt i u o us fre s h lat e
e x ot ic n for e ig mod e r n n
rece t
Compare synonyms for N EW .

P R I N C I P AL, a.

8Y N ONY M 8 1
c ap i t al f o r e m os t p r e e m i ne nt p r o mi nent
c ar d i nal e at e s t p r e d o m i nant s u p or omi n es t
ch i e f h os t p r e d o m i nat i ng s u p e r i or
c o nt r o lli ng load i ng p r e v ai li ng su p r e mo
d r i nant m ai n prime s u r p as s i n
fl s gz g

C apital (f r om L c a u
p , t . h e ad ) gs i n ifi e s s ta n din g a t th e h e ad ,

be ing o f the firs t r ank or impo rtance ; ch ie f (from F chef, .

ult fr om L caput, h e ad ) is ofte n n

. . ea r ly e qui va le n t to ca p it al .

b ut di fi e rs much in us ag e ; chi ef lays more e mphas is onthe

i de a of importance than of rank ; a capi tal city may n ot be

the ch i ef ci ty ; a capital le tte r s tands for e mos t in a w ord or

sen te nce , b ut is n ot ca lled the ch i ef le tte r Cardin
. al (from L .

car do , h in g )
e de no te s th a t o n w hi ch s o m e t h i ng e ls e t ur n s or

hi ng e s ; h ence si g nifying of fundame ntal or v ital importan ce ;

as , th e cardinal v irtues ; the cardi nal points (north , south,

e as t, a nd w es t ) o f the compas s Main ( partly from AS
.

mceg e n, pow e r, and partly from L mag nus , g reat) is often .

i nte rchan g e a b le w i th ch i e f, b ut i n m os t e x a c t u s a g e m a in de

note s w h at is more dee ply ess e nti al and pe rvading ; as , the

main p oint ; th e main ch ance ; w e s ay b y main force 01 “ ” “

“main s tre n th ” w h e re “ch i e for ce” or “chie s tre n h” could

g , f f g t
not be s ub s tituted ; one many ass ume as th e ch ie f point of de
b ate w h at is not the main que s tion at is s ue P ri n
. cipa l (from
L p rin
. ci p alis , inth e s a me s e ns e ) s ig nifies firs t, ch ief, or hig h
e s t in r a nk , ch aracte r , authority, v alue , or impo rtance ; prin
ci pal i s la rg e ly in te r ch ang e ab le w ith ch ie f and main, br t with i
v arious difi eren ces of us a g ;e w e s p e ak o f t h e p in i al s tru t
r c p
 th e mains tree t, b ut not of th e ch i ef street ; of the p ri ncipal
izens or the ch i ef citize ns , b ut not of the main citize ns
“
. .

i nci p al, w hich is both adjective and noun (compare c m s r,

can n ot be too care fully dis tin g ui s h e d f ro m p r i nc ip l e ( a
urce , cause , g e n e ra l tr uth o r law , e tc ) p ri n ci p le is n
. e v e r an

j e c ti v e , an d as a n o u n d ifi e rs w h o lly i n m e an in g f ro m t h e

nu p rincip al P romi ne nt s ig nifies lite r ally j utting o ut ;

.

e d o min ant, r ulin g, h avi n g m a s tery, e x c e llin g i n p o w e r i n ,

en ce , n umbe r , de g re e , e tc s urp a ssi n g,

. re a chi n g b e y o n d o r

er , ov er p a s s ing, or ov e rto i
pp gn S u p r e m .e app lies t o t h a t
m w hich no g re ate r can ex is t in fact or th oug ht ; as , th e
z r e me B e in
p g .

nor m s i

cce s s o r y
.

dd e d
n
d d i t i o al
.

r e la ta t n

P RO F I T
e
3 m
g o od
d i e ne y p r o ce e d s
r e cei p ts
r e t ur n
se r v i ce
u s e f u lne s s
u t i li t y
i m p r o v e m e nt r e t u r ns v alu e

Th e re turns or re cei p ts include all th at is re ce iv e d fr om an

1tla y o r in v e s tm e n t ; t h e p f
r o i t is t h e e x c es s (i f a n y ) o f t h e
r
ceip ts ov e r th e outla y; h e n ce , i n g o v e rn m e n t , m o r als , e tc ,
t.h e

ro t is w ha i a ll d h l f l f l al a b l
fi t l il i
'

e y g o e u u e u v u t t
s r o , p , s , e .
y
chie fl y use d in th e se n s e o f s o me i mme diate o r pe rs o n al and
en era lly s ome mate rial g o o d Ad vantag e is th at w h ich g iv es
.

us a v an tag e g ro und e i the r for co ping w i th compe titors or

-

i th di fficultie s , nee ds , o r de mands ; as to h av e th e ad vantag e

f ag oo d e ducation; it is freq ue ntly us e d o f w h at one has be
on d anoth e r or s ecure s at th e e x pe ns e o f anothe r ; as , to h av e
to a dv antag e of ano the r in an arg ume nt, o r take ad v antag e
fan oth e r ina b arg a in Gai nis w h at one s ecures b e yond w h at
.

e
p re v io us ly p os s e ss e d B e n e
.
fi t i s a n y th i n g t h at d oe s o n e

ood . E molume nt is pr ofi t r e turn, or v alue accr uing thr oug h

,

thcial po si tion E x p e di ency h as r es pect to pr ofit or adv an

.

tg e real or s u
, pp os e d , co n s i d e r e d a p a rt f r o m o r p e r h a p s i n
ppcs iti on to rig h t, in actions havi ng a mor al characte r Com .

are UTI LI TY .
 388
i f:
A NT O NY M S 1

d am ag e d e t ri me nt
d e s t ruc ti on d i s ad v antag e

P R E P O S I TI O N S :

The profit o f labor ; o n capital; i n b us ines s .

P RO GRE SS
S YN O NYM S i
ad v anc e d e v c lo m e nt i ncr e as e
ad v anc e m e nt o p r ofi ci en cy
at t ai nm e nt p r o v e m e nt p r o g r e s s i on
P r og re s s (f ro m L p ,
.r o fo r w a r d , a n d g ra d io r , g
o ) is a m ovin g
on w ard or for w ard, w he th e r in s pace or i n the me n tal or
moral r e alm, and may be eithe r me ch anical, i ndivi dual, or
soci al . Attainme nt, deve lop me nt, and p r ofici ency are more
abso lute th an th e oth e r w or ds of the g roup, de noting some
p o in t o f a d v a n tag e or o f c o m p a r a tiv e p e r fe c ti on re ach ed by

for w ard or onw ard mov e me nt ; w e s pe ak of attai nmen ts i n

v irtue or s ch olars h ip , p r of ici e ncy in mus ic or lang uag es, the
d e v e lop me nt of ne w pow e rs or org ans ; p r ofici e ncy in cludes

th e ide a of s k ill Ad v ance may de no te e ith e r a forw ard move

.

me nt or the point g aine d b y for w ard mov eme nt, b ut alw ays
r e lativ e ly w ith r e fe re n ce to th e p oin t fr om w h ich the movemen t
s ta r te d ; as , this is a g r e a t ad van ce Adv ance admi ts th e possi
.

b ility o f re tre at ; p r og r es s (from L p rog re di, to w alk for .

w ar d ) is s te a dy and cons tant for w ard mov e me nt, admittin g

of p aus e , b ut n ot of r e tr e at ; ad v an ce s ug g es ts more clea rly a

p o i n t to b e r e ach e d ,
w h ile p gr o r e s s la y s th e e m p h a s is u p on the

for w ard mov e me nt ; w e may s pe ak o f s low or r ap id p rog ress .

b ut mor e naturally of s w ift ad v ance P r og res s is more fro

.
‘

u n t l u s e d in a b t a t i n a t h f i d a ro
q e y s r c o s : s , e p g
r o r e s s o e s ; p
g ress io n fix es th e a t te n ti o n c h i e fl y p u o n t h e a c t o f m o vin g for

w ar d . I n a thing g oo d in itse lf all ad vance or p rog res s is

i mpr ov e ment ; th e re is a g ro w i ng te nde ncy to r es trict the w ords
to this fav or ab le se ns e us ing i ncre as e i ndifi e re n
. tly o f g ood or
e v i l ; on e ma a w it h u t li m it a tio n “ I a m an a d v oc ate of
y s y o ,

p g
r o r es s .

AN TO NY M S z
d e lay falli ng o ff r e t r og ros s i o n
d ec li ne m
ta n g b ac k r e lap s e s tay
f m an
rod the ve rbal noun has now e ntire ly s upers eded the
olde r us ag e .

P RO MOT E
S YN ON YM S z
ad v anc e e nc o u r ag e f o r w ar d p r e fe r r alae
ai d e x alt fos t e r p us h
as s i s t e x odt e f u r th e r p u s h on ur g e o n
e le v at e fo m e nt h e lp

To p r o mo te (from L p ro, forw ard, and move o, move ) is to

-
.

ca use to move forw a r d tow ard some des ire d e n d or to raise to

s ome h ig h e r pos i ti on ,
r a n k , o r dig nity W e p r o m ot
. e a pe r so n by
adv anci ng , e levating , or er alting h im to a hi g h e r pos itionor
dig nity A pe rson p romo te s a sche me or an e nter pris e w hich
.

o th e rs h av e p roj e cte d or b e g un , an d w hi ch h e e n c o u r ag , f
es or

w ar ds , fur th e r s , p n s h es , or urg es on ,
e s pec i a ll y w h e n h e acts

as the ag e nt o f th e p rime mov e rs and s uppor te rs of the en ter

p ri se . O ne w h o e x c i te s a q uarre l o ri g i n a te s i t ; to p r o m ote a
q u a rr e l is s tr ic tly t o f o m e nt an d u r g e i t o n , th e o n e w h o p ro

mo tes kee ping himse lf in the backg round Compare AB ET; .

QU I CK EN .

A N TONYM S :

S ee sy nonyms for m as s ; ALLAY .

PRO P i TlATi O N
sv no nm s :

at o ne m e nt ex p i at i o n r e co nc i li at i o n n
s at i s facti o

Atone me nt (at one me nt ) , o r ig inally de no ting r e conciliation

- -

or t he b ring ing into ag re e me nt o f thos e w ho h ave been

e s tr an d i n w h i fi u d a i n t h e l i n th n s e of
g e , s o c e y se , s o o g y e se ,

s o me o ffe rin
g, s a cr i fi c e , or s u f f e r i ng s u ffi c ie n t t o w i n f o rg i ve

ne s s o r make up fo r an o ffe ns e ; e s pecially and dis tinctively Of

t he s acrificial w ork o f Ch ris t in h is h umi li atio n, s ufferin g, an d
d e at h E x piation i the e nduring o f t e
. s h fu ll pe nalty o f 8

u ro n or crime P i ti a ti n is an o ff e r in a c tio n o r s a cri

g r o.
p o g , .

li e th at ma
v
kes the g o er nng pow e r pro p it o us tow a
v i i r d the

o ffe nde r Sa f c
t
.is a t i o n i n t h i s c o n ne ct io n d e n o te s th e re n d e rin g
a full le g al e quiv ale nt for th e w rong done P rop itiationa
. p
s th e la i i a n m h i m n t f
p e as e w g v e r ; s a t s f c t i o ee ts t e r e qu r e e s O

th e law .
 p r o m ot e

b m s z
at i o n cur s e re tri b uti o n
d ee me n t e s t range me nt
emn ati on n
offe s e

P ROP I T I OUS
bu s: m
o ua b e ni g nant
id fav o r ab le ne k i nd ly
[
o
tn c le m e nt f r i e ndly m e r c i f ul
it which is aus picious is of favorab le omen; th at w hich is
tions is of fa v orin g in fl u e nce or ten de n cy; as , a n au s p i
morning ; a p ropi tious bre e ze P ropi tio us applies to pe r
.

implyin g k in d di s p os it i o n an d fav or ab le i n clination s ,

ally tow ard the s uppliant ; aus picious is not used of pe r

DM S z
fo r b id d i ng i llzd i s p os e d n
r e pe lle t unfri e nd ly
go ni s ti c h o s t i le in aus p i ci ous n
u fav o rab le unpr op iti ous
‘
OB I TI O N
y h e av e n be pmp itio us to the e nte rp rise .

P ROPO SAL
NYH S
D z

ofl er ov e r t ur e p r o p o s i t i on

ff
o er or p p
r o o s al pmutse th
soing b e fore one for a cce p
or r e j ection , p
r op o s al b e in g the more formal w or d ; a
ca t i on se ts for th tr uth (or w h at is claime d to b e tr uth )
rmal s ta te me nt The p rop osi ti on is for con
. s ide r ati on .

r
op os al for a ctio n; as , a p r op os i ti on i n g eome tr y a p r o ,

o f marr iag e ; b ut p r op os i ti on is ofte n use d n e ar lv in

ns e o f p ro p os al w he n it conce r ns a matte r for de lib e r a

as , a p rop os i ti on fo r th e s urre nde r o f a fort A bid is .

st oiai a nd ofte n v erb al; as , a bi d at an aucti on; p r op os al

d in ne ar ly th e s ame sen s e , b ut is more for mal An .

ir e op e ns n eg oti a ti on or confe re nce and th e w ord is ,

ally use d of some movement tow ar d reconciliation; as ,

tr ee of pe ace .

D M S:
i tance d e nial di s app roval r efus al reje cti o n re p uls e
 p r op os e

P ROPO S E
S YN O NYM z
p ur p os e
I n its mos t fre que nt use , pr op os e diffe rs from purpos e in
th at w h at w e p ur p os e lies in our ow n min d, as a de cis ive act
of w ill, a de te r min ation; w hat w e p rop os e is ofi e red or stated
to othe rs .I n this us e of th e w ord, w h at w e p rop os e is Open
to de li be ration , a s w h at w e u
p pr o s e is n ot I n anoth er use of
.

th e w ord, one p rop os e s some thing to or by hi mse lf w hi ch ma y

or ma y n ot b e s tate d to oth e rs I n thi s latte r s e nse p r opos e
.

is ne arly identical w ith purp os e, and the tw o w ords h av e often

be e n us e d inte rch ang e ab ly B ut in the maj ority of cas es w hat
.

w e p urp os e is mo r e g e n e ral, w h at w e p rop os e more for mal an d

de fini te ; I p urp os e to do rig ht ; I p r op ose to do th is s pecific
th ing b e cause i t is rig h t .
“
I n th e his toric s e ntence , I pr opose
”
to mov e imme diate ly on your w orks , p urp os e w ould n ot ha ve

th e s ame s h arp directness .

P RO T RACT
S Y N O NYM S 3

co nt i nu e p r o c r as ti nat e
d e fe r p r o lo ng
d e lay

To p r otract is to cause to occupy a long e r time th an is us ual ,

e x p ecte d, or de s ir e d . We defe r a ne g o tiation w hich w e are

s low to e n te r u pon; w e p r o tr act a ne g o ti ation w h ich w e are
s lo w to con clude ; de lay may b e us e d of an y s ta g e i n t h e p ro

cee din g ;
s w e m ay d e lay a p e rs o n a s w e l l as a n a cti o n , b ut
de fe r and p ro tract ar e not use d o f p e rs ons E lo ng ate is n
. ot

use d o f actio n s or a b s tractio ns , b ut o nly of mate rial obj ects

o r e x te n s ion in s p a ce ; p r o t ract is v e r y r ar e ly use d o f con cre te

o bj e cts o r e x te n s i o n in s p a ce ; w e e lo n g a t e a li n e , p r o tr a ct a
dis cuss ion P ro tr ac t h as us ually an unfav or able se ns e , imply
.

ing th at th e matte r re fe r re d to is alre ady unduly long , or

w ould b e so if lon g e r c o nti n ue d ; co n t inu e is n e u t r a l, a l
pp y g i n
e qually to th e de s ir able or th e un de s irab le P os tp one implies
.

a de finite inte ntio n to r es ume , as d e fe r als o doe s , th oug h less

de cide dly ; b o th ar e ofte n us e d w i th s o me de finite limitation of
time ; as , to p os tp one ti ll, until, o r to a certain day or h our .

One may defe r, d e lay, or p os tp one a matte r inte llig e ntly an d

 p r u d e nce

not s pe ak of the prow es s of a martyr , a child,

a p s m ive or

sn fl e rer Valor mee ts odds or pe ri ls w ith courag eous action

.
,

doin g its u tm o s t t o c o n q u e r a t a n y r is k o r cos t , p

r
o w es s l u s

p o w e r a d ap te

s upe rior p row es s

d to t h e n ee d ; da u n t le ss v a lo r 18 of
C ourag e is a nob le r w ord than b rav ery, m
.
t e n v a in a g a i st
n
v olvin g m o r e of th e d ee p, p s ir it u a l, an d e n d ur i n g e le m e n ts of

ch a ra cte r ; s uch a n appreciation of peril as w ould e x ting uish

b rav e ry may on ly inte ns ify courag e , w hich is res istan t a n d
se lf con
-

qu e ri ng ; c o u ra g e a pp lies to m a tt e rs in r e g a r d to w hi ch
v alor a nd p row es s can hav e no place , as s ub mimion to a
s urg ical ope r a ti on , o r t h e f aci n g o f c e ns u re o r d e tr a ct ion f or

con s cien ce s a ke Compare B RAVE ; r om mn

. x '
.

m o m s :
c ow ard i ce cow ard li ne s s e ife mi nacy fe ar p us i iiani mi t y t imidity

P RU D E N C E
S Y N O NYM S :

c ar e d i s cr e t i o n
c ar e f u lne s s f o r e c as t a
s
c au t i o n fo r e s i g h t p r ov i d e nce
ci r cu m s p e ct i o n fo r e t h o u g h t w i s d om
co ns i d e r at i o n fr u g ali t y

P rudence may b e b riefl y de fine d as g oo d jud g ment and fore

s ig h t i n,
cli n ing to caution and frug ali ty in practical afiairs
C ar e may re s pect only th e pres e n t ; p rudence and p roviden ce

look far ah e ad and s acrifice the pr e se nt to the future , p ruden ce

w atch in g s a v i n g, g
, uar din g p r o v i d e n ce
, p lan n in g d o in g, p re
,

p a r i n g a n d
, p e r h ap s e x p e nd i ng l a r g y
e l t o m e e t th e fu t ure d e

mand F r ug ali ty is in many cas es one form of p rudence 1"

. .

a b e s ie g e d city p rude nce w i ll re duce th e rations p r ovide n

’
ct ,

w ill s tr ai n e v e ry n e r e to in trod uce s upplies and to raise the

v

s ie g e . D is cre ti on is an ins ti nctiv e pe rce pti on of w hat is w ise

or p r op e r w ith caution an
,
d re s olution to act accor ding ly ; in
a diffe re nt s e ns e dis cre tion mav me an fre e dom to act accord
i ng to o ne s pers onal judg me nt ; as in face o f an ex prefs
’
,

p r o v is io n o f la w a ud
j ge h as, n o i
d s r to
c e i n F o r e i
s gh t
. m ere ly

s e e s th e future and may e v e n le ad to th e re ck les s n

, ess and
de s pe ratio n to w h ich p rude nce and p ro vide nce are s o stron g ly

o p p os e d F ore th oug h t is th inki ng in acco rdance w i th wise

.

ne w s o f the future and is ne ar lv equiv ale nt to pr ovident ?

'

b ut it is a more popular and less compre he ns iv e te rm; we

s pe ak of mans fore th oug ht , God s
’ ’
p ovide
r nce .

m ue m rr ; WI S DOM .

m o m s
ras h ne e s th oug h tle s s ne s s
r e c k le s s ne ss te tuln es s
i mp ro vi d e uce

P U RCH AS E
ant o ny ms :
b ar t e r f o r g et
b uy o b t ai n
B uyand p urch as e are close s yn ony m s , s ig n i f i
y g n to ob ta in
o r s e cu re a s on e s ow n by pa
’
y gin or p ro m is i ng to a
p y a p r i ce ;
i n nume ro us cas e s the tw o w ords are fre e ly inte r ch ang e ab le ,
b ut w i th the di fi ere nce us ually found be tw ee n w ords of S ax o n
and th os e o f Fr e nch or Latin or ig in Th e S ax on b uy is use d .

fo r all the h ome ly and pe tty conce r n s of common life , th e

F re n ch p ur ch as e is o fte n r e s tricte d to tr a ns actions o f more

d ig nity ; ye t the S ax on w o rd b uy is commonly more e mph ati c,
and in the hig h er ran g es of th o ug h t appe als more s tron l
g y t o

t h e fee lin g s O. ne m a y e ith e r b uy o r p u r ch as e fam e , f a vo r ,

h onor, ple as ure , e tc , b ut w he n o ur fee ling s are s tirre d w e

.

s pe a k of v ictory or fre e dom as de ar ly b oug h t “ B uy th e .

t ruth , an
”
d s e ll it not (P r ov x x iii, 23 ) w ould b e g re atly w e ak
.

e n ed b y the re n
“
de ring P urch as e the tr uth , and do not dis pos e
”
o f it . Co mpare B us m s s s ; GET ; PRI CE ; S ALE .

A NT O N YH S :

b ar t e r d i s p os e of e x ch a ng e p ut to s ale
.

T B E P O S I TI ON S :

Purch as e at a pri ce ; at a p ub lic sale ; f

o or f m
ro a pe rso n;
fo r cas h ; w i th mone y; on tim e .

P U RE
S YN ON YM S
ab s o lu t e lt le s s si m p le u nm i x e d
ch as t e c ly s p o t le s s u np o llu t e d
clas s i c i m m ac u lat e s t ai nl e s s u ns p o t t e d
clas s i cal i nc o r r u p t t ru e u ns t ai ne d
cle an i nno c e nt u nad u l t e r at e d u ns u ll i e d
cle ar mer e u nb le m i s h e d u nt ai nt e d
cont i ne nt p e r fe ct u nc o r r u p t e d u nt ar ni s h e d
g e nu i ne r e al u nd e fi le d u rig h t
g u i l e le s s sh eer u nm i ng le d v r t u o us

Th at is pur e w h ich is fre e fr o m mix tur e o r co ntact w i th any

 397 p ut
3 u s er

Q U EER
e n e m a
ano m alo u s e rr at i c odd s tr ang e
e x t r ao r di nar y p e c u li ar u nc o mm o n
f ant as t i c p r e o s t e r o us u ni q u e
c r o t ch e ty f u nny 1; t u nm at c h e d
t e a no ri d i c u lo u s u nu s u al
h a le w h i m s i c al
e c ce nt r i c lu or o u s

Odd is unmate d, as an odd s h oe , and n, as an odd

so u eve n
numbe r S ing ular is alone of its kind ; as , the s i ng q
. num
be r .What is s ing ular is odd, but w h at is odd may not be
s in g u l a r ; a s , a d r aw er f u l o f o d d g lo v e s A s. t r a ng e thi n g
is s ome thi ng hithe rto unknow n in fac t or in caus e A s ing ular
.

coin ci den ce is on e th e hap pe ning of w hich is unus ual; a

s tr an g e co in c id e n c e i s o n e t h e c a u se o f w hi c h i s h ar d to e x

p la i n T. h a t w h i c h is p e c u lia r b e lo n g s es p ec ia ll y to a p e rso n
as hi s ow n; as , I s r ae l w as calle d J e h ov ah s pe culiar pe ople ’ “ ”
,

i e , es pecially ch ose n and ch e ris he d b y h im ; in its or di nary

. .

use the re is th e imp lication th at the th in g p e cu l i a r to o n e i s

not common to the majo ri ty nor quite approv ed b y the m,

tho ug h it may be s h ar e d b y many ; as , th e S hak ers are p ecu
liar .E ccentr ic is off or as ide fr om the ce nter , and s o ofi o r
as ide fr om the o rdinary and w h at is cons idered the normal
course ; as , g e nius is commo nly e ccentr ic E cc entr ic is a
.

hig he r and more r e s pe ctful w or d th an odd or qu e e r E rratic .

s ig n ifies w ander ing a s tro ng e r and more ce ns orious te rm th an

,

e cce ntri c
Q u .e e r is t r a n s v e rs e o r o b li q u e , as id e f r o m th e c o m
mo n in a w ay th at is co mical or pe rh aps s lig h tly rid iculo us .

Q ua i n t d e n o te s th a t w h ic h i s p le as i ng yl o dd a n d f a n ci fu l ,

ofte n w ith s ome th in o f th e a n t i u a th e u a i nt a r c h it e c

g q e ; s , q
ture o f me die v al tow ns Th at w h ich is funny is calculate d to
.

prov o k e laug h te r ; th at w h ich is d r oll is more qui e tly amus i n g .

Th at h ich is g r o te s que i n the mate ri al s e nse is irre g ular or

w

miss h ape n in form or outline or ill propo rtione d so as to -

be me w h atso rid iculo us ; the Fr ench biz ar re is pr ac tically

e uiv a
q lent to g r otes que .

m o m s :

co mm on
c us t o m ar y
 q ui c k e n 398

S YN ONY M S :
Q U I C KE N
ne le r at e “i as t e n p r e - e tc
fi h
s
su‘:
es
v ance ur r y sp e e d
fagi li t at
ex
d e s p at c h e m ak e h as t e
dr i v e fur th er p r es s f o r w ar d u r g e on

To quicken, inthe s e nse he re con s i dere d, is to in crea s e s peed,

move or caus e to mo ve more rap idly, as throug h mo re s pace

or w i th a g re ate r numbe r of motion s in the s ame ti me To .

acce le rate is to increase th e s pee d of action or of motion A .

motion w hos e s pe e d increas e s upon itse lf is s aid to be accoler

ate d, as the moti on of a falling b o dy, w h ich b eco mes s w ifter
w i th e ve ry se con d of time To ac ce le rate any w ork is to
.

h as ten it tow ard a finish , commonly by quic k e ni ng all its

o pe ra tion s in or de rly un i ty tow ard th e res ult To des patch is
.

to do and be don e w i th , to g e t a th in n n T
’
g O E o e s h a d s o .

des p atch an e ne my is to kill h im outrig h t and quickly ; to

de s p atch a me sse ng e r is to se nd h im in h aste ; to des patch a
b us ines s is to b ring i t quick ly to an e nd D e s p atch is com
.

monly us ed o f s ing le ite ms To p r o mo te a caus e is in cm

.

w a y to b r i ng i t f o r w ar d , ad v an ce it i n p ow e r p ro m i n e n
,ce ,
e tc .

To s p e e d is r e allv to s e cure s w i ftne s s ; to h as ten is to attempt

it, w he th e r s ucce ss fully or uns ucce s s fully H ur ry alw ays ia
.

die nte s s ome th ing of co nfus ion Th e h u rr i f d man forg e ts dig

.

mity, appe arance , comfort, courte s y, e v e rything b ut s peed ; he

may for g e t s ome th i ng v ital to th e matte r in h and ; ye t, be
caus e r e ck le s s h as te may attain the g re at ob j ect of s peed .

h u r ry h as come to be th e co lloquial and po pular w o rd for act

ing quick ly . To faci li tate is to quicke n b y making eas y ; to
e x p e d i te is to quicke n b y re mov in g h in d r an c e s A g o o d .
g en
e al
r w i ll imp r o v e ro ad to fac t e t e m
s il i at h o v e m t
e n s o f tr po o c

h as te n s upp lies and pe rfe ct dis cip line to p r omo te the g e n era l
e filcie n cv o f th e force , de s p atch de tails o f b us i n e ss , ex pemte

all p re p ar ations , in order to acce le r at e the adv ance and v ictorv

o f h is army .

AN T O NYM S :

ch e ck c lo g d e lay d rag h i nd e r i mp e d e ob s t r uct re tard

Q U O T E
S YN O NYM S
ri te ex t r ac t p lag i ar i s e r e p e at
e x ce r p t p ar ap h r as e r e ci t e

To quo te is to g iv e an auth or w or ds , e ith e r e x ac tly, as in

’
s
.arti cular fruit or coinmay be rare ; scarce applies to de mand
nd us e , and almos t alw ays to concre te thing s ; to s pe ak of
i rt ue , g e nius , or h e rois m as s carce w ould be some w hat ludi
ro us Rar e has th e added se ns e of p re cious , w hich is some
.

ime s , b ut not neces s ar ily, b le nde d w i th th at above g i ve n; as ,

ra r e g em E x tr ao rdi nary, s ig ni fying g reatly b e yond th e
.

r di nar y, is a ne utral w ord, capab le a hig h and g ood se n

of se

r of an invi di ous , op probri ous , or co nte mptuous s ig ni fication;

s, ex t rao r dinary g e nius ; ex trao rdi nary w icke dne ss ; an e x tra
»
nary as sump tion o f pow e r ; ex traordinary antics ; an ex tr a
r di

r d in
o ary s tate ment is incre dib le w ithout ove r w he lmi ng proof .

m o m s :

S ee n nyms for
sy o GEN ERAL ; N ORMAL ; U S U AL .

REAC H
M O NT H S :
ar r i v e att ai n co me to e nt e r g ai n g et to land

To re ach, in th e se nse
ns ide re d, is to co me to b y mo
he re co

.ion or prog res s A tt ain is now ofte nes t use d of ab s tract t e

.

ta tion s ; a s , to attain s ucces s Whe n applied to concre te mat

.

ters , it common ly s ig nifies the ove rcoming of hindrance and

di fiiculty ; as , the s torm beate n s hip at le ng th at tai ne d the bar
-

bor Co me is th e g e ne ral w or d for mov ing to or tow ard th e

.

p lace w h e re t h e s p e a k e r or w r ite r is or s uppose s h imse lf to b e .

To re ach is to come to fr om a dis tance th at is actually or r e l

ative ly cons ide rable ; to s tr e tch the jo ur ne y, s o to s pe ak , acr os s
the dis tance , a s , i n its or ig in al me aning , one re ach e s an ob je ct
by stre tch in g o u t t h e h an d T o g ai n . i s to re a c h o r a t tai n
Som ethin a l u h t th w a i d w i mm a h
g e g e r y s o g ; e e r e s e r r e c e s o r

g ain s th e s h ore One comes in from h is g ar de n; he r e ach es

.

hOln e fr om a j our n ey To ar ri ve is to co me to a de s ti n
. ation,
to r each a oint in t e nd d d T h E u a n t a m
p e or p p
r o os e e r o.
p e s e e r
arr ives in ort or r e ach es th e h arb o r ; th e dis mantle d w re ck
p ,

dI ifts as hore , or come s to land

'
Comp ar e ATTAI N
. .

Arrr o am s-

d e part go w e ig h anc h or
e mb ark g o aw ay
 REAL
S YN ONYM S :

d e m o ns t r ab le g e nui ne t r ue
au t h e nt i c d e v ei o p o s i ti v e nu u e s t i cnab le
c e r t ai n ess e n s u b s t ant i al ve t ab le

Real (fro m L a thi ng ) s ig nifies h avin

. r es , g e x is te n ce , not
me re ly in thoug ht, but in fact, or be ing in fact accordi ng to
appe arance or claim ; denoting th e thin g as di s ting u is h ed f rom
the name , or the e x is te nt as opposed to the n one x is te n t Actua l -
.

h as re s pectto a thin g acc om p lis h e d b y d oin g, r eal to a t h in g

as e x is tin b
g y w h ate v e r m e ans or f r o m w h ate v er c au se , pos iti ve

to that w hich is fix e d or es tab lis he d, de ve lop e d to that w hich

h as reache d mple tion b y a natural process of unfoldin
co g .

Actual is in o ppo s ition to the s uppos ed, conce ive d, or re ported,

and furnis he s th e proof of its e x is te nce in itse lf ; r e al is op
p o s e d to fe ign e d or ima g in ary, an d is cap able o f de m onstr a
tion; p os i ti ve , to the unce rtain or doub tful; de v e lop e d, to tha t
w h ich is un de v e loped or incomple te The de v elop ed is suscep
.

tible of p roof ; the p os i tive precludes the nece s s i ty for proof .

The pres e nt co ndition of a thing is its actual condition; ills

are r e al that h av e a s ub s tanti al re aso n; proofs are pos itive
w he n th e y g iv e the min d ce rtainty ; a plant is de v e lo pe d w hen
i t h as reache d its comple te d s tag e Re al es tate is land toge ther
.
,

w ith trees , w ate r , min erals , or othe r n atur al accompan imen ts ,

and any pe rmane nt s tructure s th at man h as b uilt upon it .

Compare AUTH EN TI C .

ANT ON “ !
co nce i v e d fe i ed i llus o r y s up p os e d unr eal
fab ulo us fi ct ti ou s i mag i n ar y s u p pos i titi ous untrue
fanc iful h yp o th e t ical r e por te d t h e o r e ti cal n
ary
vi s io

pute
d e m o ns t r at e e s t ab li s h
di s c u s s p rov e

To r eas on is to ex amine b y me ans o f th e re as on, to prove by

re a so ning , or to infl ue nce or seek to infl ue nce others by ma
s on ing or r e as ons Pe rsons may conte nd e i the r from mere 111
.

w i ll or se lf in te re s t, or fr om the hig he st motives ;

-
“That ye
s h ould ea rn es tly con te nd for the faith w hich w a s once de
re d to the
! sai nts , J ude 3 .To arg ue (from L arg ue , .

w ) is to ma
. ke a matte r clear by reason i ng ; to dis cuss (fr om
dis , apart, and quatia, s hake ) is , e tymolog ically, to s hake
apart for ex amination and analys is D e mon s tr ate s trictly
.

p i
l e s to m a th e mat ical or e x act re ason ing pr ove m ay b e

d in the s ame se n se , b ut is ofte n applie d to re a s oning u po n

tte rs of fact by w hat is calle d prob able e viden ce, w hi ch ca n
e on ly moral and not abs o lute or math e matical ce rtainty .

de mon s t rate is to force the min d to a conclus i on by ir re

ib le reasoning ; to p r ov e is rathe r to es tab lis h a fact by
.

de uce ; as , to p rove o ne innoce nt or g uilty That w hi ch h as .

n e ithe r de mons trate d or p rov e d so as to s e cure g e ne ral

e pt a nce is s ai d to be es tab lis h e d Re as on is a neutral w ord,
.

, like arg ue , de b ate , dis cus s , e tc natur ally or neces s arily

.

alyi ng conte s t . Vi e re as on ab o ut a matte r b y b ring ing up

l

th at re ason can g ive us on any s ide A dis pute may be

.

s on al, fracti ous , and petty ; a de b ate i s fbrmal and orde rly ;
oth e r w is e , i t becomes a me re w r a ng le .

lB P O S I TI ON B :

We re an w i th a pe rso n ab out a s ubj ect, for o r ag ains t an

so

nion; w e re as on a pe rs on i nto or out of a co urs e o f action;

w e ma y re as on d o w n a n o pp one nt o r o ppo s i tio n; one re a
s fro m a caus e to an e fi ect .

REAS ON ,
N ON “ !
cc o u nt c au s e
co ns i d e r at i o n
rg u x ne nt d e si g n

Wh ile th e caus e of any nt act or fact as commonly

eve , , ,

le rs tood , is the pow e r th at makes it to be th e re as on of o r ,

it is the e x p lanation g i v e n b v th e h uman mind ; b ut r e as o n

in po pular lang uag e , o fte n use d as e quiv ale nt to caus e ,
e ci ally in th e s e n se o f fin al caus e I n th e s tate me nt of any
.

so n ing , the arg ument may be an e ntir e s yllog is m, o r the

smis s e con s i de re d tog e th e r ap art from th e con clus io n, or i n
ical s tr ictness th e middle te rm o nlv b y w h ich the p articular
[clus ion is con necte d w ith the g e ne ral s tate me nt B ut w he n .

rea s oning is no t i n s trict log ical form, the middle te rm

low ing the conclus ion i s calle d the r e as on; th us in the s tate
rum ble applies to that w hich s uccess fully de fies authority
id pow e r ; un manag eab le to th at w hich resists the utmost ex
ci s e o f skill or of ski ll an d pow e r combined ; re be llio us , to
at w hich is de fiant of authority, w he th er s ucces s fully or un
e ces s fully ; s e di ti ous , to th a t w hich partake s of or te nds to
:ci te a r e be llious s pirit, s e ditio us s ug g e s tin g m or e o f co v e rt
an, s che min g, o r co ns p ir acy, r e b e llio us mor e of o v e rt a ct or
te n v iolen ce While the unmanag eable or ung ove rnable de
.

la con trol, the r e be llious or s e ditious may be force d to s ub

is s i on; as , the man h as an ung ove rnab le tempe r ; th e hors e s
acame un manag eable ; he tamed h is re be llious s pirit In .

b ordi nate applies to the di s position to res is t and r ese nt con

01 a s s uch ; mutin ous , to ope n de fia nce of auth ority, es pecially
th e army, n avy, or me rch ant marine A contumacious act
.

s pir it is con te mptuous as w e ll as de fiant Compare OES TI

.

m om s 8
aom p llan t
zon t ro llab le
le fe r e nt i al
DE P O S I TI ONB t

Re be llious t o or ag ains t law ful authority .

RE CORD
m om s :

ac c o u nt e nr o lm e nt i ns t r u m e nt
ar c h i v e e nt r y i nv e nt o r y
eat al o g u e e nu m e r at i o n m e m o r and u m
ch r o ni c ei h i s to r y m e m o r i al
d ocu m e nt i ns cr i p t i o n m u ni m e nt
A me morial is any obj e ct, w he ther a w riting , a monume nt,
r oth er pe r ma nent thing that is de sig ne d or adapte d to kee p
omethi n g i n re m e mb r an c e R
. e co rd is a w ord o f w ide s ig n i fi
ation , a l
pp y g in to a n y w r i ti ng , m a r k , o r tr a c e t h a t se r v e s as

i m e mo rial g ivin g e nd u r i n g at t e s ta tio n o f a n e v e n t o r f a c t ;

inex te n de d account, ch r onicle, or h i s tory is a r e cor d ; so too, ,

n ay b e a b rie f in ve nt or y o r m e m o r a n d u m ; th e in s c r i p ti o n o n
l tombs ton e is a r e cor d of th e de ad ; th e s tria e ona r ock s urface-

Its the r e co r d of a la
g cie r
’
s p a s s a g e . A r e g is te r is a f o r m a l
tr official w r itte nrecor d, e s pecially a s e ries of e ntrie s made for
Reserv a tion or re fe re n ce ; as , a r e g is t e r of b irth s a nd de aths .

lrchive s , in the se n se h e re con s i dered, a re documents or

 d , ofte n le g al r e cords , pres e rved in a public or ofllcin
recor s l
de pos itor y ; the w ord ar chi ves is als o applied to the pla ce

w he re s uch docume n ts are re g ularly de posited a nd preserved .

Munimeats (from L munio, fortify ) are records that enable

.

on e to de fe n d his title Compare H I STORY ; s mar

. .

RECOVER
S Y NO I YM B t
‘

b e e u r e d or h e ale d h e al u e r at e r e s t ore
b e r es to r e d rea ni m at e re g
c ur e r e c r ui t re p os s e s s r e t r i eve

The trans itive use of r eco ve r in the s e nse of cure , h eal, etc ,
.

“
as in 2 King s v , 6, That thou mayes t recov er him of his
”
le pros y, is now practically obs ole te The chie f trans itive use
.

o f re cove r is in th e se n s e to ob ta in ag ain afte r los ing , reg ain ,

r e poss ess , e tc ; as , to re cov e r s to len g oods ; to r ecov e r hea

. lth .

The i ntr ans itiv e se ns e , b e cure d, be res tore d, e tc , i s v ery com .

mon; as , to re cove r from s ickne ss , te rror, or mis fortune .

A NT ONYM S
d ie fall g ro w w o rs e r e lap s e

P R E P O S I TI O N S :

F r o m; r are ly of; L
( wa ) to re co v e r j udg ment ag ains t, to

re cov e r d amag e s of or f m
ro a pe rs o n .

RE F I N E M E NT
sv no m s
c i v i li s at i o n c u lt i v at i o n c u lt u r e e le g anc e p o li te ness
Ci viliz at io n ap plies to nations , de no ting the s um of those
c iv il, social, e con omic, an d po litical attain me nts by hich a w

co mmun ity is re mov e d fr om b arb aris m a peo ple may be civil

ize d w h i le s till far from r efine me nt or cultur e, b ut civilization
is s us ce ptib le o f v arious deg rees an d o f co nti nued prog res s
Re /ine me nt ap plies e ithe r to nations or indiv iduals , de n oting
the re mo v al o f w h at is coars e an d rude , and a corres pon ding
attainme nt of w hat is de licate , e le g ant, and b e autiful
Culti .

r ati on de n
, oting p r im ar ily th e p roc ess o f cu lti v ati ng the so il
o r g row in cro s th n th im e d nd iti o n f e ith e r w hi ch
g p , e e p ro v co o
i
s the re s ult is ap lie d in s imila
p
. n
r s e se t o th e h um a n m in d
and c h aracte r b ut in this us a e is n ow la g e ly s upe rs e ded b y
.
g r

t he te rm culture , w h ich de n ote s a ig h de e lopme n

h v t of th e be St
ulitis s of mans me ntal and
’
s piritual nature , w ith e s pecial
Ter e n ce to the es the tic fa culties a nd to g races o f s pee ch and
mne r, reg arde d as the ex pres s ionof a re fined nature C ultur e .

th e fulles t sens e de note s that deg ree of r efine ment and de

lo pme n t w hich res ults from co ntinue d culti vation throug h
a ces s ive g e n eration s ; a mans fa cultie s ma b
’
y be ro u g h t to a
; h d e g r ee o f culti v ation i n so me s pec ialty, w hile h e hi mse lf
nains unculture d ev e n to the e x te nt of coarse ne ss and rude
a s . Compare H U MAN E ; POLI TE .

mo m s :

ar b arls m b ru tali co ars e ne s s m v ag e ry

oo ri s h ne s s clo w n is ne s s g r o s s ne s s v ulg ari ty

RE F UT E
mo m s :

o nf o u nd co nfu t e di s p r o v e o v e r t h r ow r e pe l

To f and
r e ute to c on f u te ar e to ans w e r s o as to a dm i t o f no

ply To r efute a s tate me nt is to de mon

. s tr a te its fals ity by
g um e nt o r co un te rv ai lin g p r oo f ; c on fu te is s ub s ta ntia lly the

no in meaning , thoug h difi ering in us ag e Refute ap p lies

.

he r to ar g ume nts and opinions or to accus ation s ; con f u te is

t applied to accus ations and ch arg e s , b ut to arg ume nts o r

in i ons Refute is not now ap plie d to pe rs ons , but confute
.

in g ood use in this application; a pers on is confuted w he n

I a rg ume n ts are r efute d .

REL I ABLE
mo m s z
r us t w o r t h y tr u s t y

The w or d r e li ah as b ee n s h ar ply ch alleng e d, b ut s ee ms to

b le
ve e s ta blis he d its p lace in th e lan g u a g e T h e obj
. ectio n to
c use o n the
g r ou n d th a t th e s uffi x a b le ca n-
n o t p pro e r ly be
dad to an intrans itiv e v e rb is ans w e re d by the citation of
ch w or ds a s
“avai lable , ” “ con ve rs ab le , ”“ ”
laug h able , and t he
Le, w h ile , i n the ma tte r of us ag e , r e li ab le h as the autho rity of
ileridg e , Marti n e au, Mil] , I rv i n g, N e w m a n , G l ad s to n e , an d
hers of the fo re mos t o f re ce nt Eng li s h w r ite rs The ob jec
.

ia to th e a
pp lica tio n o f r e liab le to p e rso n s i s n o t s us t a i ne d
' “ ”
the use of the v e rb re ly, w h ich is applied to pe rs o ns in
e a uthor ize d v e rs ion o f the S cri ptures , in th e w riti n g s o f
lakes pe ar e and B aco n, and in the us ag e of g ood s pe ake rs
ig i on, w hich inv olves both outw a rd act and s piritual se rvice .

rodlin es s (prima ri ly g odli e ness ) is a chara nd s pirit

k
cte r a

lke that of God H oline ss is the h ig hes t, s inless pe r fe ction of

.

ny s p ir it, w he the r divine h uman, thoug h ofte n us e d for

or

rari t
y o r for conse cratio n T h e o logy is t
.h e s cie nc e o f r e lig i o n,

r th e s tudy a nd scientific s tate me nt of all that the humanmind

an know of God F ai th , s tri ctly the be lie f an
. d trus t w hich
he soul e x ercis es tow ard God, is ofte n us e d as a compre
lens i v e w or d for a w hole s ys te m of r e lig ion con s ide red a s th e
bject of fai th ; as , the Chr is tianfai th ; the Mohammedanfai th .

M OM S z
od i e s s ne s s i rr e llg i o n ung od li nes s
b las p h e my mpi e ty p ro fani t y w i ck e d ne s s

RELU CTA NT
“ OM B :

av e r s e d i s i nc li ne d lo at h s lo w
b ac k w ar d i nd i s p o s e d o p pos e d u nw i lli ng

Re luc tant (from L b ack , and lucto, s trive , str ug g le )

. re,

ig nifies strug g li ng ag ains t w hat one is urg e d or impe lle d to

lo, o r is actually doing ; ave rs e (fr om L a, from, and v e r to, .

urn) s ig n i fie s tur ne d aw ay as w i th dis like o r re p ug nance ;

oath (from AS lath , e v il, h ate ful) s ig nifies h av ing a re pug
.

la nce , dis g us t, or loath ing for , thoug h the adjectiv e loath is

at so s trong as th e v e rb loath e A dance is alw ays av e rs e to
.

tudy ; a g ood s tudent is d is in cli n e d to i t w he n a fin e morn ing

emp ts h im out ; he is i n dis p os e d to i t in s ome h our of w e ar i
ess . A man may be s low or backw ard in e nte ring upon th at
nw h ich he is by no me ans av e rs e A man is lo ath to be lie v e .

vi1 of his frie n d, r e luctant to s peak of it, abso lute ly unw i lli ng
0 us e i t to hi s in j y
u r A le g i s l
.ato r ma y b e o pp os e d to a ce r

a in me as ur e , w h ile not ave rs e to w h at it aims to accomplis h .

fomp ar e ANTI PATH Y .

Jer o m e:
de s i r o u s d i s p os e d e ag e r fav or ab le incli ned w i lli ng

RE M ARK
anno t at i o n co m m e nt no t e ob s e rv at i o n u tt e r a cen
A re mar k is a s ayi ng or b r ie f s tate me nt, or al or w r itte n ,
co mmonly made much premeditation; a comment is an
w ithout

ex planatory or critical re mar k, as upon some pass ag e ina

lite rary w ork or some act or s pe ech in common life An ote .

is s ome thing to call atte n ti on, h ence a b rie f w ri tte n s tatemen t:

i n co rre s ponde nce , a no te is bri efer than a le tte r A n ote .

upon s o me pas sag e in a b oo k is b rie fe r an d les s e laborate than

a comme nt Anno tati on . s a r e es pecially b r ie f n o tes , common ly
marg inal, and close ly follow ing the te x t C o mments , obs erva .

tions , or r e marks ma be or a
y l o r w ri tte n, co m m e n ts b e ing o ft en
es t w ritte n , and r e marks ofte nest oral An obs e rvation i .
s

p p
r o e r ly th e r e s ult of fix e d atte ntio n an d r e fl e cti on ; a res ta rt
may be th e s ug g es tion of the ins tant Remar ks are more is .

fo rmal than a s pee ch .

RE N D
S Y N O NY M B :

b r e ak c le av e m ang le riv e se v er su ndcr

b ur s t lace r at e rip r u p tu r e s li t t e ar

B nd and te ar are appli e d to th e se parating of te x tile s ub

e

s tan ce s i nto parts by force v io le n tly ap plie d ( re n d also to

fr ang ib le s ubs tance s ) , te ar be ing the milde r , r end the s tron g er

Ri v e is a w oodw orke rs w or d fo r p arting w ood inthe

’
w o rd .

g r ai n w ith o ut a cle an cu t T o la c e r at e. is to te a r ro ug yh l th e

fl e s h or animal tiss ue , as b y the te e th of a w ild be as t ; a

lace r ate d w oun d is dis ting uis he d from a w ound made by a
cle a ncut o r incis ion Mang le is a s trong e r w ord than lace rate;
.

lace rate is more s uper ficial, man g l e m o r e co m p le te T o bu rs t .

o r r up ture is to te ar o r r e n d b v force fro m w ith in b urs t de .

no ting th e g re ate r vi o le nce ; as to b ur s t a g un: to rup ture a

.

b loo d v es se l : a s te am b o ile r may b e r up tur e d w he n its sub

- -

s tan ce is ma de to div ide b v inte rnal pres s ure w ith out ex plo
s io n . To r ip as us ually ap plie d to g arme nts or oth e r articles
,

made b y s e w ing o r s titch ing is to div ide alo ng the line of a

.

s e am b v cuttin o r b re a
g k i ng t h e s ti tc h e s : th e o th e r se n ses hea r

s o me r e s e mb la nce or analog y to th is ; as , to rip o pe n a w oun d

( o mpare B REAK
‘

ANT O NY M S :

h e al j in
o me nd re u ni t e s e c ur e sew s o ld e r s t i tc h unite w eld
 RE NO U NC E
s m om s :
r e ca nt
ab i u r e d i s car d f ox s w e ar
-
r e fus e
re j e ct r e v ok e

A bjur e, dis card, fors w ear, r ecall, r ecant, ren oun ce, re tra ct,

and r e voke, like aban don, imply s ome pre vious conne cti on .

Re nounce (fr om L r e, back, and nuntio, bear a mess ag e ) is

.

to declare a g a i n s t a n d g i v e u p f o r m a lly a n d d e fi n i t iv e ly; as , t o

re n oun ce the po mps a nd vani ties of the w orld Recant (fr om .

L re , b ack, and canto, s ing ) is to take back or deny formally

.

and pub licly, as a be lie f that one has held or profess e d . Re

t rac t (from L r e, back , an. d traho, draw ) is to take b ack s ome
thin g th a t o n e h a s s a i d a s n o t t r u e o r a s w h a t o n e i s n o t
re a dy to main tain; as , to r e trac t a charg e or accus ation; one
r e can ts w hat w a s es pecia lly his ow n, he re tracts w h at w as di
r ecte d a a
g i n s t a n o t h e r . R e p u d ia t e ( f ro m L .r e ,
b a c k , o r a w a y
md p ude o, feel s hame ) is prime ri to renounce as s hame ful,
he nce to divorce , as a w i fe ; th us i n g e n e ral to put a wa y w i t h
e mph a tic an d determine d re pulsion; as , to repudiate a debt .

To d eny is to affirm to be not true or not binding ; as ,

to d e n y a s ta te m e n t o r a re la t io n s h i p; o r t o r e f u s e to g r a n t
s o me thi n u t d a h i m th u ld n t d n h i m
g re q es e ; s ,
s o e r c o o e y
w hat h e des ire d . To d is card is to cas t aw ay as use le ss or
w o r th less ; th us on
, e d i s c a r d s a w o r n g a rm e n t ; a c o q u e t t e d i s

ca r ds a lov e r . Rev oke (fr om L r e, b ack , and v oce , call)

.

e tymolo g ica lly the e x act equiv ale nt of the Eng lis h re call, is to
take b ack s ometh in g g i v e n o r g r a n te d ; a s , t o r e v o k e a c o m
mand, a w ill, or a g rant ; re call may be use d inth e e x act s e ns e
of r ev o k e
, b u t is o ft e n a pp lie d t o p e r so n s , a s r e v o k e i s n o t ;
w e r e call a mess e n g e r a n d r e vo ke th e or der w i th w h ich he w a s

char g e d . Abjure (fro m L ab , aw ay and juro, s w e ar ) is

. .

e t m o log ica
y l ly t h e e x a c t e q u i v a le n t o f t h e S a x o n f o rs w e ar ,

S i g ni fyi n g t o p u t a w a y fo r m a l l y a n d u n d e r o a th , a s a n e rro r ,

h e re s y , o r e vi l pr actis e , or a conde mne d and dete s te d pe rs o n .

A m a n a b j u r e s hi s r e l i g i o n , r ec a n ts h i s b e l i e f , a b j u r es o r r e

M u m s h is a l le g i a n c e ,
r e p u d i a t e s a n o t h e r
’
s c l a i m , r e n o u n c e s

h i s o w n, r e tracts a false state me nt A person may d eny, dis .

a v o w , dis claim, dis ow n w h at h as b e e n tr uly or fals e ly impute d

t o h im or s up pos e d to b e h is .H e may de ny his s ig nature ,
d is av o w t h e a c t o f h i s a g e n t . d i s o w n h is c h i l d ; h e m a y re
 r e pe nt anc e

matters w ithin th e pe rsonal know le dg e of the one w ho s tates

:he m ; a s, an ante morte m s tate me nt A narrativ e is a some
-
.

w ha t ex ten ded and e mbe llis hed account of ev e nts in order of

zime , or dinarily w ith a v ie w to please or e nte rtain A de .

torip ti on g ives es e cial scope to the i t i al l m nt A

p p c or e e e r e .

s ort (fr om L r e , back, a

. nd p or to, b ring ) , as its e tymolog y
mplies , is some thing broug h t back, as b y one s e nt to obtain
nformati on, and may be concise and formal or h ig h ly de
lcrip ti v e and dr amatic Compare AL L EGORY ;
. m s ronr ; '

R
ECORD .

REPROO F
m o m s :
ad m o ni t i o n ud i ng
el di s ap p r o v al re pri m and
ani m ad v e r s i o n co m m e nt o b u r g at i o n re p r o ac h
b lam e c o nd e mn at i o n r e u k e re r ov al
ce ns u r e c r i t i ci s m r e fl e cti o n up r ai di ng
ch e e k d e nunci at i o n re p r eh e ns i o n
B lam e, ns ure, and di s app roval may ei th e r be felt or
ce

ute re d ; comme nt, cri ticis m, r e b uke, r e fle ction, rep re h en s io n,

nd r e p r oof are alw ays e x press ed Th e s ame is tr ue of ad

.

w n i ti on and ani madv e r s i on C o mme nt and cri ticis m may b e

.

avo r ab le as w e ll as ce nso ri o us ; the y imply no s upe riori ty or

uth o r i ty on the p a rt o f h im w ho utte rs the m ; n or do r e fle c

o n o r r ep re h en si o n ,
w hi c h a r e s im pyl t u r n i ng t h e m i n d b ack
p o n w h at i s d is a p p rov e d . R s p re h e n s i on is s u p p os e d to b e

11m an d jus t, and w ith g ood inte nt ; it is ther e fore a s e rious

Latte r , h ow e v e r mild, and is capable of g reat force , as e x
ce s s e d i n the phr a s e se v ere r e p r e h e n s i on . Refl ection is ofte n
co m me re i ll fe e li n g, and is li ke ly to b e m o re pe rs o nal and les s
up ar tial th an rep r e h e n s io n; w e ofte n s pe a k of unkind or nu
18 12 r e fl e c ti on s . Re b uke, lite rally a s topping of the mouth , is
dm ini st e re d to a forw ard or h as ty pe rs on; r ep r oof is ad
iin i s te re d to one inte ntionally or de liber ate ly w rong ; both
ro r d s imp ly auth o rity in th e r e prov e r , and di re ct ex pre ss ion
f d is ap p r ov al to th e face o f the pe rs on r e b uk e d or re p r ov e d .

te p ri mand is o ffi cial ce n s ur e formally administere d by a

upe r ior to on e un de r h is command Ani mad ve rs ion is censure
.

f a h ig h , author itative , and s ome w h at formal kind

i
. Re buke
say b e g iv e n a t the o utse t, or in th e mids t of an acti on;
mi m dv ers ion re fl e ction, r e pr e h e ns ion, r ep roof alw ays follow
, ,

be n ot ; admo n i ti on is an t ici patory, an d meant to be pre

 re p r ov e
m a nd i ble

ve ntive Ch eck is allied to re b uke, and g ive nbe fore or durin

.
g
action; ch idi ng is neare r to rep ro of, b ut w i th mo re o f personal
b itter ness an d le ss of authority Compare s ouv e ni r; as
.

PROVE .

A NT O N :
ap p laus e ap p rov al
app ro b ati on co mme nd ati o n

R E P RO V E
S YN O NYM S :

ad m o ni s h co nd e m n
b lam e ex p os t u lat e w i t h
ce ns u r e fi nd f au lt w i t h
c h as t e n r e b uk e u pb r ai d
c h e ck re m o ns t r at e w i th
ch i de r e pr e h e nd
To ce ns ure is to pronounce anadve rs e j udg me nt th at may or
nay not be e x pre ss e d to the pe rs on ce ns ur e d ; to r e p rove is to
e n s ure a uthoritati ve ly, ope n ly, and directly to the face of the
ae rs o n r ep r ov e d ; to r e b uke is to re p r ove w ith s h ar p n ess , a n d
wi te n w ith a b ruptnes s , us ually in th e mids t o f so me actionor
‘

co urse o f acti o n dee me d ce n s ura b le ; to r e p r i mand is to re prore

o llicially ; to b lame is a fa miliar w ord s i g ni fying to pas s cen
s u re upon , m a k e a n s w e r a b le , a s fo r a f a u lt ; b l a m e a n d ce n s u re

ap ply e ithe r to pe rso ns o r acts ; r e p rov e and re b uk e are ap

p lie d ch i c fl y, a n d r e p r i m a n d e x c lu s i v e ly, t o p e rs o n s . T o re

p r o a c h is t o ce n s u r e o p e n ly a n d v e h e m e n tl y, a n d w i th i nte n e
s

p e r s o n al f e e li ng as o f g r ie f o r an g e r ; a s , t o r e p r o a c h o n e for

ing ratitude ; r e p roach kno w s no dis tinction o f r ank or char

a c t e r ; a s u b c m
je t ay re p o c r a h a ki n g o r a c r i i n
m al judg e .T o

e x p os tulate o r r e mo n s tr ate w i th is to min g le r e a so n in g a n d

ap pe al w ith ce ns ur e in th e h o pe o f w inning one fro m his e vil
w ay, e x p os tulate bei n t h g e n tl m n t a t t h se v e rer
g e e r , r e o s r e e

w ord . Admonis h is the milde s t o f r e p r ov ing w o r ds an . d ma" .

e v e n be us e d o f g iv in a a u t i n w a n in w h n w r on s
g c o o r r g e r e o

is imp lie d, o r o f s imply re mindi ng o f duty w h ich mig ht he

fo r g o tte n C e n . s ur e, re b uk e an . d r e pr ov e app ly to w rong thi! t

h as b ee n done ; w arn and admonis h re fe r to anticipated e rror

o r fa ult Wh e n o ne is admonis h e d be caus e o f w ro ng already
.

do ne , th e v ie w is s till future th at h e may not re pe at or con

.

ti nne in the w ron g . C o m p a r e C O N DE M N ; R E P R O O ‘

F
.
 co u nte nance i ns ti g ate
e ncourag e

REQ U i TE
no m s s

rou

5,
g e
im p e ns at e
p
q ani s h
t
r e c i p r oc at e
re m une r at e
r e p a’
r e ta li a
re v e
r ow
n
s at i s f y
sy o i! r e co m p e n s e r e tu r n s e t t le w i th

o re pa to p unis h or to re w ard, may be to

‘
.
y or to re taliate ,

ke so me re turn ve ry inadequate to the b e ne fit or i n j y

ur r e

re d , or the r ig h t or w r ong do ne ; b ut to r e quit e (acco r di n g

ts molog y ) is to make
e ty full and adequate a r e tur nas to
so

t ones e lf o f all ob lig atio n o f favor or h os tility, of pun is h ~

i t or r e w ard Re quite is o fte n use d in the more g e ne ral
.

so of r eco mp e n s e or r ep ay, b ut a lw ays w ith the s ug g es tion,

le as t, of the orig i nal ide a o f full e quiv ale nt ; w he n one
aks of re qui ting ki ndne ss w ith ing ratitude , the ex pres s ion
as force from the compariso n o f the actual w ith the proper
ap propriate r e turn Compare PAY . .

To m s :

s o lv e e x cus e p as s ov e r
q ui t fo rg et s lig h t

B P O S I TI O N z
re quite inj ury i th injury is h uman not Chr is tian
‘
o w , b ut .

RES PO NS I BL E
s o me:
mo u nt ab le anfl e r ab le li ab le
lcco untable , ans w e rab le, and r e s p on s i b le a re so close to

h othe r in me aning that it is difficult to se parate the m ex

t alon g fi n e lin es o f us a g e ; a s te w ar d o r ag e nt i s accoun t
9 to the e x te n t of h is tr us t ; h e is an s w e rable for mon ey or

ds mis appro pr iate d ; ans w e rab le h as more s ug g es tion of

lle ng e , implying that one may be fo rmally or le g ally cite d
ans w e r ; accountab le h as mo re o f commercial s ug g es tion, as
on e ba lancing a trus t co mmitte d ag ains t re turn or s e rvice
de re d ; one is acco untab le to s o me s upe ri o r, ans w e rab le to
ac law or trib un al: r es p ons ib le is the more g e ne ral te r m,
udin b th a co un ab l a n d a n rab le but carrying a
‘

g o c t e s w e ,
 r e s ti v e

lly from annoying so unds Res t is a ces s ation of activ

.

ra ci ally of w earying or painful activity Re cr e ation is

.

fl ow in g a c tivity of ce rtain org an s or facultie s that

res t to oth e r p a rts of our nature that h a ve become

Rep os e is a laying dow n, primar ily of the body, and

v e ly a s imila r free dom fr om toil or s train of min d .

is more comple te th an re s t; a paus e is a mome ntary

i n of a ctiv ity ; a b la cksmi th fin ds a te mporary r es t w h ile
1 is b e a ting , b ut he does not yie ld to r ep os e , in a p aus e
ls a soldie r r es ts on h is arms , afte r the b attle the victor
on h is laur e ls S lee p is th e pe rfection o f r e pos e, th e
.

i mple te r e s t; s lumbe r is a lig h t a nd or dinar ily ple as ant

f s le ep I n the fig urati ve se ns e , res t of mi nd, soul, con
.

is not me re ce s s ati on of activ ity, but a ple asi n g, tr an

lie f from all painful and w e arying activity ; rep os e is
ore dee p, tran ui
q , l a n d comple te .

R ES T I V E
m s 8

i m p at i e nt r e b e lli o u s

y i nt r act ab le r e c alc i t r ant

lo u s m u li s h r e f r ac t o r y
nl m u t i no u s rese nt f u l
r o b s ti nat e r e s tifl

y, m u lis h ,
o bs t i na te ,
a nd s tu bb o r n are s yn o n v m s o f
on ly in an i nfr e que nt if not obs ole te use ; th e s up po s e d
“ ” “ ”
)f te ndi ng to res t, s tan ding s tub b ornly s till, is
7s up p or te d b y any e x amp le s , and th os e cite d to s up po r t
can i ng ofte n fail to do s o . The dis pos ition to o ffe r
re s is tan ce to co n trol b y any me ans w h ate v e r is w h at is
r11y i n d i ca te d b y r es t i ve i n th e b e s t E ng lis h s p e e ch a n d
re .
“
D ryde n s p e aks o f th e pampe re d colt as
” “ re s ti /f
”
e in b ut th e re inis not use d to pr ope l a hors e forw ar d ,
h o ld h im in, and i t is ag ains t this th at h e is r e s ti fl
‘

e ma y b e m a d e r es tle s s b y fl ie s or b y ma r tia l m u s ic ,

h no re fr acto ri ne ss ; th e re s tiv e animal impatie ntly r e

.

s tr ug g le s to b r e a k fro m contr ol, as b y b olting , fl ing ing

r o r o th e rw is e . With this the me taphorical us e of the
 r e s t r ai n

w or d ag rees , h ich is alw ays in th e s e n

w se of s uch te rms a s

i mp atie nt, intr actab le, r e be llious , and the like ; a pe o p le res tive
un
“
de r des potis m are not di s posed to res t un ”
de r i t, b ut to te
s is t i t and fling it ofi .

A NT O NYM S :
d oci le manag e ab le q ui e t
g e ntle ob e d ie nt s ub mi s s i v e

RES TRA I N
S Y N ONY M S z

ab r i d g e co ns t r ai n h o ld i n
b r i d le cu r b k eep
c h e ck k i nd e r k e e p b ac k
c i r cu m s c r i b e h o ld k e e p d ow n
c o nfi ne h o ld b ack k eep

To r es train is to ho ld b ack from acting , procee di ng , or a d

v an cin g, e i the r b h
y p y s ical o r m o r al f o r ce C on s tr ai
.n is p os i
tiv e ; r e s train is neg ative ; o ne is cons traine d to an action; he
is res traine d from an action Cons train re fe rs almos t ex clu
.

s iv e ly to mo ra l force , res tr ain fre que ntly to ph ys ical force, a s

w he n w e s pe ak o f putti n g o ne u n de r r e s tr ain t T o r e s tra in .

an action is to h old i t partially or w holly in ch e ck , so that it

is under press ur e e ve n w h ile it acts ; to r es tr ict an actionis to
fix a limit or boundary w hi ch it may not pass , b ut w ithinw hich
it is free . To re p res s , lite r ally to p re ss b ack is to hold in ,

ch eck, a nd pe rhaps only te mporarily, that w hich is still very

active ; i t is a fe e ble r w or d than r e s tr ain; to s upp r e s s is fin ally
and e fi e ctually to put dow n; s upp res s is a much s tron ge r

w o r d th a n res train; as , to s upp ress a r ebe llion Compare .

ARRES T ; B I N D ; KEEP .

A NT O NYM S :

ai d aro u s e e ncourag e fr e e i nci t e

ani mat e e man c i p at e e x ci t e i mp e l le t loos e

RET I RE M E NT
S Y N O N YM S t

lo ne li ne s s p r i v ac y s e c lu s i on s oli tude

I n r e tire ment o ne
ith dr aw s from association he ha
w s ha d
w ith o the rs ; w e s pe a k o f th e re ti r e me nt o f a public ma nto
p r i v ate life , th o ug h h e m a y s till b e mu ch i n co m a
p y n I n .

s e clus i on on e s h uts hi mse lf a wa y fro m th ie t f al

l 9!
e s o c y o
 cep t intimate friends or atte ndants ; ins oli tude no oth er pe rson
is p re s e nt While s eclus ion is ordinarily voluntary, s oli tuae
.

may be enforced ; w e s pe ak of the s olit ude rathe r th an the

sec lus ion of a
p r s on e r A s i
“
pr iv a .te
”
de n ote s w h at co n c e r n s

ours e lv es in div idually, p ri v acy de note s freedom from the p re s

en ce or obs er v a tion of those not co nce rn e d or w h om w e des i re

n ot to ha ve con ce rn ed in o ur afi airs ; pr iv a cy is more com

mo u ly temporary than s e clus ion; w e s pe ak of a mo me nt s ’

p r i v acy The.re m ay b e l on e lin es s w i th o ut s o li tud e ,

as a m id
an u ns ympath izi n g cro w d, a n d s o l it ud e w it h o ut lo n e lin es s , a s

w h en on e is g lad to be a lone .

m o m s
as s o ci ati o n co mp anio ns h i p co mp any co nv e rs e fe llo w s h ip s oci e t y

REV E LAT IO N
ar no m s s

ap o c aly p s e di s c lo s u r e m ani fe s t at i o n
R e v e lation (from L r e , b ack , and v e lum, v e il) , lite rally an
.

un v e i li ng , is the act or process of maki ng k now n w hat w as be

f ore s e cre t or hi dde n, or w h at may s till b e future Ap ocalyp s e .

( fro m Gr ap o, fro m, and kalyp to, cov e r ) , lite r ally an uncov e r

.

i ng , co mes i nto Eng lis h as the name o f the c los ing b ook o f
t h e B ib le The Ap ocalyp s e unve ils the future , as i f to th e
.

v e ry g a ze o f th e s e e r ; th e w ho le g os pe l is a d is c lo s ur e o f th e

m e rcy o f God ; the char acte r o f Ch ris t is a manife s tatio n of

t h e divi ne holiness and lo v e : all S cri ptur e is a r e ve lation o f
t he d iv ine w ill Or w e mig h t s ay th at nature is a manife s ta
.

t i on o f the div ine ch aracte r and w ill, of w h ich S cr ipture is

t h e talle r and more ex pres s r e v e latio n .

A NT O N YM S
c lo u d co nce alme nt m y s te ry
c lo u d i ne s s h i d i ng o b s c ur at i o n

REV E N GE
S YN O N YM S
av e ng i ng r e t ali at i o n r e t ri b u ti on ve ng ea nc e
r e q u i t al

Re v eng e is the act of making re turn for an inj ury done to

on es e lf by doin g i nj ury to a noth e r pe rs on Re taliati on and .

re ve n g e are pe rso na l an
‘

d o fte n b i tte r Re tali ati on ma y b e .

 r e v olu t i o n
r e v o lv e

ment, b ut alw ays w ith the purpose of es tablis hing some other
gover n me nt in i ts place Wh en re bellion is s uccess ful it is
.

ca lled r evolution; but there may be revolution w i thout r e bel

lion; as , the En g lis h R e v olu t io n o f 1 688 A .r e v o lt is a n up
rs i n a ai n i n m n
i g g
rie w s of cha
s t e x i s t g a u th o r ity w it h ou t
ng e m the form or adminis tration of g ove rnme nt
th e c o p re he s i v e

h at are involved in revolution Anarchy, w he n more than .

e mp o r ary dis orde r is a pro posed dis i n

,
teg ration o f s ocie ty, in
vhi c h it is ima g in e d th at so ci a l o r der m ig h t e x is t w i th o u t g o v

aume n
'
t S laves make ins urrection; s oldiers or s ailors b re ak
.

put in mutiny; s ubj ect provi nce s ris e in revolt Compare

.

lOC I AL I S M .

m o m s :

au t h o ri ty d o mi n at ion g ov e r nme nt ob e d i e nc e
c o mman d d omi ni o n law or d e r
co nt rol e mp i r e lo y alty r ule

REVO LV E
m o m s :

r o ll r o t at e t ur n

Any round body rolls w h ich ntinuous ly touch e s w ith s uc

co

sess iv e por ti ons of i ts s ur face s uccess ive por ti on s of a nothe r

tur fa ce ; a w a g o n w h ee l
-
ro lls alo ng th e g ro u nd T o .r ota t e is

sa i d of a body that h as a circular moti on about its ow n ce nte r

)r a x is ; to r e volve is s a id of a body that moves in a curving
p a t h , as a circ le or a n e lli s
p , e a b o u t a ce n te r o uts i de o f i t s e lf ,

to a s to re turn pe riod ically to th e s a me re lative pos ition th at

.t he ld at some pre vi ous time A r e volving body may also
.

ei th er rotate or roll a t th e s ame time ; the e arth re volves aroun d

th e s un , an d r o ta te s o n its ow n a x i s ; in p p
o u la r us ag e , t h e

ea rth is ofte n s a id to r ev olv e about its ow n ax is , or to h av e a

“ ” “
dai ly re volution, but r otate and rotati on are the more ac ”

cura te te rms A cylinder ov e r w hich an endle s s b e lt is draw n

.

is s aid to r oll as re g ards th e b e lt, th oug h it ro tate s as r e g ards

its ow n ax is Any ob j e ct th at is in contact w ith or connected
.

w ith a rollin g b o d y is ofte n s aid to r oll; a s , th e c ar ro lls

smoothly a long th e tr ack O b j ec ts .w h ose m o tio n a pp rox i m ate s

or s ug g e s ts a rota ry motion alon g a s upp or ti n g s ur fac e a r e

also said to roll; as , oce an w av es roll in upon th e s h or e , or

the ship r olls in the troug h of th e s e a Turn is a con . vers a

tion al an d popular w ord ofte n use d vag uely for rotate or re

h uman li fe and in the cours e of prov ide nce ; th e locationof a
miss ing object is ofte n a p uzzle .

m o m s
ans w er ax i om e x p la nat i on p ropos i ti on solutio n

R I G H T, n .

S YN ON YM S 8
c lai m fr anch i s e
ex e m p t i on i mm u ni t y
A rig h t is th at w hich one may prope rly demand uponcon
s ide ration s of j us tice , mor ality, e quity, or of n atur al or posi
ti v e law .A rig h t may be e ithe r g e ne r al or special, natural or
“ ” e
arti ficial . Life , libe rty, and the purs ui t of h appin ess ar
th e n atur al and inalie nable rig h ts of all men; r ig h ts of prop
e r ty, in he r itance , e tc , are indivi dual and s pecial, an
. d often
artificial, as the r ig h t o f inh e ritance by primog e n i ture A.

p r i v i le g e i s a lw ay s s p e cia l , e x c e p tio n a l, a nd a rt i fic ia l ; i t is

s ome th in g n o t e njyo e d b y a l l,
o r o n ly to be e n j oy e d o n c e rt ain
s p e cial co n ditions , a peculiar b e ne fit, favor , advantag e, etc .

A p ri vile g e may be of doing or av o idi ng ; in the latter case it

Is a n e x e mp tion or i mmuni ty ; as , a p riv i leg e of h unting or
fis hi ng ; e x e mp tion from military se r vi ce ; immunity from ar
r es t . A franch is e is a s pe cific rig h t or p ri v ile g e g ranted by
the g o v e r n me nt or e s tab lis he d as s uch b y g ov e rnmental n u

th o rity : as , th e e le cti ve fr anch is e ; a r ailro ad fr an chis e .

A
a t i i a n fi
f ia l i h t i i l i al l o n e in
p r e r o g v e s o c r g o r p r v e g ,e e s p e c y
h e re t n in th e r oyal or s ov e re ig n pow e r ; in a w ide r se ns e it i s

an e x clus iv e and pe culiar p r ivi le g e w h ich one pos sesses by

r e s o n of b ei g w h a
a n t h e is ; as re as on is the p r erog
, a t iv e Of
man; king s and nob les h av e ofte n claime d p e rog a i r t v e s a nd
i i l d t th in h n t i h t f t h le C om
p r v e g es o pp o se o e e r e r g s o e p p
eo .

p are DU TY ; J U S TI CE.

RISE
S YN O NYM S
ar i s e as c e nd e m anat e fl ow issue p r o ce e d s pfl l ‘

To r is e is to mov e up or up w ar d ly
w he th e r s low or quicklli
'

w h e the r th ro ug h th e le as t o r g re ate s t d is tance ; th e w ave

s

the mists ris e ; th e r iv e r r is e s afte r h e av y r ains ; as s aid o pf el "

son s to r is e is to come to an e rect pos ition afte r kn

,
eeli ng,
 ri g h t
30 31
1—

n
i ng , r ecli ni ng , lyin gor d o w n ; a s , t o ri s e fro m a s ick be d ; -

y f r i e nd r os e a s I e nte re d ; th e g u es ts r o s e to de p ar t ; so a
elibe ra te as se mbly or a commi ttee is s aid to ris e w he n it
as ks up a se ss i on; a s unor s tar rise s w hen to our appre he n
> n i t comes a bove th e h orizon and be g in s to g o up th e s ky .

as cend is to g o far upw ard, and is ofte n us ed in a s tate ly

use ; as , Chris t as cen de d to he ave n The s horter form ris e .

now g e nerally pre ferred to the long er form aris e, e x ce pt in

be ti e or e lev a te d s tyle The s un ris e s or aris es ; the r iv e r
.

wi n g s at a b ou nd fr om th e fo ot o f th e g lacier a nd flow s
roug h th e la nds to the oce an S moke iss ues from a chimney
.

ld a s ce n ds tow ard the sky Lig h t an d heat e man

. ate fr om th e
n .

lec ii ne d e s ce nd d rop fall g o d ow n se t s e t tle

“P O S I TI ON S :

Rise from s lumbe r ; ris e to duty ; r is e at th e summons ; we

so w i th the lark .

RO BB ER
d e p r e d at o r fr e e b o o t e r p i r at
d e s p o i le r h i g h w ay m an p lu nd e r e r
f o o t p ad m ar au d e r r ai d e r
f o r ag er p i llag e r t h i ef

A r ob be r seeks to ob tain the pro pe rty o f others by force or

timidation; a th ie f by s te alth and s e cre cy I n e arly Eng lis h .

i s] w as free ly us e d in both s e n s e s , as in S h a kes pe are and

0 Auth orize d Ve rs ion o f th e E n li h B i b le w h ich h as
“tw o
L g s ,
”
tieves
(Matt f x x v ii w h e re th e Re vi se d Vers ion more
,

brrec tly s ubs ti tute s

“tw o r obb e rs .
”

RO YAL
H om

m eg
e

ting li k e ce nt nt
Royal denote s th at h ich actually b e lo ng s or pertains to a
w
Duarch
; th e r oy al r e s ide n ce is th at w h ich th e kin g o cc u p ie s ,

Val raime nt th at w hich the king w e ars Reg al de notes that .

li c h inoutw ard s ta te is ap p rop r iate for a kin g ; a s ubj e ct m ay

mme r eg al mag ni fice nce in re s ide nce , dres s , and equipag e.
 r us ti c

S AC RAMENT

ser e mon Lor d ’

s S uppe r o rd i nance s e r v i ce
co mm a o n ob s e r va nc e ri te s o le mni ty
eu ch ar i s t
Any re lig ious act, es pecially a public act, vie w e d as a me ans
of s er vin g G o d i s c a lle d a s e rv i c ; t h e w o r d c o mm n l in c lu d es
e o y
the e n ti re s eries of e x ercis es of a s in g l e o cc as i o n o f p u b l i c w o r

Shi
p . A re lig i o u s s e r v i ce o r d a i n e d a s a n o u t w ar d a n d v i s ib le
lig n o f a n inw ard and s pir itual g race is calle d a s acrame nt .

3er e mo ny is a form e x press in g re v e r e n ce , o r a t l e as t res pect ;

we ma y ps e a k o f re lig i ou s c e r e m o n i e s ,
th e ce r e m o n i e s o f p o l i te
oc ie ty, th e cer e mon ies of a coronation , a n in a u g u r a ti o n , e t c .

i n obs e rvance h as more than a formal ob lig ation, re ach in g o r

tp
p ro a ch i n g a re lig io u s s a c r e d n es s ; a s ta te d r e lig ious obs e r
ance, v ie w ed as es tab lis he d by authority, is calle d an ordi
nan ce ; v ie w e d a s an e s ta blis h ed cus tom, it is a r ite . The
e r ms s acrame n t an d o rdinance , in th e re lig ious s e nse , are ofte n
ls e d in terchan a b l t h d i n a n d i it a d n f m
g e y; e or c e e r v es s s cre e s s ro

h e author ity that ordaine d i t, w h ile the s acrame nt poss e s se s

l sa cre dn es s due to s ome th in g i n i t s e lf , e v e n w h e n v ie w ed
i mply as a re pre se ntation or me mo rial The Lo r d s S uppe r .
’

8 the S cri tural n a m f o t h b a n m m m a t i n t h

p e r e o s erv ce c o e or g e
le ath of Chr is t ; the w ord communion is once ap p lie d to it
1 C or x , . b ut no t as a dis ti n ctive n ame ; at an e ar ly
te riod
, h o w e v e r , th e n ame communion w as s o applie d, as de
o tin g th e co m m u n in g o f C h ri s ti a n s w i th th e ir L o r d , o r w i th
he a nothe r The te rm e uch aris t describes th e Lord s S uppe r
.
’

s a th a nk sg iv ing s e r vi ce ; it is als o calle d by pree mine nce th e

s cr a me nt, as the r atifying of a so lemnv ow of conse cr ation to

SAGAC I O US
“ OM S :

i nt e lli g e nt p e r s i c ac i o u s se ns i b le
acu t e k e en q ui c o f s c e nt sh ar p
k e en si h ted q i
u c k =
s c e nt e d s h ar p w i t t e d
=
'

ed k e e n :
tt e d r at i o nal sh r ew d

ju di ci o u s s ag e w is e

S ag aci ous to a pow er of tracin

re fe rs th e h idde n or r e con
g
i te by s lig h t indications , as by ins tinct or intuition; the w ord
was forme r ly applie d to me re k e e n ne ss of se ns e p er ce ption -
.

ls of a b o un d in fo llow ing a tr ail S ag aci ous is now re s tr icte d

’
.
P R E P O S I TI ON S :

S atis fy w ith food, w ith g ifts , e tc ; . sati s fy o e n (in the n

se se
of ma ke s atis faction) for labors and s acr ifices ; satis fy o eself n
by o r up on in quiry .

SC H O LAR
S YN O NYM S t

d i s ci p le le ar ne r pu p i l nt
s av a s tu d e nt
The pr imary se nse of a s ch olar is one w ho is be ing schooled;
~

the nce th e w or d pas ses to de n ote on e w h o is a p t i n s ch oo l w or k,

an d finally one w ho is th oroug hly schooled, mas te r of w hat the

s c hools ca n te ach, an e rudite, accomplis he d pe rs on; w henused
w i tho ut qua lification, the w ord is g e ne rally unde rs tood inthis
latte r se n se ; a s , he is ma nifes tly a s cholar P upi l s ig nifies on . e

un de r the close pe rs onal s upe rvi s ion or ins tructionof a teacher

or tutor Th ose unde r ins truction in sch ools be low the aca
.

de mic g r ade ar e tech nically and o fiicially te rme d p upils The .

w ord p up il is un iformly s o use d inth e Re ports of the Commie

s io n e r o f Education o f the U n ite d S tate s , b ut pop ular Ameri
ca n us ag e pre fe rs s ch olar ih the orig inal se nse ; as , te achers
and s ch olars e njo ye d a h oliday Those unde r i n . s tructionin

S unday s chools are uniformly de s ig nate d as S unday school

- -

s ch o lars S tude nt is applie d to th ose in the h ig h e r g rades or

.

co urs e s o f s tudy, a s th e a ca de mic, colle g iate , s cie ntific, etc .

S tude nt s ug g e s ts le ss pr oficie ncy than s ch o lar in the hig hest

sen s e , the s tud e n t b e in g one w h o i s loom in g, th e sc h o a
l r on e

w ho h as le arn ed On th e o the r h and, s tude nt s ug g es ts less of

.

p e rs o n al s up e rv is io n t h a n u
p p ;il t h u s , th e co lle g e s t ud e nt often
b e come s the p ri v ate pupi l of s ome ins tr uctor in s pe cial studies .

F o r d is cip le , e tc , co mpare s ynonyms f or ADH ERE NT

. .

AN T O N YM S
d u nc e too l i d io t I d le r ig noramu s i lli t e rat e pom "

SC I E N C E
S Y N O NYM S 2

ar t k no w l e d g e

K no wle dg e of a s ing le fact, not know n as re lated to a n y

o th e r , o r o f man fac t n t k n w n a h a i n an mutual re

y s o o s v g y
latio ns or as comp re he nde d unde r any g e ne ral law , does mt
re ach the me aning o f s ci e nce ; s ci e nce is know le dg e re duced 1
0
w and embodied in s ys tem Th e know ledg e of various coun
.

ies g ath e re d by anobse rv an t trave le r may be a he te roge n e ous

edle y of fa cts , w hi ch g a i n real value only w he n coordinate d
1d a rr ang e d b y th e m a n o f s c i e n ce A .r t a lw ay s re lates to
me th ing to be done , s cience to s ome thing to be know n Not .

ily mus t ar t be dis crimin ate d from s cie nce, b ut ar t in the in

ls tria l or mech an ical se ns e mus t be dis ting uis he d from ar t
the es theti c s e nse ; th e former aims ch ie fiy at utility, the
tte r at be auty Th e mech anic arts are th e prov ince of th e
.

tis an, the es thetic or fin e ar ts a re the provi n ce of th e ar tis t ;

I th e industrial arts , as of w e aving or pr inting , arithme tic or

lvig a tion, a re g ov e rne d b y e x a c t r u les A. r t in t h e h ig h e s t
th etic sen s e , w hile it makes us e of rules , tr a nsce nds all r ule ;
rules can be g iv e n for th e producti on of a pa i nting like
tfl a
’ “ ”
Trans fig uration, a s tatue lik e the Apollo B e lv e de re ,
el s

a poe m like th e I liad S ci ence does not, lik e the me ch anic

.

ts , make production its dir ect aim, ye t its poss ib le p ro

leti v o a pp li ca ti o n i n th e a r ts is a c o n s ta n t s ti m ulu s to sc ie n
is inv es tig ati on; the s cie nce, as in th e case of che mis try o r
ectr ici ty, is urg e d on to h ig h e r de v e lopme n t by the de mands
the art, w hile the ar t is pe rfected by the adv ance of the
ien ce Creati v e ar t se ekin
.
g b e a u t y fo r its o w n s a k e 1s c l ose l y
:into pure scie n ce se e kin g k n o w l e d g e f o r i ts o W n s a k e .C o m
m KN OWL EDGE ; LI TERATU RE .

S E C U R I TY
mom s :

e ar ne s t g ag e p le d g e s u r e ty

The firs t four w ords ag ree in de noti ng s omething g iv e n or

epos ite d a s an ass ur ance of some thing to be g ive n, p aid, or
me An earnes t is of the same ki nd as that to b e g iv e n, a
.

ortion of it de liv e r e d in a dv ance , as w he n part o f the pur

u se mon-
e y is p aid , according to the common e x pres s ion to “
,

in ”
d the b ar g ain A p le dg e or s ecurity may be w holly ditfer
.

at in kind from th at to b e g ive n or p aid, and may g re atlv

I( coe
d it i n v alue S ecurity may b e of re al or pe rs onal prop
rt —a
.

y nything of s ufficient v alue to make th e cre ditor s e cure ;

ple dg e is alw ays of pers o nal prope rty or ch atte ls E v e ry .

awas hop contains un r e dee me d p le dg es ; land, merchandise ,

3li ds
, e tc , .ar e fr eq u e n tly o fi e r e d and a cce pted as s e cu ri ty .
 s e l ab ne g ati o n
i =

s e ns at i on

pers o nal ag ency ithout pe rsonal prese n

w ce ; a ccordin g to th e
“
adag e, I f you w ant your b us iness done, g o ; if no t, s end ; ”

on e s en ds a lette r or a b ullet, a me ss e ng e r or a mes s ag e In .

a ll th e derive d uses this same ide a controls ; if one s e nds a b all

into his ow n heart, th e action is aw ay from th e dire cting h and,
and he is view ed as the pas s ive recipie nt of his ow n act ; i t is
wi th an approach to pe rson ification th at w e s peak of the bow
se n d ing the arrow , or the g un the s h ot To des p atch is to s e nd
.

has tily or v ery promptly, ordinar ily w ith a des tinationinv ie w ;

to d is mis s is to s e nd aw ay fr om on e se lf w ith out re fe r e n ce to a

des ti nation; as , to dis mis s a cle rk , an app lication, or an annoy

ing s ub j e ct To dis ch arg e is to s e nd aw ay so as to re li e v e a
.

p e rs o n or thi n g o f a lo ad ; w e d is c h arg e a g un or d is ch ar g e

t h e co nte n ts ; as applie d to pe rs ons , dis charg e is a h ars h e r

t e r m th an di smis s To e mi t is to s end forth from w ith in, w ith
.

no re fe re nce to a des tinati on; as , th e s un e mits li g h t and he at .

T r ans mi t, fro m the Lati n, is a dig nifie d te rm, ofte n les s vig or
o us th an the S ax on s e n d, but pre fe rab le at times i n lite r ary or
s ci e n tific use ; as , to trans mi t the crow n, or th e fe ud from g e n ,

c rati onto g e n er ation; to tr an s mi t ach a rg e of e lectricity Tran s.

m i t fix es th e atte nti on more on the inte rv e ni ng ag e ncy, as s e nd

d oe s upon the points o f de p arture and des tination .

m o m s 8

b ri ng co nv e y
car r y g et

P R E P O S I T I ON S
To nd fr om the b and to or tow ard (rare ly at ) a mark ; s e nd
se

to a fr ie nd by a me ss e ng er or by mail; se nd a pe rs on i nto
banis h ment ; se nd a s h e ll among th e e ne my .

S E N S AT ION
an o m as
e m o ti on f e e li ng p e r ce p t i o n se ns e

S e ns ation is th e mind s cons cious ne ss due to a bodily afi e c

’

tion, as of h eat or cold ; p e r ce p tion is th e cog nition of s ome

ex te r nal ob j ect w hich is the cause or occas ion of th e s e ns ation;
the s en s ati on of h e at may b e conne cte d w ith th e p e rce ption of
a fire While s ens ations are connecte d w ith the b ody, e motions ,
.

are w h o lly of th e mind “As the mos t of

a s j oy, g r ie f, e tc . .
p r o t n
ect o e w ho is w eak by simply declaring hims elf his frien d;
he d efe n ds him by some form of acti ve champion s hip Anin .

an imate obj ect may p rote ct, as a g arment from cold ; defen d
i s use d but r are ly, an d by some w hat violent metaphor, insuch
con nection P rote ct is more complete than g uard or defen
. d;
an object may be fa i thfully g uarde d or bravely defe nde d in
vai n, b ut that w hich is pr ote cted is secure To s h ie ld is to .

i nte r pos e s ome thing ove r or be fore that w h ich is as s ailed, so

as to s ave from harm, and has a comparative ly pas s iv e sen se

on e may g uar d a nother by standing arme d at his s ide , defen d

h im by fig h ting for him, or s hie ld him from a miss i le or a blow
b y inte r pos ing his ow n pe rson H ar b or is g e nerally us ed in
.

an unfav or able se nse ; con fe de rates or s ympathize rs harbor a

cr imin al; a pe rson h arb ors e vil thoug hts or des ig n s See .

Gas ma n Compare s ynonyms for m an; DEFEN S E

. .

A NTO NY M S e

b e t ray cas t o ut ex pel ex pos e g i v e up r e fus e j

re ect s urre nder
P R E P O S I TI ON S :

S h e lte r unde r a roof from the s torm ; in th e fortres s, behin

d
or w i th i n th e w alls , fr om attack .

SIGN
S Y N O N YM S 8

m ar k p r e s ag e
no t e p r o g no s t i c
i nd i c at i o n ome n s i g nal
m ani f e s t at i o n p o r t e nt s ymb ol

A s ig n (fr om L s ig num ) is any distinctive mar k by w hich a

.

t hing may b e recog nize d or its p re se nce know n, and may be

inte nti onal or accide ntal, natur al or artificial, s ug g es tive, de
s cri p tiv e , or w h olly a rb itra ry ; th us , a b lus h ma y b e a s ig n of

s ha me ; the footpri nt of an animal is a s ig n th at it h as pas sed:

th e s i g n o f a b us ine ss h ouse now us ually de clares w h at is don e

o r k e p t w ith in , b u t f o r m e r ly m ig h t b e an o b je c t h a v i n g n o

con
“
ne ctio n w ith th e b us ines s , as the s i g n of th e trout ; ” the

le tte rs of the alph abe t are s ig ns o f ce r tain s ounds While a.

s ig n ma y b e i n v o lu nta r y a n,d e v e n u n c o n s c i o us , a s ig n a l i s

alw ays v oluntary, and is us ually conce rte d ; a s hi p may show

s ig ns o f d is tres s to the cas u a l b
o s e rv e r b t g
u ,s i n a ls o f d istr ess

are a dis ti nct ap peal for aid A s y mp to m i s a v ital phen

.
om

en on es u tin
r l g f r om a d is e a s e d co n d itio n ; in m e d i ca l la n g llalf e
1
L

a above , as of a b uildin g or m a ch in e , g iv ing th e lin es of

tal s ection , orig i n

arizo n ally at the le v e l o f the g round, now
w i de r se n s e at a ny heig h t ; as , a p lan of the cellar ; a p lan
h e atti c . A mech anical draw ing is alw ays unders tood to
nfull de tail; a d raft is an incomple te or unfini s hed d raw
a des ig n is s uch a pre liminary s k etch as indicates th e oh
to be accomplis h e d or the re s ult to be attaine d, and is
ers tood to be orig in al One may make a dr aw ing of any
.

-
kn ow n me ch an is m, or a d raw i ng fro m another mans de ’

“ ”
L b ut if h e s a s
; y , The de si g n is mi n e, he claims it as h is
inve ntion or compos iti on I n w ritte n composition, an
.

in e g iv es si mply th e main div is ion s, a nd in th e cas e o f a

n on i s o fte n ca lle d a s k e le ton; a s omew hat fulle r s ug g es
of i llus tr atio n , tre atme nt, an d s tyle is g iv e n in a s k e tch .

sw ye r s b rief is a s uccin ct s tate me n t of th e main facts ia

’

red in a ca se , a nd of the main he ads of his arg ume nt on

i ts of la w , w ith r e fe r e n ce to a uth oritie s cite d ; the b nef
none of the v ag ue ne ss of a s ke tch , b e ing suffi ciently e x act
comple te to for m, on occas ion , th e b as is f or th e decis i on of
court w i th out or a l ar g ume nt, w h e n the cas e is s aid to be
”
w itte d on b ri e f Compare DES I GN
. .

S KE P T I C
to m s
mo s t i c deis t d o ub t e r i nfi d e l
hei s t d i s b e li e v e r f r e e t h i nk e r u nb e li e v e r

he s ke
p ti c do ub ts d iv ine n; the dis b e lie ve r and the
r e v e latio
elieve r r e j e ct it, th e dis b e lie v e r w i th mor e of in te lle ctual
cut, th e unb e lie v e r (in the common acce ptation) w ith ia
eren ce or w ith o ppos itio n o f h e a rt a s w e ll as of in te llect .

de l is an opprob r ious te rm th at mi g ht once almos t h av e

1 s aid to b e
g e og rap h ica l i n its r a ng e T h e C r
. us a de r s

M all Moh amme dans infide ls , and w ere s o calle d by the m in

t n; th e w o r d i s common ly applie d to any decide d Oppone nt
nacce pte d re lig ion The ath e is t de nie s th at th e r e is a God ;
.

de is t ad mits the ex is te nce o f God, b ut de nies th at the

latian S crip ture s are a re v e lation from h im ; the ag n os ti c

es e i th e r th at w e do k n ow o r th a t w e can know w he the r

9 is a Go d .

to m s
le v e r C h r i s t ian
 S KI LFU L
S YN O M S x

acc o m p li s h ed a t d e x t e r ou s
ad e p t ev e r expert
ad r o i t d ft e h and y t r ai ned

S ki lful s ig nifies poss e ss ing an d us ing re adi ly p ractical

know le dg e a nd abili ty, having ale rt and w e ll traine d facultic -

w i th re fe re nce to a g ive n w ork One is ade p t in that for

.

w hich he h a s a n atur al g ift improv ed b y practis e ; he is

ex p e r tin th at of w hich tr ai ning , e x perience , and study ha ve

g i v e n him a th o r o ug h m as te ry; h e i s d e x te r ou s i n th a t w hich

h e can do e fi e ctive ly, w ith or w i th out training , es pe cia lly in
w o rk of the h a nd or bodi ly activ ities I nthe cas e o f the noun
. .

“an e x
e rt
”
d e n te on w h i “ e e i e n d
”
in t h fu l
lest
p o s e o s x p r c e e

sen se , a ma s te r of his b ra nch of know le dg e A s ki lled w ork .

man is one w h o h as th oro ug hly le arned h is trade , thoug h he

may b e naturally quite dull; a s kilful w orkman has some n at
ural b rig h tn es s , a bility, and pow e r of adaptation, in addition
to h is acquired k n ow ledg e an d de x te rity Comp are CLEVER
.

ns e aI rY ; POWER
'
.

A NT ONYM S :
aw k w ar d clu ms y i ne x p e r t sh i ftle s s u ns k i lled untrain
ed
b u ng li ng h e lp le s s malad r o i t u nh and y u nt aug h t

P R E P O S I TI O N S
S kilful at or i n a w ork, w i th a pe n or tool of any kind .

S LAND ER
S YN O NYM S x
as l c r s e di s ar 3 8 e
d
b a k b i te
c al u m ni at e
d e cr y

To s lande r a pers on is to utte r a false and i nj ur ious repoll

‘

co n ce r ni ng him ; to defame is s pe cifically and dire ctly to a t

tack o n e s re putation; to de fame b y s poke nw or ds is to s la

’
nde r .

h v w ri tte n w or ds , to lib e l To as p e rs e is , as it w e re to b?
.
,

s p atte r w i th in j urious charg e s ; to malig n is to circulate studied

and malici ous attacks upon ch ar acte r ; to traduce is to ex hibit
on l or ass umed tr aits in an odious lig ht ; to rcrilc fi r
’
e s re a

r ili
fy is to atta ck w ith v i le ab us e To d is p.arag e is to re prese n t
on e s a
’
dmitted g ood traits or acts as les s pr ais e w orthy tha n
t he v naturally b e tho ug h t to be as fo r ins tance , b y
w o uld .

as cr ib i ng a mans be ne vole nce to a de s ire for po p ularity or

’

dis p lay To lib e l or s lande r is to make an as s ault upon char

.

acte r and re pute th at comes w ithin the scope of law ; the

s land e r is utte re d, the lib el w ritten, printed, or pictured To .

b ac k b i te is to s peak somethi ng secre tly to on e

"
inj y;
ur to

calu m n iate is to inv e n t as w e ll as utte r th e inj urious charg e

'

One may abuse , “ ” “ ”

m ail, or v ilify another to his face ; he
as p ars es , calumniates , s lande rs , or traduces him behin d his

m o m s :
d e fe nd culog i ze ex tol p rai s e vi ndi cate

S LANG
ca nt v ul g ar i t y
A co lloquialis m is an ex press ion not coa low , and pe r
rse or

h aps n ot in correct, but b e low th e li te r ary g ra de ; e ducate d pe r

son s a r e apt to a llow thems e lv es s ome co lloquialis ms infamiliar
co n vers a tion, w hich the y w ould av oid in w ritin r u b l ic
g o p
S p ea ki n g S la
.n g, i n th e p ri m a ry s e n s e , d e n o te s e x p re s s i o n s

t ha t are e ith e r co arse an d r ude in the mse lves o r ch ie fl y cur

ren t amon th e c o a se r a n d r u d e a t o f t h e co m m u n it
g r r p r y;
t h ere are also man e x res s ions c urre n
y p t i n s p e c ia l se n s e s i n
P e rta in co mmunities that may be ch ar acte rized as s lang ; as ,
P ol leg e s lang ; club s lan g ; r aci n g s la n g I n .th e e v o lu ti o n o f
lan g uag e man w d i in al l la n a a d t d b d
y or s o r g y s g re o p e y g o o
W riters and s pe akers , and ultimate l take their lace as ac
y p
‘
n
t e te d E n lis h
g A v ulg a
. r is m is a n e x p re s s io n d e ci d e d l y i n
P orrect an d th e use of w hich is a mark of ig nor ance o r low
,

b reeding Cant, as us e d in th is conne ction, de n

. otes th e b a r
b t rons j arg on use d as a se cre t lang uag e by th ie ves , tramps ,
e tc Compare DI CTI ON ; LAN GU AGE
. .

S LO W
i n cu r s :

daw d li ng d r ow s y i ne r t
d u ll
ad u al
d i lat o r y ti v e p o c r as t i
r nat i ng
S low s ig ni fies moving throug h a re lativ e s hort dis tance , or
 sou nd
JS I TI O N :
an es se ntially vi cio us mind is capab le of a s nee r at

S O C I AL IS M
( YE S ;
ti v i s m
c co m m u ni s m F ab i ani s m
li am, as de fin e d by its advocate s , is a the ory of civ il
that aims to s ecur e th e r econ s tructi on of socie ty, i n

)f w e alth , and a more e qual dis trib ution of the p roducts

r thr o ug h th e pub lic colle ctiv e ow ne rs hi p of land and
(as dis ting uis h ed from prope rt y ) , and the p ub lic col
manag e me nt all i ndus trie s
of I ts aim is e x tende d
.

al coo pe ration; s o cialis m is a p ure ly economic te rm,

g to lan do w ne rs hi p a nd p ro d u ct i v e c a p i tal M a ny .

s
. call th e ms e lve s co lle cti vis ts , an d the ir s ys te m co l
n C o mmunis m w ould div ide all thing s , including the
.

of in div id ual lab o r , among me mbers of the community ;

f i ts adv ocate s w ould abolis h marri ag e and the fami ly
Anarch is m is p ro pe rly an antonym of s oci alis m, as
l de s tr oy, by vio le nce if ne ce s s ary, all e x is ting g overn
1d s ocial orde r , le av in g th e f u tu re to de te r m i ne w hat,
ning , s hould be r ais e d upon th e ir r uins .

SO U N D

no t e t o ne
1 is th e s e ns ation prod uce d throug h the org an s of he a r

h e p hys ical caus e of this s e ns ation S ound is th e mos t .

I ens i v e w o rd o f thi s g ro up , ap p lying to anyt h i ng th a t

do . To n
e is s ou ns idere d as hav ing s ome mus ical
nd co

or a s e x pre s s ive of s ome fee lin g ; n o i s e i s s ou n d eo n

w i tho ut r e fe r e n ce to mus ical
q u a lity o r as d is ti nct ly
'
al o r disco rdant Th us in th e mos t g e ne r al se n
.
. se

id s o un d scarce ly di ffe r and w e s ay almos t i n

, difi e re nt
car d a s oun d ”
or
,
“I he ard a noi se ”
We s pe ak of a
.

s i cal or p leas in
, g s ound, b ut n e v e r th us of a n oi s e In .

one mav de n o te e ithe r a musi cal s oun d o r the inte rv al

tw o s uch s o unds b ut in th e mo s t care ful usag e th e
,

s n ow dis ti n u i h d a t
“ i nte al ”
le a v in t n e t o
g s e s he r v , g o
 e ah 446
y
s tand nly for the s ound Note in mus ic stri ctly den
o . ote s the
ch a racter re pre se nti ng a s ound, b ut in loos e p p
o u lar us ag e it
de notes the s ound als o, an d be comes practically e quivalen t to
tone Asi de from its mus i cal use , tone is chiefl y applied to
.

that qua lity of the human v oice b y w hich fee ling is ex press ed;
as , he s poke ina chee ry tone ; the w or d is s imilar ly applied to
the v oice s of birds and oth e r an imals , and some times to in an i
mate ob j ects As used of a musical ins trume nt, to ne den
. otes

th e g e ner al quality of its sounds collectively co n s i dered .

S PEAK
S YN ONYM S :

anno u nc e co nv e r s e d i s cou r s e
ar t i c u lat e d e c lai m e nu nci at e
c h at d e c lar e ex pr e s s
c h at t e r d e li v e r p r o no u nce utter

To is to g iv e forth as an audible s ound, articulate or

utte r
no t To talk is to utte r a s ucces s ion o f connected w ords , ordi
.

narily w i th the e x pe ctatio n o f be ing lis te ne d to To s peak is .

to g i ve ar ticulate utte rance e v e n to a s ing le w o rd ; the officer

s p e aks th e w or d o f co mma nd b ut doe s not talk it To s peak
, .

is als o to u tte r w ords w ith the ordinary intonation, as dis

ting uis h e d from s ing ing To ch at is or dinar ily to ut te r ina
.

famili ar , co nv e rs ational w ay ; to ch atte r is to talk in anempty,

ce as e le ss w ay lik e a magp ie .

P R E P O S I TI O N S
S pe ak to (addre s s ) a pe rs o n; s pe ak w ith a pe rs o n (con verse

w ith h im ) ; s pe ak of or ab out a thi n g (m ak e i t th e s u bject of.

r e ma r k ) ; s pe ak on or up on a s ub j ect ; in par liame n tary In n

g u ag , p
e s e ak to th e que s tion .

S PEEC H
S YN O N Y M S t

ad d r e s s di s s e r t at i o n
d i s co u r s e h ar ang u e
d i s q u i s i ti on lang u ag e n
u t t e r a ce

S p e e ch is th e g e ne ral w o rd fo r u tte r an ce o f thoug h t inlos

g uag e A s
.
p e e ch ma y b e th e de li v e ri ng o f o ne
’
s s e nti me nts in
t he si ay ; an o ratio n is an e labo r ate and pre pa
mple s t w red

s p e e ch ; a h araneue is a v e h e me nt ap pe al to p ass ion or a .

s p e ec h th at h as some th i ng dis putatious an d combative init .

 s p e ak

A dis cours e is a se t s pee ch on a de fini te s ubject, intended to

conv e y ins tr uction Compare CONVERS ATI ON ; mcrlou L AN
.
'

(WAGE .

m o m s :
h us h s i le nce s p e ec h le s e ne s s ne s s
s t i ll tacttur nlt y

S PO NTANEO US
m o m s :

au t o m at i c i m p u ls i v e i nv o lu nt ar y v o la nt 3 17
i ns t i nc t i v e u nh i d d e n

Th at is s p o ntaneous w hich is fre e ly do ne , w i th no e x te rnal

ao mp uls i on a nd, in h uman actions , w itho ut s pe cial pre med ita
i o n or dis tinct de te rmination o f the w i ll; that is v o luntary
which is free l
y d o n e w i th d is ti n c t a c t o f w i ll ; t h a t i s i n v o lu n
b ry w hich is inde pe nden t o f th e w ill, an d pe r h aps i n o ppo s i
:io nto it ; a w i llin g a c t is n o t o n l y in a cc o rd a n c e w i th w ill, b u t
Wi th des ire Th us v o luntary and i nvo luntary, w h ich are an
.

to n ym s o f e ach o t he r ,
a r e b o th
p a r t ia l s y no n y m s o f s p o n ta n e

ous . We s peak of s p ontar o us g e ne ration, s pontane o us com

bus tion, s p ontane ous s ympathy, an i nv o luntary s tart, an un
bi dde n te ar , v o luntary ag ree me nt w illing s ub mis s ion A b ab e s
, .
’

smi le in a ns w e r to that o f its mo the r is s p ontane o us ; the s mile

of a an
p ti n g ch ild w h e e d le d i n to g o o d h um o r is i n v o l u n t a r y .

I n phys iolog y th e actio n of the he ar t and lung s is called in

vo lun tary ; th e g ro w th o f the h air an d nails is s p ontane ous
th e action of s w allow i n g i s v o lun t a r y u p t o a c e r t a i n po i n t ,

be yond w hich it b e comes inr oluntary o r auto matic I n th e

.

fulles t se ns e o f th at w hich is no t o nly w ithout the w ill b ut

i i stinctly in o ppos itio n to i t o r comp uls ory , inv oluntary b e
,

?O mes an a ntonym, not only of voluntary b ut o f s p ontane ous ;

i s in
, v olun tary s e rvi tude A s pontane ous o utburs t o f applaus e
.

8 of n eces s ity an act o f v o lition , b u t s o co m p le t e ly d e p e n d e n t

m sympathe tic impulse th at it w o uld s ee m frig id to call it
o lun tary, w hi le to call it i nv oluntary w ould imply some pre vi
'
-

ms purpos e or inclination not to applaud .

d e t e ct i v e e mi s s ar y s co u t

Th e s cout and the s py are b oth e mployed to ob tain informa

 STAT E
m om s :
av e r d e c lar e p r e di cat e se t fo r t h
alle g e av o u ch d e pose p r o no u nc e s p e c i fy
av o w re s s p r o p o u nd s w e ar
as s e v e r at e c e r t i fy p r ote s t
clai m mai nt ai n s ay t e s t i fy
To s tate (from L s to, stand ) is to s e t forth ex pli citly, for
.

ally, or particular ly in s pee ch or w riting As s ert (from L

. .

l, to, an d se ro, bind ) is s trong ly pers onal, sig n ifyin g to s t a t e

I ldly a nd pos itive ly w hat the one making the s tate ment h as
i t atte mpted a nd may not atte mpt to pr ove Affir m has less .

3 eg otis m th an as s e r t (as se e n in the w ord s e lf as s e r tion) , -

.ming ne arer to av e r I t h as more solemnity than de clare ,

.

I d more compos ure an d dig nity th an as s e ve rate, w hich is to

s e r t e x ci tedly I n le g al us ag e , af
.
fi r m h a s a g e n e r al ag r e e

en t w i th d e pos e and tes tify ; it di fi e rs from s w ear in not in

»kin g th e n ame of God To as s ure is to s tate w ith s uch au
.

ori ty a nd confide nce as the s pe ake r fee ls oug h t to make the

la t e r s ure . Ce r tify is more fo rmal, and ap plies r ather to
ri tte n docume n ts or le g al proces s e s As s ur e, ce r tify, infor m,
.

I ply to the person; a/fir m, e tc , to th e th in .

g A s s e
. rt is c o m
I tiv e ; a s s ure is con ciliatory I as s e rt my rig h t to cross the
.

ver ; I a s s ur e my frie n d it is pe rfe ctly safe To ov e r is to

.

ate pos itive ly w h at is w ith in one s ow n know le dg e or matte r

’

dee p conv ictio n One may ass e rt h ims elf, or as s e r t hi s

.

g h t to w h a t he is w i lli ng to co n t e n d fo r ; o r h e m a y as s e r t
dis cuss ion w h at h e is re ady to maintain by arg ume nt or
i dence . To as s e rt w itho ut proof is alw ays to lay ones e lf
te n to the s us p icio n o f h av in g n o p r oo f to o ffe r and see ms ,

arrog ate too much to one s pe rs onal auth ority, and he nce i n
’

.ch ca ses b oth the v e r b a s s er t an d its noun ass e rtion h av e an

I fav or a ble se ns e ; w e s ay a me re as s e r tio n, a b are as s e r ti on ,

s un s upported a s s e r tion; b e a s s e r te d h is in noce nce , h as le ss

rce th a n he aflirme d or maintai ne d his innoce nce Affir m, .

a te , an d te ll h ave not th e contr ov e rs ial s e ns e of as s e r t, b ut

e s imply declarati v e To v indi cate is to de fe nd s uccess fully
.

I at is a ssa iled Almos t e ve ry criminal w i ll as se rt his inno

.

nce ; the h onest man w ill s eldom lack mean s to vin dicate his
ee ritr .
m o m s t
contr ad i ct co ntr ov e rt d i s p ro v e g ai ns ay re fute re tract
co nt rav e ne de ny d i s p ut e op pos e re p ud iate wa ive

ST EE P
SH O W S :

ab r u p t hig h p r e c i p i t ous sh ar p s h eer

H ig h is use d of s imple ele v ati on; s te ep nly of an

is said o
incline w he re the v e rtical meas ureme nt is s um cien tly g reat in
p pro o r tio n to t h e h o ri zo n t a l t o m a ke i t d i fli cu lt o f a s cen t .

S te e p is re lative ; an as ce nt of 10 0 fee t to the mi le o n a rail

w a y i s a s te e p g r a d e ; a r i se o f 5 00 f ee t to th e m ile m ilk s a
s te e p w a g o n r o-
a d ; a r o o f is s te e p w h e n it m a k es w it h th e ho ri
zon tal lin e a n ang le of more than A hig h mountainmay
be climbe d by a w inding road now he re s te ep , w hile a little
b ill may be access ible only by a s tee p path A s harp es caI t
.

or desce n t is o n e th a t makes a s udde n , d ec i d e d an g le w i th th e

p la n e f ro m w h ic h i t s ta rt s ; a s h e e r a sc e n t o r d es ce nt i s per

p e n d i c u la r , o r n e a r ly so ; p r ec ip i to u s a pp lie s to th at w h ic h is

of the n ature of a prec ipice , and is us e d es pecially of adescen t;

ab rupt is as if b roke n s h ar ply 06 , an d applies to either sc
clivi ty or de cli vity . Compare H I GH .

A NT ONY M S :
e as y fl at g e ntle g rad ual h o ri zo ntal le v e l low I lis u

STORM
S Y N ONY M S :

ag i t at i o n di s t u r b anc e

A m is pro pe rly a dis tur bance of the atmosphere , with

s to r

o r w i tho ut rain, s now , hail, o r th unde r and lig htn in g T h us .

w e h ave ra ins to rm, s now s to rm, e tc , and by e x te n

-
s ion
-

, m ag .

ne tic s torm A te mp es t is a s to rm of e x tre me v iole nce , alw ays

.

atte nde d w ith some pre cipitation, as of r ain, fr om th e atmos

p h e r e I
. n th e m o ral an d fig ur ativ e use , s to rm an d te mp ts !
are no t close ly dis criminate d e x ce pt th at temp es t common .
ly
imp lies g re ate r inte ns ity Y e s pe ak of ag i tation of feelin
V
. g .

dis tur b ance of mind, a s torm of p ass ion, a te mp es t of ra g e .

AN T ONYM S
calm fai r w e at h e r h us h p e ac e s e re ni ty s t ill ne s s tranquillity
 STORY
m o m s 8
ac co u nt le g e nd nar r ati v e
ane c d o t e m yt h nov e l
i nci d e nt nar r ati o n r e c i t al

A is the te llin
s t ory g o f so m e se ries of co n n ec ted i ncid e n ts

or e v e n ts , w he th er re al o r fictitious , in prose or v erse , orally

or in w ri tin g ; or the se ries o f in ci de n ts o r e v e nts th us re la te d
may be termed a s tory I n childre ns talk , a s tory is a com
’
.

mo n e uphemis m for a fals e hood Tale is n early s yn

. on y m o u s

w ith s tory, but is some w h at a rcha ic ; it is used for animag ina

ti v e , leg e n dary, or fictitious reci tal, es pe cially if of ancient
date ; as , a fairy tale ; also, for anidle or mali ci ous re port ; as ,
do n ot tell tale s ;
“w here the re is n o ta le beare r, th e s tri fe -

”
ce a s eth .P rov x x vi , 20 An an
. e cdo te te lls b rie fiy some in
. ci

de nt, as s umed to he fact I f it pass es clos e limits of b re vity

. ,

it ceases to be an anecdote, and becomes a n arr ativ e or narra

tion . A tr aditional or mythical s tory of anci ent timcs is a
le g end . A his tory is ofte n some w h at poe tically called a s tory ;
as , th e s to ry of the Ame rican civil w ar Compare am our ; .

FI CT I ON ; m s ronv
'
.

ANT O N :
annals b i og rap h y ch ro ni cle memoi r

S TU PI D I TY
S YN ON YH S :
ap at h y i ns e ns i b i li t y s lo w ne s s s t u p e fac t i o n
d u lne s s o b t u s e ne s s g i s h ne s s
'

s lu g s t u p or

S tup i di ty is so me times loose ly use d for te mp orary dulnes s

or p a r tial s tup ,
or b ut chi e fl y for i nn a te and ch ronic dulne s s and
s lug g is h ne ss of me n tal acti on, o b tus e ne s s ap pre he n
of s ion, e tc .

Apath y may be te mpor ary, and be dis pe lled by appeal to th e

fee ling s or by th e p rese ntation of an ade quate motiv e , b ut
s tupid i ty is inv e te rate and commonly incurable Compare .

APATH Y ; mlocr ; STUPOR .

re
. o ur me ntal p ic tu re o f th e m o u n ta in w i th o u r id e a o f a
s in or river The direct e x perie nces of the soul, as joy,
.

ie f, h ope , fear, are pure ly s ubje ctive ; the outw ard causes
th es e ex pe rie n ces , a s pros pe rity, b ere ave me n t, dis appo int
in t, are obje cti ve That w hich has inde pe nde nt e x is te nce or
.

th or ity apart from our e x pe rie nce or th oug ht is s aid to

ve o bje ctive e x is te n ce or a uth ori ty ; thus w e s pe a k of the
j e c t i ve au th or ity o f th e m o r a l law . D ifi e re n t in di v id u al s

I y re ce i ve difi e re n t s ubjective impres s ion s from the s a me

j e c ti ve f ac t, th at w h ic h to o n e is a ca us e o f h o p e be in g to

o the r a ca use of fe ar , e tc .The s tyle of a w rite r is called

j e c ti v e w h en i t d e ri v es its ma t e ri a ls m ai n ly from o r re ac h es

t to w ard e x te rnal ob j ects ; it is calle d subjective w he n i t

riv es its ma te rials mainly fro m or con s ta ntly tends to t e
I t to the pers on al e x pe rie nce of the author Compare I N
-
.

SU B S I DY
mo m s :
id
. b o u nt y i nd e m ni ty r ew ar d
llo v ane e
.
g i ft p e ns i o n s ubv e nt i o n
g r ant p r e mi u m

A s ub sid y is pecuniary aid dir ectly g rante d b y g ov er nme nt

an individual or comme rcial e nte rp ris e , or mone y furnis h ed
on e n ation to ano th e r to aid i t i n carrying on w ar ag ains t
summon e n e my A nation g r ants a s ubs idy to an ally, pays
.

tri b ute to a conque r or An i nde mni ty is in th e nature of

.
‘

ng s limite d and te mporary, w h ile a tri bute mig h t be e x

te d inde fin ite ly A natio n may als o g rant a s ubs idy to its
.

n citize ns as a me ans of promoting the pub lic w e lfare ; as , .

sub s idy to a s te a ms hip company The s omew h at r are te rm

.

bv enti on is e s pe cially applie d to a g rant o f g ov e rn mental

l to a lite rary or artis tic e n te r pris e Gov e rnme ntal aid to
.

zomme rci al or in dus tri al e nte rp ris e othe r th an a tr ans porta

n company is more freque ntly calle d a b ounty th an a s ub
ly ; as , th e s ug ar b ounty The w ord b ounty may b e applie d
.

almos t any reg ular o r s tipulate d allo w an c e b y a g o ve rnme nt

a citize nor citize ns ; as , a bounty fo r e nlisting in th e army ;
bounty for killing w olv e s A b ounty is ofi e re d for some
.

ng to be done ; a p ens ion is g r ante d for something that has

n done
a .
 SU BVERT
m om
am
s s

ov e r t u r n s u pe r s e de

To is to ove rthrow from or as from the very founds

s ub ve r t

ti on; utterly des troy ; b rin g to r u in T h e w or

.d is n e w e n
g erally
fig ur ati ve , as of moral or po litical ruin To s upe rs e de implies .

the puttin g o f so me thi ng t h at i s w i se l y o r u nw is e ly p re fe rred

in th e place of that w hi ch is removed ; to sub v ert does n ot in

pyl s ub s tit u ti on T o s.upp la n t is m o r e o fte n pe rs o n al, s ig n ify

in g to ta k e th e p la ce o f an o t h e r , u s u al ly b y u n der h an ded
me ans ; one is s upe rs e ded by authority, s upp lante d by a riva l .

Compare w omen .

AM ON G:
co nse rv e k ee p pe rp e tuat e p re s e rve s us tai n

SU C C EE D
l YN ONYM S :
ach i e v e at t ai n fl o u ri s h p r e v ai l p r os p e r th r i v e u is

A pe rson succe e ds w he n he accomplis hes w h at h e attempts

o r attai ns a des ire d ob j e ct or re s ult ; an e n te r pris e or under
taki ng s ucce e ds that h as a pros pe rous res ult To w in implies .

th at so me on e lose s , b ut o n e may s ucce e d w h e re n o one fails .

A so litary s w imme r s ucce e d s in re ach ing the s h ore ; if w e say

h e w in s th e s h ore w e co n tr as t h im w i th himse lf as a possible
los e r Many s tude nts may s ucce e d in s tudy ; a fe w w in the
.

s pe cial prize s , for w h ich a ll compe te Compare FOLLOW . .

AN TONYH S
be d e fe ate d co me s h ort tai l fall s h ort lo s e mi s s miscarry

S U GGE ST IO N
S YN O NYH S :
h i nt i m p li c ati o n i nnu e nd o i ns i nu at i o n i nti mati on

A s ug g es ti on (from L s ub , unde r , and g e r o, b ring ) brin

. g s

so me thin g b e fo r e the m i nd le ss d i re ctl y th an b y for m al o r ex

p lic it s tat e m e nt , as b y a p art i al s t ate m e nt an i nci de nt

,al a ll
u

s io n an i llus tra
, tion a que s tion o r the like
, , S ug g estionis .

o fte n us e d of a n unob trus iv e s tate me nt o f o ne s v iew s Of’

w i s hes to an oth e r , le a v ing c o n s id e r atio n and a ny co nseq uen t

 s ub v e r t

etio n entire ly to his j udg ment, and is hence, in many cas es ,

he mos t res pe ctful w ay in w hi ch one can convey hi s view s
0 a s upe rior or a stran g e r A s ugg.e s ti on m ay b e g iv e n un
n tenti onally, and e ven un con sci ous ly, a s w h e n w e s ay a n nu
“
hor has a s ug g es ti v e style ”
An intimation is a s ug g es tion
.

a brie f utte rance , or some time s by s ig n ificant act, g es ture , or

oks n , of o ne
’
s m e ani n g o r w is h es ; in th e l a tter cas e it is ofte n
he s e t of a s upe rior ; as , God in his pr ovi den ce g ive s us in ti
sati on s of hi s w ill A h int is s till more limited in ex pre ss ion,
.

nd is alw ays cove rt, but fr equently w ith g ood inte nt ; as , to

i v e one a h int of dang e r or o f opportunity I nsi nuati on and .

sn ue n do are use d in the b a d se nse ; an in s in uation is a cove rt

r pa rtly v ei led in j urious utter ance , s ometimes to th e v ery
iers on a ttacked ; an innue ndo is commonly secre t as w e ll as
ly, as if pointing one out by a sig nificant nod (from L in, .

n , to , an d n u o,
n od ) .

S U PERNATU RAL
“ OM S t

p r e t e r nat u r al s upe r h u m an
Th e natur al (s up er , above ) is ab ove
s up e r or s upe rior to the
ecog nize d pow e rs nature ;
of th e p r e te r natural (pr e te r, be
o nd ) is as ide from o r be yond th e recog n ize d res ults or oper a
ions o f natur al law , ofte n in the se nse o f inaus picious ; as , a
ur e te r natural g loom M iraculous is more emphatic and s peci fic
.

han s up e rnatural, as re fe rri ng to the direct pe rso nal inte r

en ti o n o f di vin e p ow e r S ome ho ld th at a miracle , as th e
.

ais ing of the de ad, is a dire ct s us pe n s ion a nd e ve n v iolation

f natur al law s b y the fl at of th e Cre ato r , and he n ce is in th e .

tri ctes t se n se , s up e rnatural; o the rs h old th at the mir acle is

imp ly th e calling for th o f a pow e r re s idin g in th e la w s o f
atu r e , b ut not w i th in th e ir o rdi nary o pe r ation, and de pe n
en t o n a dis tinct act o f God, s o th at the mir aculous mig ht be
“ ”
natural, r ath e r than s up e rnatural All that is
ar me d ex tr a .

a y o n d h um an p o w er is s up e r h uman a
; s , p p
r o h ecy g i v es e v i
snce of s upe r h uman k n ow le dg e ; th e w or d is some ti mes ap

lie d to re mark ab le manife s tations of h uman pow e r , s ur

as s ing all th at is or dinary .

m o m s :

co mm on co mmonplace e v e ry d ay natu ral or d i nar y u s ual

 s up p o r t

hin k a thi ng to be true w hi le aw are or conceding that the be lie f

toes not res t upon any s ure g round, and may not acc or d w ith
a ct ; or ye t ag ain , to s upp os e is to im pyl a s t ru e o r in v o lv e d
3 a n eces s ar y in fe rence , as , des ig n s upp os e s the e x is te nce of
des ig ne r To conjecture is to put tog e th e r th e ne are s t av ai l
.

b le mate rials for a provis ional Opinion, alw ays w ith some e x
.

rectation o f fin din g th e f ac ts to b e a s co n j e c tu r e d T o i m a g in e
.

s to form a me n tal imag e of somethin g as e x is tin t ho ug h i ts

g ,

ctual ex i s te n ce ma y b e u n k n o w n , o r e v e n imposs ib le To .

kink , in this application, is to h old as th e res ult of thoug h t

t hat is a dmitted not to be matte r of e x act or ce r tai n know l
dg o ; as , I do not know , b ut I th ink this to b e the fact ; a
m ore con clus iv e s ta te me nt th an w ould be made by the use of
on j e c tur e o r s upp os e C om p.ar e D O U B T ; H r r o'
r n n s x s .

M OM S :

as c e r taln be s u re co nc lud e di s c o v e r k now p rov e

SU RRE ND E R
tfl o m :

ab u nd o u eed o g ive nn ui s h
a ix
ov e r re
ali e nat e g ive ve up s ct
-
cc
cap i t u lat e g iv e o ne s e lf up et g o y i e ld
To s u rre nde r is to g i ve up upo n compuls io n, as to an e ne mv
{1 w ar , h e nce to g i v e up to any p e rs o n, pass ion, i nfl ue nce , or

ow e r . To yi e ld is to g iv e place or g iv e w ay unde r p re ss ure ,

nd h e nce 1mde r compuls ion Yie ld imp lies more softness or .

mce ss i on than s urre nde r ; the mos t dete rmine d me n may s ur

md e r to ove rw he lming force ; w h e n one yie lds , his s pir it is
le as t s ome w h at s ubdue d A monarch or a s tate ce de s te rr i
.

tr
y, p e rh ap s fo r a co n s ide r atio n; s urr e de rs an arm y, a nav
n
y,
a for ti fie d p lace to a conque ror ; a military commande r
m nd ons an unte nab le pos ition o r unav ailable s tores We .

scr i fice somethi n g p re cious th roug h e rror , frie nds hi p , or duty,

i ld to con vi ncin
e g r e as ons , a s trong e r w ill, Win some pe re n a
o n, or s upe rior for ce Compare AB AN DON
. .

S Y NO NY M O U S
“ OM S :

ali k e o u i v nle nt li k e si m i lar

co r r e s p o nd e nt i e nt i c n l snu se s y no ny m i c
e o r r e s p o ndi ng i nt e r c h ang e ab le
S ynonymous (from Gr s yn, tog e th e r , and . o nyma, name )
strictly nifies be ing inter ch ang eable names for the same
s ig

thin g , or bei ng one of tw o or more i nterch an g ea b le n am es for

the same thin g ; to s ay th a t tw o w or d s a r e s y n o n y m ou s is

s tr ictly to s a y th e y are a lik e , e qu i v ale n t,

id e n ti c a l, o r th e ac ne

in me anin g ; b ut th e use o f s y n o n y m ou s in thi s s t r ic t sen se is

somew hat r a re , a nd r ather w ith re fere nce to statements than

to w or ds .

To as y th s t w e are mors lly dev eloped is synonymous w ith sa

yi ng tint
w e h av e re s pe d w h at some on e h as s nfl er ed for u s .

H . W . B sx o nn Royal Truths p . 294 . (r . 0

I n the s trictest se n se , s yn on y m o us w o r d s s ca rce ly e x is t ; r a re

ly, if e ve r, are an y t w o w o r d s in a n y lan g ua g e e q u iv a le n t or

i dentical in meaning ; w here a di fi e rence in mean ing a nn ot

ea s ily b e s how n , a di fi e re n c e 1 n u s ag e co mm o n ly ex i s ts , so th a t
th e w or ds are n ot in te r ch an g e a b le B y y s . n o n y m o u s w o r d s ( or

s yn on y ms ) w e u s ua lly u n de r s t a n d w or d s th a t co in c id e o r n e a rly
coin cide in some part of the ir me an ing , and may h ence w ithin
ce rtai n limits b e use d in te rchan g e ab ly, w h il e o u ts i d e o f t ho se

limits the y may difi e r v ery g reatly in me aning an d use I t is .

th e office of a w or k on s ynonyms to poin t out the e corre

s p on dences and difl ere nces , th at lang uag e ma y h a v e t h e fl ex i
bility th at come s from free dom o f se le ction w ithin th e com
mon limits , w ith the pers picuity and precis ion that result
from e x act ch o ice of the fittes t w or ds to e x press e ach shade
of me an ing outs ide of th e common limits To con . s i der sy

nony mous w or ds ide nti cal is fatal to accur acy ; to forg et that
the y are s i milar, to some ex te nt e qui v ale n t, an d sometimes in
te rch ang e ab le, is des tr uctiv e of free d om an d v ar ie ty .

S YST E M
s m o m s
m anne r m e th o d m od e or d e r r e g u lar i t y rule

Or de r in th is nne ction de notes the fact or res ult of proper

co

ar rang e me nt accord ing to the due re lati on or se que n ce of the

matte rs arrang e d ; as , the se pape rs are ino r de r ; in alphabetical

o r de r. Me th od de notes a proce s s , a g e ne r al or es tab lis hed w ay
o f do in g o r p r o cee di n g i n a nv th ing ; ru le an au th o
, r it ative re

q u ir e me nt or a n es ta b li s h e d co urse o f th i ng ;
s s y s te m ,
not
me re ly a law of actionor p roce dure , b ut a compre he ns ive pla n
i n w hich all the parts are re late d to e ach othe r and to the
w h o le ; as , a s ys te m o f the o log a railr o ad s ys te m; th e dig e s tiv e
s y s te m ; man ne r r e fe rs to th e e x te r nal qualities of actions , and
to th ose often as se ttle d and characteris tic ; w e s peak of a s ys
t em of tax ati on, a me th od o f collecting tax es , the r ule s by
w hi ch a s sess me nts a r e ma de ; or w e s ay, as a rule the payme nts
are he avies t at a cer tain time of year ; a j us t tax may be made
odious by the man ne r of its colle ction Reg ular ity applie s to
.

th e e v en dis pos ition of obj ects or un iform recurre nce of acts

in a series The re may be reg ular ity w ithout orde r, as in the
.

re cur re n ce of pa rox ys ms of dis e a s e o r in s an ity ; the re may be

o r de r w ith out r eg ula ri ty, as in the a rra ng e me nt o f furniture
i n a room, w here the obj e cts are place d at v arying dis tances .

Or de r commonly implies the des ig n of an intellig e nt ag e nt or

the appearan ce or s ug g es ti on of s uch des ig n; r eg ulari ty ap

p li es to a n actu al u n i for m di s pos ition or rec urre nc e w i th no

s ug g e s tion of pur pos e , a nd as applied to human afi airs is le ss

inte llig e nt and more me ch anical th an orde r The mos t pe rfe ct
.

o rde r is ofte nsecured w ith le a s t r eg ularity, a s ina fin e ea s y or

ora ti on Th e s ame may be said o f s ys te m

. Th ere is a reg u
.

lari ty of dividing a tre atise into topics , parag raphs , and se n

ten ce s th at is des tructiv e of true rh etor ica l sys te m Compare .

m m ; nr ror ns s rs .

m o m s :
ch aos d e rang e me nt d i s ar r ang e me nt di s o rd e r i rr e g ulari t y
n
co tus i o n

TAC I TU R N
SH OW :

olo s o m u te r e ti c e nt s p e e ch le s s
d um b r e se rv ed s i le nt u no o m m u ni o ati v e

D umb, mute, s i lent, and s p e ech le s s re fer to fact or state ;

taci turn re fe rs to habit an d dis pos ition The talkativ e pe rso n .

may be s tricken dumb w ith s ur pris e or te rr or ; the ob s tinate

may re main mute ; one may be s ilent throug h pre occupation of
mind o r of se t purpo se ; b ut the taci turn pe rs o n is ave r se to
the utte r an ce of th oug h t or fe e ling a n d to co mm unicatio n w i th
oth e rs , e ither from n atur al di s po s itio n o r fo r the occas ion .

One w ho is s i lent doe s no t s pe ak at all; o ne w ho is taci turn

s pe aks w he n compe lled b ut in,
a g r udg ing w ay th at re pe ls
furthe r ap pr oach Res e r v e d s ug g e s ts mo r e
. o f me th o d and ih
te nti o n th an tacit urn,
a l in
pp y g o f t e n to s o me s pe cial time or
 t as t e f u l

rag i le as , a de licate con s tituti on E s th e tic or es th e tical re fers

.

beauty or the appreciation of the be autiful, es pe ci ally from

so
p hilos o phi c po int of v ie w E x qu is i te d.e n o te s th e u tm os t
arfe ction of the ele g ant in minute de tails ; w e s pe ak of an
le g ant g arme n t, an e x quis ite lace E x quis i te is als o ap plie d
.

inte ns e kee nness of an y f ee lin g ; as , e x qu is i te de l

i g h t ; cc;
me i te pain S ee B EAUTI F UL ; ns mcroo s ; r mm
‘

. .

m um s
clu ms y d i s p le as ln ote e q ue inart ls t lc
di s tas te ! fi rs t: lnh artnon i ous
de fo r m e d fuls o me h id e o u s me r e tr lclous
dis g us ti ng g aud y h o rri d oa en s lv e

m om s :

i nfo r m
i ni t i at e
i ns ti l
i ns t r u c t t u to r
To te ach is s imply to communicate know le dg e ; to ins truct
orig in ally , to b uild in or into, put in or de r ) is to impart
now le dg e w ith s pecial me thod and comp le teness ; ins truct h as
lso an auth o ri tative s e n se n ea r ly e qui v ale n t to command To .

i ucate is to draw o ut or de ve lo p h ar mon ious ly the me ntal

o v ers , an d, in the fulles t se n s e , the mor al pow e rs a s w e ll .

0 trai n is to dire ct to a ce rtai nre s ult pow e rs already ex is ti n

'

g .

h is is us e d in pre fe re nce to e ducate w he n the re fe re nce is

t the i n fe r ior an imals or to th e ph ys ical pow e rs of man; as ,
trai n a h or se ; to train the h an d or e ye To di scipline is to
.

li n i n to h abitu a l an d m le t u b j t io n t o a uth o ri ty ;
g c o p e s ec

facip li ne is a se v ere w ord , a nd is o fte n us e d as a e uphe mi s m

>r
p u n is h ; to be th oro u h
g y l e fi ec tiv e in w a r , s o ld ie rs m us t b e

idcip li ne d as w e ll as trained To nur ture is to furnis h th e

.

me and s us te nance ne ces sary for phys ical, me ntal, and mo r al

row th ; nur tur e is a more te n de r and homelike w ord th an e d u
lte Co mp are EDUCATI ON
. .

TEMB RI l
m om s :

h ne s s
e e d le s s p r e s u m p t i o n
o v e r e o nfl d e ne e
z r as h ne s s

D w i p i t nn e y r e c k l e s s n ess

Iu t i ne s s r e c i i t at i n v e n t u r e s o m e ne n s
s p p o

Ras h nes s applies h

to t e ctual r us
a hi ng int o d a n g e r w i th o u t
cou nting th e cos t ; de notes the n
tame rity-
eedles ex pos ure of

on es e lf to pe ril w hi ch is or mig ht be clea r ly seen to be such .

Ras hne ss is us e d ch ie fl y of bodily acts , te meri ty oftenof mu tsl

or soci a l matters ; th ere may he a noble r as h n ess , b ut te merity

is alw ays used in a bad s e nse We say it is amazing that one

.

s h ould h ave h a d the te me r ity to make a s tate ment w hich could

be re adi ly proved a false hood, or to make an unw orthy pm
p os al to on e s ure to res e nt i t ; in s uc h u s e te m e r i t y b o ften
clos e ly a llie d to h ar di h ood, audacity, or pr es ump tion Ven .

tur e s omene ss dailies on th e edg e of dan g e r a n d e x p erim en t

s

w i th it ; foolh ar di n es s rus hes in for w a nt of sense , he edlesm u

for w ant of atte ntion, ras h n e ss for w a nt of re fl ecti on, reckless
ne ss from dis reg ard of conse quences Audacity, in the sen . se

h e re cons i dere d, de notes a das hing and s ome w hat re ckless cour
ag e , inde fiance of conve ntionalities , or of othe r me ns opin ’
ion s ,

or o f w h at w ould be dee med proba b le cons eque n ces ; a s , the

audaci ty of a s ucce ss ful finan cier Compare n

. r mon m r .

m our ns :
car e ci rc u m s p e c ti o n w ariness
cau ti o n cow ard ic e

T ER M
d e no m i nat i o n p h r as e
ex pr e s si on w or d

Te rm in its fig ur ativ e use s alw ays re tains some thi ng of its

lite ral se nse o f a b oundary o r limit The ar ticle s o f a con
. tra ct

or o the r in s trume n t are s imply the portion s in to w hi ch it is

div ide d for conv e nie nce ; the te rms are the esse ntial s tatemen ts
o nw h ich its v a —
lidi ty de pe nds as it w e re th e landmar ks of its
.

me aning or pow e r ; a conditi on is a conting e nt te rm w hich

mav b eco me fix e d upon the h appe ning o f smue conte mplated
e ve n t . I n log ic a te r m is o ne of th e es s e ntial me mbe rs of a
p p
r o o s it io n, th e b o u ndar y o f s tate m e n t i n s o m e o ne di re c tion .

Th us , in g e ne r al us e , te rm is more re s tr icte d th an w ord, ex

p re s s i o n or
, p h r as e ; a te r m is a w o r d th at li mits m e an in g to

a fix e d point o f s tate me nt or to a sp ecial class of s ub j ects a . s

w h e n w e s peak o f th e de fin ition of te r ms , that is of th e key

w or ds ia a ny discus s io n; o r w e s ay, th at is a le g al or s ci e nti fic
te r m . Co mpare B OU N DARY ; me mos .
 463

TERS E
m mm s s
b ri e f conci s e ne at
m p act cond e ns e d
“
co p i th y
co m p e ndi o u s lace ni e s e nt e nti o u s

Anything s h ort or b rief is of re la mall e x te nt Th at

tiv e ly s .

whi ch is con cis e (from L con w i th , tog e th er, a

. nd ceed o, cut )
trimme d dow n , an d th at w h i ch i s c o n d e ns e d (f r om L con .

rith , tog e th e r , a nd dens us , th ick ) is , as it w e re , pres se d to

e th e r , so a s to i n clude a s much a s poss ib le w ith in a s mall

p ace . Th at w hi ch is co m p e nd i ou s (f r om L co m .to g e th e r ,

nd p endo, w e ig h ) g athe rs the s ub s tance of a matte r into a

cw w ords , w eig h ty a nd e fi ectiv e The s uccinc t (from L s uc
. .

in ctus , from s ub un de r , and cing o, g ird ; g ir de d from be low )

as an alert e fi ective nes s as if g i rde d fo r action The s ummary .

5 compacte d to the utmos t, ofte n to th e p oin t of ab rup tn es s ;

s , w e s pea k of a s ummary s tate me nt or a s ummary dis miss al .

That w h ich is te rs e (from L te rs as , from te rg o, rub o ff ) h as

.

ne leg ant and finis hed complete nes s w ithin the s malles t poss i
le compass , as i f r ubbe d or po lis he d dow n to the utmos t
o A .

en te nti ous s tyle is on e a bounding in se nte nce s that are s ing ly

trikin g or m e m o r ab le , a p art fr o m t h e c o n te x t ; t h e w o rd may
e us e d in v idio us ly of th a t w hich is pre te ntious ly or acular .

Lpit hy utte r an ce g iv e s th e g is t of a matte r e fi e cti ve iy, w h e the r

nr ude or eleg ant s tyle .

m o m s :

di fl us e le ng th y lo ng p ro li x te d i ous v er b os e w or d y

T ES T IMO N Y
“ OM S :

afl d av i t at t e s t at i o n de o s i ti o n pr o of
afl r ns ati o n c e r t i fi c ati o n e d e nc e w i t ne s s

Te s timony, in le g al as w e ll as in common us e , s ig nifies the

tatcme nts of w itnes ses D e p os i ti on and aflidavi t de note te s ti
.

ton y r e d uce d t o w r i ti ng ; th e d e p os i tion d i f

t e rs f r om th e affi
av it in th at the latte r is v oluntary and w ithout cross e x ami -

ati o n, w hile the forme r is made unde r inte rrog atories and s ub
act to cr oss e x a -
mination E vide nce is a b roade r te r m, in
.

ud in th e t es ti mon o f w it ne s s e s a n d all f a c ts o f e v ery kin d

g y
lat te n d to prove a thing true ; w e h av e the tes timo ny of a
av e le r that a fug itive p as se d th is w ay ; his foo tprints in the
 th e r e fo r e

vast numbers , but a multi tude may be difi us ed ove r a g reat

s pa ce so as to be n ow he re a cr ow d ; h os t is a military te rm ,

and prope r ly denotes an asse mb ly too orde rly for crow ding .

Concours e sig n ifies a s pontane ous g ath e ring of many pe rso ns

mov e d by a common impulse and has a s ug g e s ti on of s tate li
,

nes s not found in the w ord cro w d, w hi le s ug g es ting less mas s

in g and press ur e th an is i ndi cate d by the w or d th r ong .

T IM E
s n om s 8

ag e p eri od s uc c e s s i on
d at e s e as o n
d u r at i o n s e q u e nc e w h i le

S e que n ce a nd s ucce s si on apply to e ve nts view e d as follow ing

one an othe r ; time a nd d ur ation de note s omething conce ive d of
as en during w hile e ve nts take p lace and acts are done Accor d .

ing to th e n eces s ary co nd i tio ns o f h um a n th o u g h t, e v e nts a r e

con tai ne d in ti me as ob j e cts are in s pace , ti me e x is ting be fore

the e v e nt, me as uri ng it as it pas s e s , and s till e x is ti ng w he n
the e v e nt is pas t D ur ation and s ucces si on are mor e g e ne ral
.

w o r ds th an ti me ; w e can s pe ak of in fini te or e te rnal d ur ation

or s ucce s s ion , b ut ti m e i s c o mm o n ly co ntr as te d w ith e te rni ty .

Ti m e is me as ured or me as ur ab le duration .

ca nt di p s lo p e
h e el ov e r s la nt t i lt

To ti lt or tip is to throw out of a h orizontal pos ition b y

r ais i ng o ne s i de o r e n d o r lo w e r i ng t h e o th e r ; t h e w o r ds a re

c los e ly s imila r , b ut ti lt s ug g e s ts mo re of fl uctua tion or i n s ta

b i lity . S lant and s lap e are s aid of thing s s ome w h at fix e d or

p e r m ane nt i n a po s i ti on o u t o f th e h o r i z o nta l o r pe r pe nd ic u la r ;
th e roo f s lants , the h ill s lop es . In c li n e is a more forma l w or d
fo r ti p , and als o for s lant or s lop e To cant is to s e t s lanting
.

ly ; i n many cas es tip and cant mig h t be inte rchang e d, b ut tip

is mor e te mporary, often mome ntary ; one tips a pail so that
the w ate r fl ow s ove r th e e dg e a mech anic cants a tab le by
mak ing or s e tting one side hig her th an th e othe r A v es se l .

c ar e e ns inthe w in d ; li s ts , us ually, from s hifting of carg o , fro m

w ate r in the h old, etc Car e ening is alw ays tow ard on
. e side or

th e other ; lis ting may be for w ard or as te m as w e ll To heel .

ov e r is th e s ame as to care e n, and mus t be dis ting uis hed from

“ ”
kee l over , w hich is to cap size .

T I RE
S YN O NYM S :

ex h au s t fag fat i g u e h ar as s j ad e w e ar o ut w e ary

To ti re is to re duce s tre ng th in any de g ree by ex e rtion; on e

may be tire d j us t e noug h to make res t pleas ant, or e ve n un

co n scious ly ti r e d, b e comi n g aw a re o f t h e f ac t o n l w h e n he
y
ce a s e s th e e x e rtion; or , on th e othe r h a nd, h e may be , accord
“
ing to th e co mmo n ph ras e , too tir e d to s tir ; b ut for this ex ”

tr e me co ndi tio n the s tro n g e r w o r d s a r e co mm o n ly u s e d . O ne

w h o is fatig ue d s uf fe rs from a co ns cious and p ai nful lack of

s tre n g th as th e re s ult o f s o m e o v e r ta x i n g ; a n i nv a li d m a y be

a
f gti u e d w i th v e ry s lig ht e x e rtio n w h e no n
; e is w e a r ie d , t h e p ain
ful lack o f s tre ng th is the re s ult o f long continue d de man -
d or
s tr a in; o ne is ex h aus te d w h e n the s tr ain h as b ee n s o se vere
and continuous as utte r ly to cons ume th e s tre ng t h , s o th at fur
t he r e x e r ti on is for th e ti me imposs ib le . One is fag g ed by
d r udg e ry ; he is jade d b y ince ss ant re pe tition of th e s ame a ct

until i t b ecomes in cre as in l

g y d iffi c u lt o r w e ll n-
ig h i m p o ss ible ;
as , a h o rs e is jade d by a lo ng and unb roke n j ourney .

AN T O NYM S
i nv i g o r at e
re cre ate re s tore

TOO L
S Y N O NYM S t

ap p ar at u s i m p le m e nt m ac h i ne utensi l
ap p li anc e i ns t r u m e nt m e c h ani s m w e apo n
A too l is s ome th ing th at is both contriv ed and used for ex
te ndi ng t eh f o r ce o f a n i nt e lli g e nt ag e n t to so m e th in g th at is

to b e o pe rate d upon Th ose th ing s b y w hi ch pacific an

. d in dus ‘

tr ial ope r ation s a re pe r forme d are alon e pro pe r ly ca lle d tools,

th os e de s ig ne d for w ar like purp os es b e ing de s ig nate d w eapon s

An i ns t ume nt is anyt
r h i ng th ro ug h w h i c h p ow e r i s app lied
and a res ult p r oduce d ; in g e ne r al us ag e , the w or d is of con
s ide rab ly w ide r me a n
n g t a oo ;
i h n t l a s , a p ian o i s a m usic a l
 TRANSACT
“s o m ea
acc o m p li s h car r y o n
s et co nd u c t
Th e re are many acts that one may do, acco mp li sh, o r p e r
f orm un aided ; w h at h e t ra n s act s is b y m e a n s of o r in a s s o
cia ti on w ith othe rs ; on e ma y d o a du ty, p f e r or m a vo w , a o

comp lis h a ta s k , b ut h e tr an sa c ts b us in ess , s in ce th a t alw ays

in v o lv es the a g e ncy of oth ers T o n.e g o tiat e a nd to tr e at are
like w is e co llective acts , b ut both these w ords lay s tress upon
delib er ation, w i th adj us tme nt of mutual claims and inte res ts ;
transac t, w hile it may de pend de libe ration, s tate s
upon pre v ious
ex e cuti o n on ly Notes , bi lls o f e x chan e lo a n s an d tr e a ties
.
g , ,

are s ai d to be n e g o tiate d, th e w or d so us e d cov e rin g no t m e re ly ,

the p re limin ary cons ide ratio n, but th e fin al se ttleme nt Neg o .

tiat e h as more re fere n ce to e x e cution th a n tr e at ; nations may

tr e at o f peace w ith out res ult, b ut w he n a tr e aty is n eg o tiate d,

p e a ce i s se cure d ; th e citiz e ns o f th e tw o n ati o ns ar e th e n f r ee

to t r an sa c t bus i n ess w i th on e an oth er Compare DO

. .

T RAN S ACT IO N

ac t ac ti o n affai r b u s i ne s s d ee d d o i ng p r o c e e d i ng

On e s a
’
cts or de e ds may be e x clus iv e ly his ow n; his trans ac f

t i o ns i nv olv e th e a g e nc y o r p ar ti ci p ati on o f o th e rs A. tr a n s

acti on is some thing comple te d ; a p roce e ding is or is vie w e d as

s o m e th ing in p g
r o r ess ; b ut s inc e tra n s ac ti o n i s o fte n u s e d to

i nclude the s te ps le ading to the conclus ion, w h ile p roce e ding s

m ay res ult in actio n, the dividing line be tw ee n the tw o w ords
b e co mes sometimes qui te faint, th oug h trans actiono fte ne mp h a
s i z es the fa ct of so me thin g d o n e , or b r ou g h t t o a co ncl u s io n .

B o th trans actions and p roce e ding s are use d of the re cords of a

d e li ber ativ e body es pecially w he n pub lis h ed ; s tri ctly us e d
, ,

t h e tw o are disting uis he d ; as th e Philosoph ical Trans acti o ns

,

o f th e Roya l S ocie ty of London g iv e in full th e papers re ad

th e P r oce e din f th Am i an P hil lo ical A ssoci ati on g iv e
g s o e e r c o g
i n full the bus i nes s done , w ith me re abs tracts of or e x tr acts
fro m th e p apers re ad Compare ACT ; e v enn
. es s .
 TRANSC E N D E NTAL
SH O RT “ :

a p r i or i i nt u i ti v e ori g i nal p r i m o r di al tr ans cend ent

I ntui ti ve tr uths are those w hi ch i re inthe mind inde pe n den t

ly of all ex per ie nce , not be in g de ri v ed fr om ex pe rie nce n or

limi te d by it, as th at th e w hole is g reater thana p art, or tha t

thi ng s w h ich ar e equal to the s am e t hm
g ar e e q ua l to one eu
o th e r. All i ntui ti v e truths or be lie fs are trans ce nde nta l B ut .

tr an scen dental is a w ide r te rm than i ntui tive , includin g all

w ithi n th e li mits of th oug h t th a t is n ot de ri ved from er pet i

nd time “B e ing is transce n

en ce , as the id ea s of s pa ce a . den tal
As be ing can not be included unde r any g e nus , but
tran sce n ds the m all, so th e prope rties or afi e ctions of bein g
h ave als o bee n called tran ”
s ce n dental K F Vo cab Philos
. .
-
. . .

“ n n n
p .5 3 0 . T r a s ce nde t h e [ K a t] e m l
p yo e d to de no te w h a
t
is w h olly beyon d ex pe rie nce be ing ne ithe r g i ve n as ana poste
,

r iori n or a p r o ri el
i e m e nt o cog nt on w h at there fore ma
f i i —
s ce n
”
ds e ve ry cate g ory o f th oug h t .K F Vocab P hilos p
.
-
. . . .

5 31 .Tr ans cendental h as be e n applie d in the lang uag e of the

Eme rsonian s chool to the soul s s uppose d i ntuit iv e kn ow ledge
’

o f thi n g s di vi n e and h u m a n , so fa r a s th e y a re cap ab le o f be

ing k now n to man Compare M YS TERI OU S

. .

T RA N S I E N T
fl e e t i ng f u g i ti v e s h ort
fl i t t i ng m o m e nt ar y t e m p orary
11713 8 p as s i ng t r ans i tory

Transi e nt and tr an s itory a re bo th de riv ed from the sa me

o r ig inal s ource (from L tran s , o v e r, an
. d co, g o ) denotin
g ,

th at w h ich quick ly p ass es o r is pass ing aw ay, b ut the re is be

tw e e n th em a fin e s h ade of difi e re n ce A th ing is transien
.
t

w h ich in fact is not las ting ; a thing is tr ans i to ry w h ich by its

v e ry n ature mus t so on pas s aw ay ; a th i ng is te mp or ary (from

L te mp us , time ) w hi ch is inte nde d to las t or be made use of
.

b ut a little w hi le ; as , a trans ie nt joy ; th is trans i tor y life ; a

te mp o r ary ch airman E ph e me r al (from Gr e pi on a
. nd .
, ,

h e mcr a day ) lite rally las ting b ut for a day ofte n marks mot?
. ,

s tr o ng ly t an tr an
h s ie nt e x cee din b i t f d u a ti n it a ree“
g re v y o r o ; g
w ith tr an s i tory in de n otin g th at its o b ject i s d e st ine d to p as
 t r ans c e nd e nt al
u ni o n

w ay , b ut is s trong e r , as denoting not on ly i ts certain b ut its

p e e d y e x ti nc tion ; th us th a t w hi c h is e p h e m e r al is looke d u p o n
8 a t o nce s lig h t and pe ris hab le , and th e w ord carries ofte n a
ug g e s ti onof con te mpt ; mans life is tran
’
s i to ry, a b utte rfl y s e x
’

ste n ce is e p h e me r al; w ith n o s o lid Q ualitie s o r w orth y a chie ve

1e n ts a pre te nde r may some times g ain an e p he me r al pc p u

lr ity . Th at w hich is fle e ting is v iew e d as inthe act o f pas s ing
w iftly b y, a nd that w h ich is fug i ti v e (fr om L fug i o, fl ee ) as.

lud ing attempts to de tain it : th at w hi ch is e v anes cent (from

4
. ev an es co, from e , out, a nd vanus , empty, v ain) as in the
ct of v an is h ing e v e n w h ile w e g aze , as the h ues of th e s unse t .

m o m s :

ab i d i ng n
e t e r al i m mo rt al las ti ng p e rp e tual u nd yi ng
e nd u ri ng e v e r las ti ng i mp e r i s h ab le p e r mane nt p e rs i s te nt u ntad lng

U Ni O N
a to m s:
co ali ti o n co nju nc ti o n ju nc t u r e u ni fi c ati o n
co m b i nati o n c o o p e r at i o n o ne ne s s u ni t y
co nc e r t ju nc t i o n
U nity is one ne s s , the s tate of be ing o ne , es pecially o f that
wh ich n e ve r h a s b ee n div ide d or of th at w h ich can n ot be con

e iv ed o f a s res olv e d in to p arts ; as , th e uni ty o f God o r the .

ni ty of th e human soul Uni on is a b ring ing tog e the r of

.

hi ng s th at h av e be e n di s tinct, so th at th e y comb ine o r coales ce

0 fo rm a n e w w h ole , or the s tate or con di tion o f th ing s th us
.ro ug ht tog e th er ; in a un ion the s e parate indi v iduality o f the
hi ng s unite d is n e v e r los t s ig h t o f w e s pe a k o f the union o f
he p arts of a fr acture d b one or o f the uni on o f h e ar ts in mar
i ag e .B ut uni ty can b e said o f th at w hich is manife s tly o r
v e n con s p icuous ly made up o f p ar ts , w he n a si n g le u
p pr os e

or ide a l is s o s ub s erv e d b y all that th e ir poss ible s e parate ness

3 los t s i g h t of ; a s , w e s pe a k of the uni ty o f th e h uman body,
»r o f th e un i ty of th e ch urch Comp ar e ALLI AN CE ; AS S OCI A
.

TON ; H ARM ON Y ; MARRI AGE .

 v ac a nt

w hile may be s o b ro ade ne d as to cov e r all e x i ste nce

ut i li ty
thr o u g h all ti me , as in the utilitarian the ory of morals P o licy .

is o fte n use d in a ki ndred se nse , more pos itiv e th an e x p e die ncy

“
but narrow e r th an uti li ty, as in th e prov er b, H one s ty is th e
”
bes t p olicy Compar e PROFI T
. .

AN T O N YM S :

d i s ad v antag e i m po li c y lnuti li t y us e les s ne s e

to ll in ad e q uac y unp r o fi tab le ne s s w o rt h le s s ue s s
fu t i t y i ne x p e d i e nc y

VAC A N T
B Y R O N YM S :
b lank le i s u r e u nfi lle d u nt e nant e d v oi d
e m p ty u ne m p lo y e d u no c c u p i e d v ac u o us v as t e
Th at is e mpty w hich ntains nothing ; that is v acant w h ich
co

is w i th o ut th at w hich h as fille d or mi g ht be e x p e cte d to fill it ;

v acant h a s e x te n s i v e r e fe r e n ce to rig hts or pos s ib ilities of occu

p a n c y . A v ac a n t r oo m m a y n o t b e e m t
p y, a n d an e m t
p y h o u se

may not be vacant Vac ant as derive d from the Latin, is ap

.
,

p li e d to thi n g s o f s o m e dig n i ty ; e m t
p y, f r om th e S a x o n , i s p re

fe rr ed ins pe aking of s li g h t, co mmon, or homely matter s , th oug h

i t m ay be ap p lie d w i th s pe cial for ce to the hig h e st ; w e s pe ak
of em t
p y p s a ce , a v a c an t l o t,
a n e m t
p y d is h ,
a n e m t
p y s le e v e ,

a v acant mind, ane mp ty he art, an e mp ty bo as t, a vacant om ce ,

a v acant or le is ur e hour .Vo id and d e voi d are rare ly us ed in

th e lite r al se n s e , b ut for th e mos t p ar t con fine d to abs tr act re
lu ti o ns , d e v oi d be ing follow e d by of, and h av ing w i th th at addi
ti o n th e e fi ect of a p re pos i tio nal phr ase ; as , th e ar ticle is
d e v o i d of s e nse ; th e contr act is v o id for w ant o f cons i der ation .

Was te , in this conne ction ap plie s to th at w hich is made s o b y

'
.

d e v as tationor ruin, or g iv e s an impres s ion o f des olation, es pe

c i ally a ir combine d w ith v as tne s s prob ab ly fr om ass ociation
.

o f th e w or ds w a s te an d v as t ; w as te is ap plie d also to unculti

va te d o r u n p ro d uc ti v e la n d if o,f co n s i de r a b le e x t e n t ; w e s pe a k
of a w a s te tr a ck or re g i on ,
b u t n o t o f a w a s te c it y lo t V. a e n
o us re fe rs to th e co n dition of b e ing e mp ty or v acant re g arded ,

as conti nuous or ch ar acteris tic .

m o m s
b r im ful
b ri m m e d
b r i m mi ng
 ve ne r at e

V AI N
S YN O N YM S
ab o r t i v e fu t i le t r i fl i ng
b as e le s s i dle t r i v i al
b o o t le s s i nco ns t ant u nav ai li ng u s e le s s
d e c e i t f ul i ne fl e c t u al u ni m p o r t ant v alu e les s
d e lu s i v e nu g at o r y u np r o fi t ab le v ap i d
e mp t nu ll u nr e al vi si o nar y
fr i v o o u s p r o fi t ) on u ns at i s f yi ng v o r th le s s
fr u i tle s s s h ad o w y

Vain ( fro m L v anus , e mpty ) kee ps the e tymolog ical idea

.

thr o ug h all chang e s o f me an i ng ; a r ain e nde avor is empty of

r e s ult, o r o f a de quate pow e r to produce a r e s ult, a v ain pre
te ns ion is e mp ty o r des ti tute of s up por t, a v ai n pe rson ha s a

co n ce i t th at is e mp ty o r de s titute of a de quate cause or rea son .

Th at w h ich is b o o tle s s ; fr ui tle s s , or profitle ss fails to a ecom

p l is h a n y v a lua b le r e s ul t : t h at w h i ch is ab o r ti v e ,
i n e ff ec tu al,

o r un avai ling fails to acco mplis h a r es ult th at it w as , or w a s

s upp ose d to be , adapte d to a cc omp lis h Th at w h ich is us eless

. .

f u t i le .o r va i n is i n h e r e n tly i nc ap a b le o f acco m p li s hin g a s pe ci

fie d r e s ult . Us e le s s in the w ide s t se ns e s ig ni fies n
. . ot of use

fo r any v aluable p urpo se and is th us c lo s e ly s imi lar to value

,

le s s and w o rthle s s .F rui tles s is mo r e final th an ine f fe c tu a l as .

applying to th e s um or h arv e s t o f e nde av o r That w hich is

.

us e le s s lack s actual fitn e s s fo r a p ur po s e ; th at w h ich is va in

lacks imag inab le fitne s s ( o mpare VACAN T ; OS TE NTATI ON:
‘

PRI DE .

A NT O N YM S
ad e q u at e p o w e r ful
’
e fl e c t lv e
ad v ant ag e o u s e fi lc le nt p ro fi t ab le
b e ne fi c ial e x p e d ie n t re al
co m p e t e nt p o t e nt s e r v i c e ab le

Compare synonyms for U TI L I TY .

VE N AL
s m o ur ms
h i r e li ng m e r c e nar y p u r e h as ab le

Ve nal(fro m L v e n
.alis fr o m r e na
.m s ale ) s i g ni fie s re a
.dy to

s e ll o ne s in fl ue nce v ote o r e fi orts fo r I no ncv o r o ther con

’ '

s ide r atio n: me r cen ary (fr o m L me rce nar i as from me rce s, pa

. y .
.

re w ar d ) s ig n i fies infl ue nce d c h ie fly o r o nly b y des i re for g a in

o r r e w ar d ; th us , e tymo log ically , th e me r ce n ary can be hired
w h i le th e r e nal are o penly or actually for s ale ; hi r e ling (from
 ve ne r at e

AS b y rlin
.
g, fro m b y )
r s ig nifi es se rv ing f or hi re or a
p y ,
or

havin g th e s pir i t o r ch ar a cte r o f o ne w h o w o rk s o r o f t h a t

w hich is don e dire ctly for hir e or p a y M e r ccn s r y ha
. s es pe c ia l
applicationto characte r or dis pos ition; as , a me rcen ary s pirit ;
mer ce n ary mot i ves — i e , a s pirit or motives to w hi ch mon
. . ey

is the chi ef con s ide r ationor th e mov in g p r in ci p le . T h e hi r e li n g,

the me r ce n ary, and th e v e nal are alike in making p rinci ple ,
co n s ci e n ce , a nd honor of les s account than g old or s ordid con
si derati on s ; b ut the me rce n ar y and v e n al may be s imply ope n
to th e barg a i n and s ale w hich th e hi r eling h as alr eady con s um

mate d ; a clerg yman may be me r ce nary in making place and

a
p y o f u n d u e im p o r ta n c e w h ile n o t ve n a l e no u g h to f o rs a k e hi s

ow n commun i on for anothe r for any re w ar d that could be o f

fen ed him . The me rce nary may re tain much sh ow of inde
p e nd e n ce ; h i r e li n g se r v ic e s a c r i fi ce s s e lf re-
s pec t a s w e ll as p r in
ciple ; a publi c office r w ho ma kes h is office tributary to pri vate
s pecula ti oninw hich h e is inte res ted is me rce n ary ; if he rece iv e s
a stip ulated re compe nse for adminis te rin g h is o ffi ce a t th e b e

hest of s ome le ad e r , faction, cor por ation, or the like , h e is bot h

hire li n g a n d v e n a l; i f h e g i ve s es s e n ti a l a dv a n ta g e s f o r a
p y,
with o ut subj ectin g hi m s e lf to a n y di r ec t d o m i n a ti o n, hi s c o u rs e

is venal, but not bi r d i ng .Compare PAY ; VEN I AL .

m o m s :
di s i nt e r e s t e d h o ne s t lnco rrup tlb le p u b li c : s p lrlt e d
hon o rab le p at rlo tlc unp urc h as ab le

V E N ERAT E
iY N O H YM S :

ad o r e h o nor r e s p e ct re v e r e r ev er e nc e
I n th e hig h es t se n se , to re ve r e or rev e r en ce is to h old i n

mi ng led lov e and honor w ith some th ing of sacred fe ar, as for
h at w h ich w hile lo ve ly is s ub lime ly e x alted and b ri ng s upon
18 b
y co nt r as t a se nse o f o u r un w o rth in e ss or in fe riori ty ; to

e v e r e is a w h olly s piritua l act ; to re v e ren ce is ofte n th h

°

, o ug
n ot n e cess ar ily, to g iv e outw ar d e x pr e s s ion to the r e v e re n tial
fe e li ng ; w e rev e r e or r e v e r e nce the div ine maje s ty Re v e r e is a .

lt r o n g e r w o rd th an r ev e r en c e o r v e ne r ate T o v e ne r ate is to
.

l o ld in e x a lte d h onor w ith o ut fe ar and is app lie d to obj e cts

.

e s s r e mov e d from ours e lv e s th an th os e w e r ev er e , be in g s aid

es pe ci ally o f ag e d pe rs o n s , of place s or obj ects h av in g s acre d
177 ve ne r at i o n
v er aoi gz

VE NI AL
ex cu s ab le p ar d o nab le s li g ht
Ve nial (from L v e nia, p ardon) s ig nifies capable o f b e ing
.

ardone d, and, in co mmon use , capab le o f be ing re adi ly par

oued e as i l ov e r looke d
, y As ide fro m its te chnical eccles ias tical
.

se, v e nial is alw ays unde rs tood as marki n g so m e fau lt co m

arativ e ly s lig h t or trivial A v e nial offe nse is one re adily
.

verlook e d
; a p ar d o n a b le o fi e nse r e quires more se r ious c on
ideration, b ut on de libe ration is fo und to be s us ce p tib le of
tai don E x cus able is s carce ly applie d to offe nses , b ut to mat
-
.

ers o e n to doub t o r cri ticis m r ath e r th an dire ct ce n sure ; s o

p
ised it o fte n fa lls li ttle s ho rt o f j us tifiab le ; a s , I th ink , unde r
,

hose ci r cumstan ces , h is a ction w a s e x cus ab le Pro tes tants do .

at recog nize the dis tinction be tw ee n v e nial and mor tal sin s .

en ial mus t not b e confo unde d w ith the v e ry difi e re n

'

t w ord
man . Compare VENAL .

mom s :
ine x c u s ab le lne x p lab le mo r tal u np ard onab le unjus t lfiab lc

V ERAC I TY
mo m s :

Sa nd o r h o ne s t y re ali t y t r u t h f u lne s s
fr ank ne s s i ng e nu o u s ne s s t r u th v e r i ty

Tru th is pri mari ly and v e r i ty is alw ays a quali ty of th oug h t

s pe ech , e s pecially of s pe ec h a s in e x a ct con . formi ty to fact .

e ra ci ty is pr ope r ly a quali ty o f a pe rso n , th e h ab it o f s pe a k

g and the dis pos ition to s pe ak the tru th ; a h abitual li ar may
t s o me occa s ion s s pe ak th e truth, b ut th a t doe s not co ns ti tute
m a man of ve raci ty ; on the oth er h and, a pe rs on o f uh
mb te d v e r aci ty may s tate (throug h ig nor ance or misinforms
m) w h at is not the truth Tr uthfulnes s is a quality that may
.

here e ithe r in a pe rs on or in his s tate me nts or b e lie fs C an .

r an n n n n n n l i d i h
»r
, f k es s ,
h o e s ty, a d i g e uo us e ss are a l e w t
‘
ra ci ty, a nd v er i ty w i th tr uth , w hile tr uthfulnes s may acco rd
ith ei the r . Truth in a s e condary s e nse may b e app lie d to
te lle ctual acti on or moral ch aracte r in th e forme r cas e b e ,

ming a clos e s ynonym o f v e raci ty ; as , I know h im to be a

an of truth .
 erb t l 47
8
h t

m o m s :

d e ce i t d up lic i t y fals e h oo d fi c ti o n
d ece p t i o n e rr or tals e n es s ulle
d e lus i o n fab ri cat i o n fals i t y mpos t ur e
Compare s ynonyms for DEC EPTI ON .

V ERBAL
S YN O NYM S :

li t e r al o r al

Or al (from L as , th e mouth ) s ig n. ifies uttere d throug h the

mouth or (incommonphr as e ) by w ord of mouth ; v e rbal (from
L v e r b um, a w ord ) s ig nifies of, pe rtain
. ing to , or conn ected

w i th w or ds , es pe ci a lly w ith w ords as dis ting uis he d from the

ide as the y conv ey ; v ocal (from L v ar , the voice ) s ig n . ifies of
o r pe r tain ing to the voice , utte re d or modulate d by the void .

and e s pecially uttered w i th or s ounding w ith full, re son an t

v oice ; li te ral (fr om L li te r a, a le tte r ) s ig n
. i fie s co ns is ti ng of or

e x pr e s s ed b y le tte rs , or a ccor din g to t h e le tte r ,

in t h e b ro ader

se n s e of the e x a ct mean ing or require me nt o f the w ords used:

w h at is called
“ th e le tte r of th e law
”
is its li ter al mean ing
w i th out g oin b e h i nd w h at i s e x pre ss e d b y th e le tte rs onthe
g
a Th u r al appli e s to tha t w hi ch is g i v e n by spoken
p g e . s o

w or ds in dis tin ction fr om th at w hi ch is w ritte n or prin ted ; a s .

o r al tr adition; a n or al e x amination B y thi s rule w e should.

in s trictness s pe ak o f an o r al co ntract or an o ral mes ag e but .

v e r b al con tr act and v er bal me s s ag e , as indicating that w hich is

by s poke n rathe r than b y w ritte n w or d& h av e become so fix ed
in th e lang uag e th at th e y can prob ab ly ne v e r be chan g e d : th iQ

us ag e is also in lin e w ith othe r idioms of th e la ng uag e ; as I “

m ” “ n n d
"
g i v e yo u y w o r d ,
a t rue m a ’
s w o rd i s a s g ood as hi s b o .

“b w r ”
y o d o f m o u t h , e tc A v e r ba l
. tr a n s l at io n m a y b e o ra l or

w r itte n , s o t h at i t is w o r d fo r w o r d ; a li te r al tran s lat i on fo llow s

th e co n s tr ucti o n a nd idiom o f the orig inal as w e ll as the w ords :

a li te ral tr ans lation is more th an one th at is mere ly ve rbal:
b o th v e r bal and li ter al are o p po s ed to fre e I n the s ame sen .

of a tte ndi ng to w or ds only, w e s pe ak of ve r b al criticism a .

v e r bal ch a ng e Vocal h as pr imary re fe re nce to th e h umanvoice

.

as v o cal sounds v ocal mus ic ; v ocal may b e ap p lied w ithincer

, ,

tai n limits to inarticulate s ounds g iv e n forth b y othe r an ima l c

th an man; as , th e w oods w ere v o cal w i th th e s o n g s of b ird s:

o ral is n e v er so app lied b ut is limi te d to articula

, te u tter s " ?e

re g a r de d a s ha ving a d e fini te m e aning ; a s a n o a

r a
l st tem ent ,
.
79 v er b a
l
V lCTO RY
Ro m s :

sh i e v e nt e nt as c e nd e nc y su rem ao y
co nq u e s t u mph

zic tor
y i s th e s tate ng fr om the ove rco ming of an
res ulti

mnent or oppone nts in any conte s t, or from the ov ercoming

di m culties , obs ta cles , e vi ls , e tc , co n s i de re d a
. s op pon en ts c r
mi cs I n the latte r se ns e any h ard w on achi e v e ment, cd
.
-

ito g o, or s ucces s ma y b e te r me d a v i ct ory I n c on ques t a.nd

vtory th e re is imp lied a per man en ce o f s tate that is n ot i m

ad in victory Triump h, orig inally de noting the pub lic re

.

:in g in h on o r o f a v ic to ry h as co m,
e t o s ig nify a ls o a p e cu
'
ly e x ultant, comple te , and g lorious v ictory Compare con .

la.

To m s :
sle e t d i s app o i ntme nt fai lur e mi s car riag e r e tr e at
is tr uc t io n d i s as t e r fr u s t r ati o n o v e rt h ro w ro ut

V i GlLANT
mo m s :

c du ti ous o n t h e lo o k o u t v ar y
w ak e ci r c u m eet s le e p le s s v at oh fu l
tr e f u l o n th e fl at r v ah e ful w i d e av ah e
=

7i
g i lant im p lies m or e s us taine d activ ity and m o re i nte lli g e n t
iti ou th an ale rt; one may be h ab itually ale r t by reas on of
iv e qui ck ness of perce p tion and thoug ht, or one may be mo
n tari ly ale r t unde r s ome e x cite me nt or ex pectan cy ; on e w ho

ig i lant is so w i th tho ug htful pur pos e One is vig i lan t a g

. a i ns t
ig e r o r h arm ; h e may be ale r t or w atch ful for g ood a s w e ll

ag ai ns t e vi l; he is w ary in v ie w of s us pe cte d stratag e m,

fi er y, o r tre ache ry A pe rso n may be w akeful becaus e o f
.

re me re ly p hys ica l e x cite me nt or ex citab ili ty, as throug h

Jmnia; ye t h e may b e utte r ly care le s s an d ne g lig e nt in his
n
( e ful ess , th e r e v e rs e o f w atch ful; a pe rso n w ho is tr uly
ch ful mus t k e e p h ims e lf w ak eful w h ile on w a
‘
tch , i n w hich
3 w ak e ful h as s ome th in g o f m e ntal q uality W atch l
f ,
u .

m the S ax o n and v ig i lant fro m the Latin are almos t e x act

, , ,

i v ale nts ; b ut v ig i lant h as s ome w hat mo r e o f s h ar p de finite

s an d s o me w h at more s ug g es tion o f v olition: one may h e
i tually w atch ful; o ne is v ig i lant o f s e t p ur p ose and for di
.

t caus e , as in th e pre se n ce of an e n e my C ompare AL ERT . .

 ri
g h teou s ness is u se d es pe cially in th e re lig ious s e ns e Up .

r ig h tnes s re fers e s pe cially to conduct Vir tuous n ees is aquality

.

o f th e s o ul or o f a ction in the la tter se n s e it is th e es se n ce

o f v i rtuous a ction Compare I N N OCEN T ; JU S TI CE ; an
. ne x e s .

m o m s :
e vi l v i ce v i ci o us ne s s w i ck e d nes s

Compare sy o n nyms for em .

WAND ER
m o m sr
d e v i ate e rr ra ng e
g as t r ay
o r o am
di v er g e r am b le ro v e

To w ander (from AS w i ndan, w ind ) is to move in an ih

.

de finite or in de te rminate w ay w hi ch may or may not be a

de parture from a pres cribed w ay ; to de viate (from L do, from, .

an d vi a, a w ay ) is to turn from a prescribed or rig ht w ay,

h
p y s i ca l ly, m e nt a ll y, o r m o r a lly, u s u a lly i n a n u n fa v o r a b le

sen se ; to di v e rg e (from L di, apart, an . d v e rg o, inclin e , te n d)

is to turn from a course pr ev ious ly follow e d or that some th ing
als o follow s , and h as no unfav or able implication; to dig r es s
(f r o m L. di ,
a p a r t, as i d e , an d g r a di o r,
s te p) is u s e d o n ly w i th
re fe re n ce to s pe a k ing or w ri ting ; to e rr is use d of inte lle ctual
or mor a l acti on, and of the moral w ith primary re fe re nce to
the inte llectual, an e rror be ing v iew e d as in s ome de g ree due
to i g noran ce. Rang e, r oam, and ro v e imply the trav e rs ing of
con s id era ble , ofte n of v as t, dis tance s of land or se a; r ang e
co mmo n ly implies a purp ose ; as , cattle r ang e for foo d ; a h unt
i ng d og r ang e s a fie ld for g ame
-
.Roam and rav e are ofte n
p u r p o s e less , a n d a l w a y s w i t h o u t d e fi n i te a i m T. o s w e rv e o r

v e e r is to tur n s udde n ly from a p res cr ibe d or p re vi ous course ,

and ofte nbut mome ntari ly ; v e er is more capricious and re pe ti
t ions ; the hors e s w e rve s at the fl as h of a s w ord ; th e w ind v e e rs ;
t h e s h i p ve ers w i th th e w ind . To s tray is to g o in a s omew h at
p u r p o s e le ss w a y as i d e fr o m t h e r e g u la r p ath o r us u al li m i ts o r

ab o d e , us ually w ith unfav orab le implication; cattle s tray from

t h e ir p a s tures ; an auth or s trays from his s ubj ect ; on e s trays

f ro m the path of virtue . S tray is in mos t us es a lig hter w or d

t han w an de r . Ramb le , in its lite r al use , is alw ays a w ord o f
p le a s a n t s u gg es ti on , b u t in it s fi g u r a ti ve us e a lw a y s so m e w h a t
c on te mptuous ; as , ramb ling talk .
 WAY
S YN O N YM S r
alle y dri v ew a p as s ag e
av e nu e h lg h r o a p as s ag e w ay r oute
h r l d le at h
=
h i g h w ay p ath s tre e t
e h anne lane p at h w ay
cour s e p as s r o ad

Whe re ve r m for one obj ect to pass another there

th e re is roo

A r oad (orig inally a ride w ay ) is a pre pared w ay

'

is a w ay .

for trav e ling w ith h orse s or v e hicles alw ays th e latte r un

, less
the contr ary is e x pres s ly s tate d ; a w ay s ui tab le to be traversed
on ly by foo t pas s e ng e rs or by animals is calle d a p at h, bridle
-

p ath ,
o r tr ack ; as , the r oads i n th at co u ntry a r e mer e brid le

p ath s . A may be pr iv ate ; a h ig h w ay or h ig h road is pub

r oad

lic, h ig h w ay be ing a s pe cific name for a r oad leg ally s e t apart

for the us e of th e publi c fore v e r ; a hig h w ay may be ove r w ater
as w e ll as ov e r land A route is a line of trav e l, and may be
.

o v e r many r oad s A s tr e e
. t is in s om e ce n te r o f h ab itation,
a
s

a ci ty, tow n, or v illag e ; w he n i t p as s es b e tw ee n ro w s of dw ell

i ng s the country r oad be come s th e v illag e s tr e e t An aven
. ue
is a long , broad, and imp os ing o r princi p al s tre e t Track is a
.

w o r d of w ide s ig n ification; w e s pe ak of a g o at tr ac k ona -

mountain s ide , a r ailroad track, a r ace tr ack, th e track of a

- - -

come t ; o n a tr av e le d r oad th e lin e w o r n by re g ula r pa ss in g o f

h oo fs and w h ee ls in e ith e r di re ction is calle d th e track A .

p as s ag e is b e tw e e n a n y tw o o bj e cts or li nes o f e n c los ure ,

a p ass

commo n ly b e tw ee n mo untains A d r iv e w ay is w ith in en

. closed

g ro u n ds , as o f a p ri v ate re s id e nc e A . cha nn e l i s a w at erw a

y .

A th o r oug h far e is a w ay th ro ug h ; a r oad or s tre e t te mporarily

o r p e rma ne ntly clos e d at any point ce ase s for s uch tims to be
a th oro ug hfar e Compare AI R ; DI RECT I ON
. .

WEALT H

A b und ance de notes a co pio us o r o v e r fl o w ing s u p ply or quan

tity o f an yth i ng, b e yond nee d, b ut s h or t o f e x ce ss .
 Th e r e th e r ich es t v ss poor . and th d poore st liv ed in ab und ance .

Lo nnrs nnow E v ang eli ne . pt. 3, st. 1

.

Af
fi ne nee (
-
from L . ad, to, and fl ow ) de note s abun
fl ,
uo dance
as free ly fl ow ing i n; op ule nce (from L op es , rich es ) de notes .

abund an ce in s imple e x is te n ce o r poss es s ion, a ff l u e nce is t h u s

a more v iv id te rm th anop ule nce ; an ab undant mcome , as from

a life e s tate , mig ht e nab le one to liv e in af
-

flu e n c e ; o n ly s u b
s tan ti al pos s es s ion s co uld fill the me a ning of opulence B oth .

af fl u e n ce a n d o p u le n ce h av e re fe r e n c e to co n di ti o n , s ta te , m a n i
tes tati on, or us e , r athe r than to me re poss ess ion; bo th i mply
ab undant re so urces accompanie d b y g e ne ro us e x pe nditure ; w e
sh o uld n ot s peak o f amise r , how e v e r w e a lthy, as e n j oyi ng affl u
en c e o r op ulen ce , tho ug h w e mig h t r e fe r to h is h idde n w e alth or

his us e les s rich es P rofus io n (from L p ro, forth , and fundo,

. .

p o u r ) is a b u nd a n c e th at p o u rs f or t h o r o v e rfl o w s , a l
pp y g in es

p ec i a lly to ex tr av a g an t o r u nc hec k e d e x p e n di tu r e ,
a ffl u en ce i s a
no b le r w ord th an p rofusi on; p rofus ion may ch aracte rize the
me r e s pe ndthr ift ; affl uence, the manof ample r e so urces Lux .

u r y d en otes ex trav a g a nt an d h e n c e e n e rv a ti ng a n d e n f ee b li n g
i nd ulg e nce in the ple as ures o f w e alth ; one may liv e an ac tiv e ,
v ig o r o us , an d he lp ful li fe i n af f lu e n c e or o p u l e n ce ,
b u t n o t in
lux ur y ; lux ury b reaks dow n th e s tamina of a clas s or a nation .

L ux u r i ance de no tes ab undant g row th , as of v e g e tatio n, and is

a s ynonym of afflue nce , pr ofus ion, w e alth , e tc , only in fig ura .

ti v e us e ; it i s not, i n mode rn use , a s ynonym o f lux ury .

We alth (from AS w e la, w e ll be ing ) de notes a s tore or ac

.
-
“
cumulation o f th o se mate rial th in g s t h a t m e n d es i re t o p o s se ss ,

and that h av e e x ch ang e ab le v a lue r ich e s (from F r ich e s s e )

.

w a s o rig in ally a s ing ular noun, use d as a ne ar e quiv ale nt o f

w e alth ; b ut r ich es h a s more of th e r e lati v e an d comparativ e
me aning o f th e adjectiv e rich “ “ ”
the rich man o f a w e s te r n
fro ntie r tow n w ould commonly not b e cons ide re d a man o f
w e alth in Ne w Yo rk or Lo n don; w e alth, tr ue to its de ri v ation,
is a b r o ade r , h ig he r , and more s ub s tantial w or d th an r ich e s ;
w e s pe ak of th e p ub lic w e alth , th e n atio nal w ealth , r athe r th an
o f the p ub lic or n ational ri ch e s ; rich e s carrie s mo re o f the i dea
of p e rs on al pos s es s io n; w e alth is distr ib utiv e ; a p ros pe rous
farmi ng community may h av e g re at w e alth, w h ile fe w of its
me mbe rs p os sess rich es , and none are in a condition o f affl u
on ce or opule n ce P rop e r ty is some th ing of v alue th at is , o r
.
 Te ac h ing th i ngs w h ich th e y oug ht not {or fi lth y lucr e
,
'
s s ak e .

Ti t . i, 11 .

The ndary or fig urative uses of these w ords clos e ly fol

se co
low the p rimar y or li te ral; w e may s pe ak of af fl ue n c e o f th o ug h t
or la ng uag e ; op ule nce of le arning ; lux uriance of s tyle ; p ro
fus i on o f e pi th e ts or m ag y
e r w e alth m a fi
y g u r ati v ely de n o te

an ab undance of almos t anyth ing th at is v iew ed as a v aluab le

and de s i rab le pos s es s ion .

O, pr e ciou s h our s l 0. g olden prime !

And in fl ue nce of lov e and time !
Lo x or n nw w Old Clock on the S tai rs , st . 6 .

Th e loose g old en opulence of h er h air .

Tu rb o s D eulcs li on i i i. v i. 12 9 .

H e h as th s t opule nce w h i ch furni s h e s , at e v e ryturn, th e p re ci se w e apo n

he ne e d s . B unas o x Re pre s ent ati v e Me n— P lato .

Ag ain th e le as t, th e spe e ch th e g lee , .

Th e s h ad e of p ass i ng th oug h t, th e w e alth

Oi w ord s and w it
.

TI N N YB ON I n Me mor iam , Conc lu s i on .

m om s
m
d
? l
t i t u ti n
me nd i canc y
mi s e r y
p e nu r y s q ualor
n
s t rai t e e d c i rc u m s tanc e s
es o p ov e r t y
im un los i t y ne e d p r i v at i o n w ant
in g e nes paupe ri s m s c arc i ty w r e t ch e d ne s s
lack

WI S D O M
at t ai nm e nt p r u d e nce
d e p th r e as on
d i s ce r nm e nt r e as o nab le ne s s
di s c r e t i o n s ag ac i t y
h t e nn e nt
er n ti o n s k i ll
fo r e s i g h t u nd e r s t a nd i ng
i nf e r - at i on

E nlig h ten me nt, e rudi ti on, i nfo rmation, know ledg e, le arni ng ,
and s kill are acquired , as by s tudy or practise Ins ig ht , judg .

ment, profundi ty or dep th, re as on, s ag acity, s ens e, and unde r

s tandi ng are native quali tie s of mind, th oug h capable of in
cre as e by cultiv a tion The oth e r qualities are on the bo rde r
.

“
line . W
is dom bas bee nde fin ed as the rig ht use of kn ow le dg e ,
”

or
“ the use of the most i mportant means for attain ing the best
”
en ds , w is dom thus p res uppos i ng know le dg e for its ve ry e x
iste nce and ex e rcise Wis dom is mental pow er acti ng upon
.
 w it
et
l

th e mate rials that fulles t know le dg e g ives in the mos t e fi ective

w a T h m a b w h a t i t m d “ a t i a l w i d m ”
t h a t
y . e r e y e s e r e p r c c s o

looks only to mate rial res ults ; b ut, in its full se n se , w is dom
implie s the h ig hes t an d no bles t ex e rcis e of all the faculties of
the moral n ature as w e ll as of the inte llect P rude nce is a
.

low e r and more neg ativ e form of the s ame virtue , res pectin g
outw a r d an d practical matte rs , and larg e ly w i th a view of
avoi ding lo ss and injury ; w is do m tran s ce n ds p rudence , so that
w h ile th e p art o f p rud e n ce is ordin arily also that of w is dom ,

ca s e s ar ise , a s in the e x ig e n cie s of bus in e s s or o f w a r , w hen

the hig hes t w i s dom is in th e dis re g ar d of th e max ims of pru

de nce J udg me nt the pow e r o f formi n
.
, g d ec is io n s , es p ec i a lly
corre ct de cis ion s , is bro a de r and more posi tiv e th an p rude n ce,

le ading one to do, as re adily as to re frain from doing ; but

j g
u d m e nt i s m o r e lim i te d in r an g e a n d less e x a lte d i n c h a ra c te r

th an w is dom; to s ay of o n e th at he dis pla y e d g oo d j g

u d m e n t
is much less th an to s ay th at be manifes te d w is do m S kill is .

far infe r ior to w i s do m, co ns is ting larg e ly in the p ractical ap

plicatio n o f acquir e d kno w le dg e po w e r , and h ab itual processes
,

o r in th e i n g e n i o us c o n tr i v an ce t h a t m a k e s s u ch a pp l ic a tio n
p o s s ible I n
. th e m aki n g o f s o m e th i n g p e r f e c t ly u se les s th e re

may b e g re at s k ill, b ut no w is d o m Compare ACU M EN ASTUTE;

.

K N OWLEDGE ; M I N D ; PRU DEN C E ; S AGACI OU S ; S KI LF U L .

A NT O N m s :
ab s u r d i ty fo lly i m b e c i li ty m ls calc ulati o n se ns e les s n
es s
e rr o r fo o li s h ne s s i m p r u d e nc e m i s ju dg m e nt s i lli ne ss
tut u li y i d i oc y i nd i s c r e t i o n no ns e ns e s t up i di ty

Compare sy nonyms for AB S U RD ; I DI OCY .

S Y N O NY M S
b ant e r fu n jo k e w ag g e ry
b u r le s q u e h um or p lay f u lne s s ess

p le as ant r y
1
d r o ll e r y 0s t
f ac e t i o u s ne s s o c u lnri ty r ai ll e r y

Wi t is the qu ck pe r p
i c e ti o n o f u n u s u al o r co mm o nly n ap e r

ce iv e d an alo g ie s o r re latio n s be tw e e n th in g s a pp are nt ly un r e

late d, and h as b e e n s aid to de pe nd upo n a union of s u p f r riS ?

and p le as ure ; it de pe nds c tainy e r l o n h

t e pro d ucti on o f a l
( l

v crti n g , e nte r ta in i ng , o r me rr ym a k i ng s ur p r ise Th e a n alog lfi.

w ith w h ich w i t plays are ofte n s upe r fici al or artificial; hum?

 w it
et
l

1 re a l analog ies of an amus i ng or e nte r taining kin d,

'
aits of ch aracte r that are s ee n to h ave a comical s ide
s broug ht to v ie w Wi t is ke en, s udde n, brie f, and
.

5 s e v e re ; h umor i s dee p , th oug h tful, s us taine d, and

ndly P leas antry is lig hte r and less v iv id than w i t
. .

tes the me rry re sults pr oduce d b y w i t an d h umor, or

ortuitous occa s ion of mirth , an d is pronounced and
ir ious

s e r i o us nes s s tup idi t y

s o b ri e t y

WORK
I 8:
m e nt d o i ng lab o r p r o d u ct
dr u d g e ry o c c u p at i o n p r o d u ct i o n
e m p lo y m e nt p e r fo r m s t oi l
e x e rti o n
3the g e ne ric te rm for any con tinuo us app lica tion of
war d an e n d ; w or k may b e h ar d or e as y L ab or is .

w e aryi ng and e x h aus ti n

w or k ; tai l is s train
g ing
w or k .

als o us e d for any re s ult o f w or ki ng , phys ical or

ad h as s pe cial s e nse s as in me ch anics , w hich labor
,

do not s har e D rudg e ry is p loddin

.
g , i rk s o m e , a nd
ii al w or k Compare ACT ; B U S I N ES S
. .

M S :

ne s s le i s u r e r e c re at i o n r e lax ati o n r e p os e re s t vacati on

MS 3

fu r t h er h i th e rt o no w s t i ll t h u s f ar
d s ti ll h av e manv clos e ly nse s , and, w i th
r e late d se

p a s t ti m e ,
a re o fte n inte rchang e ab le ; w e may s ay
w a s ye t a ch ild ,
”
or
“w h ile he w as s ti ll a child
”
.

s ti ll o fte n ap plie s to pa
, s t actio n or s tate e x te nding
dud ing the p re s e nt time e s pe cially w h e n join . e d w ith
“ h i f b l ” “
111 s a y e s e e e as y e t o r h e is s till fe eble
. .

ce ly ap p re cia b le di ffe re nce o f me aning e x ce pt th at .

er s tate me n t implie s s o mew h at more of e x pe ctation

latte r Ye t w i th a ne g ativ e applie s to comple ted ac
.
 P ART I I

Q U EST I O NS AN D E XAM PL ES

A BAND ON (pag e 3)
QU E STIONS
1 . To w h at object s or class e s of ob e cts
j does ab an d on apply ! ab di cate !
ce ae l' n!s urre nd e r ! 2
qui t !r e s i g . I s ab and on u se d i n th e fav or ab le
or u n fav or ab le se ns e ! d e s e rt fav or ab le or unfav or ab le ! fors ake ! 8 .

Wh at doe s ab and o n commonly d enote of p r ev iou s re lations h ip ! for

s ak e !

E XAMPL E S
Th e aoldi er a h i s stand ar d i n s uch numb e r s th at th e command e r
fo und i t ne ce s s ar y to th e e nte r p ri se .

Fr ance w as compe lle d to Als ace and L or r aine to Ge r many .

I n th e h e ig h t of h is po w e r Ch ar le s V th e t h rone . .

F ind ing res i s t ance r u n, th e d e fe nde r s ag r e e d to th e for tre s s .

To th e su r pr i s e of h i s fr i e nd s , S e nator Co nkling sud de nly his

o fi ce .

At th e str ok e of th e b e ll, th e me n i nstantly w or k .

ABA SE (p ag e 4)
Q U ESTIONS
1 . How d oe sab as e difl e r fr om d e b as e ! h u mble fr om h umili ate ! de g rad e
from d i s g r ace
E X AMPL E S
To pr ov i de fund s th e k i ng r e s olv e d to
, th e co i nag e .

He came fr o m t h e s ce ne o f h i s d is g r ace , h aug h ty and d e fi ant,

b it not
Th e of
fi ce r w h o h ad h ims e lf b y cow ar dice w as to th e
ranks .

Only th e b ase i n s pi r it w ill th e mse lv e s b e for e w e alth , nk

ra , and
p ow e r .

Th e me ss e ng e r w as so th at no h ee d w as p ai d to h is me ss ag e .
 A B HOR (pag e 8)
QU ESTIONS
Whi ch is the stro ng e r w or d, ab h or or d e s pis e ! 2 . Wh at d oe s ab h or
donate ! 8 H ow doe s Arch b is h op Tre nch illustr ate th e difi ers nce
.

be tw ee n ab h o r and s h u nt 4 Wh at d oe s de tes t e x pre s s ! 5 Wh at . .

does loath e imply ! I s it p h ys i cal or mor al i n its application ?! 6 .

Giv e illus trations of th e appropr iate us e s of the above w or ds .

E AM E X PL S
He h ad su nk to s u ch d e g r ad ation as to b e utte r ly b y all g ood
a.

S uch ne s s can only b e

w e ak

Tale be are rs and b ac kb i te rs are e ve ryw h e re

th at w h i ch i s e v i l ; cle ave to th at w h ich i s g ood .

AB I D E (pag e 9)
Q U E STIONS
What limit of time is ex p re s se d b y abid e ! b y lod g e ! b y li ne , d w e ll, re

s ide ! 2 . Wh at is th e me ani ng o f sojou rn! 8 S h ould w e s ay . o ne

is s to ppi ng or st ay i ng at a h ote l ! and w h y !4 . Gi v e ex ample s of

th e ex te nde d, and of th e limite d us e of ab id e .

E AM E X PL S
One g ener ation p as se th aw ay and anoth e r g e ne r ation co me th , b ut th e
eth for ever .

And th e r e w e re in th e sa me cou ntry s h e p h e rd s i n th e fi e ld ,

spi ng w atch ov e r fi ock b y nig h t
th e i r .

80 g re at was th e cr ow d o f v i s i tors th at many w e r e co mpe lled to

the n e i g h b o r ing v illag e s .

He is at the Alb e mar le .

He h as for forty ye ar s i n th e s ame h ouse .

B y fai th h e in t h e land of p romi se , as i n a s tr ang e cou ntry .

A BO L IS H (pag e 11)
QU E STI ONS
aboli s h u sed of pe r sons or mate ri al ob je ct s ! 2 Of w h at i s i t u sed ! .

Giv e ex amp les 8 Wh at doe s annih ilate s ig ni fy ! I s i t stro ng e r o r

. .

w ea k e r th an ab oli s h ! 4 Wh at te rms do w e u se for doing aw ay w i th

.

law s ,and h ow do th ose te rms d i n er among th emse lv e s ! 6 Wh at .

ar e th e difl e re noe s betw e e n o v e r th row s upp re s s and s ub v e rt ! e s p e , ,

ci ally b e tw ee n th e last tw o o f th os e w or d s ! 6 H ow d oe s pr oh ibi t .

difl e r fro m ab oli s h ! 7 Wh at w o r d d o w e e sp e ci ally u se o f putti ng

.

an e nd to a nui s ance ! 8 Wh at oth e r w o rd s o f th i s class are e spe

.

ci ally r e ferre d to ! 9 Giv e s ome anto nyms o f ab oli s h

. .

E AMP E X L S
t h e one g re at end e av or of B udd h i sm i s to sorrow .

l odern sci en ce scan s to sh ow conclus iv e ly th at matter is never

 ab o mi nat i o n
ab s o r b

The law , w h i ch h ad long be e n by th e rev oluti o niata , was at h e

b y th e le g i s latu re .

Th e anci e nt statute w as found to h av e b ee n b y later e nactmen

ts
th oug h ne v e r for mally
Th e S upr eme Court th e adv er se d eci si on of th e i nfer ior tribun
al .

Ev e n i n a re pub li c, se d iti o n s h ould be promp tly or it may te

s ult i n th e of fr e e ins tituti ons .

F r om th e or ig i nal se ttle me nt of Vi ne land. Ne w Jer sey . the sa

le !
a
i nto x ic ati ng li quor h as b e e n

A B O MI N ATI ON (pag e 12)

QU ESTI ON S
1 . To w h atas ab ominati on or ig inally appli e d ! 8 D oe s i t re fer to a d a
w te .

o f min d o r to so me act or ot h e r ob je ct o f th oug h t ! 3 How does .

ab omi nati o n d i ce r fr om av e rs i on or d is g us t ! H ow doe s an abs - ms

ti on di fl e r fr om an o l e as e ! from cr i me i n g e ner al !
E X AMPL E S
Afte r th e s h ip b e g an to p i tch and r oll, w e could not look upon food
w i th out
I t i s ti me t h at s uch a s h ould b e ab ate d .

C ap ital p uni s h me nt w as for me r ly i nd i cte d in E ng land for t ri v ial

I n s p ite o f t h e ir h i g h attai nme nts i n le ar ni ng and ar t, th e foule a
t
w e re pr e v ale nt among th e Gre e k s and Romans o f clas s ic antiquity .

AB RI D G MENT (pag e 13 )
QU E STIONS
1 H ow doe s an ab ri dg me nt d i ffe r from an outli ne or a s y nopsis !from i n
ab s tr act o r d i g e s t ! 2 H ow doe s an ab s tr act
. or d i g e s t d itfe r from a n
ou t li ne or a sy no p s i s ! 8 . D oe s an analy s is o f a tr e atise de a l Wi th
w h at i s ex pr e s s e d , or w i th w h at i s imp lie d ! 4 . Wh at w ords may
u se to ex pre s s and e ns ed v i e w
co o f a s u bje ct , w h e th e r de ri ved from
a p r e v i ou s p ub licat i on o r no t !

E XAM PL E S
Th e Ne w Te s tame nt m ay b e reg ar d e d as an of re li g io n.

Th e r e ar e s e v e r al e x ce lle nt of E ng li s h lit e r atu r e .

An of th e d e c i s i on of th e cour t w din
as p ub li s h ed i n all th e lea !
p ap e r a
Th e p ub li s h e r s d e te r mine d to i s s u e an of th e i r d i ctionary .

S u ch as U S fo r U nite d S tate s
. . s h ould b e rar e ly used . “19 "
i n h asty w r i ti ng or te ch nic al w or k s .

AB SO LU TE pag e 15 )
QU ESTI ON S
1 . Wh at d oe s ab s olute i n th e str i ct
se ns e d e note ! s upreme ! 8 To 1 5" .

ar e th e se w or ds in such se nse pr oper ly a p pli e d ! 8 H ow are t't'

.
 ab s o r b

use d in a modifi ed se nse ! 4 . I s ar bi trary ev e r use d in a g ood se nse !

Wh at i s th e ch i e f u se ! Gi v e ex ample s . 6 . H ow d oe s auto cr ati c d i ffe r
fr om ar bitrary !both th e se w fr om de s p oti c !d e s p oti c fr om ty r an
or d s

nical! 6 I s i r re s p ons ib le g ood or b ad in its imp li cati on!ar bi trary !

.

i mp e r ati ve ! i mp e r ious ! p e r e mp tory ! p os iti ve ! auth oritati ve !

E XAMPL E S
Go d alone i s and
Th e C aar Ru s s i a i s an
of rule r .

p ow e r te nd s alw ay s to be i n its e x e rci se .

On all que s ti ons o f law i n th e U n i te d S tate s th e d e ci s ion o f th e

JOu r t i s and fi nal .

L e ar ning of th e attack on our se ame n, th e g ov e r nme nt se nt an

lo nand fo r ap olog y and i nd e mnity .

M an s w i ll an d inte lle ct h ave g iv e n h i m dominion ov er

’

i ll oth e r cr e atur e s on th e e a r th , s o th a t th e y are e i th e r s ub jug ate d or ex

e rmi nate d .

AB SO LV E (pag e 16)
QU ESTIONS
1. Wh at i s th e or i g i nal se ns e of abs olve ! h at d oe s it apply ! 3
2 . To w .

Wh at i s it s sp e c i al se nse w h e n us e d w i th r e fe re nce t o s i ns ! 4 H ow .

d oes i t d i fl e r fr om acqui t ! fo rg i v e ! jus ti fy ! pard on! 6 . Wh at are

th e ch ie f a ntonyms of abs olv e !
E XAM PL E S
No pow er unde r h e av e n can a man from h is pe r sonal re sp o n
s ib ili ty.

Wh e n th e facts w e re k now n , he w as of all b lame .

A B S ORB (pag e 16)

QU E STIONS
1 . Wh e n is a fl uid s aid to b e abs or be d ! 2 . I s th e n
sub st a ce of th e ab s or b
i ng b od y ch a ng e d b y th at ! Gi v e i nst ance s
w h ich i t abs or bs
3 H ow . .

d oes cons ume d ifl e r from abs or b ! 4 Giv e i nst ance s o f th e d is ti nct i v e .

u s e s of e ng r os s sw allo w i mbi b e an
. d ab s or b i n th e fl g ur s ti v e se nse
, , .

6 Wh at i s th e d ifl e re nce b e tw e e n ab s or b and e mi t ! ab s or b and r ad ii

.

ate !
E X AM PL E S

Th oug h th e fu e l w as rap idly w ith in th e fur nace , v e ry little h e at

w as fr om th e ou te r s u r face .

I n s e tt ing s te e l r ails sp ec i al p r ov is i o n mu st b e made for t h e ir ex p ans io n

unde r th e infl ue nce of th e h e at th at th e y
Ji p s tood o n th e tab le and b ar k e d at Tr e ddle s so pe r s is te ntly th at h e
may b e s aid to h av e th e conv e r s at ion .
497 ab s t i ne nce
ac c e s s o g

C arlyle delig h te d i n utte ran ce s .

Th e h atre d of th e J e w s i n th e Mi dd le Ag e s le d t h e po p u lace to
li e v e th e most s lande r s co nce r ni ng th e m .

I attempte d to d is s u ad e h im from th e plan, bu t found h i m alto

th er many of h i s arg ume nts w e re so as to b e po s itiv e ly

A BU SE (pag e 20)
Q U E STIONS
w h at does abus e app ly ! 2 H ow d oe s ab us e d iffer from damag e (as
.

i n th e cas e of re nte d pr ope rt y, e 3 H ow doe s ab us e d ifl e r. .

fr om h arm ! 4 Wh at w or d s of th i s g r oup are use d i n a b ad se ns e !

.

6 . Is r e pr t g ood or b ad ! 6 H ow d o p e r s e cute and

. opp r es s di f
fe r! 7 Do . mis e mploy , mi s us e and pe rv e rt apply to
.
pe r sons or

th i ng s !To w h ich doe s ab us e ap ply !

E XAM PL E S
Th e te nant sh all not th e pr ope rty b e yond r e asonab le w ear .

inte lle ctu al g i fts mak e th e d ang e r ou s v illain .

I n hi s rag e h e be g an to and all w ho had forme r ly b e e n

fr i e nd s .

To b e for d oi ng r ig ht can ne ve r r e ally a true man .

I n no w ay h as man h is fe llow man mor e cru e lly th an b y

a for h is r e li g i ous be li e f
.

ACC ESSORY, n (pag e . 23 )

Q U ES TI ONS
Wh ich w ords of th i s g r oup ar e u sed i n a g ood , and w h i ch in a bad
se nse ! 2
. Wh i ch ar e i nd ifl e r e ntly ! 3 To w hat e i th e r g ood or b ad .

doe s ally g e ne r ally apply !colle ag u e ! 4 H ow doe s an as s ociate com .

p ar e i n r ank w ith a p r i ncip al ! 6 I s as s i s tant or atte nd ant th e .

h ig h e r w ord ! H ow d o b oth th e se w ord s comp ar e w i th as s o ci ate ! 6 .

I n w h at s e n se are follo w e r h e nc h man and r e tai ne r u se d ! p artne r !

, ,

7 Wh at i s th e le g al di s t inct ion be t w ee n ab e ttor and ac ce s s o ry ! 8

. .

To w h at is ac compli ce ne ar ly e qu iv ale nt ! Wh ich is th e pre fe rre d

le g al te r m !
E XAM PL E S
Th e S e nator d iffe r e d w i th h i s in th i s matte r .

Th e b ar on r od e into to w n w i th a g r e at arr ay of arme d

F r ance and Russ i a se e m to h av e b e co me firm
Th e ca lle d to th e for a fr e sh b an d ag e .

All pe r sons , b ut e speci ally th e you ng sh ould tak e th e g re ate s t , care in

ch oi ce of th e ir
As h e w as not p re se nt at th e actu al co mmi ssi on of th e cr ime , he w as
d to be only an and not an
 AC C I D E NT (pag e 24 )
Q U E STI ONS
1 . Wh at is th e d iae re nce b e tw ee n accid e nt and
ance ! 1 H ow does taci ch

d s nt di ffer fr om b oth ! 8 Wh at i s th e s peci al sig nifi can

. ce of fortun
e!

4 H ow doe s it d ifl e r i n u s ag e from ch ance ! 6 H ow are acciden

. t . ,

mis ad v enture , and mis h ap d ist i ng ui sh ed !

E XAMPLE S
Gamb li ng cling s almost i ns e p ar ab ly to g ames of
B r ui se s and contus ions are r e g ar de d as o rd i nary of th e u nity
s e rv i ce .

Th e p rude nt man i s care ful not to te mpt too far .

Th e mi splaoeme n t of th e sw i tch caus e d a terrible

Gre at th oug h ts an d h ig h p ur pos e s k ee p o ne from b eing g re atly h
t e

tu r be d b y th e little of d aily li fe .

ACQUA I NTA N C E (Pag e 25 )

QU E STIONS
1 . Wh at d oe s acquaintance b e tw e e n pe rs ons imply ! 2 H ow does s coli i .

tance d iffe r fr om comp ani on s h i p !acquai ntance from frie n ds hip !from
i ntimacy ! 8 H ow doe s fe llow s h ip d i fi e r fr om fri e n
. d s hi p !

E XAMP L E S
pub li c spe ak e r many persons w h om h e does n
b ecomes know n to ot

k no w b u t w h o ar e re ady p r omptly t o clai m w i th h im

“
, .

Th e of li fe mu st b ri ng u s i nto w i th man y w h o canI!

l o admitte d w i th in th e i n ne r ci r cle o f
Th e of sch ool a nd colle g e life often dev elop i nto th e most bet !
t i ful and e ndu r i n g
B e tw ee n th os e mo st w id e ly se p ar ate d b y di stance of place an d tin “ 5! .

lang uag e, s tati on occup ati on and cre e d th e re may yet b e true
. . .
0‘

s oul.

AC RI M ON Y (pag e 26)
Q U E STIONS
1 . H ow doe s acer bi ty di ffe r fr om as p e ri ty !asp eri tv from acri mon y ! 3
H ow i s acri mony d i st ng u s h e d fr o
i i m m ali g n ty ! mali g n
i i ty from off "
!

ls nce ! 8 Wh at i s imp li e d i n th e use o f th e w or d s e v e rity !

.

E X AM PL E S
A ce rt ai n of spee ch h ad b e come h ab itual w i th h im .

To th is ill timed -
r eques t. h e answ e re d w i th s udde n
A co ns tant se nse of in ju s tice m ay d e e p e n i nto a se ttle d

Th i s s mooth and p le as ing add r e s s v e ile d a d e e p

Gr e at w i ll b e p atie ntly b or ne if th e s uffe r er is co nv inced of “
i
e s se nti al jus ti ce .
 ac c i d e nt

ACT (pag e 27)

QUESTI ONS
1 . How is s et disti ng ui sh e d from acti on! from deed ! Which of th e
w ord s in th i s g roup n eces sarily i mply an ex ternal e d ect ! Which
may b e w h olly me ntal !
EXAM ES PL
He w ho doe s th e tr uth ill need
w no instr ucti on as to individual — s .

is th e tr uth of th oug h t .

i s done .

ACTI VE (pag e 28 )
QU E STI ONS
1 . With w h at tw o se ts of w or ds i s acti ve allied ! 2 . H ow doe s ae ti os difl er
from bus y ! from i nd us tri ou s ! 8 H ow do acti ve and r e s tle s s com .

p ar e ! 4 To w h at sor t of act iv i ty d oe s afi cious re fer ! 6 Wh at are

. .

some ch ie f anto nyms of acti v e !

EXAM P L ES
B ei ng of an di spo s i tio n and w i th out settled purpose or de fi nite
occu ati on,
p she b e come as a h orne t .

H e h ad h i s d ays and h our s , but could ne v er b e prope r ly s ai d

to be
An atte ndant i ns tantly se ize d upon my b ag g ag e .

Th e tr ue stude nt is from t h e me r e lov e of le arning , i nde pend

ntly of its
a re w ar d s .

AC U M EN (pag e 28)
QU E STI ONS
1. H ow do sharp nes s , acutene s s , an
p e ne trati on. d in s ig ht M p are w i th
acume n! 8 . Wh at i s th e s pec i al ch ar acte ri st i c of a c ume n! To w h at
orde r mind doe s
of i t b e long ! 8 . Wh at
aci ty ! I s i t att ri b ute dis s ag

to 4 Wh at i s p e r s pi c aci ty ! 6 Wh at i s s h r e w d n
me n or b r ute s ! . ess ! .

I s it or di nar i ly g ood or e vi l ! 6 Giv e illustr ati ons of th e u se s of th e

.

ab ov e w or ds as r e g ar ds th e po sse s sor s o f th e corres p o ndi ng qu ali ti e s .

E XAMPL E S
Th e tr e ati se di sp lays g r e at cri tical
Th e I ndians h ad d e v e loped a p r acti cal th at e nab led th em to
fo llo w a tr ail by scar ce ly pe r ce ptib le si g ns almo st as unerri ng ly as th e
hou nd by sce nt.

ADD (pag e 32)

Q U E STIONS
1 . H ow add r elate d to i ncr e as e ! H ow d oe s it di ffer fr om multi ply !
is
2 Wh at does au g me nt s i g ni fy ! Of w h at i s i t or d i nari ly u sed ! 8 To
. .
 ADH ERENT (pag e 35 )
QU ESTI ONS
1 . What i s anad he re nt ! 2 H ow doe s an ad her ent difier fr om a s u pp orte r !
.
'

from a dis ciple ! 8 How do b oth th e abov e w or ds d i t e r fr om ally !

.

4 H as partis an a g ood or a bad se nse . an

. d w h y ! 6 I s it w e ll to .

spe ak of a s upporte r as a bac ker !

EXAM LE P S
Also of your ow n s e lv es sh all me n ari se spe aki ng pe rver se th ing s to
d ra
w aw ay s afte r th e m
-
.

Woman is w omans natur al ’

S e lf de fe ns e compelle d th e Eur ope an

o
nati ons to he -
s ag ai ns t
Napoleon .

Th e dep ose d monarch w as found to h ave a strong body of

ADJAC ENT (pag e 36)

QU ESTI ONS
Wh at is th e differe nce be a
adjace nt and adjoi n i ng ! co nti g u ous !
contermi nous ! 2 Wh at d is t ance i s implie d i n near ! ne i g h bori ng !
.

8 Wh at does n
. ewt alw ays imply ! 4 Giv e an tonym s o f ad jac e nt n e ar . .

E XAMPL E S
S trong er b y w e ak ne s s , w i se r men be come,

As th e y draw to th e ir e te rnal h ome .

ADM IRE (pag e 37)

QUE STION S
I n w h at se nse w as admi re forme rly u sed ! Wh at
doe s i t now e x pre ss !
2 . H ow doe s ad mi r e co mp are w i th r e ver e !vener ate !ad or e ! Give i a
s ta cesn of th e use of th e se w ord s.

E X AMPL E S
Th e b e autiful are sure to be
H e nce forth th e maje st y of God
Fe ar h im, and yo u h av e noth ing else to fear .

valu e S cie nce— none

I can pris e it more ,

I t g ives te nth ous and motiv es to

B e i t re lig i ous as i t ou g h t to b e ,
.

The h e art i t h umb le s and it h ow s th e knee

. .

AD ORN (pag e 38)

QU E STION8
1 H ow
. doe s adorn did er from or name nt !from g arnis h !from de ck or be
d e c k !fr om de corate !
EXAM PLES
At ch ur ch , w ith mee k and unaffected g r ace ,

H is looks th e v e ner ab le place .

 al l -asst

The re dbreas t oft. ath our s,

ev e nin
g
S h all kindly le nd h is little aid.
W ith h oary moss . and g athere d ficw ers .
To the g roun d w h ere th ou art laid .

A FF RO N T (pag e 39 )
QU EST IONS
1 . Wh at is it to al r ont ! 2 . How does al r ont compare w ith ins ult!with
tease !ann oy !

E AMX PLE S
I t is safe r to so me pe op le th an to oblig e th em : for the better 0
man de se rve s, th e w or se th ey w i ll s pe ak of h im .

oh , rath e r g i ve me comme ntators plai n,

Wh o w i th no dee p re s e ar ch e s th e br ain .

Th e pe tty d e s ire to i s s i mply a pe rv ersi on of th e humanlove 01

p ow er.

Th e y rus h ed to me et th e

A GENT (pag e 41)

Q U E STIONS
1 . H ow doe s ag ent i n th e ph ilosoph ical se nse compare w ith mover or do"?
2 Wh at d iffer e nt se n
. se h as it i n b us ine ss us age!

E XAM P LE S
Th at mor ality may me an anyth ing , man must b e h e ld to he s it “

de cli ne d to tak e th e r e sp o nsib ility in th e ab se n ce of the

AGREE (pag e 42)

QU E STIONS
1 . H ow do co ncur and coi nci d e d i fi e rme aning !
in rang e of How ' illl

re fe re nce to e x p re ss ion i n act io n! 2 H ow d oe s acce de compae

. r Wi th
con s ent ! 8 Wh ich is th e mo st g e ne r al w ord of th i s g r oup !
.

E XAMPL E S
A w o mans '
lot i s made for h er b y th e lov e sh e
My pov erty, b ut not my w ill ,

A GRI C ULTU RE (pag e 43 )

Q U E STIONS
1 . Wh at doe s ag ri cultur e i nclu de ! H ow doe s i t d i fl e r from fs rs tin
g l 1
Wh at i s g ar d e ni ng !fl or icultur e !h orti culture !
 al t -a nt

E XAMPL E S
Loan oft lose s both its elf and friend ;
And b or row i ng dulls th e edg e of
A fie ld b e come s e x h aus b y co ns tant

AI M (pag e 44 )
Q U ESTIONS
Wh at is an aim! H ow does it d iRer from mar k !fr om g oal! 2. How do
e nd and j
ob e ct mpare ! 8 To w h at does
co . as pi r ation apply ! How
d oe s it differ in g e ner al from de si g n e nd e av or or purpos e ! 4 How
, , .

doe s purp ose comp a r e w i th i ntenti on! 6 Wh at is des ig n! .

E XAM PL E S
I n de ed s of dar ing r ecti tude , in s corn
F or mi se r able th at nd w i th self
e .

0 ye t w e tr ust th at some h ow g ood

Will
be th e final of ill .

H ow qui ckly natur e falls i nto revolt,

Wh en g old b e comes h er
I t is not but amb ition th at is th e moth er of miser y in man .

M R (pag e 44 )
QU E STI ONS
Wh at i s ai r in th e ns i de re d ! 2 H ow doe s ai r d iffe r from
se nse h e re co .

app e ar ance ! 8 Wh at is th e d id e r e nce be tw e e n e x p r e s s i on and look !

.

4 Wh at i s th e se nse of b e ari ng !carri ag e ! 6 H ow does mi e n difl er

. .

from ai r ! 6 Wh at doe s d e me anor in

. clude !

EXAM PLES
I nev e r , w ith i mportant
nv e r s ation ov e rb e ar
I n co .

Vi ce i s a monste r of s o fri g h tful

As. to h e h ate d ne e ds b ut to b e s e e n
.
.

Gr ie f fills th e room u p o f my ab se nt ch ild .

Li e s in h i s b e d w alk s up and d ow n w ith me

, .

Puts on h i s pre tty r e p e at s h i s w ords .

A I RY (pag e 45 )
QUE STI ONS
How doe s ai ry ag r e e
i th and d ifl e r
w fr om a e r i al ! Gi v e i n sta n ces o f th e

us e s o f th e tw o w or d s 2 W h at d oe s e
.
th e r
. e a l s i g nif y ! s p r i g h tly ! 8 .

Are li v ely and an i ma t e d us e d i n t h e fa v o r a b le or u n fa v o r a b le s e nse !

EXAM PL ES
tong ue s th at syllable me ns name s
'
.
n s and s and
o s h ore s and

tart w i lde rne ss e s .

 EXAM PL ES
By h ands th y dying e yes w ere clos e d
t a

By h an ds th y h umb le g r av e ad orned

By str ang e rs h onored an d b y str ang e r s mourned .

t is n! Not a
re li g i o inh ab itant nor someth in g ,

a
r e, w hi ch come s and tak e s up its abod e in th e soul .

from th e commo n w e alth of I sr ae l and from th e cov e nants

AL I KE (pag e 49 )
QU ESTI ONS
d oe s ali k e comp are w ith s imilar ! i th i d e nti cal! 2 . Wh at i s th e
s ti nction o fte n mad e betw ee n e qu al and e qui v ale nt! 8 . Wh at i s th e
us e of analog ou s ! (Comp ar e syn on yms for ans w e r ) . 4 . I n w h at
use i s h omog e ne ous use d !
EXAM P L ES
s ti me s g e ntle , some time s capr i ci ous , sometime s aw ful ; ne ver th e
for tw o mon th s tog e th e r .

F as h ione d for h ims e lf, a b r id e

tak e n fr om h is si d e .

A LLAY (pag e 5 0)
Q U ESTI ONS
i s th e di stincti on b e tw ee n allay and alle viate ! Which w or d i mplie s
p arti al mov al of th e cause o f s uffe r ing or an actual li g h te ni ng o f
re ,

e b u r de n! 2 With w hi ch of th e ab ov e w or d s are w e to class ap

.

as e paci fy s ooth e and th e lik e i

, , , 8 With w h at w ord s i s a
. lle vi ate
.

pe c i ally to b e g roupe d ! ( S e e s yno nym s for au s m rl ) '

.

E XAM PL E S
S uch song s h ave pow e r to
Th e r e st le ss pulse of care ,
And come lik e th e b e ne d i cti on
Th at follow s after pr ayer .

Many a w or d at r and om s pok e n

.

May or w oun d a h e art th at s b rok e n!

’

A LL EGE (pag e 51 )
QUE STI ONS
h i s th e pr imary and w h ich th e se cond ar y w ord , alleg e or adduce !
b y ! 2 H ow much of ce rtainty i s i mpli ed in alleg e ! 8
. . How much
te s o ne admit w h en h e s pe aks of an alle g ed fact, docume nt, s ig na
re. or th e li k e !
 E XAMP LE S
I n many cases of h aunte d h ou ses , th e sp irits h av e not venture!
to face an ar med man w h o h as p as se d th e nig h t th ere .

I can not on e th ing an d me an anoth e r If I ca tn pray I will

’
.

not mak e believe !

A LL EGORY (pag e 52)

QU ESTIONS
1 . H ow does alleg ory cu p s re w i th s imi le ! S i mile w ith metaphor ! 2 .

Wh at are th e di stinctions be tw ee n alle g ory , fable , and parable ! 3 .

U nde r w h at g e ner al te rm ar e all th es e i nclude d ! 4 To w h at is it .

tion now most co mmonly applied !

E XAMP LE S
I n ar g ume n t
are lik e so ng s i n lov e :
Th ey much d e s cr ib e ; t h e y noth i ng pr ov e .

And H e sp ak e many th ing s u nto th e m i n sayi ng , B ehold l

so w e r w ent forth to sow .

A LL EV I A TE (pag e 53 )
QU E STIONS
'
1 . H ow d oe s alle viate d ifi e r fr om '
r e li e ve ! from move ! 2 I s d ist ill!
re .

u se d of pe r s o ns ! 8 h at are
. W th e s pe ci al s i g ni ficati ons of s i de !
as s uag e ! mi ti g ate ! mod e r ate ! 4 . H ow d oe s alle vi ate comg sre with
allay ! ( Compare sy nonyms for anu s . )
E XAM PLE S
To p ity di stres s i s b ut h uman; to it is God lik e .

B ut, 0 !w h at mig h ty mag i ci an can

A w omans e nvy !
’

A LL I A N C E (pag e 53 )
QU E STIONS
1. Wh at is an alli ance !h ow doe s it d i fi e r fr om p artne rs h ip !fr om cos lififl "
from le ag ue ! 2 H ow d oe s a c o nfe d e r acy or fe d e r ati on differ from
.

u ni on!
E X AMP L E S
Th e tw o nati ons forme d an o ffe ns i v e and de fe ns ive ag ainti “ 9

co mmo n e ne my .

Ti ll th e w ar drum th r ob be d no long e r , and th e b att le fi ag s w e re furied.

- o

I n th e P ar li ame nt of man, th e o f th e w orld .

B u s i ne s s ar e th e w ar r ant for th e e x is te nce of tra de

 A LLOT (pag e 54)
QUESTI ONS
Does allot re fer to time, place . or per son! 3 To w hat doe s appoint .

rater !as s ig n! 3 How does des ti n e did or fr om a

.
ppoi d ! 4 H ow does .

ass ard dlfl er from allot, appoi nt , and as s ig n!

EXAM PL ES
Man hath hi s daily w ork 0!body or min d —
—
5

B e et h th e moon tor se a s ons : th e sun know eth his g oing dow n .

Th e ki ng is but as th e h i nd
Wh o may not w ander fr om th e
B e fore hi s w ork b e done .

A LLO W (pag e 55 )
QU ESTI ONS
What i s th e did erenoe b e h ee n allow and pe rmit !betw ee n a pe r mi t and
'

per mi s s ion! 8 W
h at ins tances can y ou g ive of th e use of thes e
.

w ord s . a lso at tole r ate and s ub mi t ! 3 Wh at doe s yi eld imply ! .

EXAM PL E S
Frede ri ck th e Aust r i ans to cros s th e mountai ns th at h e mig h t
sch th e m o n a fie ld of h is n ch oo s i ng
ow .

Th e cr ue lty and e nvy of th e pe ople

b y our d as tard nob les , w h o
H av e all tor soolt me
h ath dev oured th e
, r e st.

S tate ch ur ch es h ave e ve r b e en unw i lling to di ssent .

ALLU D E (pag e 56)

QU ESTI ONS
What i s th e d isti nctive se nse 0!allud e !o i ad ve rt !of refe r ! 2 H ow do .

th e ab ov e w or d s comp ar e w ith me nti on as to e x p li citne ss ! 3 H ow .

do h i nt and i ns inuate diife r !

E X AMPL E S
Late i n th e e ig ntury Cow pe r d id not ve nture
h te e nth ce to do more th an
to th e g re at alle g or i st [ B u nyan] s ayi ng : ,

“
I name th ee not le st s o d e s pi se d a name
,

S h ould mov e a s ne e r at th y de se rv ed tame .

A LLU RE (pag e 5 7)
Q U E STIONS
Wh at i sit to allur e ! 2 H ow doe s allu re (litte r from attract !from lu re !
.

3 . Wh at doe s coax e x pre s s ! 4 Wh at i s it to cai ole ! to d e coy ! to

.

i nv ei g le ! 5 . H ow d oe s s e d uc e d itle r from tempt ! 0 I s . w i n u sed i n

the fav or able or untavor able s e nse !
 am b i t i o n

nois e eu r and cr iti c ! 2 . Wh ich w ord carr i es a natur al implicati on of

s uperfici al e s na ! 3 . H ow doe s novi ce and ty ro d i ffe r fr om amateu r !

EXAM P LE S
He as i n Log ic a g r e at
w

P r ofoundly ak i ll d i n Analyti c ;
'

H e could di s ting u i s h and div i de ,

A h air tw ix t south and s outh w e st s id e

‘
-
.

Th e g re ate st w ork s in poe try, p ainti ng and s cu lp ture h av e not b e e n ,

us by
The me r e w h o p rodu ce s noth ing , and w h ose bu si nes s i s only
judg e and e njoy .

AMA Z E M ENT (pag e 61)

Q U E STIONS
Wh at do ama zeme nt an d as toni s h me nt ag ree i n ex pr e s s i ng ! 2 H ow .

do t h e tw o w ords d iffer ! 3 Wh at i s th e me ani n g of aw e ! of ad

.

mi rati o n! 4 H ow d oe s . s ur p ris e diffe r from as toni s h ment and amaze

me nt ! 5 . Wh at ar e th e ch ar acte r i s tics o f w onde r !

E XAMPLE S
Tw as h ile h e toile d h im to b e
’
w fre ed ,
And w i th th e re i n to rai se th e s te e d,

Th at, fr om s i r on tr an
’
ce ,

All Wy ck lif s sold ier s w ak e d at once

’
.

Can su ch th i ng s be ,
And ov e r come us li k e a s ummer s cloud.
'

With out our s peci al

Th e foo l of natur e s to od w ith s tu pid e yes

And g aping mout h th at te s tifi ed

AM B ITION (pag e 62 )
Q UE STIONS
Wh at t w o se n ambi ti on! 2 H ow does ambi ti on d iffer fr om as pi r a
se s h as .

ti on! Wh i ch i s th e h i g h e r w or d ! 3 Wh at i s th e d i sti ncti v e se nse o f .

e mulatio n!4 H as emulati on a g ood s id e ! H ow d oe s i t comp are w ith

.

as pi r ati on
E XAM PL E S
Cr omw ell, I ch arg e th ee , fl ing aw ay
B y th at si n fe ll th e ang e ls .

Env y, to w h i ch th
’
ig nob le mi nd s a s lav e
’
,

I i n th e le ar nd b r av e
’
s or .

I h av e no sp ur
To pr i ck th e s i de s of my i nte nt b u t , o nly
Vaulti ng
 AM EN D (pag e 63)
QU ESTI ONS
1 . Wh at is it to amend ! 2 H ow do ad van ce . better . a
. nd i mprove difer
fr om amen d ! 3 Ar e th e se w ord s app li ed to matte r s decidedly bod
. .

foul. or evi l! 4 Wh at i s th e di a
. ere nce betw een a mend and m ad!
E AMX P LES
Re turn ye now ev e r y man from h is ay, and
e v il w your deis si
Th e co nstruction h ere i s di fl cult, and th e tex t at this point has been
various ly

H uman ch ar acte r s and nditions nev er

co re ach s uch perfectio n thst
th e y can not be

AM I AB L E (pag e 64 )
Q U E STIONS
1 To
. wh at d oe s love ly o fte n apply ! 2 To w h at does ami able alw ays a
. pply!
3 H ow do ag re e ab le . attracti v e . and ch ar mi ng d ifl er from amia ble !
“
.

Gi ve e x ample s 4 I s a g ood natur e d per son n

. . ece ss a
-
ri ly ag reed !
an ami ab le pe r so n!
E X AM PL E S
H is life w as and th e e le me nts
So mi x e d in h im . th at N atu r e mig h t nd
s ta up
And say to all th e w or ld , Th i s w as a man!
Th e cast i s blo s s omi ng ! Ye s a r os e ,
V as t as th e h e av e ns, so ft as a k i ss,
as th e p re s e nce o f w oman i s .

A N A LOG Y (pag e 66)

QU E STIONS
Wh at i s th e sp e cifi c me ani ng of i s afi nity !coin
analog y ! 2 ci . Wh at
de nce ! 3 D oe s coi nci d e nce ne ce s s ar i ly i nv olve res emblan
. ce or litt

nos e ! 4 Wh at i s p ari ty o f r e as oni ng ! 6 Wh at i s a s i militude !5

. .
.

H ow do res e mb lance and s i mi lari ty d iffe r from analog y !

E X AMPL E S
Th e tw o b oys bo r e a clos e to e ach oth e r .

I t is not d ifi cult to tr ace th e of th e h ome to th e state .

A NGER (p ag e 67)
QU E STIONS
1. Wh at are th e e spe ci al ch ar acte r i st i cs o f ang e r ! H ow d oes it di mM
ind ig nati on! e x as p e r ati on! r ag e ! w r ath !i r e !
 E XAMPLE S
My e nemy h as long b orne me a fee ling of

Ch r i st w as filled w i th at th e h ypo cr i s y of th e Je w s
.

I w as ov er co me by a sudde n fee ling of

A NI MA L (pag e 68)
QU E STIONS
Wh at i s an an !a be as t ! 2 I s man an ani mal ! 3 Wh at
i mal!a br ute . .

is i mplied i f w e s pe ak o f any p art icular man as an an i mal !a b ru te !

a be as t ! 4 Wh at forms o f e x i ste nce does th e w or d cr e atur e inclu d e !
.

5 Wh at are th e ani mals of a country or r e g i on colle ctiv e ly calle d !

.

E XAMP L E S
I t is o nly w i th i n th e las t h alf ce ntur y th at soci e ti e s h av e b ee n org anis e d
th e p re v e ntion of crue lty to
0 th at me n s h ould put an e ne my i n th e ir mouth s to ste al aw ay th e ir
sins !th at w e s h ould w i th joy, ple as ur e , r e v el, and applaus e , tr ans form
nelve s into 1
Take a out of h is i ns ti nct , and you fi nd him w h olly depri v e d
u n
der s t anding .

S purni ng manh ood and its joy s to loot,

To b e a law le s s , lazy, se ns ual

A NN O U N C E (pag e 69 )
Q U E STIONS
Wh at i s it to annou nce ! 2 D oe s i t apply ch ie fl y to th e p ast or th e
.

fu tu re! 3 To w h at . is ad ve rti s e chi e fi y app li ed !pr op ound ! pr omul

g ate ! p ub lis h !
E X AMPL E S
Th e S ph i nx its ridd le s w ith life and de ath d e pe nd ing o n th e
us er .

Throu g h th e r are fe li city of th e time s you are pe rmi tte d to th i nk w h at

i ple as e and to w hat you ple as e .

Th e song s o f bi r ds and th e w i ld fl ow e r s in th e w o odland s

n
ing of s pri ng .

A NSWER (pag e 70)

Q U E STIONS
Wh at i s a ve rb al ans w e r ! 2 I n w h at w ide r se nse i s ans w er u se d ! 3
. .

Wh at i s a re ply !a re joi nd e r ! 4 H ow doe s an ans w e r to a ch arg e .

,

an ar g ume nt or th e lik e di fi e r fr om a r e p ly or re joi n

, , d e r ! 5 Wh at .

i s th e s pe ci al qu ali ty o f a re s pons e ! 6 Wh at is a re tort ! H ow doe s .

it d iffer fr om r e p ar te e !
E XAMPL E S
I ca n no oth er mak e b ut , th anks .
 E X AMP L E S
My copp e r lamp s , at any rate ,
For b e i ng tr ue I b oug h t .

I d o lov e th e s e ns r ui ,

We ne v e r tre ad upon th e m b ut w e s et
Our foot upon some r e v e re nd h istor y .

A N XIETY (pag e 73)

QU E STIONS
1
. Wh at is an x ie ty i n th e p r imar y se n se ! I s it me ntal or ph ys i cal ! 2 H ow .

d oe s an x ie ty d ifl e r fr om an g u i s h ! 3 Wh at k i n d of pos s ib ility d oe s
.

anx i e ty alw ays su g g e st ! 4 H o w doe s it di ffe r from appre he ns i on,

.

fe ar d re ad
, , e tc. , i n th i s re g ard ! 5 . Wh at is w o rry !fr etfulnes s ! 6
.

D oe s pe rple x i ty i nv olv e anx i e ty !

E XAM P LE S
Yie ld not to for th e fu tur e , w ee p not for th e pas t .

S upe rs titi on inv e ste d th e s li g h te st i nci d e nts o f li fe w i th need le ss

i s h ard er th an w ork , an d far le s s pr ofitab le .

A PAT HY (pag e 74 )
QU ES TI ONS
1
. Wh at i s apath y ! H ow d oe s it d iffe r fr om th e S ax on w or d u nfe e li ng
ne s e !from ind il er enc e !fr om i ns e ns ib ility !fr om unconce rn! 3 H ow .

d oe s s toi cis m difl e r

'
fr om ap ath y !

E XAMP LE S
"'
I n lax y t sto ic s b o ast
Th e ir ti s fix ed as i n a fr os t.
’
v i rtu e fix ed :

At le ng t h th e mor n and cold ca e m .

B aank into a from w hi ch it as impo ss i ble to arou se h im

‘

e w .

A P O LOGY (pag e 75 )
QU E STIONS
1 . Wh at ng e o f me aning h as ap o log y unde r g one ! 2 Wh at d oe s an
ch a .

ap olo g y now alw ays imply ! 3 H o w doe s an apolog y d iffe r from an

.

ex cus e ! 4 Wh ich of th e se w or d s may r e fer to th e futur e ! 5 H ow

. .

d oe s confe s s i on d i ffe r from ap o log y !

E X AM PL E S
o nly account for th at w h i ch th e y do not alte r .

B e au ty i s its ow n fo r b e i ng .

The re i s no r e fug e from b ut s ui ci de ; and su i ci de is

 ap p ar e nt
ar t i fi ce

A PP A RENT (pag e 76)

QU E STIONS
1 . Wh at tw o contr as te d s e nse sar i se fr om th e root meani ng of apparen t!
2 Wh at i s i mplied w h e n w e sp e ak of app ar e n
. t kindne ss or s ppem t
ne g le ct ! 3 H ow do p r e s umab le and p r obable di fl e r ! 4 What invli
. .

cati on i s conv e ye d i n s e e mi ng ! Wh at d o w e s ug g es t w h e n w e speak

“ "
of see mi ng i nnoce nce !
E X AMPL E S
not
I t is th at th e stud e n ts w ill attempt to b r e ak th e rule s a in
ga .

I t i s not ye t w h at h i s motiv e could h av e b e e n in committil t

s u ch an of fe nse .

I t is th at so me th i ng h as b ee n omitte d w h ich w as esse ntial to

co mplete th e n
co s tructio n .

A PP ETITE pag e 80)

QU ESTIONS
1 . Of w h at ki nd of de mand s or i mpulse s i s appe ti te narily used ! 2
ordi .

Wh at d e mand s or te nde nci e s ar e i nclud e d i n pas s ion! 3 W hat il

.

i mplie d b y p as s ions and app e ti te s w h e n use d as con tr as te d te rms !

E XAMPL E S
Gov e rn w e ll th y le s t si n
S urp r i se th ee , and h e r b lack att e nd ant D e ath .

Tak e h e e d le st s w ay

Th y judg me nt to do aug h t w h i ch also free w ill

Would not ad mit .

A PP ORTION (pag e 82)

QU E STIONS
1 . Wh at i s th e s pe ci al s ig nificance of app orti o n b y w hi ch it i s d isting uished

fr om allot, as s i g n, d i s tri bute , or di vid e ! 2 . Wh at i s th e s ig nificant‘"

of d i s pe ns e in th e tr ans iti v e u se ! 3 . Wh at i s it to app r opriate !

E XAMPL E S
Re p re se ntativ es are among th e se v e r al state s accordi ng to the

pop u lati on .

Th e tr e asure w as and th e ir sh ar es d uly among the

c aptor s .

A PP ROXI MA TIO N (pag e 83 )

Q U E STIONS
1 . Wh at i s an appr ox i mati on i n th e
math ematical s e nse ! 2 H ow close .

app roach to e x actne s s and ce rt ainty d oe s appr ox i mati on i mply! 3 '

H ow d oe s appr ox i mati o n d iffe r fr om res emb lance and s i mi larity !m

appr oach ! 4 H ow doe s app rox imation, as reg ard s the class of 05
.
 jes ts to w hich it i s applied. ditter from ne arnes s , ne ig h bor h ood , or

"aris e -cur !
EXAMP L E S
We h ave to be conte nt w ith to a soluti on .

With out faith th e re is no re al

. to God .

Wit consi sts in know ing th e of thi ng s w h ich d i fl er , and th e

h e nce of th ing s w hi ch are alike .

A R M S (pag e 83)
Q UE STIONS
What i s th e diae re nce b e tw ee n arms and armor ! 2 I . n w h at co nnection
is armor use d in mode r n w ar fare !
E XAMPL E S
clashi ng b r ayed
H orrib le d i s cord .

There is con s tan t r iv alr y be tw ee n i rre s i stib le proj

e ctile s and i mpe ne

b Ie

ARMY (pag e 84 )
Q U E STIONS
W h at ar e th e e s se nti als of an army ! 2 . I s an army lar g e mall ! 3
or s .

Wh at te rm w b e ap pli e d to a multi tud e

ould of a rmed me n w ith out

orde r or or g anization! 4 I n w h at se nse i s

. host us ed !le g i on!

E X AMPL E S
F or th e is a sch ool in w h i ch th e mi ser become s g e ner ou s and .

ge ne ro us , p rod ig al ; mis e rly s old ie r s ar e li k e mons te r s, b ut v e r y r are ly

Th e sti ll di scord an
-
t w av eri ng

A RRA IGN (pag e 84 )

QU E STIONS
To ha
w t k i nd o f p r oce e d i ng s do i nd i ct and arr ai g n apply ! 2 H ow is .

one ind icte d ! H ow arr ai g ne d ! 3 H ow do th e se w o rds d iffe r fr om

.

ch arg e !ac cus e !ce ns u r e !

E X AM PL E S
The criminal w as for tri al for h i s ofl e ns es .

Re lig i on d oes not or e x clu d e u nnu mb e red ple asure s, h armles sly
m ed .

A RTI F I C E (pag e 88)

Q U E STIONS
What is an arti fice ! a d e vi ce ! fine ss e ! 2 I n w hat se nse ar e che at . .

mane uve r , and impoeture alw ays used ! 3 I n w h at se nse i s trick .

 A SSO C I ATE, n (pag e 91) .

QU E STIONS
1 . Wh at does as s oci ate imply as us e d om
, cially ! Wh at w h e nus ed i npopular
lang u ag e ! 2 D o w e sp e ak of ass oci ate s i n crime or w r ong ! Wh at
.

w or ds a r e pre ferr ed i n s uch con ne ction! ( B e e synonyms for s oon

3 I s compan
. i on use d i n a g ood or b ad se nse ! 4 H ow d oe s .

it did e r in us e fr om as s oci ate ! 5 Wh at i s th e si g n

. ifi cance of p ee r !
comrade !c ons ort !
E XAMPL E S
H i s be s t i nnoce nce and h e alth ,
And hi s b e st ri ch e sig nor ance of w ealth .

Th e acce pte d Napo le on s abd i cati on

’
.

Th e le ad er i n th e plot w as be tr ayed by his

A SS U M E (Pag e 93 )
QU E STIONS
1 Doe s as s ume apply to th at w h i ch i s r i g h tfu lly or w ron
.
g fully tak e n! 2 .

I n w h at use does as s ume co rr e s pond w ith ar r og ate and us urp ! 3 .

H ow do arr og ate and us ur p d iffe r from e ach oth er ! H ow does ass ume
difl er fr om p os tulate as r e g ar d s d eb ate or re as oni ng of an y ki nd !
E X AM PL E S
Wh e re fore do I
Th ese r oyaltie s , and not r e fu se to re i g n .

a vi rtue i f you h av e it not .

F or w e ll w e kn ow n o ha nd of b lood and bone

C an g rips th e s acr e d h and le of our scep te r ,
U nle s s h e d o p ro fane , s te al, and

A SS U RA N C E (pag e 93)
QU E STIONS
1 . Wh at is as s urance i n th e g ood se ns e ! 2. Wh at i s as s ur ance in th e b ad
se nse ! 3 . H ow d oe s as s u rance co mp ar e w ith i mpude nce ! w i th s f
lr onts rg !
E XAM PL E S
L e t us dr aw ne ar w i th a true h e art i n full of faith .

S ome w ick e d w i ts h av e lib e l d all th e fair

'
.

With match le s s th e y s tyle a w i fe

Th e de ar b ou g h t cur s e and law ful plag ue of li fe
-
, .

With br aze n h e d e nie d th e mo st i ndi sputab le facts .

A STU TE (pag e 94 )
QU E STIONS
F m h at lan u a i acu te d e r i v e d ! Wh at i i t di ti ncti v e se nse ! 2
L r o w g g e s s s s .

F r om w h at lang u ag e i s k e e n d e r iv e d ! Wh at d oes i t di s t incti v e ly d e

.
 at t ach m e nt
att r i b u t e

note ! 3 From w h at lang uag e i s as tute de riv e d and w h at w as its

.
,

or i g i nal me ani ng ! 4 I n pres e nt use w h at does as tute a

. dd to the
me ani ng of acute or ke e n! 6 Wh at doe s as tute imply re g ardin
.
g the
ulte r i or purpose or obje ct of th e p e r son w h o i s cr e dited w ith it !

E XAMPL E S
You st ate sme n ar e so in forming s ch e mes !
H e tak eth th e w i se i n th e i r ow n s ee n
.

Th e mo st re aso ner may be d e lude d. w h en h e p r actis es sophistry

u pon h ims e lf .

A TT ACHM ENT (pag e 97)

QU E STIONS
Wh at i s attac h me nt ! H ow doe s it d iffe r from ad h e r e nce or adhesion!from
al e ctio n!fr om i nc li nati o n! from r e g ard !

E X AMPLE S
Talk not of w ast ed ne v e r w as w as te d .

You do not w e ak en your for you r family by culti v ati ng

be yond i ts p ale , b ut d ee pe n and i nte ns i fy it .

A TT AC K, v . n (pag es 98, 99 )
.

QU E STIONS
1 . Wh at sp e ci al e le me nt i s inv olv e d i n th e me aning of attack ! 2 How do .

as s ai l and ass ault d i ffe r ? 3 Wh at i s it to e ncounte r ! h ow does thil

.

w or d comp are w i th atta fe r fr om ag g ressi on!

c k ! H ow d oe s attack d i f

E XAM P LES
We se e t ime s
'
n anot h e r s b r o w
fu r r o w s o
’
,

And d e ath intr e nch d p r e p ar ing h is

’

H o w fe w th e mse lv e s i n t h at ju st mirr or se e !
Wh o e v erk ne w Truth p ut to th e w ors e i n a fre e and ope n
Ro g er Wi lli ams t h e s p i ri t o f i ntole r ance , th e d octr i ne of g em
suti o n, and ne v e r h i s p e r se cu tor s .

A I I AI N (pag e
' ' '
99 )
Q U E S TIONS
1 . Wh at k i nd o f a w or d i s attai n and to w h at d oe s i t po i nt ! 2 3 01
, .

d oe s a t tai n d iff e r fr om o b tai n! fr o m ac h i e ve ! 3 H o w d oes obtai n .

di fl e r fr om p r ocu r e !
E X AM PL E S
Th e h e i g h ts b y g r e at me n and k e pt
We r e not b y s u dd e n flig h t,
B ut th e y, w h i le th e ir comp anions s le p t,
Were toili ng up w ar d i n th e nig h t .
 at t ac h m e nt

Our doub ts ar e tr aito rs,

And mak e us lo se th e g ood w e oft mig h t
B y fe ar ing to atte mpt .

ATT ITU D E (pag e 100)

QU E STIONS
H ow doe s p os iti on as re g ar d s th e from atti tud e
h uman b ody d ifl er ,

pos tur e , D o th e t h r ee latte r w ord s apply to th e li vi n

or p os e ! 2 .
g or
th e de ad ! 3 Wh at i s th e d is ti ncti ve se n
. se of a tti tud e ! I s it con
s ci ou s or unconsciou s ! 4 H ow doe s p os tu re di fl er from atti tud e ! 5
. .

Wh at is th e di st incti v e se nse of p os e ! H ow doe s it diffe r from, and

how d oes it ag r e e w ith atti tu d e and p os tur e !

E XAMPL E S
ass ume d ind i cate d g re at i nd ig nati on b ecause of th e i nsu lt

w as g r ace ful and ple as ing .

ATT R I B U TE, v (pag e 100) .

QU E STIONS
Wh at s ug g e stion i s n inv olve d i n attri but e ! 2 H ow d oe s attri bute
ofte .

d ifl er fr om f
r e er and as crib e ! 3 I s ch ar g e ( i n th i s conne ct i o n) us e d
.

i n th e fav or ab le or unfa v or ab le s e nse !

E XAMP L E S
ye g re atnes s unto ou r Go d .

unw ort h y moti v e s w h i ch pr ov e d a g roundless ch arg e .

ATTRI B UTE, n (pag e . 101)

QU E STIONS
Wh at i s th e de riv ati on and th e i nh e re nt meani ng of quality ! 2 Wh at is .

an attribute ! 3 Wh i ch of th e ab ov e w or ds e x pre sse s w h at ne ce s

.

ae r ily belong s to th e su b ject o f w h ich it i s s aid to be an attri bu te or

qu ali ty ! 4 . Wh at i s t h e d e r i v atio n and di s ti nctiv e se nse of p r op e rty !
5 . H ow doe s p r ope r ty or d i nar ily d i ffe r fr om quality ! 6. In w h at
u s ag e do p r op e r ty and quali ty b ecome ex act nonyms
sy , and h ow ar e
p r op e r ti e s th e n d i sti ng u is h e d !

E X AMPL E S
H is sce e s h ow s th e for ce of te mpor al pow er ,
Th e to aw e and majes ty.
Wh e re i n d oth s it th e dre ad and fe ar of king s .
N o thi ng e nd ur e s b ut pe rso nal -
s.
 av ar le do ns
b ani s h

AWKWARD (pag e 106)

Q U E STIONS
Wh at is th e d er iv ati on and or ig inal me aning of aw k w ard ! of clums y !
2 To w h at. th er e fore , d oe s aw k w ard primar i ly re fe r ! and to w h at
.

clu ms y ! 8 I s a dr aft h or se di sti nctiv e ly aw k w ard or clu ms y ! 4

.
-
.

Giv e s ome me taph orical us e s of aw k w ard .

E X AMP LE S
Th ou g h h e w as he w as ki ndly .

Th e appre nti ce w as not o nly b ut and h ad to be taug h t

er a nd ov er ag ain th e s ame me th ods .

Th e y oung g ir l s tood in a w ay, looki ng in at th e sh ow y sh op

adow s .

A XIO M (pag e 107)

Q U E STI ONS
I n w h at d o at ion! and tru is m ag r e e ! 2 I n w h at do th ey di fl er . ! 8 .

H ow do th e y comp ar e i n i nte re s t and uti lity !

E X AMP LE S
I t i s almost an th at th ose w h o d o mos t for th e h e ath e n abroad
e mos t libe r al for th e h e ath e n at h ome
—
.

Trilli ng s cloth ed i n g r e at s w e lli ng , w or ds of v a nity.

BABB L E (pag e 107)

QU E STIONS
To w h at clas s do most of th e w or ds i n thi s g roup b elong ! hy W
th e y so calle d ! 2. Wh at i s th e sp e ci al s ig nifi cance of blab and blur t !
H ow do th e y d ifl e r from e ach oth e r in u se ! 3 Wh at i s ch at ! 4 . .

H ow d oe s p r attli ng d iffe r fr om ch atti ng ! 5 I n w h at se nse i s jabb e r .

u se d ! H ow d oe s it co mp ar e w ith ch atte r !

E X AM PL E S
“
Th e n
cr a e , I s aid, may of th e cr ane,

Th e d ov e may o f th e d ov e .

Tw o w ome n s at conte nte dly i ng , ne

o of th e m amu si ng a
g b abe .

BA NIS H (pag e 110)

QU E STIONS
Fr om w land may o ne b e bani s h e d ! F r om w h at e z patr iate d or
h at
sai le d ! 2 B y w h o m may o ne b e s aid to b e b an
. is he d !by w h om ea:
pa t r i at e d or ex i le d ! 3 W h i c h o f
. th e se w o r d s i s o f w i d e st i mpo rt !
Giv e e x amp le s o f it s me taph or ical us e .
 BA NK (pag e 111 )
Q U E STIONS
1 . Wh at i s a b e ach !a coast ! 2
. H ow doe s each of th e above w ords liter
fr om b ank! 3 . Wh at i s th e di s tinct ive se nse of d re ad ! I n t ha
t
style of w r iti ng is it most commonly us ed ! Wh at are the da
ti ncti ve sens es of e dg e and b rink !

BA N TER (pag e 112)

Q UE STIONS
1. Wh at i s b anter ! 2 H ow is b ad iag e d is ting ui s h ed fro m b an
. te r !rs iflm
from b oth ! 3 Wh at is th e di s ti nctiv e se n
. s e o f i r ony ! 4 I s irm .

ki ndly or th e rev e rse ! b adi nag e ! b an te r ! 5 Wh at w ords of this .

g r oup ar e d i s ti nctly h ostile ! 3 I s r id i cule or de r is io n th e st rolls"

.

w or d ! Wh at is th e d i sti n cti on b etw ee n th e tw o ! b e tw een sa ti re and

s arca s m! b e tw e e n cha] , j e er i ng , and mocke ry

BA R BA RO U S (pag e 113)
Q U E STI ONS
1 . Wh at i s th e me aning of b ar b ari an! 2 nifican
. Wh at
ce i s th e added sig

o f b ar b ar ic ! 3 H ow doe s b ar b aro us i n g e ne r al u se diller from both

.

th e abo v e w or d s ! 4 Wh at s pe ci al e le me n
. t i s commo n ly implied m
s av ag e ! 5 I n w h at le s s opp r ob r ious se nse may b ar b ar ous an
. d mm
b e u sed ! Giv e i n s t ance s .

E X AMPL E S
A multitud e lik e h ich t h e populous North
w

P ou re d ne v e r from h e r fr oze n loi ns, to p ass

Rh e ne or th e D anaw w h e n h er
, so n s
C ame li k e a d e lu g e on th e S outh .

Or w h e n th e g org eous E as t , w ith ri ch e st h and .

S h ow e r s o n h e r k ing s pe ar l and g old .

I t i s mos t tr u e , th at a natur al and s e cr e t h atr ed and aver s ion

societ y, i n an y man, h ath s ome w h at o f th e be ast .

Th ou art boug h t and s old among th ose of any w i t li k e a

BA RRIER (pag e 113 )

Q U E S TIO NS
1 . Wh at is a b ar ! and w h at i s its p urpose ! 2 Wh at i s a barrie r ! 3 .
.

Wh ich w or d is or d i nar ily applie d to ob je cts of g reat e x te nt ! 4

Would a mountai n r ang e be te r me d a bar or a b arri e r ! 5 WW .

di s tincti v e name i s g i v e n to a mas s of s a nd acr os s th e mouth of

ri v e r or h ar b o r ?
 BATT LE (pag e 114 )
Q U E STIONS
Wh at i s th e g ener al me ani n g of confli ct ! 2 h at i s a b attle ! 3 H ow . W .

long may a battle las t ! 4 On h ow man y fie lds may on

. e b attle be

fou g h t ! 5 H ow doe s e ng ag e me n
. t d i fl e r from battle ! How d oe s
co mb at di ffer ! action! s ki rmis h ! fig h t !

B EA U TI F U L (pag e 115 )
Q UESTI ONS
Wh at is nece s sary an obje ct or a pe r son be autiful! 2 C an
to constitute .

b e au ti ful be s ai d of th at w h ich i s h ars h and rug g ed . h ow e v e r g r and !

3 H ow i s b e autiful r e late d to our pow e r s of appreci ation! 4 H o w
. .

doe s p re tty comp ar e w ith b e au tiful ! han d s ome ! 5 Wh at doe s fai r .

de note ! co mely ! pi ctu res que !

E X AMPL E S
I pr ay th e e , O God , th at I may b e w it h i n
.

A h appy youth, and th e ir old ag e i s and fre e .

Tw as ng i n th e ir liv e s
'

su , h ow th e y w e r e
And i n th e ir de ath h ad not di v i de d b e e n .

H ow h as th e d ay bee n, h ow b r ig h t w as th e su n
.

H ow lov e ly and joy ful th e cour se th at h e r an .

Th ou g h h e r ose i n a mis t w h e n h is r ace h e b e g an

And th e r e follow e d some d r opping s of r ain!

B ECO M I NG (pag e 117)

QU E STIONS
Wh at i s th e me aning !of de ce nt ! o f s uitable ! 2 Can th at
of b e comi ng .

w h i ch i s w o rt h y or be autiful i n itse lf e v e r b e oth e r w i se th an b ecom

i ng or s ui tab le ! Gi v e i ns tance s 3 Wh at is th e mean ing o f fit !
. .

H ow doe s i t d iffe r fr om fitti ng or b e fitti ng !

E X AMPL E S
A me rri e r man ,

With i n th e li mit of mi rth ,

I ne v e r s pe nt an h ou r
'
s talk w ith al .

S till g ov e r n th ou my song ,
U r ani a, and aud ie nce fi nd, th oug h fe w .

Ind e e d , le ft noth i ng for your p urp ose

U ntou ch d h tly h andle d i n d i s cou r se
'
, s li g . .

In s u ch a ti me as th is , it is not
Th at e v e ry ni ce of
fe nse b e ar h i s comme nt
s h ou ld .

How cou ld mone y b e b e tte r s pe nt th an i n e r e ct ing a build ing

th e g r e ate s t lib r ar y in th e cou ntr y !
 E XAMPL E S
S h ut, s h ut th e door , g oo d J oh ni fatig u d, I s aid
’

up th e kn ock e r, s ay I m s i ck , I m de ad.
' '

Adjust our liv es to lo ss , mak e fr i e nd s w ith pai n,

all our s h atte re d h opes and b id th e m bloom ag ain .

B I TT ER (pag e 122)
Q U ES TIONS
How may acid , bi tter , and s a id be d i sting ui sh e d !p ung ent !caus ti c ! 2 .

I n me tap h or i cal use h ow ar e h ar s h and b i tte r d i sti ng uis h e d ! 3

, .

Wh at is th e spec i al si g nificance of caus ti c ! 4 Giv e e x ample s of th e se .

w ord s in th e ir v ari ous use s .

B L EACH (pag e 122 )

Q U E STIONS
H ow do b le ach and blanch ditter from w h i te n!fr om each oth er !
E XAMPL E S
You can b e h old such s ig h ts,
And k e e p th e natur al r ub y of you r ch e e ks ,
Wh e n mine i s w i th fe ar .

We let th e ye ar s g o : w as h th e m cle an w i th te ar s,
Le av e th e m to out i n th e ope n d ay .

B L E M IS H (pag e 124)
QU E STIONS
Wh at i s a b le mi s h ! 2 H ow d oe s it d i ffe r fr om
.
fl aw or tai nt ! 3 a .

Wh at i s a d e te ct !a fau lt ! 4 Wh ich w or d s o f th i s g r oup ar e natu r al

.

ly applie d to r e pu tatio n and

, w h ich to ch ar acte r !
E X AMPL E S
E v e r y p ag e e nclos ing i n th e mi d st
A s qu ar e o f te x t th at loo k s a little
Th e no b le B r utu s
H ath told y ou Ca e s ar w as amb iti ous
I t it w e re s o, it w as a g ri ev ou s

B LU FF (pag e 125 )
QU E STI ONS
In w h at sense are b lay fr ank and op e n use d ! 2 I n w h at
, . . se nse ar e
b lu nt , b m k r ou g h
, and rud e e mplo ye d !
,
 b o und ar y

E X AM PL E S
Th er e are to w h om my ms too
s atir e s ee

S tout once a month th e y mar ch a ,

And ove r b ut in time s of nee d, at h and .

B O U N DA RY (pag e 123)
QUE STI ON S
1. What i s th e or ig inal se ns e of b ound ary ! 2 H ow d oe s it difl er is . s ta
rt
from b ou nd or b ou n d s ! 3 I n w h at s tyle and se nse i s bee n
. used!

4. Wh at is th e d ist i nctiv e me ani ng o f ed g e !

E XAMP L E S
S o th e se liv e s
P arte d b y s s tro ng , b ut dr aw i ng ne arer and mom .

Rus h ed tog e th e r at last, and one w as lo st in th e oth er .

In w or st ex tr e mes , and on th e pe rilous

0!b attle .

B RAV E (pag e 127)

QU E STIONS
1 H ow
. doe s b rave
di fi e r fr om co u r ag e ous ! 2 W h at i s th e s pe ci al se nse 0! .

ad v entur ous ! o f b old ! o f c hi v alr ous ! 3 H ow d o th e se w ords duller .

fr om v e nt u r e s ome ! 4 Wh at i s e s p e ci ally d e note d b y fe arles s an

. dm
t r e pi d ! 5 Wh at
. d oe s v ali a nt te ll o f r e m its ! 6 . Wh at ide as are co m
b i ne d i n h e r oi c
E X AM PL ES
man is also full of faith .

F i r d at fir st
’
s ig ht w ith w h at th e Mu se i mp ar ts,
In yo uth w e te mpt th e h e i g h ts of Arts .

Th y d ang er ch ie fl y lie s i n acti ng w e ll;

No cr ime a so g r e at as
'
to ex ce l .

B U S I NESS (pag e 133)

QU E STIONS
1. W h at i s t h e di s t i n cti v e m e a n i ng o f b ar t e r ! 2 h a t d oe s bus i ne ss add . W
to th e me a n i n g o f b ar te r ! 3 W h a t i s o ccu p at
.i o n ! I s i t b r oad“r

th a n bus i ne s s ! 4 Wh at i s a v ocati o n! 5 Wh at ( in th e str ict

. . sent")

is an av o cati o n! 6 Wh at i s i mp li e d i n p r ofe s s i on!p ur s ui t ! 7 WW

. .

is a tr ans acti on! 8 H ow d oe s tr ade d ifl e r fr om c ommer ce ! 9 What

'

. .

is w o rk ! 10 Wh at i s an art i n th e i n
. d u str i al se nse ! a craft!

E X AMPL E S
A man must serve h is time to ev e ry

We turn to dust, and all our mig h tie st — s d i e too .

 CA LC ULATE (pag e 136)
QUE STIONS
H ow do you di sti ng ui s h b e tw ee n cou nt and calculate ! compute re ck on, ,

and es ti mate ! 2 Wh ich i s u se d mostly w ith r e g ard to futu r e pr ob

.

ab i liti e s ! 3 D o w e u s e co mpute or es ti mate ct numbe r s e x actly

.

kn ow n! 4 0!compute , calculate , and es timate , w h i ch i s use d w i th

.

e s pe ci al refere nce to th e futur e !

E XAM PL ES
T h ere w e re mm in the di str i ct, b y actu al
T he time at th e e clipse w as to a se co nd .

W e ask th em to appr ox i mate ly th e cos t of th e b u ildi ng .

CA LL (pag e 136)
Q UES TI ON S
W h at i s th e di sti n me ani ng of call ! 2 D o w e e v er apply b e llow
ctive .

and re ar to h uman sound s ! 3 C an you g iv e more th an o ne se nse at

.

cry ! Ar c s h out a nd scr e am mor e or le ss e x p re s s iv e th an call ! 5 .

Wh ich of th e w ords in thi s g roup ar e ne ce ss arily and w h ich or dinarily

appli e d to arti culate u tte r ance ! Wh i ch r ar e ly i t e v e r so us e d ! , ,

E XAMPL E S
tor th e robi n r e db re ast and th e w re n
.

The p i onee rs cou ld h e ar th e savag es outs i de .

I my ser v a nt and h e came .

Th e captain i n a v oice of th u nd er to th e h e lmsman, P ut your

I nh ard s port !

CAL M (pag e 137)

Q UE STIONS
To w h at clau s e 0!ob jects or s tates of mind do w e apply calm !co lle cted !
qui e t !p lacid !s er en e !s ti ll !tr anquil ! 2 D o th e antonyms b oi ste rous
. ,

m i te d N M
, tur b ule nt and w ild also apply to th e s ame ! 3 C an
, , , .

you contr as t calm and qui e t ! 4 H ow man y of th e pr ece di n

.
g ad
je ctiv e s can b e applied to w ate r ! 5 H ow doe s compos ed d ifl er from
.

ca lm
E XAMPL E S
Th e pos s e ss i on o f a co nsci e nce is a n e stimab le b le s si ng .

The w ate r i s said to b e alw ay s i n th e oce an de pth s .

on th e li ste ni ng e ar of nig h t
F all h e ave ns me lod i ou s s tr ains
’
.

CAN C EL (pag e 138)

Q UE STI ONS
Wh at i s th e dit er ence in meth od involv ed in th e ve rbs n
ca cel, el aee ,

erase , m un g e , and ob liter ate ! 2 Wh ich sug g e st th e

. mos t co mple te
 8 To w h at i s caricatu r e mos tly co nfi n
. ed ! 4 H ow do mi mi cry and .

imitati on di fi er ! 5 I s an e x tr av ag an
. z a an e x ag g e r ati on!

E XAMPL E S
Th e eag le nose th e g e n e r al w as ma g ni fied i n e v er y a
'
of rtis t s

H i s laug h ab le r e prod u ct i on o f th e g r e at actor s v a g ari es w as a

'
cle v e r

of

not lying to s ay th at a fox a tail i s four feet long , it i s certainly

'
I f it b e
au g e

CA RRY (pag e 144 )

QU E STIONS
To w h at sor t of ob ect sapply b e ar ! carry ! mos s ! take ! 2
j do w e .

Wh at ki nds of force or po w e r d o w e indi cate by convey , li ft, tr ans mi t ,

and tran s port ! 8 Wh at i s th e d i st i n

. ct i on be tw een bri ng and carry !
betw een car ry and b e ar ! 4 Wh at d oe s lift me an! 5 Can you g iv e
. .

some fig ur ati ve use s of car ry !

E XAMP L E S
The strong man can pou nds w ith app are n t e ase .

Napole on alw ays ende av or ed to th e w ar i nto th e e nemy s te rr i

’

1 .

It w as found neces s ary to th e coal ov er la nd for a di s tance of

0 miles .

My puni sh me nt is g re ate r th an I ca n

CA TASTRO P H E (pag e 145 )

Q U ESTI ON S
Wh at is a catas trophe or catacly s m ! 2 I s a catas tr op he also ne ce ss arily
.

a calami ty or a dis as te r ! 8 Wh i ch w or d h as th e b roa .d er me ani ng ,

d is as ter or calami ty ! 4 D oe s mis fortune sug g e st as se ri ous a cond i
.

tion as any of th e for e g oing ! 5 H ow doe s a mis h ap . comp ar e w i th a

catas tr op he , a calami ty or a d is as te r ! 0 Gi ve some
, . ch i e f antonyms
of th e a bov e .

E AM E X PL S
War and pes tile nce ar e prope rly w h ile th e loss of a b attle may
a , b ut not a
Fortu ne is not s ati sfi ed w i th i nfi icti ng ne
o

We ll ha d th e bod ing tr e mb le r s le arne d to tr ace

Th e d ay s in h is mor ni ng face
'
.

The fai lur e of th e cr op s of tw o s ucce s s ive ye ar s p rov e d an irre par ab le

to th e m ig r ants

CA U SE (Pag e 146 )
QU ESTIONS
Wh at is th e ce ntr al di s tincti on be tw ee n ante ce de nt and caus e ! 2 . H ow
ar e th e w ord s caus e con
, di ti on, and occas ion i llu str s by th e fall of
 an av alanch e ! 8 And . th e antonyms co ns e que nce !el e ct !outg rowth!
r e s ult ! 4 . Wh at ar e caus ali ty and caus ati o n! 5 . H ow are n
origi

and s our ce re lated to caus e !

E X AMP L E S
Wh e re th e re i s an e fl e ct th e re mu st b e also a
I t is nece ss ar y to k now some th i ng of th e of a ms n before vs

ca n s afely tr us t hi m .

Th e of th e r i ver w as fou nd to b e a small lak e among the hill

s

Wh at w as g iv en as th e of th e quarr el w as really but the

C HA GRI N (pag e 151 )

Q U E STIONS
1 . Wh at fee li ng s are comb in e d i n ch ag r i n! 2 H ow do you di stin g uish be .

tw e e n ch ag ri n, dis app oi ntme n t , h umi li ati on, mod i ficati on, and shal e!
8 . Wh i ch inv olve s a sense of h avi ng d one w rong !
E XAMPL E S
Th e k ing at th e limi tati ons imposed upon him as pain
fully
'
s w
m ani fe s t .

H e is not w h olly lo st h o y e t can b lus h fr om

w

H ope te lls a fl att e r ing tale,

D elu si ve , v ai n and h ollow .
Ah !le t not h ope pr e v ail,
Le s t follow .

CHA NGE (pag e 152)

QU E STIONS
1 . Wh at i s th e d istinction b e tw ee n ch ang e and e x c hang e ! Are they
u s ed as e quiv a le nt, and h ow ! 2 C an you di sting uis h b e tw een M . N!
and qu alify !
E XAMPL E S
Th e t ailor ofl er e d to th e armh ole s of th e co s t.

We r e que ste d th e p i ani st to hi s mus ic b y intr od ucing a M

pop ular tu ne s .

We oft e n fai l to re cog nis e th e actor w h o h is co stu me between

th e acts .

C HA RACTER (pag e 15 3)
Q U E STIONS
1 H o w d o you di sti n ui h b tw n h ar a t and r utati n! ns tituti on
.
g s e ee c c e r e p o co

and d is pos iti on! 2 I s natu re a b ro ade r w or d th an any of the pre

.

ce d i ng ! 8 . If s o, w hy !
E X AMP L E S
Th e p h ilanth r opi st
’
s for ch ar ity is ofte n a g r e at source of s u m!
ance t o h im .

Let d og s d eli g h t to b ark an tis th e ir

'
d b i ts , for
 Mi sfortune may cau se th e lo ss of fr i e nd s and r e putati o n , yet if th e man
s not yi e ld ed to w rong . h is is s u pe ri or to lo ss or ch a g e n .

CH OOSE (pag e 15 7)
Q U E STIONS
What are th e sh a d iffe r e nce betw ee n ch oos e , cull, e lect, pi ck , pr efe r
d e s of ,

and s ele ct ! 2 Also b e tw ee n th e anto nyms cas t aw ay , decli ne , d is mi s s ,

.

re fus e , r e p ud i ate ! 8 D oe s s e le ct i mply more car e or judg me nt th an

.

ch oos e

E XAMPL E S
The p re tties t d ow e r s h ad all b e e n
J acob w as to E s au, th oug h h e w as th e youn g er .

Wh en a man delib e r ate ly to d o w ro ng , th ere i s li ttle h ope for

a
.

C I RC U MS TANC E (pag e 158)

Q U E STI ONS
To w h at class e s of th i ng s do w e ap ply accomp ani me nt !conc omi tant ! ci r
cums tance ! e v ent ! fact ! i nci d e nt ! occurr e nc e ! s i tuati on! 2 C an .

you g i v e s ome i nstance s o f th e use of ci r cums tan ce ! 8 I s i t a w or d .

of b r oad e r me aning th an i nci d e nt !

E X AMP L E S
The th at th e r e h ad b e e n a fi re w as p r ov ed by th e s mok e
ne d w alls
c ke .

Ex tre me p rov o cation may be a mitig ati ng i n a case of h omi ci d e .

C LA SS (pag e 159 )
QU E STIONS
How d oe s a clas s difl e r fr om a cas te ! 2 . I n w h at conne ctio n i s r ank
u se d !orde r ! 3 . Wh at i s a cote ri e !H ow d oe s it difl er from a cli qu e !

E XAM PL E S
w as forme d for th e r e lie f of th e po or and nee dy of th e city .

me t at th e r e s id e nce of o ne of th e le ad i ng me n o f th e

Th e r e i s a s tr ug g le of th e mas s e s ag ai ns t th e

C L EA R (pag e 161)

Q U E S TI ONS
Wh at doe s cle ar or ig i nally s i g ni fy ! 2 H ow d oe s cle ar d iffe r from tr ans
.

p ar e nt as r e g ar ds a s u b s tance th at may b e a med i um of v i s io n! 8 .

With w h at me aning i s cle ar u s e d of an ob ject app re h end ed b y th e

sense s as an ob ject o f s ig h t or h e ar i ng ! 4 Wh at d oe s d i s ti nct s ig
,
.
 Employe rs may th ei r employees into v oti ng as th e y d emand.
but for th e secr e t b allot .

Th es e n
co s ide r atio sn us to aid th e m to th e utmos t of our pow e r.

CO M P LA I N (pag e 165 )
QUE STION S
B y w h at i s complai ni ng prompte d ! murmu ri ng ! repi n ing ! 2 W
'
1 . h i ch .

finds outw ard ex pre ss ion. and w hi ch i s limite d to th e mental act !8 .

To w h om does one complai n, in th e formal se ns e of the w ord ! 4.

With w h om does one r emons tr ate !

E XAM PL E S
I t is not
pleas ant to liv e w ith o ne wh o is n
co s tantly -
ing .

The dog g ave a low w h ich fr ig h te ned th e tr amp sw ay .

CO M P LEX (pi tse 166 )

Q UESTIONS
1 How .
does mples difl e r from compou nd ! from
sa co mp os ite ! 2 Wh at i s.

h e ter og ene ous ! cong lo me r ate ! 8 H ow doe s . compli cate d di fi er from

in tricate ! fr om i nv olv ed !

CONS C IO U S (page 173 )

QU E STIONS
1 . Of w h at th i ng s i s one aw ar e ! of w h at i s h e cons ci ous ! 2 . H ow doe s
ns ib le comp ar e w ith th e
se ab o v e me nt ione d yvords ! 8
-

. What does
se ns ib le ind icate reg ard i ng th e e motions th at w ould n ot b e ex p re ss e d
by cons ci ous !
E XAMPL E S
To b e th at you a r e ig n or ant i s a g re at ste p to k now le d g e .

Th e y ar e now it w ould h av e be e n b e tte r to re s i s t t h e fi r st

e m t ati on
p .

H e w as of a s te alth y s te p and a b ulk di mly v i s i b le th r oug h th e

lar k ne a
s .

CO N SEQU EN C E (pag e 173)

Q U E STIONS
L H ow
. doe s cons e que nce d iffe r from e l e ct !b ot h fr om r e s ult ! 2 How do .

r e call and iss ue comp are ! 8 I n w h at se nse i s cons e que nc e use d !

.

CONTAGION (pag e 174 )

QU ESTIONS
1 To
. h at i s contag i on now limited b y th e be st
w medi cal us ag e ! 2 . To
w h at i s th e te rm i nfe cti on app li e d !
 d e fi ni t i o n

EXAM P L ES
D ur ing th e plag ue in Lo nd on pe r sons w alk ed in th e middle of the

s tree ts for fe ar of th e fr om th e h ouse s .

Th e mob th i nks by for th e mos t p art , catch i ng an opinionlike

a cold .

No pes tile nce i s so much to be dre ade d as th e of h ad ex ample.

CONTIN U A L (pag e 175 )

Q U E STIONS
1 . H ow does co nti nuo us d ifl e r fro m co nti nual ! inc es s ant from ceesel m!
Gi v e ex ample s .

C O NT RAS T (pag e 175 )

QU E STIONS
1 . H ow is co ntras t related to co mp ar e ! 2 . Wh at are th e s pecia n
l se ses of
di l ere nti ats , dis cri mi nate and d is ti ng ui s h !

C ON V ERS ATION (pag e 176)

QU E STIONS
1 . Wh at is th e nti al me ani ng o f conv e rs ati on! 2 H ow doe s concern
e s se .

ti on d iffe r fr om ta lk ! 8 H o w i s d is co ur s e re late d to co nve rsa

. i
to n'

4 Wh at ar e th e s pe ci al se ns e s o f di alog ue and collo quy !

.

E X AMP L ES
Th e re ca n be no w ith a g r e at g e niu s , w ho d oe s all the
ing .

Nor w ante d s w ee t th e b anque t of th e mind .

C ON V EY (p ag e 177)
QU E STIONS
1 . I n w h at do co nv e y , trans mi t, and tr an
s p o r t ag r e e !Wh at is th e disti n "
ct!

se ns e of co nv e y ! 2 . To w h at c las s j
o f ob e cts d oe s t rans port reter
’

8 . To w h at clas s j
o f ob e ct s d o tr ans fe r , t r ans mi t and , co nvey appli l
4 . Wh ich i s th e pr e d omi nant se ns e of th e latte r w ords !

C RI M IN A L (pag e 178)
Q UE STI ONS
1 . Wh at i s th e di st incti ve mi nal! H ow d oes it differ from
me aning of cri
ille g al or un law ful ! 2 Wh at i s feloni ous !flag i ti ous ! 8 Wh at is the
. .

p r i m ar y me ani ng o f i ni qu i tous ! 4 I s an i ni qu i tous act ne ce ss

.arili
cr i mi nal !
 d e fi ni t i o n

DA NGER (pag e 180)

QU ESTIONS
1 . Wh at i s the disti nctiv e
me ani ng o f dang e r ! 2 D oes dang e r or .
p er i l
s u g g e u th e more immed i a te e v i l ! 8 H ow are je op ardy and . ris k

di s ti ng ui sh e d fr om dang e r and p e ril !

E AM X PL E S
D elay alw ays br ee d s
Th e care ful rid e r av o ids ru nning —s .

S tir , at your 1

D ECAY (pa g e 181 )

Q UE STIONS
1 . Wh at sort of th ing s de cay !putrefy !r ot ! 2 . Wh at i s th e esse nti al diae r
ence b e tw ee n de cay and de co mp os e !
E XAMP L ES
Th e fl ow e r s w i th e r , th e tr e e s trunk
'

Th e w ate r w as b y th e e le ctri c curr e nt .

D EC EPTION (pag e 181 )

QU E STIONS
1 . How i s de cei t d i st ing ui sh e d from d e ce p ti on! from g uils !fr aud ! lyi ng !
h ypocr is y ! 2 D o all o f th e se apply to conduct as w e ll as to s p ee ch !
.

8 I s de ce p ti on e v e r i nnoce nt ! 4 H av e cr aft and cu nni ng alw ays a

. .

moral e leme nt ! 5 H ow i s d is s i mulati on di s ting uis h ed from duplici ty !

.

E X AMPL E S
Th e of h is co ndu ct w as p ate nt to all .

It w as a matte r o f se lf
Th e judg e decide d it to be a c ase of

D E F IN ITION (pag e 184 )

Q U ESTIONS
1 . Wh i ch more e x act a d e fini ti on or a de s cri pti on! 2 Wh at mu st
i s th e , .

a de fini ti o n i nclu de and w h at mu s t it e x clud e ! 8 Wh at mu st a

, .

de s cri pti on i nclude ! 4 I n w h at r e s pe ct h as i nte rpr etati on a w i de r

.

me aning th an tr ans lati on! 5 H ow d oe s an e x p lanati on comp ar e w i th

.

an ex p os i ti on!
E X AMPL E S

A prompt th e d i ffi culty p r e v e n

of te d a quarrel .

Th e of sce ne r y w as ad mi r a b le .

Th e see r g av e an of th e d r e am .

Many a contr ov er sy may b e i ns tantly e nd e d b y a cle ar of te rms .

 d e li b e r at e
di e ti o n

I t i s th e of th e vote r th at deci d es h ow h i s b allot sh all be eou nted .

Th e Almig h t y c an not b e th w arte d

of th e .

Th e ad aptio n of me ans to e nd s i n natur e cle arly i nfi cate s a

and so prov e s a — e r .

D ES PA IR (pag e 191 )
Q U E STIONS
1 I n w h at
. orde r de s p ai r , d e s p e r ati o n d is cou r ag emen
mig h t . t, an d
nees follow . e ach as th e r es ult of th e pr e v ious con diti on!
doe s d e sp o nd e ncy e sp eci ally d ifl e r fr om d e s p ai r !

E XAMP L E S
of th e i r cond itio n w as app ar e nt .

h e ab and one d all e nde av o r .

D EXTERITY (pag e 192 )

Q U E STIONS
1 . From w ad r oi tne s s de r iv e d ! Fr om w h at dex te rity ! H ow mig h t
h at is
ea ch b e re nde re d ! 2 H ow d oe s ad r oi tne s s d lfl e r in u se from d e x
.

te r ity ! 8 From w h at is ap ti tud e d e ri ved , and w h a

. t d oes i t s ig ni fy !
4 H ow d oe s s ki ll d ifl e r fr om de x te r ity ! Wh i ch can an
. d w hi ch can
not be co mmuni cate d !
E XAM PL E S
H e h ad a natur al for s cie nti fic i nv e sti g at ion and b y long pr ac .

iae g ained a n inimi tab le o f man ip ulati on .

H is in de b ate e nab le d h im to e v ad e or p arr y ar g ume nts or at

ach a w hi ch h e cou ld not answ e r .

Th e of th e b e s t tr ai ned w or k man can not e qu al th e p r ec i s ion

i f a mach i ne .

D I CTION (pag e 193 )

Q U E S TI ONS
1 . Wh ich is th e mor e comp re h e ns iv e w ord d i cti on lang uag e or ph r as e
, , ,

olog y ! 2 Wh at is th e tr ue me ani ng o f v e r bi ag e ! S h ou ld i t ev er b e
.

use d as th e equ i v ale nt o f lang uag e or d ic ti o n! 8 Wh at i s s tyle ! .

H ow does it compar e w ith d i cti o n o r lang uag e !

E XAMP L E S
of th e d i s co u r s e w as p lai n and e mph ati c .

Th e o f a w r i t te n co n tr act s h ou ld b e s u ch as to pre v e nt mis

und e r s tand ing s .

Th e poe ti c of Mi lto n i s so ex qu is i te ly pe r fec t th at anoth e r w ord

can s c ar ce ly e v e r be s ub s t i tute d for th e ne

o h e h as ch ose n w ith out marr i ng
 d i fl e r e nc e
d o ub t

D I FF EREN C E (pag e 194 )

QU E STIONS
1 . Wh ich pe rtai n mos tly to r e ali tie s , and w h i ch are matter s of judg men
t
d i ye r e nc e , d is p ari ty , d i s ti ncti on, or i nco ns is te ncy ! 2 . Wh at do ve
“
me an b y a d is ti ncti o n "
!
w ith out a d ig e r e nce

E XAM P LE S
“
Th e p rope r s h ould be care fu lly ob se rv ed i n th e us e of sha
ll
"
and w i ll .

b e tw n black and w h ite i s se lf e v i de nt

ee -
.

our re pr e s e ntativ e s cond u ct w i th th e ir mi se is un

’
of pro
p ar d o nab le .

D IS C ERN (pag e 196)

QU E STIONS
1 . To w h at s ort o f ob e ct s j do w e m,
app ly b e h o ld , d i s ce rn, d i s ti ng uis h , stea
and ! s ee 2 . Wh at do b e h old and d i s ti ng uis h s ug g e s t i n a dditionto
s e ei ng !
E AMX PL E S
With th e aid of a g r e at te le s cop e w e may w h at s tars are double .

th e up r ig h t man .

Le t us minute ly th e color of th e g ood s .

D IS C OV ER (pag e 196)
Q U E STIONS
1 . Wh at i s th e d is ti nctiv e me aning o f d e te c t ! d is co v e r ! i nv e nt ! 2 HO' .

d o d is co v e r and i nve nt d iffe r ! 8 I s d e te ct o fte n u sed in a favorable

.

se nse !
E X AMPL E S
An ex pe r ie nced police man acqu i re s w o nde r fu l s k ill i n ing cri n
inals .

Ne w to n th e law of g r av itatio n .

a mach ine , one mus t fir st u nde r s tand th e law s of mechan

iu

D ISEA SE (pag e 197)

QU E STIONS
1 . Wh at w as th e and g e ne r al me aning o f s i ck and s i c kne s s inEn
e ar ly g
li s h ! 2 H o w long d id t at u ag
. h s e p v ai ! 8 Wh at i s t
r e l h e p re se t " .

r e s tr i cti o n upon th e us e o f th e s e w o r d s i n E ng land ! Wh at w ord s i f !

th e r e mmonly co s ub s ti tu te d ! 4 . Wh at i s th e p r e v ale nt u sag e inthe

U nite d S tate s !
E X AM P L E S
sp re ad in th e ca mp and p r ov e d d e adli e r th an th e sw ord .

w as found to b e co ntag iou s .

 di fl er e nc e
d oub t

H e i s jus t re cov eri ng from a slig h t

I t i s not g ood manner s to talk of one
'
s — s .

D O (pag e 198)
Q U ES TIONS
1. Wh at is th e most compre h e nsi ve w or d of th i s g r oup ! 2 I n w h at se nse .

are finis h and ce mplcte u se d , and h ow ar e th e y dis criminate d fr om

each other ! 8 H ow d o w e d i s cr imin
. ate be tw e e n fu lfil, re alis e , e l e c t ,

and m e ats !pe rfor m and ae complie h ! accompli s h and co mple te !

E XAMPL E S
A d uty h as b ee n a w or k of g r atitude and afl e cti on h as b e e n

I t is nde r ful h ow much can b e

w o by ste ad y, p lodd i ng i nd us try
w ith ou t b ri lli ant tale nts .

Th e w or k i s n ot on ly g r and in d es ig n b ut i t is w ith th e mo s t
ex qui si te d e licacy i n e ve ry de tai l .

I t is th e duty of th e le i slator s g to mak e law s , of th e mag i str ates to

th em .

Ev er y n
o e s h ould lab or to h i s dutie s faith fully, and
just ex pe ctati ons of th e s e w h o h ave co mmitte d to him any tru st .

D O CTRINE (pag e 200)

QU E STIONS
1 . To w matter s do w e apply t h e w or d cr ee d ! doctri ne ! dog ma! pri n
h at
ciple ! 2 Wh ich i s th e more i nclu si ve w ord ! 8 I s d og ma u se d
. .

favor ab ly or unfavo r ab ly !
E XAM PL E S
Th e re sts e i th e r upon th e auth or i ty of th e S cr i p tu re s , or upo n
l de cis i on of th e C h urch
—
.

A man may h av e upr ig h t s eve n w h ile h e di sre g ard s mmonly

co
r e ce ive d —s .

D O U B T, (p g
a e 201 )
QU E STIONS
1 . Do w e mi s e and su s p e ct mo stly to pe r so ns and
apply d oub t, d is tr us t , s ur ,

th ing s , or to motiv e s and inte nti o ns ! 2 I s mi s tru s t use d of pe r s ons .

or of th i n g s ! 8 I s it u se d i n a fav or ab le or an unfav or ab le se nse !

.

EX AM PLE S
We do not th at th e e ar th mov e s ar ou nd th e sun
Ne ar ly e v e ry law of nat ur e w as b y man fi r s t th e n p r ov e d te
be tr ue .

I my own h e art .

I th at man fr om th e o ut se t .
 d ou b t
el l -
angel !

EASE (pag e 208)

QU ESTI ON S
L Wh at dos s ease denote , in th e se nse h e re cons idere d ! D oes it a pply to
action or condition! 2 I s facility act ive or p ass i v e !re ad i ne ss ! 8
. .

What does ease imply, and to w hat may it be limited ! 6 Wh at does .

facility h ply !re ad ines s ! 5 To w h at is ea t pe r tness limi te d !

-
.

E XAMPL E S
He plays th e v ioli n w ith g re at and de li g h ts an aud ience .

Wh atever he d i d w as done w i th so much

I n him alon tw as natur al to ple a
’
e se .

I t is often s ai d w ith e qual truth th at w e oug h t to take adv antag e of

w hich ch ildren posses s of le ar ning .

ED UCATION (pag e 209)

QU E STIONS
1 . Wh at is the disti nctiv e me aning of educati on!i ns truction!te achi ng ! 2 .

H ow i s ins truction or te ach ing re lated to education! 8 H ow doe s .

train ing difl er from teachi n g ! 4 Wh at is dis ciplin e ! tui ti on! 6

. .

Wh at are breeding and nurture and h ow do th ey difl er from e ach ,

oth er ! 6 H ow a
. re kn ow le d g e and te am i ng related to educati on!

E XAMPL E S
Th e tr ue purpose of is to ch e r is h and unfold th e seed of ln
nortali ty alre ad y sow n w ith i n u s .

By w e do le a r n ou r se lve s to know
And w h at to man, and w h at to God w e ow e .

maketh a full man, confe r e nce a re ad y man, and w ri ti ng an

mad man .

F or natu ral ab i li ties are li k e natur al plants th a t n eed pr uning by

and —s th e mse lve s d o g iv e forth d irections too much at lar g e ,

vx ce p t th e y b e b ou nde d i n b y ex pe ri e nce .

A b r anch of is o fte n put to an improper use , for fe ar of it s

be i ng i dle .

E FFRON TERY (pag e 210)

Q U ESTIONS
1 . Wh at i s aud aci ty !h ardih ood ! 2 . Wh at
me nt does el rontery s pe ci al ele
add to the me ani n g of aud aci ty and h ar d i h ood ! 8 Wh at is impa .

d s nce ! s h amele s enes s ! 4 H ow doe s e l r ontery comp are w ith th ese

.

w ord s ! 5 Wh at i s b old nes s ! I s it used in a favor ab le or an nu

.

fav or ab le sense !
E X AMP L E S
Whe n th e y saw the Pe te r and Joh n of
, and perceived th at th ey
w er e unle arned and ig nor ant me n th e y marv elled .

I ne '
er h e ar d ye t
 Th at any of th es e bolde r vi ces w ante d
Le e s to g ains ay w h at the y did .
Th anto per form it h r s t .

I am n ot a li ttle s urp riaed at th e eas y w it h w h tch poli tical ges

tle me n in and out of Ooug re ss tak e it upon th em tc s s y t hat th ere are a ot
a th ous and me n in the hiorth w h o sympathiae w ith Joh n B row n .

EGOTIS M (pag e 210)

Q U E STION S
1. Wh at is m and h ow d oe s it difl e r from e g oti s m! 2 Wh at is “if
eg ois .

as s e rti on!se lf con ce i t ! 8

-
D oes conce i t did er from se lf con
. ceit sai -
,

h ow ! 4 Wh at i s s e lf confid e nce ! I s it w orthy or un

.
-
w orth y ! 5 I t .

e el/ as s er ti on e ve r a duty ! s e ll conce i t ! 0 Wh at i s v an

-
i ty ! How .

d oe s it differ fr om eelf confide nce !from pri de ! 7 Wh at i s s ell emu !

o
.
-

H ow doe s it differ from s e lf co nce i t ! from sell confid e n

-
ce ! -

EXAM P L ES
may pufl a man up, bu t nev er prop h im up .

is as ill at cas e unde r i nd ifl e re nce , as te n

'
d er as is under the
lo ve w h ich it ca n not retur n .

EM B LE M (pag e 211)
QU E STIONS
F rom w h at lan mble m d er i v ed ! Wh at did it orig i nally sig nifl l
g uag e is e
’

2 Wh at i s th e de r iv ation and p rimary me anin

. g o f s y mb ol! 8 How .

d o th e tw o w or ds comp are as now u se d ! 4 H ow doe s a si g n mt .

'

g es t s ome th i ng o th e r th an it se lf ! 5 C an th e s am e thi ng b.e both an

e mb le m a nd a s ymb ol !a s i g n and a s y mb ol ! 6 Wh at i s a takes !8 .

fig u re !an i mag e !a type !

E XAMP LE S
Rose of th e d e se rt . th ou art to me
An of s tai nle ss puri ty,
Of tho se w h o, k ee pi ng th e ir g arme nts w h i te ,
Walk on th roug h li fe w ith ste ps arig h t
All th ing s ar e —
.

s : th e e x t e r nal s h ow s
Of natu re h ave th e ir i n th e mind
As fl ow e rs and fru its and falling of th e le av e s .

Moses , as I s r ae l s de liv e re r , w as a
’
of Chri s t .

E M I GRATE (pag e 212)

Q U E STI ONS
Wh at is the “
nativ e me ani g o f g rate !Wh t i s its appli c
n m i a ation ! 1

mm do emig rate and i mmi g rate si g ni fy ! r. w h at d o they m r

' i '

C an th e tw o w ord s b e u s e d f !th e s ame p er son and th e eas e 06 "

 E AMX PL ES
Th e s h ip w as crow de d w ith mos tly fr om Ge r many .

ar e p our i ng in to th e U nite d S tate s o fte n at th e r ate of h alf a

[li on a ye ar .

EM P LO Y (pag e 213)
Q U E STIONS
Wh at ar e th e di sti ncti v e se ns e s of e mploy and us e ! Gi v e ins tance s 2 . .

Wh at doe s us e ofte n i mply as to mate ri als us e d ! 8 H ow doe s h i r e .

comp a re w i th e mploy !

E AM E X PL S
The young man h ad bee n b y th e firm for se v e r al month s and
d prov e d faithfu l i n e v e ry r es pe ct .

Th e ch ur ch w as th e n re ad y to a p as to r .

Wh at one h as, one oug h t to and w h ate v er h e d oes h e sh ould

w ith all hi s mig h t .

END, (p g
a e 213 )
Q U E STIONS
Wh at i s it to e nd and
,
nce d oe s end h av e to i nte ntio n or ex
w h at r e fe r e

pe ct ati on! 2 W.h at d o clos e comple te conc lud e

, and fini s h si g nify , ,

as to e x p ectati on o r app r opri ate ne s s ! Gi v e ins tance s 3 Wh at spe . .

ci ally di s ti ncti v e se nse h as fin is h ! 4 D oe s te rmi nate re fe r to re ach

.

ing an arb itr ar y or an app r op ri ate e nd ! 5 Wh at d oe s s top s ig ni fy ! .

E X AMPL E S
Th e li fe w as sud d e nly
Th e tr ain long e nou g h for th e p as se ng er s to g e t of , th e n w h irle d

EN D n (pag e ,
. 214 )
QU ESTIONS
Wh at is th e nd ! 2 Wh at i s th e d is tinctiv e me aning of ex tre mi ty ! 8
e . .

H ow do e s ex tr emi ty comp are w ith e nd ! 4 Wh at r e fere nce i s i mpli e d .

in ex t r e mity ! 5 Wh at is th e me aning of ti p !p oi nt ! H ow doe s e a

.

tre mi ty d i fl e r i n u se from th e tw o lane r w or ds ! 5 Wh at i s a te r .

mi nus ! Wh at s pe cific me aning h as th e w ord i n mode rn tr av e l! 7 .

Wh at i s th e me aning of termi nati on and of w h at i s it chie used ! ,

ex pi r ati on! li mi t !
E X AMPL E S
S ee ing th at de ath , a ne ce s s ary w ill come w h e n it w ill come .

All r ejoi ce at th e s u cce ss ful of th e v ast u nde rtaki ng .

B e th at e ndur e th to th e shall b e s av e d .

Do not tu rn b ack w h e n y ou ar e ju s t at th e

EN D EAVOR ,
12.
(p g
a e 215)
QU E STIONS
Wh at is it to atte mp t ! to e nd e av or ! To w h at s ort of ex e r ti o n doe s e n
 nd e av o r
e
e nt e r t ai nm e nt

an opp onent !a compe ti tor !a ri val ! 4 H ow doe s foe . compar e w ith

e nemy !
E XAMPL ES
H e mak e s no frie nd w ho ne v e r mad e a
Th is frie nd sh ip th at pos se ss e s th e w h ole s oul.
can ad mit o f no
M na n ou t i s inte rp o se d
Mak e nati ons w h o h ad e lse
of ,

Lik e k indr ed d r op s be e n mold ed i nto one .

He th at w re stle s w ith us s tr e ng t h e ns our ne r v e s and sh ar pe ns our

Our is our h elpe r .

EN M ITY (pag e 218)

QU ESTIONS
1 . Wh at isnmi ty ! 2 H ow doe s ani mos ity di fl e r fr om enmity !
e . 8 . Wh at
i s h os ti li ty ! Wh at i s me ant b y h os tili ti e s b e tw e e n nati ons ! 4 . Wh at
is bi tte rne s s ! acr i mony ! 5 H o w d oe s antag oni s m comp are. w i th th e
w or d s a bo v e me ntione d !
E X AM P L E S

Le t all and and ang e r , and

w r ath , cla mor and , e v il spe aki ng be
,

put aw ay fr om you , w ith all mali ce .

B ut th e ir th oug h s moth e r e d fo r a w h ile, b urnt w i th redoub le d

viole nce .

Th e car nal mi nd i s ag ains t God , for i t i s not j

s ub e ct to th e law
of God , ne i th er i ndee d can b e .

ENTERTA IN (pag e 218)

QU E STIONS
1 . Wh at nte r tai n me ntally !to amus e ! 2 Wh at i s th e dis tinct iv e
i s it to e .

se nse o f di ve rt ! 3 C an one b e amus e d or e n

. t e r taine d w h o is not

di ve r te d ! 4 Wh at i s i t to r e cre at e ! to b e g uile !
.

E X AMPL E S
B ook s ca n not alw ays h ow e ver g ood ;
Minds are not eve r c r av i ng for th e i r food .

Wh o God d oth late and e ar ly pr ay

More o f h i s g r ace th an g i fts to le nd
And th e h armle s s d ay
With a re lig ious book or fri e nd .

ENTERTA IN M ENT (pag e 219 )

QU E STIONS
1
. Wh at nte rtai nme nt and r e cr e ati on imply ! H ow accor di ng ly do
do e , , th e y
rank among th e lig h te r matte r s of li fe ! 2 H ow d o amus eme nt . and
 e nt h u s i as m

pas ti me did ar ! 3 On w h a t plan e a

. re sp orts ! H ow do th e y cu sps“

w ith e nte rtai nment and r e cre ati on! 4 H ow d o W an d en .

js yms nt co mpare !
E XAM PL ES
At Ch ri stmas p lay and mak e g ood ,

For Ch r is tmas come s b ut once a ye ar .

I t i s as mi s chie f
to fools to d o .

Ne true h e ar t can find i n an i n or g rie f

'
ot h e r s p a .

Th e Pu r itans h ated be ar b aiti ng not b e caus e it g av e p ain to

-
, the bea
r.

b ut be caus e i t g av e to th e spe ctator s .

As Tammie g low e r ed , amaze d and curi ou s,

Th e mirth and g r e w fast and furious .

And s o, if I mig h t be judg e , God ne v e r d id mak e a more

i nnoce nt th an ang li ng .

E N T H U SI A S M pag e 220)
Q U E STIONS
1 . I n w h at nse w as enthusi as m formerly use d ! 2 Wh at
se . is now Its
p r ev ale nt an d con tr olli ng me aning ! 3 H ow does s e al . d iffer from
en th us ias m
E XAM PL E S
An ardent le ad s to g r e at r es ults in e x pos ing ce rtain e vils
H is w as con tag iou s and th e y r us h ed i n to b attle .

Th e pr ecept h ad its u se ; i t could mak e me n fee l it r ig h t to be huma ne .

and d e si re to b e so. b ut i t could never i ns pire th em w i th an of

h u mani ty .

ENTRA N C E (pag e 220)

QU E STIONS
1 . To w h at does ntrance re fe r ! 2 Wh at do ad mi ttance and ad mis sionadd
e .

to th e mean ing o f e ntr ance ! 3 T o w h at d oes ad m i ttance re.fe r ! T o

w hat a d diti onal matter s d oe s ad mis s i on r e fer ! I llustr ate 4 Wh a t It . .

th e fi g ur ati ve use of e ntrance !

E XAMP LES
w as ob taine d b y a s i d e ~
d oor , and a g ood po s i tion s e cur ed inthe

crow de d h all .

No e x cep t o n b us ines s
“
.

He w as ne ver so eng r oss e d w i th car e s of st ate th at th e nee dy could B

h av e to h i m .

H ow e ve r care fully ch ur ch -
me mb e rs h ip may b e g uard ed , unw ort hy I “
h e re w ill some ti me s g ain

EN V IO U S (pag e 221 )
QU ESTIONS
1 . Wh at d o w e mean w h e n w e say th at a p e rson i s envi ous ! 2 Wh at it .

th e di ffe re nce be tw een e nvi ous and je alous ! 3 I s an envious spirit .

 e nt h us i as m
e t er nal

ev e r g ood ! 4 I s je alous cap able of be in

.
g us ed i n a g ood se nse ! 5 .

i nw h at sens e is s us pici ous use d !

E X AMPL E S
Nei th e r be th ou ag ai nst t h e w ork e rs of ini qu ity .

i n honor , sudde n a nd quick i n quarr e l .

EQ U lVOC AL (pag e 222 )

Q U E STIONS
1 . Wh at i s th e d er iv ation and th e ori g i nal
nification of e qui v ocal! of s ig

ambi g uous ! H ow do th e tw o w or d s comp are i n pr es e nt us e ! 2 .

Wh at is th e me aning of e ni g mati cal ! 8 H ow d o d ou btful and d ub ious .

comp a re ! 4 I n w h at s e nse i s que s tionab le us e d ! s us p i ci ous !

.

E XAM PL E S
Th e se se nte nce s , to s u g ar or to g all,
B e ing s tr ong on both si d es , ar e
s ta te me nt may r es ult from th e th oug h tless use of a si ng le
w ord th at is cap ab le o f more th a n one me ani ng .

ESTEE M n (pag
,
. e 223 )
Q UE STIONS
1 . Wh at i s th e did e rence b e tw ee n e s te e m and es ti mate ! 2 I s e s te e m n ow .

us e d o f concre te v aluati on! 8 Wh at i s its ch i e f pre se nt u se ! 4

. .

Wh at i s its me aning i n popular u se as s ai d of pe r sons !

E X AMPL E S
Th e y p le ase , are ple as d ; th e y g i v e to g e t
’

Till s e e mi ng b le st, th e y g r ow to w h at th e y se e m .

Th e lo s s of con s cie n ce or h on or i s on e t h at can n ot be

ETERN A L (pag e 224 )

QU E STIONS
1 Wh at i s th e me ani ng of e te r nal i n th e fu lle st se nse ! 2 To w h at b e ing . .

in th at s e nse may it b e appli ed ! 8 I n w h at doe s e ve rlas ti ng fall

. .

s h ort of th e me an i ng of e te rnal! 4 H ow d oe s e n dle s s ag re e w i th

.

and di fi e r from e v er las ti ng ! 5 I n w h at i nfe r i or se nse s ar e e v e rlas t

.

i ng and i n t e rmi nab le u sed ! 6 I s e te rnal i n g ood sp e e ch or w r iting

.
, ,

e v e r b r oug h t d ow n to such i n fe r ior u se !

E X AMP L E S
Truth crus h e d to e ar th sh all ri s e ag ain,
Th e ye ar s of God are h e r e .

Wh ate v e r may be fall th e e , it w as p re or d aine d for th e e from

I t w ere b e tte r to b e e ate n to de ath w i th a ru st th an to b e scour ed to
n
othi n g w i th motion .

H e re come s th e lady ! Oh s o lig h t a foot ,

Wi ll ne e r w e ar out th e
’
fi int .
 ev e nt

E XAMPL E S
A par adox i s a re al tr uth in th e g ui se of an abs urd ity or n
co

tr ad i cti on .

Th e prime mi niste r w as b y h i s ab se nce .

Th e stateme nt is a ab s ur dity .

On a comp ar i s on of th e tw o w or k s th e plag i ar i sm w as
Ye t from th ose d ame s
No li g h t ; bu t only dark ne ss
Th es e li e s are lik e th e fath e r th at be g et s th e m ; g ross as a mountai n ,

W .

EXAM P L E (pag e 227)

QU E STIONS
1. Wh at is th e ety molog i cal me ani ng of ex ample ! 2 . Wh at tw o co ntr ad i c
to ryme aning s d oe s ex ample de r iv e from th is pr imary se nse ! 3 H ow .

doe s ex ample d i ffe r fr om s amp le ! 4 H ow d oe s i t comp ar e w ith .

mod el !w ith patte rn! 6 H o w doe s ex e mplar ag ree w ith and di ffe r
.
,

fr om ex ample ! 6 Wh at is an e x e mp lificati on!an e n

. s ample !

E XAMPL E S
I h i d h im look into th e liv e s me n as th oug h h imse lf a mir r o r and
of ,

from o th e r s to t ak e an for h i mse lf .

We s le e p b ut th e loom of li fe ne v e r stops and th e

, w h ich w as

w e av i ng w h e n th e s u n w e nt d o w n is w e av i ng w h e n i t comes up to m o r r ow .

H i s to ry i s an of p h ilo sop h y .

Th e commander w as re so lv ed to mak e an to de te r oth e r s fr om

th e li k e offe n se .

EX C ESS (pag e 228)

Q U E STIONS
1 . Wh at is ex ce s s !I s it us e d in th e fav or ab le nse ! 2 or unfav or ab le se .

Wh at i s e x tr av ag ance ! 8 Wh at i s e x o r b i tance ! 4 Wh at k i nd o f
. .

e x ce s s d o ov e rp lus an d s u p e r ab und ance de note ! lavi s h nes s and pr o

fus ion! 5 I s s urplus u s e d i n th e fav or ab le or unfavor able se nse !
.

6 To w h at d o r e d un
. d anc e and r e du ndan cy ch ie fl y re fe r ! 7 Wh at .

w ord s are u se d a s sy nonyms o f ex ce s s i n th e mor al se nse !

E XAMPL E S
S avi ng r e quire s se lf d e ni al and -
i s th e d e ath of self d e ni al
,
-
.

Wh e re th e re is g r e at th e r e u s u ally follow s corr es pon di n g

of w e a lth is c au se of cov et ou s ne ss .

H as te b r ing s and b r i ng s w an t .

Th e of th e de ma nd cau s e d u nfe ig ne d surpri se .

Mor e of th e pr e se nt w oe s of th e w orld ar e d ue to th an to any

ot h e r si ng le cau se .

of lang uag e ofte n w e ak e ns th e impr es s ion of w h at w ould b e im

p re s s i v e i n sob e r st ate me nt .
 FA IT H (pag e 232)
QU E STIONS
1 . Wh at is b e lie f! 2H ow doe s cr e d e nc e comp are w i th be lief! 8 Wha
. t .

i s co nvicti o n! as s ur ance ! 4 Wh at i s an opi ni on! 5 H ow does a

. .

p er s uasi on comp ar e w i th an opi ni on! 6 Wh at i s a doctri n e !a creed!

.

7 Wh at are confide nce and re li anc e ! 8 Wh at i s tr ust ! 9 What

. . .

e le me n ts ar e comb ine d i n fai th ! 10 H ow i s b e li e f ofte n used in

.

popular lan g uag e as a preci se e qui v ale nt of fai th ! 11 H ow i s belief .

di s cr iminate d from fait h i n th e s tr i ct reli g ious sense !

E XAMPL E S
i s th e n
sub sta ce o f th i ng s h ope d for , th e ev i de nce of things n
ot

i n p r ince s, nor in th e so n of man i n w h om there

,

i s lar g e ly i nvoluntary ; a math e matical d emonstr ation can not be

d ou b te d b y a sa e n mi nd cap ab le of u nde r st andi ng th e te rms and follow in

g
th e s te p s .

E v er y o ne o f us , w h ate v e r our s pecu lativ e know s b etter th anhe

p r act i s e s , and re co g nis e s a be tte r law th an h e ob e ys .

Th e r e ar e fe w g re ate r d ang e r s for an army in th e face of an enemy

t h an u nd ue

FA IT HF UL (pag e 233 )
QU E STIO NS
1 . I n w h at se nse may a p e r s on be calle d fai th fu l! 2 I n w h at se nse may .

on e b e calle d tr us ty ! 8 I s fai th ful commonly s ai d o f th ing s as w ell

.

as pe r so ns ! i s trus ty ! 4 Wh at i s th e s pe ci al d i ffe r e nce of mean

. ing
b e t w e e n th e tw o w or d s ! Gi v e e x amp le s .

E X AM P L ES
B e th ou unto d e ath , and I w ill g i v e th e e a cr ow n of li fe .

Th y purp os e is e q u al to th e d e e d

Wh o doe s th e b e s t h i s cir cums tance allo w s

D oes w e ll, act s nob ly ; ang e ls cou ld no mor e .

FAM E (pag e 23 ) 5

Q U ES TI O NS
1 Wh at is f m 0 I s it co mmo nl
or y u s e d i n th e fav or ab le or u nfavora ble
“
.

se n se ! 2 T
. h at are r e pu tat i o n and r e p u te and i n w h i ch se nse com ,

mo uly u s e d ! 3 Wh at i . s no t o ri e ty
! 4 Fr om w h at d o e mi ne nce a
. nd
d i s ti ncti o n r e s u lt ! 5 H o w d o e s c e le b ri ty co mp ar e w i th fame ! 6
.
.

H ow d oe s r e no w n co mp ar e w ith fame ! 7 Wh at is th e import of .

h o no r ! o f g lo ry ?
E X \ MP LE S

S ayi ng . Ame n: B le ss i ng and and w i s dom, and th ank s g iv in

g .

and and p ow er and mi g h t , b e unto our God for e v er and e v e r.

 f ai t h
fang

A g ood more is valu ab le th an mone y .

Gre at H ome r
’
s b irth p lace se ve n r iv al cities clai m ,

Too mig h ty s uch monopo ly o f

Do g ood b y ste alth , and b lu sh to fi nd i t
S e e k i ng th e b ubb le
Ev e n i n th e ca nnons mou th ’
.

FA N ATI C IS M (pag e 236)

Q UE S TIONS
1 . Wh at i s fanati cis m ! bi g otry ! 2 Wh at do fan aticis m and bi g otry cum~
.

nonly i nclude ! 8 W
h at i s i ntole r an
. ce ! 4 h at is th e d i sti nctiv e . W
me ani ng o f s uper s titi o n! 5 . Wh at is cre d uli ty ! I s it di s ti ncti ve ly
re lig i ou s !
E X AM PL E S
is a se ns e le ss fe ar of God .

Th e fie rce of th e Mos le ms w as th e mainspri ng o f th e ir e arly co n

que s ts .

Th e th at w ill be lie v e noth ing ntr ary to a cre e d i s

co o fte n joine d
w ith a b lind th at w ill be lie v e anyt h i ng in fav or of i t .

FA N C I F UL (pag e 236)
QU E S TIONS
1. Wh at i s th e me ani ng of d oe s fantas ti c ad d to th e
fanciful! 2 . Wh at
me aning o f fanci ful ! 3 H ow d oe s g r ote s que e spe cially d ifl e r fr om th e
.

fanciful or fantas ti c ! 4 H ow d oe s vi s i onary d i er from fanciful !

. n
E XAM PL E S
Come se e th e north w ind
'
s mas o nry ,

h is w ild w or k ;
So so s av ag e, naug h t car e s be
For numbe r or p r opor tio n .

Wh at ti n ts th e ye ar p u ts on ,

Wh e n falling le av e s falte r th r o ug h motionle ss air

Or nu mb ly cli ng and s h iv e r to b e g ous l
P lays s uch t r i ck s b e for e h ig h h e av e n
'

As mak e th e ang e ls w ee p .

FANC Y (pag e 237)

QU E STIONS
1. Wh at i s an i nte lle ctual fancy ! 2 H ow d oe s a conc ei t d i fl e r fr om a .

fancy !a conce p ti on from b o th ! 8 Wh at i s an e motional o r pe r so nal .

fancy ! 4 . Wh at is fancy as a faculty o f th e mind !

E X AMPL E S
Te ll me w h e re i s b re d
Or i n th e h e art o r i n th e h e ad !
Elis abe th unite d th e occas i onal of h e r se x w i th th at se nse and
so u nd p oli cy i n w h i ch ne ith e r man no r w oma n e v cr e x ce lle d her
 E XAM PL E S
Noti ce , too, how pre cious ar e th es e qualit ie s in th e si ck room .

Th e d e mand for clos et roo

-
m is no mere fan cy , b ut th e g ood s e nse
of th e s e x .

F ETTER (pag e 240)

QU E STIONS
1. Wh at ar e fe tte r e in th e pri mar y nse ! 2 Wh at are m od e s and h and
se .

e ul s de s i g ned to faste n or h old !g y m ! 8 Wh at a re s hac kle s an d .

w h at a r e th ey in te nded to fas te n or h old ! 4 Of w h at mate r i al ar e .

all th ese re s tr aini ng de v i ce s common ly compose d ! B y w h at g e ne r al

name are th ey popularly k now n! 5 Wh at are b e nd s and o f w h at
.

mate ri al compos ed ! fi Wh ich of th e se w or ds are use d i n th e met a

’

ph or ical se nse !
E XAMPL E S

B u t firs t se t my p oor h e ar t free,

B ound in th ose i cy b y th ee.
Slave s can not b r e ath e in Eng land

They touch our cou ntr y and th ei r

.

F EU D (pag e 241 )
Q U E STIONS
1 . Wh at is a feud ! Of w h at i s it u se d ! 2 . I s a quarr el i n w or d or act !
co nte nti on! s trife ! cont es t ! 3 . H ow does quarre l comp ar e i n im
por tan ce w i th the oth e r w or d s ci te d ! 4 h at d oe s an ayr ay alw ay s
. W
inv olve ! To w h at may a b r aw l or b r oil b e confi ne d ! 6 H ow d o .

th e s e w or d s mp ar e
co i n dig nity w i th co nte nti on , co nte s t , co ntr ov e r sy ,

and di s s ens i on!

E XAM PL E S
Cou ld w e forbe ar and pr acti se lov e
We s h ould ag r e e as ang e ls d o ab ove .

B e tw e e n my h ous e and yours . h e an s w er e d ,

”
Th e r e i s a of fi v e h undr ed ye ar s .

B ew are of e ntr ance to a

F I CTION (pag e 243)

Q U E STIONS
1. Wh at i s a ficti on in th e most common mod e r n me ani ng of th e w ord ! 2 .

H ow doe s a fic ti on diffe r fr om a nov e l!fr om a fab le ! from a myth !

3 H ow doe s a my th d iffe r fr om a le g e nd ! 4 H ow d o fals e h ood and
. .

fab ricati on d iffe r fr om th e w or ds ab ov e me nti oned ! 6 I s fab r icati on .

or fa ls e h ood th e mor e od ious te rm !Wh i ch te rm i s r e ally th e s trong e r !

6 Wh at i s a s tory ! I s i t g ood or b ad tru e or false ! Wi th w h at
. .

w ar ds of th e g r oup d oe s it ag ree !
 fi e r ce
fl u c t u at e

E X AMPL E S
0 s ce ne s s u rp ass i ng and ye t tr ue ,
S ce nes of acco mpli s h e d blis s .

A str a ng e i s told of th e e .

Ibe li e v e th e w h ole accou nt fr om b e g i nni ng to e nd to be a p ure

A th ing su s taine d b y s uch s u b s tanti al e v i de nce could not be a mm
o f th e i ma g inati on .

F IERC E (p ag e 244 )
Q U ESTIONS
1 . Wh at doe s fie r ce s ig nify ! 2 To w h at d oe s fe roci ous r e fer . ! How do the
tw o w or d s di fl e r ! 8 Wh at d oe s s av ag e s ig ni fy !
.

E X AMPL E S
as th e d ay ; th e w i ntr y se a
w

Moane d s adly on Ne w E ng land s s t r and,

’

Wh e n fir s t th e t h oug h t ful and th e fre e .

Our fath e r s , t rod th e d e s e rt land .

C onte nti ons

Ard e nt, and d ire , s p r ing fr om no p e tty caus e .

s av ag e s ma s s acr e d th e s u r v i v o r s to th e last man .

F IN A N C I A L (Pag e 24 ) 5

QU E STIONS
1 . To w mo ne tary d i r e ctly r e fe r ! 2 H ow d oe s pe cu niary s g m
h at d oe s .

w it h and d i fl e r fr om mo n e tar y ! 3 To w h at d oe s i n n
f a c i al e specmll! .

ap p ly ! 4 I n w h at co nne cti on i s fis cal mos t commonly us e d !

.

E X AM PL E S
Th e y e ar clos e s w ith th e s o ci e ty out of de b t .

He as j
r e oice d r e ce i v e th e aid at a time h e n it w as mo t
s
w to w

ne e d e d .

I na p ani c, many a s ou nd b us i ne ss h ou se g oe s d ow n for e ar!

»

of pow er to re alize i nst antly o n v alu ab le s e cur itie s .

F INE (pag e 245 )

Q U E S TI ONS
1 . F r om w h at i s fi ne d e r i v e d , and me aning ! 2 Hot
w h at i s i ts or ig inal .
.

fro m th i s p r i mar y me ani ng d o e s fi ne b e come a s y no nym of e x celle d

and b e auti ful ! 8 H o w d oe s i t come i nto conne ct io n w i th clari flf d
.

cle ar p ur,e r e fi ne d,! 4 H o w i s i t co n ne t d

c e w
. i th d a nty
i i
v ctim "
,

and e x q uis i te ! 5 H ow d oe s fi ne come to b e a s y no ny m for mi mm

.

c o m mi n ute d ! H ow fo r filmy te nu o us ! fo r k e e n s h ar p ! Giv e m

, ,

st an ce s o f th e u s e o f fi n e i n i ts v ar i ou s se nse s -
.
 fi e r ce
fl u c t uate

E XAM PL ES
S ome people are more th an w i se .

fe ath er s d o not alw ays mak e b ir d s

—
.

Th e e st b alance s mus t be k ep t under g las s , b ecaus e so -

ly
adjus te d as to be to a fi lm o f du st o r a b re ath of air .

F IRE (pag e 246)

QU E ST IONS
1 . Wh at ntial fact unde rlying th e v i s ib le ph enome na w e call fire
i s th e esse

2 Wh at is comb us ti on! 3 H ow w i d e is its r an

.
g e o f me an
. ing ! 4 .

Wh at i s a confiag r ati on!

E X AMPL E S
H e s g one and w h o k now s h ow h e may report
'
,

Th y w o rd s b y ad d i ng fu e l to th e
L o l as h e come s , i n H e av e n s arr ay
’
.

And s catte r i ng w i d e th e d ay .

F LO C K (pag e 249 )
QU E STIONS
1 . What i s th e mos t g ener al w or d o f th i s g rou p ! 2 h at i s a g r oup , and . W
of w h at class o f obje ct s may it b e co mpos e d ! 3 To w h at 018 8 8 Of .

ani mals d oe s b r ood app ly ! to w h at clas s doe s fi tt er app ly ! 4 Of .

w h at i s b ev y use d !fl ock ! 5 . To w h at i s h er d limite d ! 6 O f w h at .

i s p ack u se d ! 7 . Wh at i s a d r ov e !
EXAM P LE S
W h at i s not g oo d for th e is not S oo d for th e be e
H e h e ard th e b loati ng of th e s and th e tw itte r of b ird s among
th e t re e s .

Th e low i ng i nds th e le a
’
w s low ly o er .

E x cite d — g ath e r e d at t h e cor ne r s di s cu s s i n

s g th e afi ai r
'

A of b ri g h tly cla d w ome n and ch ildr e n w e r e e njoy i ng a p i cnic

unde r th e tre e s .

FLU CT U A TE (pag e 249 )

QU E STIONS
1 . Wh at i s th e fl u ctu ate ! 2 I n w h at one ch ar acte ri stic do
me ani ng of .

macro s and us e r d i ffe r from os ci llat e fl uc tuat e u nd ulate and w av e r ! , , ,

3 Wh at is th e d i ffe re nce i n me nt al action b e tw ee n h e si tate and socc e r ?

.

b e tw ee n v actllate and w av e r ! 4 Wh i ch of th e ab ov e me nti o ne d w ord s

.
-

apply to pe rs o ns !w h i ch to fe e li ng s !
E X AMPL E S
Th ou almo st mak s t me in my faith
’
.

Th e su r face of t h e p r ai ri es rolls and to th e eye .

I t i s almost uni v e rs ally true th at th e h uman min d at th e

mome nt of committing a cr ime
—
.

The ves s e l s ud de nly s from h e r cou r se .

 fl ui d

FORTITU D E (pas e 253 )

QU E STIONS
1 . Wh at is forti tude ! 2 H ow d oe s i t compar e
. w i th cour ag e ! 8 . H ow
res olute and en d urance comp ar e !

E XAMPL E S
U nb ound ed and comp as sion joind,
'

Tempe r ing e ach oth er In th e v ictor s min d

'
.

Te ll thy stor y ;
I f thine , cons ide r d , prove th e th ous andth p a
'
rt

Of my , th ouar t a man, and I

H av e a g irl
'
d lik e
suffe r .

Th ou di d st s mi le ,
I nfu se d w ith a fr om h e av en,
Wh en I h ad de ck ed th e se a w ith drops full salt .

FORTU NATE (PM 9 253)

Q U E STIONS
1 . How does fortun ate compare w ith s ucce s s ful! 2 H ow are lucky and .

fortunate di s cr iminated ! 3 I n w h at s pecial se nse, and w ith w h at

.

r e fe r e nce are favor ed and pr os pe red used !

E XAMPL E S
I t is not a w or d this me
sa imposs i b le no g ood co mes of
t h ose th at h av e it so ofte n in th e ir mouth .

Ah , years !once more w h o w ould not b e a boy !

I h ave a mind pr e sag es me such th ri ft
Th at I sh ould que s tionle a
a be

F RAU D (pag e 256)

QU E STI ONS
1 . Wh at is a fr aud ! H ow does it d in
e r from d cei t or e de ception! 2 . Wh at
i s th e de s ig n of an imp os tur e ! 3 Wh at is dis h one s ty ! a ch e at !a
.

s w indle ! H ow do all th e se fall sh ort of th e me an ing of froud ! 4 .

Of w h at r e la n
ti o s i s tre ac h e ry use d !treas on!
E AM X PL E S
doth ne v er pros pe r : w h at s th e
’
re aso n!
Wh y
if i t pr os pe r, none d ar e call it
Wh oe v er h as once b ecome notori ous by b as e ev e n if he . eaka
truth g ain s n o b elie f .

Th e fir st and th e w or st of all is to n
ch e at o eself.

FRIE N D LY (pag e 256 )

Q U E STIONS
1 . Wh at d oe s fri endly sig ni fy as applied to pe rsons. or as appli e d to acts !
2 . H ow doe s th e adje ctiv e fri e nd ly comp ar e in str e ng th w ith th e noun
 g e ni u s 56d
9
E ac e ful

E XAMPL ES
To cu nning me n
I w ill b e v e ry k i nd ; and
n ch i ld r e n in g ood b ring ing up
To mi ne ow , .

A fr ie nd s h ip no cold me d ium k now s ,

B ur ns w ith o ne lov e w ith one r e se n tme n,t g low s .

Th e conque r or pr ov e d as in vi ctory as h e w as ter rib le inbattle .

GEN I U S (pag e 262)

QU E STI ONS
1 . Wh at is g e ni us ! 2 Wh at is talent ! 8 Wh ich I s th e h ig h er
. .

4 . Wh ich is th e more de pe ndent upon tr aining !

E XAMPL E S
Th e nal Mas te r found
e te r

H is si ng le w e ll emp loy d
'
.

No g r e at w as e v er w ith out s o me mix ture of mad nes a

GET (pag e 262)

Q U E S TI ONS
1 . Wh at is a p e r s on s aid to g e t ! 2 H ow i s g e t . r e late d to e x pe ctationor
de s ir e ! H ow i s g ai n r e late d to t h o se w or d s !
B y w h at processes
8 .

d oe s ne ac qui r e ! I s the th ing

o ac qu i r e d so u g h t or de s ired, or not !

4 Wh at d oe s o ne e ar n! 5 D oe s a p e r so n alw ays g e t w h at he s a
. . w

or alw ays e ar n w h at h e g e ts ! 6 Wh at d oes ob tai n imply ! I s the

.

th ing one o b tai ns an o bje ct o f d e s i r e ! H ow d oe s o b tai n d id s t from

g e t ! 7 W .h at d o e s w i n im l
p y ! H o w i s o ne s aid to w i n a suit at

law ! Wh at i s th e cor r e ct te r m i n le g al p hr ase ! Wh y ! 8 B y w hat .

s p e ci al e le me nt d oe s p r o cu r e d iffe r fr om obtai n! 9 Wh at is ”M .

c i ally imp li e d i n s e cu re !

E X AM PL E S
a liv ing as umb re lla mende r , b ut a poor liv i ng it is
-
.

w i s d om an d w i th all th y g e tti ng , unde r st andi ng .

I n th e str an g e city h e found th at all h is le ar ning w ould not

h im a d inne r .

GI FT (pag e 263)
Q U E STIONS
1 . Wh at i s a g ift ! I a g ift us e d in th e g oo d o r th e b ad s e nse ! Does the
le g al ag re e w ith th e po pu lar s e nse ! 2 Wh at s yno nymous w ord it .

alw ay s u s e d i n th e e v i l s e ns e ! 8 Wh at i s a b e ne fae ti o n! a de ad .

ti o n! Wh at differ e nce of u s ag e is r e cog nized b e tw ee n th e tw o w ardt '

4 . Wh at i s a g ratu ity and to w h om g i v e n! 5 Wh at is th e se nt

, .

and us e o f larg e s s ! 6 Wh at is a p r e s e nt, and to w h om g ive n! 7

.
.

Wh at is th e s p e ci al se ns e o f b oo n! 8 Wh at i s a g r an t , and b y w ho“
.

made !
 g e ni u s

E X AM PL E S
H e g av e u s only over b e ast, n
ah , fow l,
D omi nion ab s olute ; th at rig ht we h old
B y h is
Tr ue lov e s th e w h i ch God h as g iv e n
'

To man alo ne b e n ea th th e h e av en .

nob le k nig h ts , cr ied th e h er alds

"
.

Th e cour ts of jus ti ce h ad falle n so low th at it w as pr actically i mpos s ib le

to w ina caus e w ith out a

GI VE (pag e 264)
QU ESTIONS
1. Wh at i s th e pr imary me aning of g i ve ! th e se co nd ar y me ani ng ! 2. Can
we g i ve w h at i s unde s ire d ! 8. Can w
g i v e w h at w e are p aid for !
e

d . H ow is g iv e alw ays unde r stood w h e n the r e i s no limit ati on in th e

“
co nte x t ! 5 . I s it H e g av e i t to me for noth ing !
co rr e ct to s ay
”

5 . Wh at i s to g r ant ! 7 Wh at is imp lied w he n w e spe ak of g r anti n

.
g
a fav or ! 8 . Wh at is to confe r ! 9 Wh at is e speci ally implie d in .

i mp ort ! in be s tow !
E XAMP L E S
My God s h all all you r ne e d accor d ing to h is r i ch e s in g lor y b y
S h ri st Je s u s .

toman th at ask eth of th ee and fr om h im th at w ou ld

ev e r y ,

b orr ow of th ee tur n not th ou aw ay

, .

Th e cour t pr omptly th e injunct io n .

Th e k ing up on hi m th e h onor of k nig h th ood .

One of th e ple asante s t th i ng s in li fe i s to i ns truction to th os e

w ho re ally de sir e to le arn .

GO V ERN (pag e 265 )

QU E STIONS
1. Wh at does th e w or d g ov e rn im my ! H ow doe s it d iffe r fr om co ntr ol! 2 .

H ow do co mmand and ntr ol d in er ! 8

co H ow do rule and g o v e rn .

d iffe r ! 4 . Wh at i s th e sp e cial s ig nifi cance of s w ay ! of mold ! 5 .

Wh at i s it to manag e ! 5 Wh at i s th e pr e se n . t me anin g of r e i g n!
H ow d oe s i t co mp ar e w i th rule !
E XAMP L E S
H e th at h is sp ir it i s g r e ate r th an h e th at tak e th a city .

F or so me mus t follow , and s ome

Th ou g h all ar e mad e of clay .

D anie l We b st e r w e ll Old H i ck o ry
de s cr ib e d th e ch ar acte r of
"
i n th e
nte nce
se ,
I do not s ay th at Ge ner al J ack so n d id not me an to h is
cu ntr y w e ll, b ut I do s ay th at Ge ne r al J ack son me ant to h is
"
cu ntry .

GRAC E F U L (pag e 266)

QU E STIONS
Wh at d oe s g raceful d e note ! H ow i s it e s pe ci ally d isting uis h e d fr om
b e auti ful!
 g ri e f

th e g r ace le s s r e ne g ad e !
th at a se cre t tr e aty h ad b e e n pr e v ious ly conclude d be tw ee n

h im, th ou sh alt b r ing dow n my g r ay h air s w i th

HA PP INESS (pag e 268)

QU E STIONS
1 . Wh at is g r atification!s atis faction! 2 Wh at i s h appi ne s s ! 8 H ow doe s
. .

h app ine s s difl e r fr om comfort ! 4 H o w d oes comfort d iffe r fr om e n

.

joy me nt ! 5 H ow doe s ple as ure comp are w ith comfort and enjoyme nt !
.

w i th h app i n ! 5 Wh at do g r atification and satisfaction e x p r e s s !

e ss .

H ow do th ey comp are w ith e ach oth e r ! 7 H ow does h appi n es s com .

p are w ith g u ti fication satis fac ti on comfor t and ple as ure ! w i th de

, , ,

lig h t and fe y ! 8 Wh at is de li g h t ! e cs tacy ! r apture ! 9 Wh at is

. .

tri umph ! bles s e d ne s s !blis s !

E XAMP LE S
Sw ee t is afte r p ai n .

Virtue alone is b e low .

Hope e lev ate s and b ri g h te ns h is cr e s t .

Th e storm r ag e d w i th ou t, b ut w ith in th e h ou se all w as b r ig h tness and

Th er e i s no s o sw e e t and ab idi ng as th at of d oi ng g ood .

This is th e ve ry of lov e .

HA P P Y (pag e 270)
QU E STIONS
1 . Wh at is th e nal me aning of h ap py ! With w h at w or d s i s it allied i n
or ig i

th i s se nse ! 2 I n w h at w ay i s h ap py a s ynon
. ym of b le s s e d ! 8 Wh at .

is th e me aning of h ap py i n its mos t fre que nt p re se nt us e !

E X AMPL E S
ar e th e y th at mour n for th e y s h all b e comforte d
, .

accid e nt i s it th at w e o w e so une x pe cte d a v i s it.

h e art mak e th a cou nte nance .

Iw ould n ot spe n d anot h e r su ch a nig h t

Th ou g h tw e r e to b uy a w o rld o f
’

HA R M ON Y (pag e 271 )
QU E STIONS
1
. Wh at is h ar mony ! 2 H ow d oe s h ar mony comp are w ith ag r e e me nt ! 8
. .

H ow d o concor d and accord comp ar e w ith h ar mo ny and w ith e ach

ot h er ! 4 Wh at is co nformity ! cong ruity ! 5 Wh at i s co ns is te ncy !
. .

6 Wh at i s unani mity ! 7 H ow do con

. s ent and con
. cu r r e nce comp ar e !
 E X AMPL E S
H ow upon th e mountains are th e fee t of hi m th at b rin
'

g eth g ood
t id ing s, t h at p ub lis h e th pe ace .

A myr tle re ar
'
d it s h e ad .

GRIE F (pag e 266 )

QU E STIONS
1 . Wh at is g r ie f! 2 H ow d oe s g rie f
. mp ar e w ith sorrow !w ith
co sad ess n !
w i th melanch oly ! 8 Wh at tw o . ch i e f se nse s h as afi icti on! 4 . What
is imp lie d i n mou rni ng , in its most common acce ptati on!
E XAMPL E S
We g lory i n also .

For our lig h t w h i ch is b ut for a mo me nt, w orke th for us afa

r

mor e ex ce ed i ng and e te r nal w e ig ht of g lory .

Wh at pr iv ate th e y h av e , alas ! I know not , th at made them

d o it .

HAB IT (page 267)

QU E STIONS
1 . Wh at is m !r out ine ! Wh i ch i s th e more me ch anical ! 2 What ele
c us to .

me nt d oe s h abi t add to cus to m and r ou ti ne ! 8 S h ould w e preferably .

u se cus to m or h ab it o f a s oc ie ty ! o f an ind i v id u al ! 4 What u .

fa s h i o n! r ule ! s y s t e m ? 5 Wh at a r e us e and u s ag
. e and how do
,

th e y d i ffe r fr om e ach o th e r ! 6 Wh at is p r ac tis e ! 7 Wh at is the . .

d ist inct i v e me aning o f w o nt !

E XAMPL E S
E v e ry i s pr e se rv e d and i ncr e as e d b y co r re sp onde nt actions .
"
I

of w alk ing b y w alk i ng o f r u nni ng b y r u nni ng

, .

Montaig ne is ng in d e clar ing th at

w ro ou g h t to b e follow ed t im

ply be cau s e it i s and not b e c au se i t i s re aso nab le o r jus t .

L or d B r o ug h am s ays Th e lo ng e r I liv e th e mo r e car e ful I am to on

t r u s t e v e r y th ing th at I r e ally car e to d o to th e b e n e fi ce nt p ow e r of
mak e s p e r fe ct .

Wi th out little th at i s v alu ab le is e ve r le ar ne d or done .

HA PP EN (pag e 267)
Q U E S TIONS
1 . Wh at d oe s h app e n ni fy ! 2 H ow d oe s i t d iffe r fr om ch ance ! 3
s ig .

Wh at is th e d is ti nc ti v e me ani ng o f b e tid e ! 4 H o w do both .

and b e tid e diffe r fro m h ap p e n i n g r amm ati cal cons tru ct ion! 5 What .

i s th e me aning o f s up e rv c ne ! 6 I s tr ans p i re co rr ectly u se d in the .

se n s e o f h app e n! Wh e n m ay an e v e n t be p r ope r ly s aid to tr ans pi r"

E X AM P L E S
Wh ate v e r at all as it s h ou ld .

Th ou sow e s t not th at b o dy th at s h all b e , b ut b e ar g r ain, it may

of w h e at , or of some oth e r g r ain .
 g ri e f

th e g r ace le ss r e ne g ad e l
'

I ll
It th at a se cre t tre aty h ad b e e n prev ious ly conclude d betw een
the pow ers .

If mi s ch ie f him. th ou sh alt b ring dow n my g r ay h air s w ith

sorrow to th e g r ave .

HA PP I N ESS (P880 268)

QU E STIONS
1 . Wh at is g ratification!s atis facti on! 2 Wh at i s h appi ne s s ! 8 H ow doe s
. .

h appines s di fl e r fr om comfor t ! 4 H ow d oes comfor t dilfe r fr om e n

.

joyme nt ! 5 H ow doe s ple as ur e compare w ith comfor t and enjoyment !

.

w ith ! 5 Wh at do g ratification and satisfaction e x p r e s s !

h app i nes s .

How do th ey comp are w ith e ach oth e r ! 7 H ow does h appi ne s s com .

pare w ith g ratificati on s atis fac tion comfort and ple asur e ! w ith d e
, , ,

lig ht and fe y ! 8 Wh at is de lig h t ! e cs tacy !rapture ! 9 Wh at is

. .

tr iump h !blees ed ne s s !bli s s !

EXAM P LE S
S w e et ie afte r p ain .

Virtue alone is b e low .

Hope e lev ate s and b ri g h te ns h is cr e s t .

The sto rm r ag e d w i th out, but w ith in th e h ou se all w as b rig h tness and

Th er e i s no so sw e e t and ab i di ng as th at of d oing g ood .

This is th e v e ry of lov e .

HA P P Y (pag e 270)
QU E STIONS
1 . Wh at is th e inal me aning of h ap py ! With w h at w or d s is i t allie d in
or ig

th is se nse ! 2 I n w h at w ay is h appy a s y nonym of ble s s e d ! 8 Wh at

. .

is th e me aning of h ap py i n its most fr e que nt pre se nt use !

E X AMPL E S
are th e y th at mourn for th e y s h all b e comfort e d
, .

accid e nt i s it th at w e ow e so unex p e cte d a v i s it .

h e art mak e th a cou nte nance .

I w ou ld n ot spe n d anoth e r su ch a nig h t

Th oug h tw e re to b uy a w or ld of
'

HA RM ON Y (pag e 271 )
Q U E STIONS
1
. Wh at i s h armony ! 2 H ow doe s h armony compar e w i th ag r e e me nt ! 8
. .

H ow d o conc ord and accord comp ar e w ith h ar mony and w i th e ach

ot h e r ! 4 Wh at is conformity ! cong ruity ! 5 Wh at i s cons is te ncy !
. .

8 Wh at i s unani mi ty ! 7 H ow do con
. s ent and concu r r e nc e comp ar e !
.
 567
W3;
b e in pos s e s s io n comp are w i th p os s es s ! 5 H ow doe s ow n comp ar e .

Wh at is th e d iffere nce bo
w i th pos s e ss or w i th b e i n po s s e s s i on! 6 .
o

tw e e n th e st ate me nt th at a man h as r e as on, and th e st ate me nt th at h e

i s i n pos s e s s i on of his re aso n!

E XAMP LE S
S on, th ou art ever w ith me , and all th at I is thi ne .

I
e ar ne s tly entr e at you, for your ow n sak es. to your se lv e s of

solid re a son s .

He occup ie s th e h ou se , b ut doe s not it .

HAZA RD (pag e 275 )

QU E STIONS
1 . Wh at is th e me aning doe s h azard comp ar e w ith
of h azar d ! 2 . H ow
d ang e r ! 8 H ow do ris k and v e n
. ture comp ar e w i th ch an ce and
h azard , and w ith e ach oth er ! 4 H ow do accid e nt and cas ualty d iffe r !
.

5 Wh at i s a co n
. ti ng e ncy !

E X AMPL E S
We must tak e th e curr e nt w h e n it se rv e s or lose our

my life upon a cas t and I w ill stand

I h av e s et . th e of th e d ie .

Th er e is no in doi ng k no w n duty .

D o you thi nk it ne ce ss ary to pr ov ide for ev e ry be for e tak ing th e

fi rst step !

H EA LT HY (pag e 275)
Q U ESTIONS
1 . Wh at me aning of h e althy !o f h e alth ful! Ar e th e w ords p r op e r ly
i s th e
i nte rch ang e ab le ! 2 Wh at ar e th e ch ie f s yno ny ms of he alth y ! o f
.

h e alth ful ! 8 I n w h at se ns e i s s alu bri ous u se d and to w h at is it

. ,

app lied ! 4 To w h at r e alm d oe s s alutary be long !

.

EXAM PLE S
I n b ooks , or w or k . or play le t my fir st ye ar s h e p as s e d .

B le ss e d i s the natur e ; it is th e coh ere nt, s w ee tly coope r ativ e ,

not th e se lf d istr acti ng -
o ne .

H EL P (pag e 276)
QU E STIONS
1. I s h e lp or aid th e str o ng e r te rm ! 2 . Wh ich is us e d i n e x cite me nt or
e me r g e ncy ! 8 D oe s h e lp i nclude aid
. or d oe s aid i nclud e h elp ! 4 .

Wh ich inplics th e se co nd ing

anoth e r s of
'
e x e r tio ns ! D o w e aid o r

h e lp th e h e lple s s ! 5 H ow do coop e r ate and ass is t d iffer ! 6

. . To
w h at do en cou r a g e and up h old r e fe r !succor and s upp ort !

E XAM PLE S
H e d oe s not pr ev e nt a cr ime w h e n h e can it.

Know the n w h ate v e r ch e e r ful and se r e ne th e mind th e

bod y too .
 H ERETI C (pag e 276)
Q U E STI ONS
1 . Wh at is a h er e tic !a s ch ismatic ! 2 I n w h at doe s a h e re ti c dil er from
.

h is ch urch or re lig ious b od y ! a s ch is matic ! 8 H ow do a heretic .

and a sc h is matic ofte n difi e r in action! 4 H ow are th e term dis .

s enter an d no nconformi st u s ually app li ed !

-

E X AMPL E S
A man th at is an afte r th e firs t and se cond admoniti on , rej
ect .

Oh ur ohme n and alik e re s is te d th e tyr anny of J ames I I .

H ETEROGE N EO U S (P880 277)

Q U E STION S
1 . Wh e n are he terog ene ous as r e g ar ds e ach oth er ! 2 Whenis
s u b sta ce s n .

a mix tu re , as ce me nt, s aid to b e he te rog ene ous !w he n h omog eneous !

8 Wh at i s t h e s pe ci al s ig nificance of nonh omog en

. e ous ! 4 How does -
.

mis cellane ous difl e r from h e te rog e ne ous !

E X AMPL E S
My seco nd so n re ce iv ed a sort of educati o n at h ome.
Court ie r and p atr iot ca n not mix
Th e i r poli tic s
With out an e fl e rv e sce nce .

H I D E (pag e 278)
QU E STIONS
1 . Wh i ch is th e most g e n er al te rm of th is g r oup, and w h at doe s it sig n lffl
2 I s an ob jec t h idd e n b y inte ntio n or i n w h at oth e r w ay or w a
.
ys
, .
if
any ! 8 D oes conce al e v ince i nte nti on! 4 H o w d oe s s e crete com
. .

p ar e w ith conc e al ! H ow i s it ch i e fi y u s e d ! 5 Wh at i s i t to cov e r ! .

to scr e en!
E X AMPL E S
Me n u se th ou g h t o nly as auth or ity for th e ir injus tice , and e mploy speech
o nly to th e i r th ou g h ts .

Ye little stars l your dimi nis h e d rays .

H I G H (pag e 279 )
QU E STIONS
1 . Wh at k i nd of a te rm i s h ig h ! Wh ati nst ances of
d oe s it sig nify ! Giv e
th e r e lativ e 2 H ow doe s h i g h comp ar e w i th deep?
u se of th e w or d . .

To w h at ob jects may th e se w or d s h e se v e r ally applie d ! 8 What it .

th e sp e c i al s ig nificance of tall! 4 Wh at e le me n t d oe s lofty add to tbf

.

me ani ng o f h ig h o r. tall ! 5 H ow d o e le v ate d and e mi ne nt compare

.

in th e lite r al nse !i n th e fi g ur ati v e ! 6 H ow d o th e w or ds abs"

se .

me ntio ne d comp are w ith ex alt e d ! 7 Wh at contr aste d u s e s h as hit ! .

i n th e fig u r ativ e se nse ! 8 Wh at is to w eri ng in th e lite r al a

. nd ill .

th e fi g u r at iv e se nse !
 E XAMP L E S
A pillar d s h ad e ,
’
ove r ar ch e d, and e ch oing w alk s be tw ee n .

A dau g h te r of th e g od s , divi ne ly and most div ine ly i air .

Wh at i s th at w h ich th e breeze on th e s we p.

As it fi ti ully blow s , h all conceals, h alt dis clos e s !

H e k new
Hi ms el!to si ng , and b uild th e r ime .

H I N D ER (pag e 280)
Q U E STIONS
1 . Wh at is it to hi nde r ! 2 H ow d oes h in
. d e r difi er fro m d e lay ! 8 . Run
e

doe s h inde r M p ar e w ith pr ev ent ! 4 Wh at i s th e me aning . of r .

tar d ! 8 Wh at is it to ob s truct !to re s i s t ! H ow d o th e se tw o

. w el ds

comp a r e w ith e ach oth er !

E XAM P LES
th e D ev il. and h e w ill fi ee fr om you .

My te ars mus t stop, for e v e ry drop

my nee dle and th re ad .

I t i s th e stud y of mank ind to th at adv ance of ag e or d e ath

w hi ch can not be

H ISTORY (pag e 281 )

Q U E STIONS
1 . Wh at i s th e me aning of h i s tory ! H ow doe s it relate ev e nts ! To w h at
clas s of ev e n t s doe s it app ly ! 2 H ow d oe s hi s tory
. difl e r fr om annals
o r ch r onicle s !

E X AM PL E S
H appy th e peo ple w h ose ar e d ulle d .

is little e ls e th an a p i ctur e o f h uman cri me s and mis fortune s .

is ph ilo soph y te ach ing b y e x ample .

H O LY (p ag e 282 )
QU E STIONS
1 . Wh at is the me aning of s acr e d ! 2 H ow doe s it comp are
. w i th h oly ! 8 .

Whi ch te rm do w e apply d ir e ctly to God ! 4 I n w h at . se ns e i s d i v i ne

loo se ly u se d ! Wh at i s its mor e appr op r i ate se nse !

E X AMP LES
Th e time i s quie t as a nu n b r e ath le s s w ith ador ation .

A b u r de n is th i s li fe ye b e ar .

anse cts and ch ur ch e s o f C hr is te ndom h old to some form oi th e doctr ine

of th e insp ir ation o f th e Ch r i sti an S cr i ptures .

H O M E (pag e 282 )
QU E STIONS
1. Wh at i s th e g e ner al se nse of ab od e , d w e lli ng , and hab itation! Wh at
 h o ne s t
h m th e si s

Th e for med th e pr incipal amus eme n t of our Norman ki n g s, w h o

for th at purpose r e taine d in th e ir pos s e s sion fore s ts in ev er y p art of the
k ing d om .

Th e is up. b ut th e y s h all kn ow

The stag at b ay s a d ang erous foe

’
.

HYP O C RIS Y (pag e 285 )

QU E STIONS
1 . Fr om h at lan
wg uag e i s pr e te ns e de r i v ed, and w h at doe s it sig ni fy ! 2
Wh at is hyp ocr is y ! 8 Wh at is cant !s ancti naoni ous ne s s ! 4 Wh at
. .

i s p ie tis m !formali s m !s h am ! 5 . H ow d oe s al e ctation comp ar e w ith

h yp ocri sy
E AMX P LE S
Le t not th e Trojans, w ith a fe ig ned of profi ere d pe a ce d e luds .

t h e L atin pri nce .

i s a faw ni ng and fl e x i b le ar t, w hich accommod ate s it se lf to

h uman fe e lin s an
g , d fi atte rs th e w e ak nes s of me n in or der th at it may g ain
i ts ow n e n
'

ds .

HY PO C RITE (pag e 286)

QU E STION S
1 F r om
. w h at lang uag e is h yp ocr ite de r iv e d ! Wh at i s i ts pr imary m e aning
'

2 . Wh at co mmon te rm i nclud e s th e oth e r w ord s of th e

g roup . 8 .

H ow ar e h yp ocr ite and d is s emb le r contr aste d w ith 4 e ach oth e r ! .

Wh at e le me nt i s common to th e ch e s t and th e i mpos tor ! H ow do the

tw o comp are w i th e ach oth e r !

E XAMPL E S
I t i s th e w eak e s t sort o f p oli ticians th at are th e g re ate st
I d ar e no
s w e ar h e is b ut pr ays fr om hi s h e art .

I n th e r e ig n o f H e nry V I I an named P e r kin Warbe ck , laid

claim to th e E n g lis h cr ow n .

HY P OT H ESIS (PM e 233)

Q U E STIONS
1 . Wh at is a h ypoth e s is Wh at
is i ts u se in scie ntifi c in
! v es tig ation an“
!

s t ud y ! 2 Wh at i s a g ue s s !a co n
. je ctu re !a s upp os ition!a s u rmise !
8 Wh at imp lication d oe s s u rmis e or d in
. ar ily conv e y ! Wh at i s a
th e ory ! a sch e me ! a s p e culati on! H ow d o th ey dif er i

EXAM P L ES
fanci e s , b uilt on noth ing firm .

Th e r e are no oth e r limits to th an th os e of th e h uma n mind .

Th e d ev e lopme nt th ou g h w i d e ly acce pte d b y me n of s ci e nd

'

fails of pr oo f at many i mp ortant points .

 idea

I D EA (pag e 287)
QUE STI ONS
1 . From wh at lang uag e i s ide a der iv ed, an d w h at did it or ig i nally me an!
2. Wh at did idea s ig nify i n e ar ly p h ilosophical use ! 8 Wh at is i n .

pre se nt popular us e , and w ith w h at w ord s is it now sy no nymous !

E XAMP LE S
All res ts w ith th os e w h o re ad . A w or k or
make s it to
I s w h at each himself .

He w h o come s up to hi s ow n of g r e atnes s mu st alw ays h ave had

a v e ry low standar d of it in hi s mind .

I D EA L (pag e 288)
QUE STION S
1 . Wh at is an id e al! 2 Wh at
i s an arche typ e ! a proto ty pe ! 8 Ca
. na .

pr ototy pe b e e quiv ale nt to an ar che ty pe ! 4 I s an id eal prima l. or .

th e r e sult of deve lopme n t ! 5 Wh at is an or ig i n al! 6 Wh at is the

. .

s tand ar d ! H ow doe s it comp are w ith th e id e al! 7 H ow are ii ee .

and id e al co ntraste d !
E XAMPL E S
B e a to oth e r s and th e n all w i ll g o w ell .

Th e mind of th e man
'
s th e .

Ev e r y man h as at time s in h i s mind th e of w h at h e s h ould be .

bu t is not .

I D IO CY (p ag e 289)
QU E STIONS
1. Wh at is id iocy ! 2 . Wh at is i mb e cility ! H ow doe s it compare w ith
id io cy ! 8 H ow d oe s
. i ns ani ty diffe r fr om id iocy or i mbe cility ! 4 .

H ow d o folly and foolis h ne s s co mp ar e w ith id i ocy ! 5 . Wh at is lets

i ty !s tupi d ity !
E X AMPL E S
Wh e re ig nor ance i s b li s s . t is
'
to b e w is e .

To e x p e ct an e ffe ct w it h out a c aus e , or attainme nt w i th out application

.

is little le ss th an

I D LE pag e 289 )
Q U E STIONS
1 Fr om
. w h at lang uag e is idle de r iv e d, and w h at is its ori g i nal meanin
t'
2 . Wh at
d oe s idle in pr e se nt u se pr ope r ly de note ! D oe s it nece ssaril!

de note th e ab se nce of all action! 8 Wh at doe s lazy si g nify ! How .

doe s it d iffer fr om idle ! 4 Wh at do e s i ne rt s ig nify ! slug g is h ! 5

.
.

I n w h at re alm doe s s loth fu l b e long , and w h at doe s it d e n ote ! 3

H ow d oe s i nd ole nt co mpar e w i th s loth ul f !

E XAMPL E S
Th e s tr e am w as cov e r e d w ith a g re e n scum .

Ne v e r a mome nt b ut th r ifty and th oug h tful of

, oth ers .
 idea

As th e door tur ne th upon hi s h ing e s, a

o doth the tur n upon
hi s b ed .

IG N ORA NT (Pag e 290)

Q UE STIONS
I . Wh at does ig nor ant s ig ni fy ! How w i de i s its r ang e ! 2 Wh at is th e .

me aning of illite r ate ! 8 H ow doe s u nle tte r e d comp ar e w ith illiter ate !
.

E XAMP LE S
S o fooli sh w as I and I w as as a b e as t b e fore th ee .

A b oy is be tte r unborn th an

I MA GIN ATION (PM 9 290)

QU E STIONS
I . I nto w h at tw o p art s w as imag i nati on d iv id e d in th e old ps ych olog y ! 2 .

Wh at name is now p r e fe r ab ly g iv e n to th e ao called r epr odu ctiv e imag i -

nationb y P re s id e nt P or te r and !8 Wh at i s fantas y or p h antas y !

ot h e r s .

I n w h at me ntal actions is i t mani fe ste d ! 4 Wh at i s fantas y in ord i .

nary u s ag e ! 5 H ow is i mag i nation de fi ne d ! fancy ! 6 To w h at

. .

faculty o f th e mi nd d o b oth o f t h e s e act iv iti e s or p ow e r s b e long ! 7 .

I n w h at oth e r r e spe ct s d o i mag i nation and fancy ag r ee ! Wh at is

th e one g r e at d i st inct ion b e tw e e n th e m ! H ow d o th e y r e s pe ctiv ely
tr e at t he mate r i al obje cts o r i mag e s w i th w h ich th e y de al ! Wh ich

pow e r find s use in p h ilosop h y s cie nce and me ch ani cal inv e ntion
, , ,

and h o w !
E X AMPL E S

Wh ile li k e th e fi ng e r of a clock,
Runs th e g r e at cir cui t , and is st ill at h ome .

And as b od ie s fo rth
Th e forms of th ing unk now n pe n
’
s , th e p oe t s

Turns th e m to s h ape s and g iv e s to , air y nothing

A local h ab itat ion and a name .

I MM E D I A TE LY (pag e 293 )
QU E STIONS
1 . Wh at is th e pr imar y me aning of i mme d i ate ly ! I ts me aning as an ad v e r b
of time ! 2 Wh at d id by and b y forme rly s ig n
. i fy !Wh at i s i ts p r e s e nt
me aning ! 8 Wh at d id d i r e ctly for me r ly s ig nify, and w h at doe s it
.

now mmonly me an! 4 Wh at ch ang e h as p r e s e ntly und e r g one ! 5

co . .

I s imme d iate ly los i ng anyth ing of its for ce ! Wh at w or ds now see m

more e mph atic
E X AM PL E S

Noth ing i s th e r e to co me , and noth ing p ast ,

B ut an e te r nal doe s alw ays las t .

Let u s g o up and po s s e s s it ; for w e ar e w e ll able to ov er co me it

.

Obey me
 i mm e r s e
i nd us t r i o u s

I M P U D EN C E (Dag e 296)
QU E STIONS
1 . Wh at d oe s imp er ti nence p r imarily d e n ote ! Wh a t is its common a ccepta

t ion! 2 Wh at is i mpud e n
. ce ! in s ole ncs ! 3 Wh at i s ofi ci ous ns s s ! .

4 . Wh at does rud e nes s sug g e st !

E XAMP L E S
With match le s s th e y s tyle a w ife
Th e d e ar b oug h t cu rs e , and law fu l plag u e
-
of life .

I t is b e tte r not to tu r n fr ie nd s h ip into a sys te m of law ful and nu

su nis h ab le
A ce rtai n class of ill nature d pe ople
-
mist ake for fr ank ne s s .

IN CONGRU O U S (pag e 297)

QU E STIONS
1 . Wh e n are th ing s s aid to b e i nc on
! 2 To w h at is d is cord ant ap
g ru ous .

p lie d !inh armoni ou s ! 3 Wh at d oe s i ncompatib le s ig ni fy ! Wh e n ar e

.

t hin g s sai d to b e i nco mp at ib le ! 4 To w h at d oe s i nc ons i s te nt app ly !.

5 . Wh at illustr ations o f th e u se s of th e se w or ds ar e g iv e n in th e
te x t ! 5 Wh at is th e me aning o f i n
. comme ns ur ab le !

E XAM P LE S
No soli tu de is so s olit ary as th at of mp anionsh ip
co .

I h e ar a str ai n as a me r ry d ir g e , or s acr ame ntal b acch anal

mig h t be .

I N D U CT I ON (pag e 298 )
Q U E STIONS
1 . Wh at is de d ucti on! i nd uction! 2 Wh at i s th e pr oof of an i n d uc ti on!
.

3 . Wh at pr oce ss i s or dinari ly follow e d in w h at i s know n as scie ntific

i nd ucti on! H ow d o d e d uc ti o n and i nd uction comp ar e as to th e
4 .

ce rt aint y o f th e conclus i o n! 5 H ow d oe s an i n d u ction co mp are w it h

.

an infe r e nce !
E XAMPLE S
Th e lo ng er one s tud ie s a v as t s ub ect j th e mor e cautiou s in
b e comes .

P e r h aps th e w i d e st and b e st k now n of B i olog y is th at or

g ani sms g ro w .

I N D U STR I OUS (pag e 299 )

QU E STIONS
1 . How d oes bus y d ifl or from i nd us t ri ous ! 2 . Wh at i s th e impli cation i f
we say ne o is in d us tri ous ju st now ! 3 . Wh at d oes d ili g e nt add to
th e me aning of i ndus tr i ous !
E XAMPL E S
L ook ch e er fully upon me ,

H ere I am
'
, lov e ; th ou see st h ow .

h av e no time for te ar s
 i nd u s t r y

I N D U STRY (pag e 299 )

Q U E STIONS
1 . Wh at i s i nd us try ! 2 . Wh at nify as indi cate d by its
d oe s as s id uity s ig

etymolog y !d ilig en ce !3 H ow d oe s a pplication compare w i th a

. s s idaitv!

4 . Wh at i s cons tancy ! p atie nce ! pe rs e v er ance ! 5 Wh at is per .

.

s is ts nc e ! Wh at imp li c ation d oe s it fr e que ntly conv e y ! 6 How does .

in d us tr y comp are w i th dilig ence ! 7 To w h at d o lab or an d paw.

e s pe ci ally re fe r
E X AMPL E S
H onor s co me b y ri ch e s sp ri ng from e co nomy .

Ti s all
’
s upports us .

Th e re is no succe ss in s tudy w ith ou t clos e , continuou s . and in

ten
se

H is in w i ck ed nes s w ould h ave w on hi m enduring h onor if it

had take n th e form of in a be tte r cau se .

I N F IN I TE (pag e 300)
QU E STIONS
1. From w h at lang uag e i s i nfinite de r iv e d , and w i th w h at me anin g ! To
w ha t may it b e applie d ! 2 H ow d o co u ntle s s , i nnumer able an
. d .

numb e rle s s comp are w i th i nfini te ! 3 Wh at is th e u se of boun .dless .

illi mitab le , limitle s s , me as ur e le s s , and u nli mite d ! 4 Wh at are the .

d ime ns ions of infinite sp ace ! Wh at i s th e d u r atio n o f infinite time !

E XAMPL E S
Mybou nty is as as th e se a, my i ov e as d e ep , th e more I g ive to
th ee , th e more I h av e , for b oth are
Mans inh umanity to man mak e s
’
th ous and s mourn .

IN F LU EN C E (pag e 300)
QU E STIONS
1. Wh at i s it to i nfl uenc e !i s one in fl ue nce d b y e x t e r nal or inter nal force !
2 To w h at k ind o f pow e r d oe s actuate r e fe r !D oe s o ne pe r son actuate
.

or infl ue nce anoth e r ! 3 . Wh at

d o p r omp t and s ti r im y ! 4 What m .

i s it to e x ci te ! 5 Wh at d o i nc it e and i n
. s ti g at e s i g ni fy ! How do

the se tw o w ord s d ifl e r ! 6 Wh at do u r g e and i mpe l imply ! How do

.

th e y d iffe r i n th e so urce of th e pow e r ex e r ted ! 7 h at do drit t . W

and co mpe l imply , and h ow d o th e s e tw o w or d s comp are w ith each
othe r

E XAM PL E S
He w as b y h is ow n v i ole nt p as s i ons to de spe r ate cr ime .

And w e ll she ca n
Fi ne th oug h ts ar e w e alth . for th e r ig h t u se of w hi ch
Me n are and oug h t to b e accountab le ,

I f not to Th ee to th o se th ey ,
 —
lNHlZ
RENT ( a p s e 301)
QU ESTIONS
1 . Wh at doe s inh ere nt sig nify ! 2. To w h at r e al m of th oug h t d oes imma o

ne nt be long ! Wh at d u e it s ig nify ! H ow doe s it differ fr om i nhe rent !

Wh i ch is ap pli ed to th e D ivine B e ing ! 3 To w h at do cong e nital . ,

i nnate , and inb or n app ly as d i s ting u is h e d fr om i nh e r e nt and intri ns ic !

4 With w h at spe cial r e fe r ence doe s cong e nital oc cur i n me di cal and
.

le g al use ! 5 . Wh at
mm a i n u se be tw e en innate and i n
i s th e d il e

bor n! 5 Wh at doe s i nb re d add to th e se nse of i nnate or i nb or n!

.

7 Wh at is i ng r aine d !
.

E XAMPL ES
An po w e r in th e life of the w orld .

All me n h av e an r ig h t to life libe rty and p rotection , , .

H e ev inced an stup id ity th a t se e med almost tan tamou nt to

id iocy .

Many philosop h e rs h old th at God is i n natur e .

Any stab le curr e ncy mu st b e fou nde d at las t upon some thi ng , as g old
or silv e r , th at h as v alue .

Th e w r ong s and ab use s w h ich are in th e v er y s tr ucture and

cons ti tuti on of so ci ety as i t now e x i st s th r ou g h out Chr is te ndom .

I NJ U RY (pag e 302 )
QU E STI ONS
1 . Fro m w ury de r iv e d !
h at lang uag e i s i nj i s its p rimary me aning ! Wh at
I ts der iv ed me anin g ! 2 H ow i nclu si v e a w ord is in
.
jury ! 3 Fr om .

w h at i s d amag e de ri v ed , and w ith w h at or ig i nal se nse ! de tri me nt !

H ow do th es e w o rd s comp ar e in actu al use ! 4 H ow d oe s damag e .

comp are w ith loss ! H ow c an a los s b e s aid to be p a rth l ! 5 Wh at .

i s evil, and w i th w h at fre que nt s ug g e st ion! 6 Wh at is h arm !h ur t .

H ow do th e se w or d s comp are w i th i nju ry ! 7 . Wh at is mi sch ie f!

H ow cause d , and w ith w h at inte nt !

E XAMPL E S
Nothi ng ca n w or k me myse lf ; th e th at I sus tain
e x ce p t

I carry ab out w i th me and ne v e r am a r e al and e r er but by my ow n fault

,
'
.

H ippolyta I w oo d th ee w i th my sw ord ,
,
'

And w on th y lov e do ing th e e ,

IN J U STI C E (pag e 303)

QUE STI ONS
1 . Wh at is injus ti ce ! 2 H ow doe s . w ro g n di fi er
'
fr om injustice in le g al
us e ! How in popu lar use ! 3 . Wh at is iniquity in th e leg al se nse !
in th e co mmo n se nse !
E X AM PL E S
War in mens ’
eye s sh all b e a mons ter of
No man can mor tg ag e his as a p aw n for h is fidelity .

S u ch an act i s an upo n h u manity .

 INTERPOSE (pag e 306)
QUES TI ON S
1. Wh at is it to inte rpos e ! 2 H ow d oe s i nter ce de differ from in
. te r pos a!
8. Wh at is it to intermed d le ! H ow doe s it d ifl cr from meddle !from
M ore ! 4 Wh at d o a
. r bi tr ate and me diate I nv olv e !

E XAM PL E S
Dion, his br oth er , for h im and h is li fe w as save d .

Nature h as a natur al barr ier b etw ee n Eng land and th e co nti

n
ent .

INVOLV E (pag e 307)

QU E STI ONS
1 From w h a
. t lang uag e is inv olv e de r iv e d, and h at pr imary me aning !
w ith w

2. H ow d oe s i nv olv e co mp are w ith i mpli cat e ! 3 Ar e th e se w or d s

.

u se d in th e fav or ab le or th e unfav or ab le se nse ! 4 As reg ards

. re

sult s w h at i s th e di fi e re nce b e tw ee n includ e , i mply and inv olv e !

'
,

E XAM PL E S
Rock s may be squee ze d i nto ne w for ms, b e nt, contorted, and
An oyste r s h e ll some t ime s
-
a pe ar l .

in oth e r me ns afl air s, h e w e nt d ow n to th e ir ruin

’
.

J O U RNE Y (pag e 307)

QU E STIONS
1 Pr om w h at lan
.
g uag e i s jou r ney d e ri v e d ! Wh at i s it s primar y me aning !
I ts pres ent me aning ! 2 Wh at i s tr av e l ! H ow doe s it dlfl e r fr om
.

jour ne y ! 3 Wh at w as th e former me aning of v oyag e ! I ts pre se nt

.

me aning ! 4 Wh at i s a tri p !a tour ! 5 Wh at i s th e me aning and

. .

common u se of p ass ag e !of trans it ! 3 Wh a t i s th e or ig inal me aning.

of pilg ri mag e ! H ow i s it now u sed !

E XAM PL E S
mak e s me n co untryme n
all .

Anth e of th e ir li fe i s bou n d in sh allow s and in mis erie s .

I t w er e a lik e th e p ath to h e av en,

To h elp you fi nd th e m .

J U D GE (pag e 308)
QUE STI ONS
1. Wh at is a jud g e in th e le g al s e nse ! 2 Wh at oth e r sens es h as th e w or d
.

jud g e in common use ! 3 Wh at is a r e fer e e , and h ow appointe d !an

.

arbitrator ! 4 Wh at i s th e po pular s e nse of umpi r e !th e leg al se nse !

.

5 Wh at is th e pr ese nt u se o f ar b ite r ! 3 Wh at are th e judg es of th e

. .

Un ited S tate s S upreme C ourt o ci ally calle d ! m

 nat i ve
L
EXAM PL E S
nd crow ns all Th e e

And th at old common

Will one d ay e nd it .

A man w h o i s no o f law may be a g ood of p oe try .

Th e is only th e mouth of law and th e mag is tr ate w ho punis he ,

is only th e h and .

J U STI C E (pag e 309 )

Q U E STIONS
1 . Wh at is jus tice in g ov e r nme ntal r e latio ns ! i n s oci al and pe r sonal rela
ti ons !in matte r s o f r e as oni n g or lite r ar y tre atme nt ! 2 To w hat do .

i nte g r ity r e ctitud e ri g h t ri g h te ous n

, , e ss an
, d vi rtue apply ! Wh at do ,

all th e se include ! 3 Wh at tw o contr as te d s e ns e s h as law fuln

. e ss ! i .

To w h at d oes I us tne s s r e fe r and in w h at se nse i s it us ed !

,
'

E XAM PLE S
alte th a nation
ex .

of life is fame s b e st fr i e nd
’
.

He s h all h av e me re ly and h i s b ond .

KEE P (pag e 310)

QU E STIONS
1 . Wh at i s th e g e ne r al me ani ng o f k e e p ! 2 H ow d oe s k ee p compare w ith .

p r e s e r v e !f f
ul il ! mai ntai n! 3 W h at d oe s k e ep i m
. l
p y w h e n use d as a
sy nonym of g uard or d e fe nd?

E XAMPL E S
Th e se mak e and th e b alance of th e mi nd .

Th e g ood old ru le
S u fl oe th th e m — th e s imp le plan,
.

Th at th e y s h o u ld t ak e w h o h av e th e p ow er

And t h e y s h ou ld w h o ca n .

th y s h op, and th y s h op w ill th e e .

KI LL (pag e 310)
QU E STIONS
1 . Wh at i s it to kill ! 2 To w h at ar e as s as s i nat e , e x e cute and murder re
.
,

str icted ! 3 Wh at i s th e s p e cifi c me aning o f murd e r ! e x ecute !a

.

sas sin ate ! To w h at clas s o f p e r s o ns i s th e latte r w or d or dinarily l lr

p lie d ! 4 . Wh at i s it to s lay mas s ac r e limited ! With
! 5 . To w h at i s
w ha t spe ci al me aning i s i t u s e d ! 6 To w h at do butc h e r an d M M ”
“
.

p r i m ar i ly a l
pp y ! W h a t i s th e se ns e o f e ach w h e n so u s ed ! 7 W 1
! .

i s i t to de s p atch !
E X AM PL E S
To look i nto h e r e ye s w as to d oub t .

Th ree pr e s id e nts of th e U nite d S tate s h av e b ee n

 H amilton w as in a d ue l b y Aaron B urr .

Th e place w as car rie d by storm, and t h e i nh abitants w ith out

di nincti on of ag e or se x .

KIN (pag e 311 )

QU E STIONS
1. H ow d oes ki nd comp are w it h ki n! 2 . Wh at d o ki n and ki nd re d de
note ! 3 . Wh at is afi nity ! H ow doe s i t ditte r fr om ns ang uinity !
co

E AMX PLE S
A little more th an and les s th an
H e h e ld h i s se at — a fr ie nd to th e h uman
,

Th e p ati e nt b ride . a little sad,

Le av in g of h ome and

KNO WLE D G E (p ag e 311 )

QU ESTIONS
1. Wh at i s know le d g e ! H ow d oe s it di fl e r fr om i nformati on! 2 Wh at is .

p er ce ption! appre h e ns i on! cog niz anc e ! 3 Wh at i s i ntuition! 4 . .

Wh at is ex p er ie nce . and h ow doe s it difl e r from i ntuiti on! 5 Wh at .

is le ar n i ng !e rud i ti on!
E AMP E X L S
co me s bu t w is d om li ng e r s
, .

Th e ch ild is con tinu ally se e k ing h e nce his e ndle s s ques tions .

Tis th e sunse t of life g i v e s me mys ti cal

'

And comi ng e v e nt s cast th e ir sh adow s b e fore

—
.

a lie at th e v e ry found ation o f all r e aso ning .

LA NG U A GE (pag e 312)
QUE STIO NS
1 . Wh at is th e de r iv ation of lang uag e ! Wh at w as its orig i nal si g nification!
H ow w id e i s its p re se nt me aning ! 2 As reg ar d s th e u se of w or d s ,
.

w h at does lan g uag e d e note in th e g e ne r al and i n th e re str icte d se nse !

3 . Wh at
doe s s p ee ch alw ays involv e ! 4 C an w e spe ak of th e s p e e ch.

of animals ! of the ir lang u ag e ! 5 Wh at is a diale ct ! a b ar b ar ian!

.

an idio m ! 6 Wh at i s a patoi s ! H ow d oe s it differ from a dialect !

.

7 Wh at is a v e r nac ular !
.

E XAM PL E S
We must b e fr ee or d ie w h o sp e ak th e
.

Th at S h ak e sp e ar e s p ak e : th e faith and morals

Which Milton h e ld .

is g re at ; b u t s ile nce is g r e ate r .

An i nfant cry ing in t h e nig h t,

An i nfant cryi ng for th e lig h t,
And w ith no b u t a cr y .

Thoug h t le apt out to w ed w ith Th oug h t.

Ere Th oug h t could w e d itse lf w ith
 de m or lfl nrty mors fre sly uss d ln a fig urativo s s n ss ! 5 . What is
li cens e ! B ow doe s it compare w i th libe rty and frss dom!
E XAM E PL S
I n Eons ss a is concei ved of as law les sn
‘

u s philosophy ess .

When from h er mountainh eig ht -

U nfur led h e r stan d ard to th e air,

S h e to r e th e as uro robe of nig h t,
And set th e stars of g lory th er e
—
.

Th e to g e h ig h er th an w e are i s g iv e n oniy w h en w e h avs fnl

‘

filled amply th e duty of our pre se nt sph ere .

th ey me an w h en th ey cr y
l e r w h o love s th at must fir nbe w is s and g ood
'
.

LI G HT (page 317)
QUE STI O NS
1. Wh at is lig ht ! 2 Wh at are th e ch ar acteri stics of a flame !a blase ! 3
. .

Wh at is a fl ar e t a fl as h ! 4 Wh at is th e sense of g lar e and g low !

.

H ow do th e y difi e r , and to w h at ar e th e y appli e d 5 To w h at do .

s h ine and s hee n r e fe r ! 5 Wh at d o g limmer , g li tte r, and s h imme r

.

d e note ! 7 Wh at i s g leam ! a g litte r ! a sparkle ! g li s tenin

. g ! 8 .

Wh at is scintillation! in w h at tw o se nses use d ! 0 To w h at are .

tw inkle and tw i n kli ng appli e d ! 10 Wh at is illumi n. ati on! incan

de s ce nce !
E XAMPL E S
From a little sp arkmay b urst a mig h ty
A as of anoth e r li fe my k indling soul re ce ive d
, .

I t is , th at e nable s us to see th e difl e r e nces b etw ee n th ing s : and

it is Chr is t th at g iv e s u s
Whi te w ith th e w h ite nes s of th e s now ,

Pink w ith fain te s t r osy

Th ey b los s om on th e ir sp r ays,
Gh astly in th e of d ay.

in g olde n coats lik e imag e s,

So a g ood dee d in a naug h ty w orld.
Ther e s but th e of a sta
'
r
B e tw ee n a man of pe ace and w ar .

L ISTEN (pag e 318)

Q U E STI ONS
1. What does he ar s ig nify ! Wh at d oe s lis te n add to th e me aning of he ar !
2 Wh at doe s atte nd add to th e me ani ng of li s te n! 8 Wh at does heed
. .

furth e r imply ! 4 Wh at i s th e d ifl e r e nce be tw een li s ten for an

. d
li s ten to !
E AM X
E PL S
And — I h ow blith e th e th rostle ng s
si
H e , too i s no me an pr e ach e r :
,

Till I and
I f a s te p dr aw e th ne ar .
 Ch ill air s and w i ntr y w i nd s !my ear
H as g r ow n famili ar w i th your son g ;
I it in th e ope ning ye ar,
I an d it ch ee rs me lo ng .

e v er y o ne
Th at may , unto a t ale
Th at s
'
me rr ie r th an th e ni g h ting ale .

Th e me n lay s ile nt i n th e tall g r ass for th e s ig nal g un tha

t
s h ould b id th e m ri se and ch arg e .

L I TERA TU RE (pag e 319 )

Q U E STIONS
1. Wh at is li ter atu r e in th e ! I n more limite d sense!
most g ene r al se nse

2 Wh at d oe s lite r atu r e u se d ab solute ly de note ! 3 H ow may lits rs

. , , .

ture include s ci en ce ! H ow is i t ord inarily contr aste d w i th science !

E XAMPL E S
Wh ere v e r co as suag e s p ain;
nsoles s orr ow or w h e re v e r it brin gs
g lad ne s s to e ye s w h i ch fail w i th w ak e fulne ss and te ar s
— th e r e i s ex h ibited
i n its nob le s t for m th e immor tal i nfi u e nce of Ath e na .

ar e li te long frie nd s
-
.

ar e e mb alme d mind s .

n our ow n lang u ag e w e h av e a
I now h e re surp as se d, in w hose
lock no for e ig n k e y w ill ev er rust .

LO AD (pag e 319 )
QU E STIONS
1 From w h at lang uag e i s bu rd e n d e ri v ed , and w ith w h at pr imary
. g!
me anin
load ! 2 Wh at d oe s w e i g h t s ig ni fy ! H ow does it comp are
. w ith lead
and bur d en! 3 Wh at are carg o, fr e ig h t, and lad i ng
. ! 4 . Wh at it
th e d i s ti nctiv e se ns e of p ack !

E XAMPL E S
B e ar ye o ne anoth er ’
s

We ari ng all th at
Of le arning lig h tly lik e a fl ow e r .

Th e as s w ill carr y h is b ut not a d oub le

LOOK (pag e 320)

QU E STIONS
1 . Wh at is th e d is tincti on b e tw ee n loo k and s e e !b e tw ee n th e se w ords an d
b e h old ! 2 Wh at i s it to g aze !to g lance !to s tar s ! 3 Wh at d o scan
. . ,

i ns p e ct and s urv e y r e s pe ct iv e ly e x p r e s s
,
and h ow are th e y d is tin .

g u is h e d fr om one anoth e r ! 4 . Wh at e le me nt or e le me nt s doe s w atch

ad d to th e me aning of loo k !
 li t e r at u r e
m ak e

E XAM PL E S
I t is alw ays w ell to at pe ople w h e n addr es si ng th em .

H av ing e ye s th e y not and

, h av ing e ar s h e ar not .

Th e n g e ntly you r b r oth e r man ,

S till g e ntle r s iste r man;

w o

Th o th ey may g ang a k e nnin w r ang

’
,

To s te p as ide is h uman .

My soul w aiteth for th e Lo r d more th an th ey th at for th e

morni ng .

H aw pe ace fully th e b r oad and g old e n moon

Come s up to u po n th e re ape r s toill
’

I am monar ch of all I
My r ig h t th e re i s none to d i spute
From th e ce nte r all r ou nd to th e se a,
I am lor d of th e fow l and th e b rute .

B ut, th e mor n i n ru ss e t mantle clad,

Walk s o er th e de w of you h ig h e aste rn h ill
'
.

LOVE (pag e 321 )

QUE STIONS
1 . Wh at i s al ecti on! 2 Wh at may b e g iv e n as a b r ie f d e finition of love !
.

8 D oe s e l e ction app ly to pe rs o ns o r th ing s !To w h at doe s lo v e app ly !

.

4 Wh at te rm i s p re fe r ab le to lov e as app lyi ng to art i cle s o f food and

.

th e lik e ! 6 H ow doe s lov e diffe r fr om e l e ction!fr om frie nd s h i p !

.

E XAMPL ES
P e ace ,mme r ce and h one st
co , w ith all n ations h e lp to for m
b rig h t conste llatio n w h ich h as g one b e for e u s .

And you mus t love h im e re to you h e w ill s e e m w or th y of your

Yet pity for a h orse o e r dr iv e n '

And i n w hi ch my h ound h as p ar t
C an h ang no w e ig h t upon my h e art,
I n its as sump tions up to h e av en .

S uch and unb r ok e n faith

As te mpe r li fe s w or st b itte rn
'
e ss .

MA K E (pag e 322)
QU E STI ONS
1. Wh at is the e s se nti al i de a o f make ! 2 . H ow i s mak e alli ed w ith cr e a !
te
8 H ow is
. make allie d w ith compos e e r cons ti tut e ! 4 Wh at ar e . s ome

ch i e f antonyms for mak e ! 5 Wh at ar e th e pr e po si tions ch ie fl y

. use d

w i th make and h ow e mp loye d !

,

E XAMPLE S
In th e beg inning God th e h e av e n and th e e ar th .

Th e mason th e arch ite ct

I asser t confide ntly th at it i s i n the pow er of on e Ame ri can moth er to
as many g e ntle me n as s h e h as s ons .
 m ar r i ag e

F orb ade to w ade th roug h to a thr one,

And th e g ate s o f me rcy on man

sh ut kind .

Th e capture of P or t Arth ur w as follow e d b y a terrib le

M ED D LESO M E (pag e 324)

QUE ST ION S
1 . Wh at is th e cond uct spe ci ally ch ar acte ri stic of a medd les ome per s on!of
an intru s i ve pe rson!of one w h o is ob tr us i v e ! ot e i ous ! 2 To w h at .

is ob tru s iv e chi efl y applie d !i ntru s ive ! afi cious !me ddles ome !

EXAM PL E S
Wh e re s orr ow s
'
h e ld and turne d out.

Th er e w i s dom w ill not e nte r nor true pow er,

Nor aug h t th at d ig nifl e s h umani ty .

monk e y h ad be en among th e p apers.

M ELO DY (pag e 326)

Q U E STI ONS
1 . Wh at is h armony !me lod y ! I
n w h at special fe ature doe s th e one d ifl er
from th e oth er ! 2 H ow many p arts are r e qui re d for h ar mony !h ow
.

many for melody ! 8 Wh at is unis on! e Wh at does mus ic include !

. .

X
E AM PL E S
S w ee te s t
Ar e th ose th at ar e by d is tance made more s w eet.
w h e n so ft v oice s d ie ,

Vib r ate s i nth e me mor y .

Ring out ye crys tal s ph e re s

And w i th your nine fold
Mak e up full consort to th e ang elic -
s

M E M ORY (pag e 327)

Q U E STI ONS
1 . Wh at is me mory in th e spe ci al and i n th e g e ne r al se nse ! 2 Wh at i s .

r eme mbr a nce and h ow d ist ing uis h ed from memory ! 8 I s reme m
, .

brance v oluntary or inv olu nt ar y ! 4 Wh at i s re colle cti on and w h at

.
,

doe s it inv olv e ! 5 Wh at is remi nis cence ! r e tr osp e ction! H ow do

.

th es e tw o w ords d i fl e r !
E X AM PL E S

like a pur se , if it be ov e r full th at it can not sh ut, all w ill d r op

-

mt of it ; take h e ed of a g lutto nou s cur ios ity to fee d on many th ing s , le s t

h e g r e cd ines s o f th e appe tite o f th y s poil th e d ig e s t io n th e r e o f .

w ak e s w i th all h e r b u sy t r ain .

S w ells at my b r e ast and turns th e p as t to p ai n

, .

I t is a fav or ite d ev i ce of e mine nt me n to d e v ote th e ir old ag e to w riting

he i r s , th u s qu ie tly li v in
-
g ov e r ag ain a b usy or tumultuou s li fe .
 m e r cy

M ERCY (pag e 327)

Q U E STI ONS
1 . Wh at is me r cy in th e str icte s t s e ns e ! 2 . To w h at is g r ace show n!
clas s

8 . To w h at clas s are me r cy , forg i v e ne ss , and p ar do n e x u ded ! 4 .

In w h at w ide r s ig nifi cations i s me r cy u se d ! 5 . Wh at n is cle me cy!

le nie ncy or le ni ty ! H ow d o th e se w or ds comp are w ith mercy !

E XAMPLES
H ow w ould y ou be ,
I f He, w h ich is th e to p of judg me nt, s h ould
B ut ju dg e you as you are !0 th ink o n th at ;
,

And th e n w ill b r e ath e w ith i n your lip s .

L ik e man ne w made .

Th e o nly p rote ct ion w h ich th e co nquer e d could find w as in the modern

tion, th e and th e e nlar g e d policy of th e co nquer or s .

To fav or s i n i s to di s cour ag e v i r tu e ; u nd ue d is an
to the b a
k ind ne s s to th e g ood .

M ETER (pag e 328 )

Q U E STIONS
1. W h at i s e up h ony ! H ow doe s it d iffe r fr om me te r , me as u r e , and rhythm'

2 H ow ar e r h yth m and me te r pr od uce d ! 3 H ow doe s mete r duller

. .

fr om r h y th m! 4 . Wh at is a v e rs e in th e s tr i ct s e nse ! I n w h at w ider

se ns e i s th e w or d o fte n us e d !
E X AMPL E S
is a v e ry vag ue E ach nati on considers
and u nscie ntifi c te rm .

it s ow n lang u ag e , e ach tr ib e it s ow n di ale ct, eu p h onic .

may b e d e fi ned to b e a succe s si on of poe t ical fee t arrang ed in

r e g u lar o r d e r ac cor d ing to ce rt ai n type s r e cog nize d as s tand ards , in verses

of a d e te rminate le ng th .

We h av e th r ee pri ncip al domai ns in w h ich manife sts its nature

and p ow e r
— d ancing , mus ic , poe try .

M IN D (p ag e 329 )
QU E STIONS
1 Wh at i s mind !H ow d oe s it d i ffe r fr om i n
. te lle ct !2 Wh at does coas t ion .
-

ne s s includ e ! I s it atte nd e d w i th dis tinct th ink ing and w illing ! 3 .

Wh at i s t h e s oul ! 4 F r o m w h at i s s p i ri t u se d in spe c s !contredit

.
’

t i ncti o n! H ow d oe s it d i ffe r fr om s oul ! 5 Wh at is P aie y e definr .

'

tion Of i n s ti nct ! 6 I n w h at cont r aste d me aning s is th e w ord mm

.

e mp loye d ! 7 Wh a t i s th oug h t !
.

E X AM PLE S
A g r e at w ill b e stro ng to liv e, as w e ll as to th ink .

God i s a and the y th at w or s h ip h im must w or sh ip him in

and in tr uth .
 m e rcy

Mi NU TlI (pag e -
330)
QU E STIO NS
1 . Wh at is th e me aning of mi nute ! 2 . Wh e n is a th ing s ai d to b e co m
mi nuted ! H ow d oe s fine difi er fr om c ommi nut ed ! 4 Wh at te r ms
3 . .

are applie d to an ac count e x te nd e d to mi nute p ar t icular s ! to an e x

amination s imilar ly ex te nde d !
E XAMP LES
No roo m so w ar m and b r ig h t.
Wh er e in to r e ad, w h e r e in to w ri te .

Li fe h an g s on, h e ld b y a th r e a d .

An or g ani sm so as to b e v is ib le only u nd er th e mi cr oscope , ye t

>os ae s sed e f li fe , motion, and see ming i nte llig e nce i s a s ou r ce o f ce ase le s s
vo nde r .

M IS EO RTU NE (pag e 331 )

QU E STIONS
1. Wh at is mi sfortu ne ! I s th e su ffe r e r cons id e r ed b lame w orth y for it ! 2 .

Wh at is calamity !d is as ter ! 3 I n w h at sp e cial se ns e ar e th e w or ds .

alli cti e n, ch as te ni ng , tri al, and t rib ulat io n us e d ! H ow ar e th e se fou r

w ord s dis cr iminate d th e ne
o fr om anoth er !
E XAMPL E S
He
'
s not valia nt th at d ar e s d ie ,

B ut h e th at b oldly be ar s
nev e r k ne w a man in life w h o co uld not b e ar an
'
I oth e r s
fe ctly lik e a Ch r isti an .

M O D EL (pag e 334 )
Q U E STIONS
1. Wh at mod el ! a p atte rn! H ow ar e th e y di st ing uis h e d fr om
is a o ne eu

oth e r ! 2 Wh i ch admits o f fre e d om or id e alis ation!

.

EXAM PL E S
Thing s d one w ith out i n th e ir i s s ue
Are to b e fe ar d
’
.

Be a to oth e r s and th e n all w ill g o w e ll

. .

Was h ing ton and h i s compee rs h ad no of a fe d e r al r e pub li c w i th

mnetitu tie ns l bo nd s and limitations .

Moses w as admonis h e d S e e th at th ou mak e all th ing s accor d ing to th e

,

sh ow e d to t h ee in th e mou n t .

M O D ESTY (pag e 334 )

QUE S TI ON S
Wh at is mod e s ty in th e g e ner al sense ! I n w h at specifi c sense is th e w ord
also u s ed ! 2 Wh at i s b as h / il ln
. e s s ! d i lld e nce ! coyne s s ! r e s e rv e !
 Th ere i s no de ath ! Wh at seems so i s
Thi s life o f mortal b re ath
I s but a s ubur b of th e life e ly si an,
Wh os e portal w e call De ath .

Th e Cop erni can th eory firs t cle ar ly e x plained the of th e plane ts .

M U TU AL (pag e 337)
QU ES TI ONS
L . Wh at is th e meani ng of common! mutual! re cip rocal! 2 . I s it cor rect

to spea k of a mutual frie nd!

E XAM P L ES
friends h i p s w ill admit of di vid on, on e may lov e th e b eauty of
th is , th e g ood h umor of th a t pe r son .

I n all tr ue family li fe th ere i s a d e pe nde nce w hich binds h e arts

action i s th e r ule in th e human body, w here ev ery p art is

alternately mean s and e nd, and ev e ry action both caus e and s treet .

N AM E (pag e 338)
QU ESTI ONS
1 . Wh at is a name inth e mos t g ener al sen s e ! 2 I n th e more limi te d se n
. se ,

h ow doe s a name difl er from an app ellation! a ti tle ! Giv e in s tances

of th e use of th e se th r ee w or d s 8 Fr om w h at lan
.
g uag e i s ep i the t
.

d eriv ed ! Wh at i s its primary me aning ! 4 Wh at doe s epi th e t s ig .

nify in lite r ary use ! 5 Wh at part of spee ch i s an epith et ! I s it

.

favor ab le or unfav or able in s ig nifi cati on! 0 Wh at is a cog nome n! .

H ow doe s it difl er from a s urname ! 7 . Wh at is s ty le n

co s i dere d as a
synonym 0!name !
E X AM P E S L
Th os e h e command s, mov e only in command
Nothing in lov e : now d oe s h e feel th e
H ang loose abou t him lik e a g ian
’
t s rob e
n
,

U pon a dw ar s h th ief .

0 mag nify th e Lor d w i th me and let

, us e x alt his

N A T I VE (pag e 339 )
QUE STIONS
l . What does nati v e d e note !natal !natu r al ! 2 Wh at . ex ample s are g iven
in th e te x t of th e correct use of th e se w ords !

E XAM P L ES
ad vis e no b e ing taug h t mu sic h o h as not a
'
I w ould ch ild s w

I t w as th e 4 th of J uly, th e day of Amer i can free d om .

 nau ti c al

N A U TI CA L (pag e 339 )
QU E STI ONS
1 . Fr om w h at is mar ine der iv e d ! mar itime ! Wh at do these tw o w ords re
spe cti v ely s ig nify ! 2 F rom w h at is nas al der iv ed ! n
. auti cal! How
d o th e se w or ds di fl e r i n me ani ng ! 3 H ow doe s ocean used a d . ,

je ctiv ely d ifi e r fr om oce anic !

,

E X AMP LES
Th at se ab oa
-
st,

Le v i ath an, w hi ch God of all h is w or k s

Cre ated h ug e st th at sw im th e

NEAT (pag e 340)

Q U E STI ONS
1 . Wh at does n s ig nify ! 2 D oe s or de rly apply to pers ons or thiasl
cle a .

sn d in w h at se ns e ! 3 Wh at d oe s tidy denote ! 4 Wh at is the

. .

me ani ng of ne at ! 5 H ow d oe s nice compare w i th ne at ! C What

. .

i s th e s ig nifi cance of s p ruce ! tri m ! d apper !

E XAMP L E S
I f he ( J e ffer so n) nd e sce nd e d to tur n
co se nte nce s for delicate
e ar s —st ill , he w as es se nti ally an e ar ne st man .

S till to be s till to b e d re ss e d,
As you w e r e g oing to a fe as t,
S till to b e p ow d er d , still pe r fum d
' ’
.

N EC ESSA RY (pag e 341)

Q U E STIONS
1 . Wh e n is a th ing p r op er ly s aid to b e ne ce s s ary ! 2 Wh at i s th e s nail s .

o f e s s e ntial !H ow d oe s i t d id e r fr om i nd i s p e ns ab le ! 3 With re ference .

to w h at is a th ing s aid to be r e qu i si te ! H ow doe s r e g - i s l e "?

cell s
ntial and i nd is p e ns ab le ! 4
w ith e s s e H ow d o i ne vi tab le and
us e s oii
.

ab le comp ar e ! To w h at k ind o f th in g s ar e b o th th es e w ord s app lied !

5 H o w d o ne e de d and ne e d ful comp ar e w i th n
. e ces s ary !

E X AMPL E S
As y ou g row r e ady for it, so me w h e r e or o th er you w i ll fi nd w hat it
for you i n a b ook .

Th e i d e as o f sp ace and time ar e calle d in p h ilos op h y

N EC ES S I I Y (pag e
' '
341)
QU E STION S
1. Wh at is ne ce s s ity ! 2 . Wh at do ne ed and w ant imply ! H ow does need

co mp ar e w i th ant ! 3
w . H ow doe s ne ces si ty co mp are w ith nee d ! 4 .

Wh at is an e s s e nti al !
 EXAM PL ES
Cour ag e i s, on all h ands cons ide r e d as an
, of h ig h ch ar acte r .

No liv ing man can se nd me to th e s h ades

B e fore my time ; no man of w oman b orn .

Cow ar d or br av e can s h un h is
,

N EGLECT (pag e 342)

QUE STI ONS
1 Wh at i s neg le ct ! ne g lig ence ! H ow do th e tw o w ords osmpare ! 2
Wh at sens e s h as ue n s aco th at ne g le ct h as not ! 3 Wh ich of th e
. .

tw o w or ds may b e u se d in a p ass iv e sense ! 4 Wh at is th e le g al .

ph r as e for a punis h ab le o mi ss i on of d uty !

E XAMP LES
Ah . w hy
S h ould w e , in th e w or ld s r ip e r ye ar s ,
'

God s ancie nt s anctuari e s , and ad ore

'

Only among th e cr ow d .

mak e
B ut, alas, to
A fix ed fig ure for th e h and of
,

To point h i s slow unmov ing fi ng er at .

N EW (pag e 343 )
QUE STIONS
1 . Wh at i s th e me aning of ne w !of mod e rn!of rece nt ! 2 H ow doe s recent
.

co mp are w ith new ! 3 Wh at i s . th e me anin g of novel !of fr e s h ! 4 .

To w h at do youn g and y outh ful dis ti nct ive ly apply !

N lMB LE (pag e 344 )

QUE STION S
1 To. w h at doe s nimble pro pe r ly re fe r ! 2 To w h at doe s s w ift ap ply ! 3
. .

H ow doe s alert comp are w ith ni mble !F or w h at is ale rt more prope r ly

a s ynonym !
E XAMPL E S
Win h er w i th g i fts, if s h e r e spe cts not w or d s ;
D umb je w e ls o fte n , in th e ir s ile nt ki nd ,
More th an w or d s , do mov e a w omans mind '
.

Pr o fou nd th inkers ar e ofte n h e lple s s in society , w hile sh allow me n h av e

and re ad y minds .

NORMA L (pag e 344 )

QUE STION S
1
. What doe s natural nify ! normal ! Giv e instances of th e di sti nctive
si g

use of th e tw o w ords 2 Wh at doe s typical s ig n

. . in
i fy ! reg a s ! com

mon!
 OSTENTATION (P880 352)
QU E STIONS
1 . Wh at is os te ntati on! H owd oe s it comp ar e w i th boas ti ng ! d is play !
s h ots ! 2 Wh at is pomp !pag e ant or pag e antry ! Wh at do th e tw o
.

latter w or ds s ug g e s t, and h ow do th e y compar e w ith pomp ! 8 From .

w hat is p arad e d e r ive d ! W

h at i s i ts pr imar y me aning ! i th W w h at
implication is it alw ays u se d i n th e me taph ori cal sense ! H o w d oe s
par ad e comp are w ith os te ntati on!
EXAM PLE S
Th e b o as t of h e r aldry , th e of pow e r ,

And all th at b e auty, all th at w e alth e e r g av e ,

'

Aw ait alik e th e ine vi tab le h our ;

Th e p ath s of g lory le ad b ut to th e g r ave
‘

Th e Pr e si d e nt s s alary d oe s not pe r mi t nor , indee d, is

’

ex pecte d of h im .

With all hi s w e alth , tale nt, and le ar ning , h e w as si ng ular ly tre e fr om

O U G HT (pag e 35 3)
Q U E STIONS
1 . Wh at does oug h t p rope rly s ig ni fy ! 2 H ow d oe s oug h t comp are.

s h ould ! 8 I n w h at se co n
. d ary se nse is oug h t some times u se d !

E XAM PLE S
H e h as not a r ig h t to do w h at h e lik es , b ut only w h at h e
his ow n , w hich afte r a ll i s hi s ow n only i n a qu alifie d se nse .

Ag e h av e r e ve re nce , and b e w orth y to h ave it .

O V ERSIG HT (pag e 353)

Q U E STIONS
1 . I n w h at tw o co tr a n
s te d se ns e s is ov er s ig h t u se d ! 2 H ow
. d oe s s u pe ri n
ts nd s nce M p are w i th o v e rs i g h t! 8 . With w h at s pe ci al re fe r e nce is
contr ol use d ! 4 . Wh at k ind of a ter m i s s urvei lla ce n and w h at d oe s
it imply !
E XAMPL E S
Th ose ab le to co nduct g r e at e nte rpri se s must b e allow ed w ag es of

O Fr ie ndsh ip , e qu al p oise d l
F ee d th e fl ock of God w h i ch i s among you, tak ing th e th e reof
no t b y constr aint, bu t w illing ly .

P AIN (pag e 354)

Q U E STIONS
1 . Wh at is pain!s al e r i ng ! 2 H ow does d is tr e s s rank as comp ar e d w i th
.

pai n and s u l eri ng ! 3 Wh at i s an ac h e ! a th re e !a pur e e g em ! 4

-
. .

Wh at is ag ony ! ang uis h !

 t 598
e nir
p
g nt t e

E XAM PLES
To e ach h i s s; a ll ar e men ,
—
Conde mne d alik e to g r oan;
Th e te nde r for anoth e r s
’

Th e unfe e li ng for h is ow n .

Th e w e ar iest and mos t loath e d w or ldly life

Th at ag e, penury , a n d im pris onment
Oan lay on natu re .

P A LL I ATE (pag e 354 )

QUE STION S
1 H ow do
. and p alliate ag r ee i n or ig inal me ani n
cloak g ! H o w do th ey didst

in th e d e r iv e d sens e s ! 2 Wh at i s it to eate n uate , an

. d how den
th at w ord comp are w ith palliate !

E XAMP LES
S pe ak of me as I am ; noth ing
Nor aug ht se t d ow n in mali ce .

We w ould not di s se mble nor [ our tr ansg re s s ions ] before the

face o f Almig h ty God , our h e av e nly F ath er .

I s h all nev e r atte mp t to my ow n foible s b y ex p os ing the error

of anoth e r .

PA R D ON , v (Pag e . 355 )
QU E STIONS
1 . Wh at i s it to par d on! 2 To . w h at d oe s fo rg i v e r e fe r ! 3 . How do
p ard on and for g i v e d iffe r in u se i n accor d ance w i th th e d ifl ere nee in

me ani ng ! 4 . Wh at is it to re mit ! to co nd one ! to ex cus e !

E XAMP L ES
H ow many w ill s ay
And find a k ind o f li ce ns e in th e sound
To h ate a little lo ng e r !
I h im as h e av e n s h all
,

To e rr i s h u man to d iv ine
, .

PA RD ON , n (pag e . 356)
Q U E S TI ONS
1 . Wh at acquittal ! H ow doe s i t d iffe r from p ardo n as reg ards the
is
pe r son acqu itte d or p ar do ne d ! 2 I s an innoce nt pe rs on ev er pan .

do ue d ! 8 Wh at is oblivi on! amne s ty ! abs oluti on!

.

E XAMP LE S
F or
’
tis s w ee t to mme r
st a o e n letter
Of th e Eter nal s lang uag e o nea ca
’
-
rth it i s lled
not w rath, is God
’
s b e st attr ibu te .

to th e i nju re d doe s be long.

B ut th e y ne h o h av e d one th e ng
'
er w w ro .
 PART, n (pag e . 35 7)
QUE STION S
1 . Wh at i s a p ar t ! 2 Wh at i s a fr ag me nt ! a p ie ce ! 8
. . Wh at do divis ion
and fraction sig nify ! 4 Wh at i s a p o rti on! 6
. . Wh at is a sh ar e !
an inetabnent ! a particle ! 0 Wh at d o compon . en t, cons titue nt, ln
g r e di e nt, and eleme nt sig nify ! H ow d o th ey difl er from on e anoth er !
7 Wh at i s a s ub div is ion!
.

E XAMPL E S
Th e be st of a g ood ma ns life, '

H i s li ttle , name le s s , u nre me mb er e d acts

Of kin dne ss and of lov e .

S pir its th at liv e th r oug h out .

Vital in e v e ry
C an not but by ann ih ilati ng die .

Maw ch eap h ouses w ere b u ilt to b e s old b y s.

-

PA RTI C LE (pag e 358)

QU E STIONS
1. Wh at i s a par ti cle ! 2 Wh at d oe s atom e ty molog ically sig nify !Wh at is
.

i ts me anin g in pre se n t sc ie ntifi c u s e ! 3 Wh at i s a mole cule , an

.d of
w ha t is it reg a r d ed as compo se d ! 4 Wh at i s an element in .

ch e mis tr y !
E XAMPL E S
Lucr etius h e ld th at th e univ e r se or ig i nate d fr om a fortuitous concour se
of — s.

B ut th ou sh alt flour i s h i n i mmor tal youth ,

U nh urt ami ds t th e w ar o f s,

Th e w r eck of matte r and th e cru sh of w orlds .

Many aquatic animals, w h ose food cons is ts of small dil u se d

throug h th e w ate r , h av e an app ar atu s for cr e ating curr ents so as to b ri ng
such w ithin th e ir re ach .

PATI ENCE (pag e 358)

QUE STIONS
1. Wh at is pati e nce ! 2 Wh at is e n
. d ur ance ! 8 H ow doe s p ati e nc e com .

p are w ith s ubmi s s ion and e nd urance ! 4 To w h at are s ubmi ss ion .

an d re s ig nation ord inar ily app lie d ! 5 Wh at i s for b e ar ance ! H ow

.

doe s it samper e w ith pati e nc e !

EXAM PLE S
With b e ar th e lot to th ee as s ig ne d,
Nor th ink it ch ance , nor murmur at th e load.
For k now w h at man calls F or tun e is from God .

Th e re is , h ow ev e r , a limit at w h ich ce a se s to b e a virtue.

 E AMX P LES
We
h av e th e ide a of a B e ing infini tely and from this D escarte s
m oane d th at such a b eing re ally ex ists .

S h all t omain l
‘ ’

H e ar you this Tr iton of th e mi nnow s !mark you

sh all !
’
B is ‘

P ERMA NENT (pag e 362)

QU ESTI ON S
1. Prom h at i s durable de riv e d !to w h at class of substances is it applie d !
w
2 Wh at is pe rman
. en t , and in w h at conne cti on s us e d ! 8 H ow d oe s .

end uri ng compa re w ith du r ab le ! w i th p e rmanent!

E XAMPLE S
My mold ed as s h e ple a es but
h e art is w ax , as marb le s
, to r etain .

A v iole t in the you th of p rimy nature ,

Forw ar d n ot , sw ee t not ,

The per fume and suppli ance of a minute .

F or h e r merch and ise sh all be for th e m th at dw ell be fore th e Lor d, to

eat su fi cie ntly and for . cloth i ng .

PERM lSS lO N (pag e 363)

QU ESTIONS
1. Wh at is auth or ity ! 2 . Wh at i s p e rmi s s i on! 8 H ow . doe s p e rmis si on
co mp are allow ance !
w i th 4 Wh at is a pe rmit ! 5
. Wh at is li ceru e !
.

H ow d oe s it comp are w ith au th ority !w i th pe rmiss i on! 6 Wh at d oe s

.

co ns ent inv olv e !

E XAMP L E S
God is more th e r e th an th e n; for th ou art th ere
Only b y h is
Th iev e s for th e ir r ob be r y h av e
Wh e n judg e s s te al th e mse lv e s .

V e ry fe w of th e Eg yp ti an s av ail th e mse lve s of th e w h ich th e ir

relig ion a llow s th e m, of h av ing four w i ve s.

P ERN I C IO U S (pag e 364 )

QU E STIONS
1. From w h at i s p ernici ous d e r iv e d, and w h at doe s it s ig nify ! 2 H ow .

d oes pe r nicious comp ar e w i th i nju r ious ! 8 Wh at doe s nois ome d e .

note ! 4 Wh at is th e d is ti nctiv e s e nse of nox i ous ! 5 H ow doe s

. .

nox i ous comp are w ith nois ome !

E X AMP LE S
I nfi ami ng ine, w to man k ind .

S o bee s w ith smok e and dov e s w ith , sten ch ,

Are from th e ir h iv e s, and h ou se s , driv en aw ay .

Th e strong s mell of sulfur , and a ch ok i ng se n sa tion of th e lun g s i nd i

sate d th e pres ence of g as e s .
 P ERPLEX I TY (pag e 364)
QU E STI ON S
1 . Wh at is pe rples tty t eonfusion! B ow do th e tw o w er ds ee- pare ! t .

amuse me nt res ult !

EX AM PLE S
(lama—Ver e is mine
h ost do Jarterr e !
—
H or n H ere, mas ter d octor , in and doubtful
Th e re i s s uch i n my pow er s
As , after some or ation fairly spoke
B y a belove d pr ince , th e re dot h appe ar
Among th e b an ning , ple ase d multitude .

P ERS U AD E (pag e 365 )

QU ESTI ONS
1 . Wh at doe s c onvince d e note ! H w d s it d im
er f om th
o oe r e oth er w ords of
th e g roup ! 2 . W
h at is it to pe rs uad e ! 8 H ow i s convincing related .

to pe rsuas ion! 4 H ow does coax comp ar e w ith pe r s uade !

.

E XAM PLES
A long tr ai n of th es e pr act i se s h as at le ng th un w illing ly me

th at th e re is so me th ing hi d be h ind th e th r one g r e ate r th an th e king him

s e lf.

Me h ad a h e ad to contr iv e , a tong ue to and a h and to ex ecute

any mi sch ie f .

P ERV ERSE (pag e 366)

Q UE STIONS
1 . What molog i cal me aning o f pe rv ers e ! Wh at doe s it sig n
i s th e e ty ify is
common use ! 2 Wh at doe s pe tulan
. t s ig ni fy !w ay w ard !

E X AM PL E S
And you, my lor ds —me th i nk s you do not w ell,
To b e ar w ith th e ir ob je cti ons .

Whining , pur b lind, b oy !

Good Lor d !w h at mad ne ss ru le s in b r ai ns i ck me n
Wh en , for so alig h t and fri v olou s a cause,
S uch e mu lat ions sh all ar i se .

P HYS I CA L (pag e 366)

QU E STIONS
1 . Wh at does mate r ial sig nify ! 2 . Wh at
ide a does p hys i cal add to tha t

co ntai ne d i n mater ial ! 8 To w h at d o b od ily cor por a

. l, and corporea
l ,

ap p ly ! 4 H ow d o b odily and c o rp o r al d i d or from corporeal! 5

.

To w h at i s cor por al now for th e mos t p art limite d !

 E XAM E PL S
p unis h me nt is p r acti cally ab andone d i n th e g re ater numb er of

h as tw o p arts, th e o ne and earth ly , th e oth er immate r ial

tual .

race s ar e all cle ar ly difl e r entiate d by oth er tr aits th an

of th e ski n .

an not thi nk of s ub s ta ce n save in te rms th at imply pr op

Pi TlFU l . (pag e 337)

Q U E STIONS
w as th e or ig i nal me ani ng o f pi tiful ! Wh at d oes it now s ig nify ;
n
How doe s pi tiful d i e r in u se fr om pi tiab le ! 8 Wh at . w as th e
ly and w h at is th e p re se nt sense o f pite ous !

E XAM P L E S
is me th ing
so ple ad ing and i n th e si mplicity of per fe ct

ne s t s ig ht o ne eve r se e s is a young man doing noth ing ;

a e arly d r ag h im to h is d oom .

most cry of th e poor souls !

P ITY (pag e 368)

QU E STIONS
i s pi ty ! s y mpath y ! 2 H o w doe s s y mp athy in its ex e r cis e diffe r
.

n p ity ! 8 H ow d oe s pity d iffe r from me rcy ! 4 H ow does com

t . .

s i o n c omp are w ith me r cy and pity ! 5 H ow d oe s commis s r ation .

er fr om co mp as s i on!
E XAM PL E S
ag b u t th e I nfinite is s u ffi cie nt for th e infi ni te p ath os of

fe .

H e h allow s e v e r y h e art h e once h as s w aye d,

And w h e n h i s pr e se nce w e no long er s h ar e,
S till le av e s as a r e lic th e re .

P L EAD (pag e 369)

QU E STIONS
is i t to p le ad i n th e o r d i nar y se ns e ! i n th e le g al se nse ! 2 H ow .

arg ue and ad v oc at e d iffe r ! 8 Wh at d o b e s e e ch , entreat, an . d im

re imp l ! 4
y H ow d oe s s o lici t compare w ith th e above w ords !
.

E X AMP LES
S pe ak to me low ,
my S av ior low and , sw ee t,
0 Q Q

Le s t I s h ou ld fe ar and fall, and mi ss th ee so,

Wh o mis s ed b y any th at
art not
ing of th e h onor p aid to g ood me n i s it not ti me , to for a
a th e w r i ting of b iog r ap h ie s !
 p le as ant
-9
_

Po LlTE (pag e 372)

Q U ESTIONS
1 . What ar e th e ch aracte r i st ics of a ci vil pe r son! Wh at mor e is found in
o ne h o is p olite ! 2 H ow d oe s cour te ous M pare w i th ci v il! 8
w . .

Wh at doe s courtly s ig ni fy ! g e nt e el! u rbane ! 4 I n w h at s e ns e i s .

p olis he d use d !complais ant

E AMX P LES
S he is not for th e sake of se e ming for th e
sake of be i ng k ind .

H e w as so g e ne r ally th at nob ody th ank e d h im for it .

H e r air, h er manne rs , all w ho s aw admi re d ; th oug h coy, and

g entle th oug h re tir ed .

P OV ERTY (pag e 374)

QU E STIONS
1 . Wh at doe s pov e rty s tri ctly d e note ! Wh at d oe s i t sig ni fy in ordi nary us e !
2 Wh at doe s p r i v atio n s ig nify ! H ow d oe s it co mp are w ith dis tr e s s !
.

8 Wh at i s i n
. d ig e nc e !d e s titut i on! p e nu ry ! 4 Wh at d oe s p aup e ri s m .

pr ope rly s ig nify ! H ow doe s it d iffe r fr om b e g g ary and me nd ics ncy !

P OWER (pag e 375 )

QU E STIONS
1 . What is p ow e r ! 2 I s p ow e r li mite d to i nte llig e nt ag e nts, or h ow w i d e ly
.

app lie d ! 8 H o w d oe s ab ili ty comp ar e w ith po w e r ! 4 Wh at i s

. .

cap aci ty , and h ow re late d to p o w e r and to abili ty ! 5 Wh at i s c om .

p e te ncy ! faculty ! tale nt ! 6 . Wh at ar e d ex te ri ty and s kill ! H ow

ar e th e y r e late d to tale nt ! 7 . Wh at is e fi cacy !e fi cie ncy !
E X AMPL E S
B i smar ck w as th e ne
g r e at fi g u re o f all Eur op e , w ith mor e
o

t ood or e v il th an any oth e r h uman b e ing p oss e s s e d at t h at t ime .

Th e so ul, in its h ig h e s t s e nse , i s a v as t for God .

I r e ck o n it i s an ov e r s ig h t in a g r e at b od y me taph ys ici ans th at th e y

of

h av e b ee n afr aid to asc ri be o ur appr e h e ns ions of to i ntu itio n In .

ao ns e q ue nce ne g le ct some ne v e r
of th i s , g e t th e id e a of b ut me re ly
of s u cce ss ion w ith in th e b ar e limits o f
, e x pe r ie nce .

P RA ISE (pag e 376)

QU E STIONS
1 . Wh at is pr ais e ! B y h ow many i s i t g i v e n, and h ow is it ex ! 2
p re s sed .

Wh at i s ap p laus e ! b y h ow many g iv e n! and h ow e x pr e s s e d ! 8 .

Wh at i s acclamation! H ow d oe s it d ifi e r fr om ap plaus e ! 4 H ow .

d oe s ap pr ob at io n d iffe r from pr ais e ! 6 Wh at d oes ap pr ov al ad d to .

th e me aning o f p r ais e ! 6 H ow d oes comp li me nt compar e w ith prais e !

.

7 . Wh at i s fl atte ry !
 E AM X PL E S
The of lis te ning sens tcs to comman d.
Th e th r eats of p ain and ruin to de s p is e , ,

To scatter ple n ty o er a s mili n g land,

'

And re ad th ei r his tory in a nati ons eyes .

'

no man e e r de served w h o soug h t no more

’
.

Gladly th en h e mix e d
Among th ose frie ndly pow er s , w h o h im reosivs d
‘

With joy and a loud .

P RAY (pag e 377)

Q UE STION S
1 . Wh at nd am
is it to p r ay in th e re lig i ou s se nse ! 2 I n w h at lig hter a .

famili ar se nse may p r ay b e u se d ! I s th is latte r us e n ow com es !

EXAM P LE S
H es iod ex h orte d th e h us b andman to for a harve st, but ts do u
w i th h is h and upon th e plow .

I kn eel, and th e n h er ble ss ing .

P RE CA RIO U S (pag e 377)

QU ESTION S
1 To
. w h at i s th e te rm unce rtai n applied ! 2 . W
h at d id p re cari ous erg is slls
si g ni fy ! H ow is it now use d , and h ow doe s it difl er fr om as ce d s ! n
X
E AM PLES
Th ou k now g r e at son
’
s t, ,

Th e end of w ar s
'

Life ms
see to be i n prop ortion to its value.

P RE C E D ENT (pag e 378)

QU ESTIONS
1 . Wh at is a pr e ce de nt ! 2 H ow doe s cas e fall s h ort of th e meanin
.
g of
p r e ce de n t ! 8 Wh at i s an ob i te r dictu m ! H ow doe s it difl er from t
.

p r e ce d e nt!
X
E AM PLE S
Wh ere fre ed om b r oadens s low ly d ow n
From to
Let u s co nsi de r th e re ason of th e for noth ing is law th at is n
ot

re as o n.

P RE D ESTI N A TION (pag e 378)

QU E STIONS
1. Wh at i s pr ede s ti nati on! 2 H ow d oe s fate differ fr om p r ed es ti nati oa!
.

8 Wh at d oes ne ce s s i ty s ig ni fy in th e ph ilos oph ical s ens e ! 4 Wh at is

.
.

for e know le d g e ! D oe s it inv olv e fore ord i nati on or ! W W

 V U C

I ZX AM P L E S
'

Fo r h as w ov e th e t h r e ad o f li fe ith p ai n
w .

All h i g h t r u t h i s t h e ll ll lO Il o f t w o Th u s cont r ad i ct o r l e s . and

free w i ll ar e op po s i te s ; and th e truth d oe s not lie be tw e e n th ese tw
-
o, b ut
i n a h ig h er r eco nciling truth w h ich le av es both tr ue .

PREJ U D lC lZ (pag e 380) -

QUE STION S
1
. Wh at is a pres ump tion! On w h at i s it foun d ed ! 2 On w h at ar e pr efa .

di ce and prep os s es s i on b ase d ! H ow do th e se tw o w ord s d iffe r fr om

each other !

E XAM E PL S
When th e judg ment s
'
w eak, th e is str o ng .

The is s h s y s in favor o f w h at e x is ts .

His tine fe ature s, manly form, and pe r fect manner s aw akened an in

tl at in h is fav or .

P RETENSE (pag e 380)

QU ES TI ON S
What is a prs tens e ! H ow does it difl er from a prsteat! 2 . Wh at is a
r us e !
E XAM PLE S
The els im of s strong er nation to p rote ct s w e ak er has common iy b e en
'I t a for conques t
—
.

I t is not pov e rty so mu ch as th at h ar ass es a ruined man 4 h e

g g le b etw een a proud mi nd and an e mpty pur se

tl t '
.

The independent En g lis h nob ility cons p ired to ma k e an ins urre ction
—
.
D el ta support th e pr in ’
ce s a .

P RE VENT (pag e 381)

Q UES TI ONS
1 - t t is th e orig inal me an ing of pr eos nt ! 2. Wh at is now w or d
moaiy us ed i n th at s ense ! 8 h at is th e . W me aning of e bois ts !
elude ! is prev ent at p res e nt used !
’

4 h
. ow

EXAM P LE S
Th e ntr ary
co s uppositi o n is obvi ous ly

Wh en th e
S ib er i an P ac ific Railw ay is fini sh ed, w h at is th ere to
Rus sia from annex in g ne ar ly th e w h ole of Chin a!
Th ere appears to b e no w ay to th e d ifl s ulty .

P REV I O U S (pag e 382)

co mmons
Wh at does an tece de nt denote ! 2 H ow doe s precedi ng or from a
.nte “
ced e nt and pr e vious ! 8 H ow i s ante ri or commaah used ! pri or !
.

4 Of w h at i s for me r use d ! Wh at does former a

. lw ays imply !
 p ro hi t

EXAM PL E S
Th ou from noth ing ne s s did st call
Fir s t ch aos , th e n ex is te nce , Lo rd .

Th e in h ab i tants of Ame ri ca ar e long s in ce e x tinct, fo r e v e n th e

race s w h om th e w hite me n con que re d h ad th e mse lve s supplan te d an e ar lie r
r ace .

All th e late r ag e s h ave w onde r e d at and ad mi re d th e w h ole -

scale d co n
se c
r at ion of th e ch ur ch .

P RO F IT (pag e 387)
Q U E STI ONS
1 . Wh at ar e r e turns or re ceipts ! 2 Wh at i s pr ofi t in th e commercial se nse
.

Wh at in th e inte llectual and mor al s e nse ! 8 Wh at is utili ty ! 4 . .

Wh at doe s ad v antag e o r ig i nally sig ni fy ! D oe s it now neces s ar ily im

p ly h av ing ar g aining s upe rior ity to an oth e r pe r son, or
sec ur i ng any
th ing at an oth e r s ex p e n
'
se ! 5 Wh at is g ai n! benefit ! e molument !
.

6 To w h at doe s e x ped ie n
. cy e s pe ci ally re fe r !

E XAMP LE S
S ile nce h as many —s .

No man can re ad w i th th at w h i ch h e can not le arn to re ad w ith

pleasure .

Godline ss w i th co nte ntment is g r e at

P ROGRESS (pag e 388)

Q U E STIONS
1 . Wh at i s p r og r es s ! 2 Wh at d o attai nme nt pr oficie ncy , and d ev elopme nt
. .

imply ! 8 Wh at i s adv ance ! H ow d oe s it diffe r fr om prog r es s !

.

E AMX PLE S
What is th y comp are d w ith an Ale x ande r
’
s, a Mah omet
'
s, a

And d re ams in th e ir h av e b r e ath ,

And te ar s and tortu r e s
, and th e touch of joy
. .

H uman con s is ts i n a co ntinual i ncre as e in th e numbe r of th o s e

w h o ce as in
, g to liv e b y th e animal life alo ne and to fee l th e ple as ure s o i
te nse only, come to part icip ate in th e i nte llectu al life also .

P RO H I B IT (pag e 389)
Q UE STIONS
1
. Wh at is it to pr oh ibit ! 2 H ow d oe s for b id comp are
. w ith p r oh ibit ! 8 .

H ow doe s prohib it compare w ith pr e v e nt !

E XAMPL E S
Th oug h much I w ant w h i ch most w ould h ave ,
Yet st illmy mind to cr av e .

Th e law s of Eng land from th e

, e arly Plantag e nets , ste r nly
 pr o m ote
prud e nce
conver s i on of malt into alcoh ol , e x cepti ng a mall
s portion fm
'
medicin
al
p urposes .

H uman law must many thing s th at b uman adminisn t tiss et

'

law can not ab solute ly ; is not this true als o of th a divi ne g s rsn
me nt

P RO M OTE (pag e 390)

QUE STION S
1 . Wh at is it to promote ! 2 To . w h at does p r omote apply ! To person or
th ing s, and in w h at w ay !
E AM X PL E S
Th e outlaw ed pir ate n
of o e ye ar w as th e nex t ta be a g evem t
and h is ntry ntative
'
cou s repre se .

Th e imperi al e n s ig n . w hi ch full hig h 4 d. -

S h cne li ke a me te or str e aming in th e w i nd .

PROPlTlATi O N (pag e 390)

QUESTION S
1 . Wh at di d atone me nt orig i nally de note ! What is its pr es ent theolosiu!
and popular sense ! 2 Wh at d oe s es piati on s ig nify ! propltiatios !
.

s atis faction!

E XAM PLE S
h as r es pe ct to th e be ar ing w h ich s ati sfaction h as upon sis or
th e si nne r . h as re s pe ct to th e efl ect of satis facti on in removinl
th e jud icial di sple asure of God .

Wh e n a man h as be e n g uilty of any si n or folly, I th ink th e baa

h e can mak e is to w arn oth e r s not to fall i n to th e lik e .

Rede mption impli e s th e comple te de li v e r ance from th e penalt , power

y .

and all th e co nse que nce s of s in; i s use d in th e se ns e of th e secti

fi ciai w or k w h e re b y th e re d e mption fr om th e con demnin
,
g pow er of ti t
law w as insure d .

P RO POSA L (pag e 391)

QU ESTI ON S
1 . Wh at doe s an o’ er or p r op os al do ! 2 Wh at
doe s a p ropos ition set for!
. “
8 F or w h at i s th e p r op os ition des ig n
.
e d !th e pr opos al! 4 I nw ha t .

w ay doe s p rop os itio n come to h av e n ea rly th e s e n l in

se of p roposa
ce r tain use s ! 5 Wh at i s a bid ! 0 Wh at doe s an ov ert ure a
.
ccol
.

pits h i I n w h at s pe ci al application is th e w ord common ly us ed !

EXAMP LE S
Garr ison emph atically declar ed , "I can not liste n to an
y
g r adu al abolition of w ick ed n
"
e ss .

Th e th eme in confirmation must alw ays admit of be in

g e x pres sed in0
log ical w ith s ub je ct, pre d icate , and copula .
 P RO POSE (pag e 392)
Q U ESTION S
1 H ow
. does propos e in its mos t fre que nt u se diffe r fr om purp os e ! 2 .

H ow i s pr op os e use d s o as to be ne ar ly e quiv ale nt to purp os e ! Wh at

import ant difl erence appe ars i n th i s latte r use !

E AM X PLES
know . in
I de ed, th e ev il of th at I but my inclination g ets th e
bette r of my judg me nt
—
.

Man a
, b ut G od di spose s .

P ROTRAC T (pag e 392)

Q U E STI ONS
1. Wh at i s it to pr otr act ! 2 Wh at is th e s ig n
. ifican ce of de fe r a nd de lq ,
and h ow d o th e se w ords d ifl e r in us ag e fr om p rotract ! 8 H ow does .

e long ate difl er fr om p r otr act 4 I s p r otr act or di narily fav or ab le or

.

unfav or ab le in se nse ! 5 . Is co nti nue favor ab le or unfav or able !

EXAM P LES
U nse e n h and s
Th e coming o f w h at oft se e ms clos e in k e n .

“
B ur ton, a h ypoch ondr i ac, w rote th e Anat omy of Me lanch oly, th at
marve l of le arning , and h i s life to th e ag e of s ix ty four -
.

P ROV ERB (pag e 393)

Q U E STI ONS
1 . I n w h at do th e pr ove r b and th e ad ag e ag r e e ! I n w h at re spe cts d o th ey
difl er ! 2 Wh at is an ap oth e m ! an ap h ori s m ! H ow d o th e se tw o
.

w or d s d iffe r ! 8 Wh a t is a d ictum !a s ay ing ! 4 Wh at is a pr e cep t !

. .

H ow doe s it d ifi e r fr om a motto or max i m ! 5 H ow do motto and .

marim differ fr om each ot h er !

E XAMPLE S
Th e must b e v e ri fie d ,

Th at b e g g ar s mou nte d ru n th e ir h or se to de ath

—s
.
,

ooks , lik e
B , r ece iv e th e i r ch i e f v alue fr om th e st a mp and es te e m
of ag e s thr oug h w h ich th e y h av e p asse d .

P RU D EN C E (pag e 394 )
QU E STIONS
1. Wh at is th e de fi nition of prud ence ! 2 H o w doe s pr ovide nce difl er from .

pr ud e nce ! 8 H ow d oe s car e comp ar e w i th p rud e n

. ce and provi de nce !
4 H ow is fru g ality r e late d t o prud e nce ! 5 H ow do for e s ig ht an
. d .

for eth oug h t co mp are w ith e ach ot h e r , and b oth w ith pr ovid e nce !
 E AM X PL ES
A shy man w as th is pastor —a sort 0!living mummy, t ie d up
d ble ach e d by I celandi c n ew s .

I n settin g a h en. s ay s Grose . th e g ood wo me n hold it an indispe ns able

is to p ut an numbe r of e g g s .

Only a man of undoub te d g e nius ca n al e r d to b e

archi te cture of th e se me di ev al tow ns r
h as a st ang e tascina

QU I CKEN (pag e 398)

Q U E STIONS
Wh at is it to accelerate ! to de s patch ! 2 Wh at does th e v e rb s pe e d
.

sig ni fy !h as ten! h urry ! Wh at d oe s hur ry s ug g e st in ad dition to th e

'

me aning of has te n!
E XAMPL E S
Th e motion of a falli ng body is conti nually —c d .

Th e mus te r place i s L anr ick mead !

-

forth th e sig nal !Norman ,

Th e puls ations oi th e h e art are cd by e x er tio n

-
.

QU OTE (pag e 398)

QU E ST IONS
How does od e d ifl er from quote ! 2 Wh at is it to p arap h ras e ! to
.

pi ag i aris s
E AM E X PL S
A g re at man b r av ely. and w ill not dr aw on hi s inve ntion w h e n
nme mory serve s h im w i th a w ord as g ood .

Th e D e vil can S cript ure for hi s pur pos e .

To appropri ate oth er s th oug h ts or w or ds me ch anic ally and w i th ou t

'

!lit is to

RACY (pag e 399)

QU E STI ON S
To w h at doe s racyin th e firs t in s tance re fer !pung ent ! 2 H ow d oe s .

p iquan t di fi s r from p un g ent ! 8 H ow are th ese w ord s and th e w or d

.

s p icy use d in re fere nce to lite r ary pr od ucts !

E X AMPLE S
P ur e mothe r En g li sh , and fr e s h w i th id iomatic g r ace s .

Th e atmosp h er e w as str ang e ly impre g nate d w i th th e od or of

rni ng pe at .

h e spruce . th e ced ar , and th e juniper , w ith th e ir b als amic b re ath .

ed th e air w ith a fr ag r ance .

RAD I CA L (pag e 400)

qm s nofis
Wh at is th e pr imary me anin g of radical! 2 . Wh at n
co tr aste d se ns e s are
de r iv ed from th is pr intary me aning !
 r ar e

E XAM P LES
Ti midiv is a de fect in a re former .

S ocial and politi cal le ade r s look to v es ted inter e s ts . and hence are is
cli ned to reg ard all me asures as

RA RE (pag e 400)
Q UE STI ONS
1. Wh at me aning of unique ! Can any one of a numb er of thin
is th e g s of
th e same k in d be uni que ! 2 Wh at i s th e p rimar y me aning
. of ra te !
Wh at add ed som e is ofte n b lended w ith th is primary me aning ! 3 .

I s es traor dinary favor able or unfav or ab le in me aning !

EXAM PLE S
Noth ing is so as time .

Th at w h i ch g iv e s to th e J e w s th e ir pos iti on amon g th e n

ation
s

is w h at w e a r e accustome d to re g a rd as th e ir s acre d h i stor y .

And w h at i s so as a d ay in June !
Th e n. if e v er . come pe r fe ct days .

REACH (pag e 401)

QU E STION S
1 . Wh at is it to r e ac h in th e se nse h e re consi de re d ! 2 Wh at is it to arrive !
.

8 . Wh at doe s attai n ad d to th e me aning of ar riv e ! Wh at does rein

add !
E XAMPLE S
And g r as p i ng d ow n th e b oug hs
I —
cd th e s h or e .

H e g ath e re d th e r ipe nuts in th e fall,

And be rr ie s th at g r e w b y fe nce an d w all
S o hi g h s h e could not th em at all .

Th e h e ig h ts b y g r e at me n cd a nd k ept -

We re not c d b y s u dd e n fl ig h t.
-

B ut th e y, w h ile th e ir comp anions s lep t,

We re toiling upw ar d i n th e nig h t .

I t is o nly in th is w ay th at w e can h ope to at tr uth .

REA L (pag e 402)

Q U ESTION S
1 . From w h at i s real d e r i v ed ! Wh at doe s it me an! 2 From w h at is the .

real d i st ing u is h e d ! 8 To w h at . is actual op po se d ! 4 Wh at dudes .

fe r e nce may b e poi nted out

of d i f be tw ee n th e four w ord s actual m l , .

d e v e lo p e d , and p os i ti v e !
E X AMPL E S
I n life w e do not die w h e n all th at mak e s li fe b r ig h t dies to al
I f th e r e was any tr oub le . or impe nd ing affectin
. g th ose sh e had
se rv e d , h er place w as w ith th e m .

Th is w as re g ard ed as p roo f of co nspir acy .

 REASO N , v (pag e 402) .

Q U EST IONS
L What is it to n ahout a matte r ! 2 1 rom w hat is arg ue derived
re s s o .
‘
,

and w h at does it me an! 8 Wh at is it to ds n tons trs te ! to proc e !

.

H ow do th e se tw o w ord s ag ree and till er !

EXAM P L ES
There are tw o w ay s of reachi ng tr uth : b y -
ing it out and by
fes ling it out.

In
Ea r e an th oug h
'
va nquis h ed ,h e could still .

A matter of fact ma y he fi d hy s dequate e videnes ; on ly a math e

mati eal propoeh icn can be —cd .

REASO N , a.
(pag e 403)
QU ES TI ONS
H ow does ca dil er from re as on i n th e str ict sen
use s e of e ach of th e tw o
w ords ! 2 H ow i s r e as on ofte n used so as to be a partial equi v ale nt
.

of caus e !
EXAM PL ES
No n is at liberty to spe ak iii of anoth er w i th out a justifiable
o e

ev en th oug h h e k now s he is spe ak i ng tr uth .

I am not on ly w itty myse lf hut th e . th at w i t is in oth er me n .

Neces sity is th e of tyr a nts ; it i s th e cr eed of slaves .

Alas !h ow lig h t a may mov e

D imension b e tw e e n h e arts th at love !

REASO N I NG (pag e 404)

Q U E STIONS
1. What do arg ume ntation and de b ate ord inar ily imply ! 2 H ow doe s .

re as on i ng difl er fr om b oth th e ab ov e w ord s in th is “a d ! 8 To n .

w ha t ki n d of reas oning w er e arg u me n t and arg ume n tation for me rly

re n r i cte d ! H ow w i de ly ar e th e w or d s now app li ed ! 4 H ow d o .

arg ume nt and ar g u mentatio n compare w ith re as on i ng a s reg ard s

log ical form !

E AM E X PL S
A! ndu ctiv e
I or D e duct iv e . i s a re ach ing of th e un k now n
th roug h th e k now n; and w h e re n oth in g u nk now n is re ach e d th ere is no

E arly at B us ne se , and at H as ard late .

’

Mad at a fox ch ase , w i se at a

-

I f thou contin uest to tak e de lig h t in idle th ou maye st be qu alified

is comb a t w ith th e soph i st s. b ut ne v e r k now h ow to li ve w ith men .
 r efi ne m e nt

RE N D (pag e 410)
QU ESTI ON S
To w nd and te ar us ually applie d ! Wh ich is the str ong e r w or d !
h at are re

2 I n w h at con
. ne ction is ri v e use d and in w h at se nse ! 8 Wh at . .

d oe s lace rd e sig ni fy ! 4 H ow doe s mang le comp ar e w i th lace r ate !

.

5 Wh at do b urs t and ru ptur e sig n

. ify ! Wh ich is th e s tr ong e r w or d !
Wh e n i s a ste am boile r s aid to be ruptur ed ! 6 Wh at doe s ri p
-
.

ci s nify !
E XAMP L E S
S torms d o not th e s ail th at is furled .

Oh, i t ofl end s me to th e soul to h e ar a r ob ustious . per iw ig p ate d fe llow -

a p as s i on to tatte r s, to v e ry r ag s , to sp lit th e e ar s o f th e g round

g s
—
.

And now a bub b le s , an d now a w or ld .

The fir st blood s h e d in th e r ev olutionary str ug g le ; a me re drop i n

w ant, b ut a delug e in its e ffects , i ng th e col- le e fore v er fro m th e
i
st le! cou ntry .

RENO U N C E (pag e 411 )

Q U E S TIONS
From w h at is re nou nce d e riv e d, and i n w h at se nse u s ed ! r ecant ! re
tr act ! 2 . Wh at ! 8 H ow d oe s r evok e comp are w ith
is it to d i s card .

re ca ll in or ig inal me aning and in p r es e nt u se ! 4 Wh at i s th e de .

r iv ation and th e d is ti nct iv e me aning of abjur e ! 5 I n w h at se ns e i s .

re pud iate u se d !

E X AMPL E S
On h is k nee s, w i th h is h and on th e B ible , Galileo w as compe lle d to
and cu r se th e d octr i ne o f th e mov e me nt of the e arth .

H e ad ds h i s soul to e v e ry oth e r lo s s , and b y th e act of suicide ,

rth to for fe it h e av e n .

H e h ad no sp ir itu al ad v i se r no h uman comforte r and , , w as e ntir ely in

ah ands of th os e w h o w e re d e te rmined th at h e s h ould or di e .

RE P ENTA N C E (pag e 412)

Q U E STIONS
Wh at is r eg r e t ! 2 . Wh at d oe s p e ni te nce add to re g r et ! 8 How doe s .

re pe ntance s ur p ass th e me aning o f p e nite nc e , re g r e t, s orr ow , e tc ! 4 . .

Wh at mpunc tion!contri ti on!

is co 5 . Wh at is re morse and , h ow doe s
it comp are w i th re p e nt ance

E XAMP L E S
Wh at th e n!w h at re sts !
Try w h at n: w h at can it ca not !
Forg i v e me V ale ntine i f h e arty
, ,

B e a s u fii cie nt r ans om for offense,

I te nde r t h e r e
'
.
 So w rith es the mind h as riv o n .

U nmee t for eart h , undoomed to he aven .

D ar kne s s ab ove , de s p air b eneath ,

Around it fi ame, w ith i n it de ath .

REP ROO F (pag e 413)

Q UE STI ON S
1 Are b lame ,
.
, ce ns ure and
d is a pp r ove ! s p ok e n or s ile nt ! 2 Are cons e nt . .

cr i ti ci s m, re bu ke , r efl e cti on , re p r e h e ns i on, an d r e p r oo f e x pressed or

not ! 8 H ow of ad moniti on and animad oe rsi on! 4 Are coolant

. .

and criticis m fav or ab le or unfav or ab le ! D o th ey imply s uperiority on

th e part of comme n tator or cr i tic ! 5 Do re fl e cti on an d reprehen .sios

imply s u ch supe r ior ity ! H ow are th e se tw o w ords di s cr imin ated ! G .

Wh at does re buk e lite r ally s ig nify ! To w h at ki nd o f person is an

buk e administe re d ! 7 To w h at ki n d of pe rs on i s reproof adulais
.

te re d ! 8 Wh at do r e buke an
. d r ep r oof imply on th e part of hiss v i e
admi nis te r s th e m ! 2 Wh at i s animad oe rs ion! ad monition!
.

EXAM PLE S
A is intoler ab le w h e n it i s administe re d out of pr ide or ha tred .

Th e b es t pr e se r v ati v e to k ee p th e mind in h e alth is th e faith ful

of a fr ie nd .

Open is be tte r th an se cre t lov e .

RE P ROV E (pag e 414 )

QUE STIONS
1. Wh ati s i t to ce ns ure !to repre s s !to r ep ri mand ! 2 H ow does admon
. ish
comp a re w ith th e oth e r w or d s in th e g r oup ! I s its re fe re nce to the
p ast or to th e future ! 8 Wh at i s it to repr oa ch ! D oe s this w ord

m
.

im y au th or ity or s upe r iori ty ! 4 . Wh at i s th e for ce of m od ulate

and r emons tr ate !
E XAM PL E S
H e th at oppre ss e th th e poor —e th h is Maker .

H e r answ e r — c d me ; for she said ,

“
I ne ve r ask th eir mes
cri . for
"
w e h av e all co me s h ort.

Mos e s w as —
cd God w h e n h e w as ab out to mak e th e tabern
of acle
for , see , s ai th h e, th at th ou mak e all thi ng s accord ing to th e p atter n show ed
to th ee in th e mount .

Th is w it ne ss i s true . Th ere for e th e m sh arply, th at th ey may be

sou nd in th e faith .

REST (pag e 416)

QU E STION S
1 . Wh at is ease !quie t !res t ! 2 . Wh at is n and h ow i s it related
r e cr e atio ,

to ! 8 Wh at is
r es t . r e p os e i n th e p r imary and w h at in th e der ived
, .

s ense ! 4 H ow d oe s . r e p os e comp a re w ith r es t ! 5 Wh at is a pause ! .

0 H ow does
. s le e p co mp are w ith r e p os e and r es t !
 r e v o lu t i o n
E XAM PLES
S e ek out, less ofte n soug h t th an found.
A soldier s g rave —for th ee th e bes t ;
’

Than look around, and ch oose th y g ronn d.

And tak e th y
H er man ne rs h ad not th at
Th at st amp s th e cast of Vere de Vere .

Sh ail I not take min e in min e inn!

RESTRA I N (Pag e 418)

Q UE STIONS
Wh at is it to res trai n! 2 H ow d oe s cons trai n difl s r from r es tr ain! 8
. .

H ow does res trai n difl er fr om r es tr ict 4 H ow h as repr es s compar e .

w ith res train! s uppre ss !

E AM X P LE S
The En g li sh P ur it ans ,
— e d at h ome , l ed for M om to America .

I n no politi cal syste m is it so nece ss ary to the pow e r s of th e

vernme nt as in a democr atic um .

REV ENGE (pag e 419)

Q U E STIONS
Wh at is reve ng e ! 2 H ow doe s r etali ati on compare w ith reve ng e
. 8 .

Wh at di d ve ng eance forme rly me an and w h at h es it now imply ! ,

4 Wh at is a r e qui tal! 5 H ow do ave ng ing and r e tribution d in

. . er

from re tali ation re ve ng e an

, d v e ng e ance 8 Wh a
, t difl e rence ma y be .

note d be tw ee n aveng i ng and re tr ib uti on!

E XAMPLE S
Accor ding to th e w is h of S ulla hi ms e lf, h is monume nt w as
tote d in the C ampus Martins b e ar ing an ins cri ption composed b y h im
,
“
f: No friend e ve r did me a kindne s s no e nemy a w rong w i th out r e
, ,

'h
s
‘ full
B y th e spirit of as w e sonatina e x pr e ss it, w e g e ne r ally unde r
and a d isposi ti on, not mer e ly to re turn s nfl er ing for alt ering , b ut to i n
st a deg ree of p ain on th e pe r son w h o i s s uppos ed to h av e in jur ed
b eyond w h at s tr i ct jus ti ce re quir e s .

I n all g re at re lig io ns w e fi nd ne God

o . and in all. per sonal immortality
ih

REVO LU T I ON (pag e 420)

Q U E STIONS
Wh at is th e ess e nti al ide a of rev olution! 2 D oe s a revolution n e w s sar ily
.

in v olv e w a r ! 8 Wh at i s anarch y ! ins ub or di nati on! se dition! re

.

v olt ! r e b elli on! 4 H ow doe s r e b e llion difl e r from rev olution! 5

. .

B y w h at clas s o f pe rsons i s i n s urrecti on made !muti n y!

 S A C RA M E NT ( p ag e 437)

Q U E S TI ON S
1 . Wh at is a r e lig i ou s s e rv ice in th e e x te nd e d se nse ! 2 Wh at is a s ac r a .

me nt ! 8 Wh at is an o bs e rv anc e ! an ord inance ! 4 H ow d o s ac ra

. .

ment and ordi nance d ifl e r ! 5 Wh at i s a r ite !

'
.

E XAMPL E S
Relig ion w ill g li de b y deg r ee s out of th e mind unle ss it b e i nvi g or ate d
and mp re ss ed by e x te r nal
re i s .

Noth ing te nds mor e to unite me ns h e arts th an joini ng tog e th e r i n th e

'

s ame pr ayer s and s .

SA L E (pag e 428)
Q U E STIONS
1 .
Wh at is ng e or e x ch ang e ! 2 Wh at i s b arte r !s ale ! 8 Wh at is a
ch a . .

b arg ai n in th e s tr i ct s e ns e ! 4 Wh at is trade i n th e b r oad and in

.

th e limite d se nse !
E XAM PL E S
H onor s its s miling at th e of tr uth .

I ll g i v e th r ice as mu ch land to any w e ll—

d e s e rv ing fr ie nd
’
,

B ut in th e w ay o f mark ye me ,

I ll cav il on th e ninth p art o f a h air

'
.

S tamps God s ow n name up on a lie ju st made

'

To co in a pe nny in th e w ay of

SAM P L E (pag e 429 )

Q U E STIONS
1 . Wh at i s a s ample !a s p e ci me n! 2 H ow do s ample and s pe ci me n com .

p ar e as ind ic ations o f th e qu ality o f th at w h ich th e y r e sp e ctiv e ly

r e p r e se nt
E XAM PL E S
Th e r e i s , th e r e for e , i n th i s cou ntry an imp lie d
, w ar r anty th at th e g ood s
corr e s po nd to th e
Curzola is a pe r fe ct of a V e ne ti an to w n .

S CH O LA R (pag e
QU E STIONS
1 . Wh at i s th e p rim ar y se ns e o f s c h olar !th e d e r iv e d se nse ! 2 . Wh at doe s
p upi l si g ni fy ! H ow i s it te c h nically u s e d i n e d u cational w or k ! 8 .

I n w h at se nse is s tud e nt e mploye d !

E XAM PL E S
Th e ac ce nt or tu r n o f ex p r e s s ion of a si ng le se nte nce w ill at once mar k

Th e S tate of Ne w Yo r k s u pp li e s all nee de d te x t b acks

-
fr ee of ch arg e to
th e -
s i n th e p u b li c sc h oo ls.
 s ci e nc e

Th e — s h Amer ican colle g e s h av e take n up athle tics w ith in

ten
se

enth us i asm .

S C I EN C E (pag e 430)
QUE S TI ONS
1 H ow doe s
. s ci e nce kn
coow ledg e !2 H ow does art compa
mpar e w i th re with .

sci e nce ! 8 Wh at tw o s en
. se s of a r t mu s t b e di s cr iminated b on net
oth er ! 4 I n w h ich sense i s art a system of rule s ! 5 I n w hich
. .

se ns e does ar t h anscend r ule !

EXAM P LE S
B e eth ov e n took hi s as ser i ous ly as a saint and martyr tabss his
r e li g i o n .

Mod er n may be re g ard ed as one v ast mir acle, w h eth er we view

it in re lati on to th e Almig h ty B e in g b y w h om its objects a nd its laws were
,

forme d or to th e b eb le intelle ct of mi n b y w hich its depths have been

“
, ,

s ounde d and it s , cr ie s ex plore d .

Pr inting h as b u m aptly te rmed th e pre s e r vativ e of all other

SE C U R I TY (pag e 431)
Q U E STION S
1 . Of w h at k ind of v alue or pr ope rty mus t an e arne s t consi st ! 2 How do .

ple dg e and “u ni ty d ifl er fr om e arne s t ! 8 H ow d oe s securi ty dider

.

from pled g e ! 4 . Wh at is b ai l !g ag e !

E XAMP L ES
for a national or s tate d e b t i s th e h one sty of its people .

Th e arre st a d e athle s s name

of

I s the d le nt h omag e of th oug h ts uns pok e n .

And for an -
of a g r e ate r h onor ,
.

H e h ath me , fr om h im, call th ee Th ane of Caw dor .

SENS ATION (pag e 433)

Q U E STIONS
1. Wh at is a s e ns atiat !a p e r ce p tion! 2 H ow d oe s an emotion difl er from
.

a s e ns atio n! 8 H ow d oe s th e p opu lar te rm fe e li ng compare w ith

.

s ens ati on a nd e motio n! 4 Wh at is a s e nse ! .

E XAMPL ES
B ut in fi e tech nical and limited se nse of th e ter m, i s appropri
ate d to th e k now le d g e o f mate r i al ob je ct s , and of th e ex te r nal w orld This
—
.

k now le dg e i s g ai ned or acqu ir ed b y me ans of th e a, and h ence to ,

be mor e e x act, w e call it s e ns ib le or , mor e b ri e fl y , se nse

Fe lt in th e b lood, and fe lt along th e h e art .

 SENSI B I L ITY (pag e 434 )
QUESTI ONS
1 . Wh at is ns ibd ity in th e ph ilos oph ical se ns e !in popular u se ! 8 Wh at
se .

doe s s e ns iti o ene s s de n ote ! 8 Wh at is s us ce ptibility H ow does it

.

compar e w i th ee n ettie e nes s ! 4 H ow ar e s us ce pti bi lity and se ns iti v e

.

ness di scr iminated in ph ys i cs !

EXAM P LES
Th e of th e ex te rnal s ur face of th e b ody i s a s pe ci al endow me nt
adapte d to th e ele ments around and calculated to prote ct th e inte ri or p art s

to p le as ur e is of ne ces si ty also to p ain .

E v er y mind i s in a peculi ar s tate of to eertai n impre ss ions .

SEV ERE (pag e 435 )

QU E STI ON S
1 . Wh at is s e ve r e ! r ig id ! s tr ict ! 8 . H ow
does rig orous mp are
co w i th
! 8 Wh at does aus te r e
ri g id . s ig nify ! Wh at e le ment is alw ays found
in an auster e ch ar acte r !
EXAM P LE S
I n math ematics w e arriv e at ce rtitude by demons tr ati on .

He w h o th e sw or d of h e av en w i ll b e ar
S h ould b e as h oly as
law i s ofte n injusti ce .

B y ad h er e nce to tr uth in ofl ci al de aling w ith the nativ es . th e

E ng lis h h av e come to b e alw ays b eliev ed in I ndi a .

S H ELTER (pag e , 437)

QU ESTI ONS
1 . Wh en is anyth ing said to b e corr e ct ! 8 H ow doe s s he lter comp are w ith .

cov e r ! 8 Wh at does d efe nd sig nify ! 4 Wh at doe s g uard imply !

. .

5 How doe s pr ote ct s ur p ass g uard and d efend ! 0 Wh at does s h ie ld

. .

nify ! H ow doe s it compare w ith g uard or d efend ! 7

s ig . I n w h at
se n se i s th e v e rb h ar b or common ly us ed !
E XAMP LE S

H e th at e th h i s s in s sh all not p r os per

-
but he th at , forsak eth
th em s h all find mer cy .

Th ou se a
’
w h o tr od st th e b illow y ,

us in ou r jeOp ar dy i
In youth it — cd me ,

And I ll prote ct it now

’
.

S I N (pag e 439)
Q U E STIONS
1 . Wh at is n! 8 H ow is tr ans g r es sion d is cr iminated from
si . si n in th e
g e fl er al se nse ! 8 Wh at is cr ime !g uilt !d e pr avi ty !
.
 s k e t ch

E XAMPL E S
— to d e ath b y v illains
ed

Th at d ar e as w e ll answ e r a man, i ndee d ,

As
'
I d ar e tak e a s e r pe nt b y th e tong ue .

I f th e S cr i ptur e s see m to k now le dg e it i s th e kn

, ow le dg e t h at
lc s pis ca v i rt ue.

Ch alleng i ng e ach r e cr e a nt do ub te r
Wh o -
cd her sp o tle s s name .

SLANG a
(p g e 44 3)
Q U E STIONS
1 . Wh at is a colloqui ali s m! 2 . Wh at is ng in th e
s la pr imary and or d i nary
sense ! in s pe c i al se ns e s ! 8 Wh at i s . a oulg ari s m ! 4 . Wh at is
ce nt i n th e se ns e h e re cons ide re d !

E XAM P LE S
Th e re is a b red of v i le nes s th at i s ne v e r re d ee med !th e r e i s als o
a th at i s th e vig orou s u tter ance o f uncultu r e d w it, th at fills a g ap
in th e lang uag e an d mounts u lt imate ly to th e h ig h es t places .

A i s w orse th an be cause i t b e ar s th e i nefi ace ab le s t amp

'

of ig nor ance .

So ci ALlS M (pag e 445 )

QU E STIONS
1 . Wh at is s oci ali s m ! Wh at te rm do many of its adv ocate s pr e fer ! 2 .

Wh at is communis m! anarch ism !

E XAMPLE S
in its full ns e me ans th e aboliti on of inh eri tance
se , th e ab olition
of family, th e
th e ab oli tion of nat ionaliti e s th e abolitio n o f , re lig i o n
, th e
abo lition o f pr ope rty .

in some mod ifie d form, is ste adily mak i ng its w ay amo ng th i nk

ing me n unde r th e g u is e of coope r atio n .

is th e fspri
of ng of so r e h e art s and s h allow b r ains I t is th e
.

w is d o m of th e man w ho b urne d dow n h i s h ouse b e c aus e h i s ch imne y

mok ed
s .

S P ONTA NEO U S (pag e 44 7)

Q UE STIONS
1 . Wh e n i s anyth i ng p r ope r ly s ai d to be s p ontane ous ! v olu ntary ! tur clu n
tarp ! 2 H ow do v olu ntar y and i nv olu ntary co mp are w ith e ach
.

oth e r ! b oth w i th s pon tane ous !

E XAMP LE S
is Oppos e d to re fl e ct iv e . Th os e ope r a ns of mind w h i ch ar e
ti o
continually g oing n
o w ith out any ef
fort or inte ntion on our p art are
sp ontane ou s .

No action th at is not h as any mer it .

 S P Y (pag e 447)
QU E STI ON S
1 . 1n w h at are th e sp y and th e s cout alike ! 2 1n w h at do th ey difl sr l t
. .

Wh at ar e th e i r res pocti ve r ig h ts in ca s s of capturs ! t What is sn

E XAMP LES
A d ari ng Ge ner al S tu art made h i s w ay to my quarters, a
of n
d
infor me d me th at Ge ner al I mbode n h ad planned an attack upon th e town .

I
h ad g row n un ea s y in re g ar d to th e d isjoin rm
te d situ ation of our a y
and, to i nform my se lf of w h at w as g oi n g on , determined to s e nd a
into th e nemy li ne s
’
e s .

STA TE, 0 (pag e . 449)

Q U ES TIONS
1 . Fr om w h at is de ri v ed ! Wh at doe s it me an! 2 Wh at is the lit
s tate .
'

nifi cance o f ass ert ! Wh at e le me nt is promine nt in thi s w ord ! 8 .

What is th e relativ e for ce of at ria and ass ert ! as s e verate !am !

as s ur e ! 4 Wh at d oes afl r m s ig ni fy i n leg al use , and h ow does it
.

d ifl e r fro m s w e ar ! 5 Wh at i s it to ce rtify ! 0 Wh at doe s vin

. dicate .

s ig nify !
E AM E X PL S
Th e fi r st co nd ition of inte llig e nt deb ate is th at th e que sti on he clea
rly
— cd .

We nce s dis po se th emse lv es round tw o g re at ax es of

th at th e sci e

th oug h t p ar alle l and n ot u nr elate d ye t d i sti nct —th e natur al s cie nces held
‘

, ,

to g e th e r b y th e on e th e mor al b y th e oth er
, .

I t i s impos sib le for th e mind to anyth i ng of th at of w hich it

k now s noth ing .

STORM (pag e 45 0)
QU E STIONS
1. Wh at is the e s se nti al me aning of s tor m! 2 . Wh at i s a te mpe s t !
E X AMPL E S
Th e i s h ar d at h and w ill sw ee p aw ay
Th rone s , ch ur ch e s, r ank s, tr ad itions , cus toms , marri a
ge .

We r e any cons i de r able mas s of air to he sudde nly tr ans fer re d troll
‘
b e yond th e tr op ics to th e eq u ator , th e di fl e re nce o f th e r otator y velodf!
pr ope r to th e tw o s itu at io ns w ould be so g re at as to p rod uce not merely I
w ind, but a of th e mos t d es tructiv e vi olence .

STORY pag e 45 1)
Q U E STIONS
1. Wh at is a s tory ! I s it tr ue or false ! 2 . Wh at is an ane cdote !a at
rati o s or narr ation!
 EXAM P LE S
Th e re ar e common to th e dia er e n t br anch e s of th e Ary an stock .

Th ey are ancie nt Ary an older th an th e Odyssey,

older th a n the dis per si on of th e Ary an race
—
.

s a re re lation s of de tach e d, i nte r e s ti n

g particular s
—
.

F airy s ha ve for ch ildre n a n inex h auuibla ch arm .

S U B J E CT I VE (pag e
QUES TIONS
1 . Wh at is the me anin g of s ub je cti ve ! of objecti v e ! 2 How a re th es e .

w ords illuur ate d in th e case of a moun t ain! 8 Wh at matter s are .

pu re ly s ub jecti ve ! d Wh at matter s ar e pure ly objective ! 5 Wh at

. .

is me ant by s ayin g th at an auth or h as a s ubje cti v e or an obje cti v e

style !

EXAM P LES
S ubject, th er e fore , de note s th e mind its e lf ; and th at w h i ch b e
long s to, or procee d s from, th e th ink i ng subi ect Object is a te rm for th at
.

about w hich th e know i ng subje ct is conv ers ant, w h ile me ans

th at w h i ch be lon procee d s fr om, th e obje ct kn
g s to , or ow n , and not fr om
the subject kn ow in g ; and th us d e note s w h at i s re al, in oppos ition to w h at
is ide al, —
w h at e x i sts in natur e , in contr ast to w h at e x i st s me rely in th e
th oug h t of th e indiv idu al .

S U GGESTION (pag e 454 )

Q U E STION S
1 . I n w h at ay doe s s ug g e s tion br ing a matte r be fore th e mind ! 2 Wh at
w .

is an intimation!a h int ! 8 Wh at are the s peci al ch ar acte ris tics of

.

ins inuati on and i nnue nd o !

X
E AM P LE S
B e h old in th e b loom of apple s ,
And th e v iolets in th e a w a r d,

A of t h e old. los t b e auty

Of th e g ar de n of th e Lor d !
Time i s tr uly th e comforte r at once les s ening th e te nde ncy to
,

imag es of sorrow , and so fte ni ng th at v e ry sorr ow w h en th e imag e s ar is e .

An i s cow ard ly b e cau se it can s eld om be d ire ctly answ e r ed ,

and th e one w h o mak e s it can alw ays r e tr e at be h ind an ass ume d mis con
stru cti on of h is w or d s ; b ut th e is th e stab in th e b ack , sne aking as
it is malicious .

S U P ERN ATU RA L (pag e 455 )

QU E STIONS
1. Wh at i s th e or ig me aning o f s upe r natu r al ! of pre ternatural! 2
inal .

Wh at i s commonly implie d in th e u se of pr e te rnatu r al ! 8 I n w h at .

se nse d o some h old a mir a cle to b e s up e r natur al ! Wh at d e scr iptiv e

ter m w ould oth e r s pr e fe r ! 4 Wh at is th e me aning of s upe r human!
.

I n w h at s econd ary se ns e is it ofte n us e d !

 S Y STE M (pag e 458)
QUE STIONS
1 . Wh at is inthe sens e h e re cons id er e d ! 2 Wh at doe s me th od d e
orde r, .

note ! 8 Wh at is a w s te ni ! d To w h at does manner re fer ! 5

. . .

To w h at doe s reg ulari ty apply ! 8 Can th ere b e order w ith out r e g u .

lari ty or reg ularity w i th out or de r , and h ow !

E XAMPLE S
I f this be mad ne ss , the re is in it .

A an or g anized bod y of truth , or tr uth s

is ar r ang e d
un de r one and th e same ide a, w h i ch ide a is as th e life or soul w h ich as
l imilatea all th ose truth s .

TEACH (pag e 461)

QU E STIONS
1 . Wh at i s it to teach ! 2 How doe s ins truc t
. s urp as s te ach in sig nifi cat i on!
8 . Wh at seco nd ary se nse h as i ns tr uc t ! 4 . Wh at is th e full me aning
of e ducate ! 8 . Wh at i s it to trai n! 8 . To w h at is train commonly
applie d w h e re e duc ate could not w e ll be use d ! 7 Wh at i s it to .

d i s cipli ne ! 8
. Wh at doe s nurtur e si g ni fy, and h ow doe s it comp ar e
w ith ed ucate !
E XAMPL E S
P lato retur ned to Ath e ns and be g an to like hi s mas te r , he
mone y and w i th out p ri ce
w ith ou t .

F or th e most effe ct iv e mech anical w or k b oth mi nd and h and mus t b e

e d in ch ild h ood
-
.

The H ig hlande r s fl ock ing to hi m fr om all quarte r s th oug h ill ar me d . and

—
-
,

w orse e d , ma d e h im unde rv alue any e nemy w h o h e th oug h t w as ye t , ,

to e n coun te r h im .

TER M (pag e 462)

cu s nous m -

1 . Wh at i s th e li te r al me aning of te rm ! 2 I s th is me aning retaine d in th e .

fig ur ati ve us e s of th e w or d ! 8 Wh at ar e th e article s of a contr act !

.

th e te rms of a co n tr act ! 4 Wh at is a cond ition! 8 Wh at i s a te rs e

. .

in th e log ical sen s e ! 8 H ow d oe s te rm in ord inar y u se compar e w ith

.

w ord ex pres sion or p h r as e

, ,

E XAMPL E S
For b e auty s acme h ath a as b rief
’

As th e w av e s poi se b e fore it b re ak in pe arl

’

—
.

B ut w h at are th e se mor al se r mons [ of S e neca] ! s, nothing bu t

The ver y mi se r is a co nfe ssi on o f th e mis e ry w h i ch atte nd s

I varioe.
 t ers e
t r ans i e nt

TERSE (pag e 463)

Q U E STION S
1 . Wh at is th e me aning of s h ort or b r ie f! 2 W h at is th e de r ivatio n and .

me aning of conci se !of cond e ns e d !of compe n di ous ! 8 What is the .

der iv ati on and me aning of s ucci nct ! of ter s e ! 4 Wh at is the force .

of s u mma ry ! 8 Wh a t is a s e n.te nti ous s tyle !a pithy utte ran ce !

E XAMPL E S
With all hi s lu ci dity o f stateme nt, H amilton w as not alw ay s
I n mos t cas e s it w ill b e found th at th e V ictor ian i diom i s clearer, but
th an th e corre spond in g Elias beth an idiom w hi ch it ha s my

TESTI M ON Y (pag e 463 )

QUE STIONS
1 . Wh at is te s timo ny ! 2 . H ow doe s itmpar e co w i th s oids ncs ! 8 Rev
.

d oe s a d ep os ition difl er fr om an afl daoi t !

E XAMPLE S
Th e w or d in le g a
l acce ptation, include s all th e me ans by w hich
any alle g e d matte r o f fact, th e truth of w h i ch is submitte d to us for in
v e s ti g ati on, i s e st ab li sh ed or di s p r ov e d .

As to th e fr uits o f S od om, fair w ith out, fu ll of as h es w i th in ,

saw I
noth ing o f th e m, th oug h fr om th e w e h av e , some th ing of this h ad
h as b e e n pr od uce d .

TI M E (pag e 465 )
QU E STIONS
1 . To w h at d o s e que nc e n apply ! 2 Wh at doe s time denote !
and s ucc e s s i o .

tion
H ow is it conce i ve d of w ith r e fe r e nce to ev e nts ! 8 H ow do dura .

and s ucce s si o n comp ar e w i th time !

E XAMPL E S
E v e ry ev e nt re me mbe r e d is
me mb e red as h av ing h appe ned in
re

p ast .Th i s g iv e s u s th e ide a in th e concre te We can now b! . ,

p r oce ss o f ab s tr action se p ar ate th e , fr om th e e v e nt and w e ha ve

,

t h e ab s tr act id e a of ti me .

Th e of e a ch e arth qu a k e is me as ur ed g e ner ally on ly b y secon

dl .

o r e v e n pa r ts of a s e con d .

I t h as be e n co n je ctu r ed th at o u r i d e a o f i s fo un de d upo nthe

co n s ci ous of se n s ati on s an d ide as i n our ow n minds .

TOO L (pag e 466)

QU E STIONS
1 . Wh at i s a tool! 2 H ow doe s i n
. s tru me nt mp ar e in me aning w ith toe" co

8 Wh at spe ci al tools are or dinar ily calle d i n

. s tr uments ! 4 Wha t ll .

an imp le me nt ! 6 Wh at i s a ute ns il ! I n w h at spe cial re lati on

.
s is ll”
 t r ans i e nt

w or d used ! 8 Wh at is an appliance ! H ow does appliance cou pare

.

w ith tool ! 1 Wh at is a me chan

. i s m ! 8 Wh at i s a mach i n e in th e
.

most g e ner al se nse ! in th e tech nical and common us e ! 2 Wh at i s .

an appar atus ! 10 Wh ich of th ese w ord s h av e fig ur ati v e us e ! 11

.
.

H ow are i n s tr ume nt and tool con tr aste d in fig ur ati v e us e !

EXAM PLES
Th e ti me is coming w h e n th e s of h u sb a —
ndry sh all supplant th e
w eapons of w ar .

Mi x salt and sand, and it sh all puaale th e w is e st of men, w ith his mere
natural s . to s epa
-
rate all th e g r ains of s an d from all th e g r ains of

The p ick, d one saw , -

w edg e, ch i sel, and oth er — s w ers
us e w he n th e pyr ami ds w e re bu ilt.

TO P I C (pag e 468)
Q UES TION S
I . From h at is topi c de riv ed, and w i th w h at me an
w i ng ! 2 H ow is ques tion .

us ed in a s imilar se n se , and w h y ! 8 I s th e g e ner al s ubject or the me

.

prope r ly know n as the topic !To w h at is th at name mor e app rop r iate ly
g iven!
E XAMPL E S
My fath e r alw ay s took care to st art some in g enious or use ful
w hich mig h t te n
of di s cour se , d to impr ov e th e minds of h is ch ildre n .

On e of th e mos t importa nt rules in a de lib er ativ e assembly is. th at

ovar y s pe ake r s h all s pe ak to th e
of th e I li a d is not th e w ar of h oy, but the w r ath of
'
Th e
Ach ille s ex hib ite d d uring and in conne ction w ith th e w ar of Troy .

TRANSA CT, TRANSA C TION (pag e 469 )

1 . H ow does tr ans act d iffe r fr om d o ! 2 . H ow does trans act difl e r from
tre at and ne g otiate ! 8 . H ow doe s neg otiate comp ar e w ith tr eat ! 4 .

H ow do tr an sactions difl e r from pr oceed ing s !

E XAMPLE S
I n th e fir st P ar li ame nt of J ames th e H ouse of Commons re fus ed for th e
fi r st time to b u si ne s s on a S und ay .

Th e tr e aty of pe ace th at close d th e w ar of 1 8 12 h ad b ee n alr e ad y

b e fore th e b attle of New Or le ans w as foug h t .

Any di re ct ion of Ch ri st or any d ir e cti on or act of hi s apostle s re s pe cti ng

the of bus i ne s s in th e ch u r ch . i s b i nd ing upon us , unis . such di
r e ctio n or act w as g round e d upo n pe cu liar cir cu mst ance s th e n ex is ting .

TRANSIENT (pag e 470)

Q UE ST IONS
1 . Wh at i s th e d a iv ation of tr an
'
s ie nt and tr ans i tory ! 2 H ow doe s tran .

s is nt difl er in sig nifi cation from trans i tory ! 8 Wh at is the dis .

 VACA NT (pag e 473)
Q U ESTI ONS
What me aning of s ni p ty !of v acant ! 2 To w h at does v acant es pe
i s th e .

cially r efe r ! 8 Wh a t is th e d ifl e r e nce b e tw ee n a

. n e mpty h ouse and
a v acant h ouse ! 4 Wh at i s th e difl ere nce in dig nity be tw een th e tw o
.

w ord s ! 5 Wh at i s th e sig nificance of v oid and devoi d ! 8 Wh at

. .

doe s w as te imply ! 7 I n w h at se n s e is v a
. cuous us e d !

E AM X PLE S
h e ad s co nsole w ith sou nd .

Th e w atch d og s v oice th at b ay d th e h i spe ri ng w in

' ’
-
w d
And th e loud laug h th at s pok e th e mind .

V EN A I (pag e . 474)
QU E STIONS
“
r am w h at i s ve nal de r iv ed, and w ith w h at me aning !me rce nary ! h i re
li ng ! 2 H ow are me r ce nary and
. ve nal di scr iminate d from h ir e li ng !

E XAMP LES
T he clo si ng
qu arte r o f th e nine te e nth ce ntury may b e te rmed th e
o f Amer i can po liti cs Ne v e r be fore h as le g i slat ion bee n s o univ e r s ally,
.

i nsc rupulou aly '

, and unb lus h ing ly for sale .

T h e body p f Gr e e k s, immortalis e d under th e name of th e Te n Th ous and,

th oug h e mbar kin g on a fore ig n se r vice , w er e by no me ans
nst s, or ev e n me n of ex tr e me pov e rty .

I t is not th e h ir e , b u t th e w or k i ng only for th e h ire th at mak es th e

V EN ERA TION (pag e 476)

QU E STIONS
By w h at qualities is aw e ins p ir ed ! 2 Wh at e le me nts are p re se nt and .

w h at la i n g &i n aw e ! 8 W h at i s d r e ad and by w
. h at ar o u se d ! 4 .

H ow d o re v er e nce and v e ne r atio n d i er fr om aw e or d re ad ! 5 H ow n .

does ad oration comp ar e w it h ve ne r ation!

E XAMPLE S
Man cr av e s an ob ject of and if not suppli ed w i th th at w h ich
I h as appointe d, w ill tak e w h at od or s .

Th e I tali an cli mate rob s ag e of its and mak es it look new er

n it is .

V ENI A L (pag e 477)

Q U E STIONS
Fr om w h at i s ce n tral de r iv ed , and w h at d oe s it si g nify ! 2 H ow does .

ven ial comp are w i th p ar d onab le ! 8 H ow doe s e x cus ab le d iffe r from .

th e ab ov e w or d s ! 4 Wh at v e ry d ifl e re nt w ord i s some time s con

.

founde d w ith r eniai !

 X
E AMP L ES
Th e ft on th e p art of a s tarv i ng man is o ne of th e most
od s
'
ns e s
.

U nde r all th e c ir cu mstances , th e error w as

VERAC ITY (pag e 477)

QU E STIONS
1 . D o tru th and apply to th oug h t and spee ch or to pers on
v e rity s! 2 To .

w h at does v e r aci ty a pply ! truth fulnes s ! 8 I nto w h at tw o daun

t .

may th e w ord s in th i s g roup of synonyms b e divide d, and w hat work

w ill b e found in e a ch class !

EXAM P LE S
On a ce r tain confide nce i n the of ma nk ind is fou nded so mad
of th e kn ow le dg e on w h ich w e con s tantly depe nd, th at, w i th out it, ths
w h ole sy ste m o f h uma n th ing s w ould g o into confusi on .

I f all th e w orld an d lov e w e re youn g,

And in e v e ry sh eph er d s tong ue,
’

Th e s e pre tty ple as ure s mig h t me move

To liv e w ith th e e and be th y love .

V IRTU E (pag e 480)

Q U ESTION S
1. Wh at is th e pr omine nt ide a in vi rtue ! 2 H ow doe s g oodn e ss did?!
.

fr om v i r tue ! 3 Of w h at r e lations ar e h one s ty and p ro bi ty used !4

. .

H ow i s h one s ty u sed i n a se nse h ig h e r th an th e comme rcia l! 5

Wh at , i n th e fu ll se nse! 0 Wh at i s h onor ! 7 What is
, i s inte g ri ty . .

pu r ity d uty ! 8 Wh at d o r e ctitud e and r ig hte ous nes s de n

. ote !
To w h at doe s uprig htne e e e s pe ci ally re fer ! 10 Wh at is oil tu nnel ! .
-

E X AMPLE S
is th e fruit of e x e rtion; it su ppos e s conqu e st of tauptation .

I n s e e i ng th at a th i ng i s r ig h t, w e se e at th e same time that it is our

to d o it .

I t is tru e th at is th e b e st p olicy ; but if this h e th e motive o!

h one st de aling , th e re is no re al
Wh e re i s th at ch ast ity of th at felt a stai n lik e a w ound!
 I N D EX OF S YN O N YM S

ex planati on o f h ow to us e thi s i nd e x , see S pe cial Note n

o

ab rog ate , ab olis h

ab rupt. blul
s te e p
ab s cond
ab se nt. ab s tr acted
abs olute

p erfe ct
fl u" O 0 O O 0 O 0

ab solution, p ard on, n .

abs olv e
p ard o n, v .

abs taining , abs ti nence

abs te ntion. abs ti ne nce

e, ab omi nati on
th y
abs trac t, v .

ab str act, n, ab rid g me n

. t
ab s tr acted

noer

ab u nd anc e, w ealth

B OOM M ‘ON s s s s s e 0 e a

acce ler ate , quicke n

acce pt, ag r ee

co nfe s s
acce pt able , d e lig h tful
acce p te d , au th e ntic
p le nti ful
d, cand id acce s s e ntrance
.

tion e d,
acce s s ib le , fr ie ndly
a pr ev i ous
le d ’ "cu m acce s s ion, e nt r an ce e e e e

re s tr ai n acce s s ory, a , aux ili ary .

t! acce s s o ry , n .

w e; appe n d ag e
 I N D EX or S YNO N YMS
“ mm “

alle g e adv antag e , p rofit

utili ty
vi ctor y
ad v e ntur e , accide nt
ad v e ntu r ou s, b r ave
ad ve rs ar y, e nemy
e, attac h me nt
ad v e rs ity, mis fortune
attac h me nt

ad v is e d cons cious
.

ad v ocate , ab e t
ple ad

affair , b attle

trans action

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O

s tate

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0

M u r at, ple ntiful

e d r ight , v .
, frig h te n
afl r ig h t, n alarm
.
,

fe ar

afo re s aid , p re v io us
afr aid

ag e d old
,

ag e ncy ope rati on

,

ag e nt
ag g r andis e all, e very
ag g r av ate , al r ont

ag itatio n, s tor m
.‘ nome n m . ’ 0 O O 0 0 0 Q Q O

ag nos ti c s k e ptic ,

ag r ee

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

co ntr act e nd ur e
allow able , ad mis s ib le
allow ance, pay , n .

ag ricultur al, r us tic

aid, v ab e t
.
,

pr omote

allu r e
d r aw
ally, v , as s oci ate , v
. .

aide r ad h e re nt
, ally n , acce s s ory
, .

ailme nt, d is e as e ad h e rent

fil m a e e e e e e e e e a s e s - e a s e as s ociate , n e e e e e e e e e e .

aux i liary
alms g iv ing , b e ne v olence
als o
alte r ch ang e v
, , .

alte r ation, ch ang e , i t .

ai ry alte rcation
ak in, ali k e
alar f fty alt h oug h notw i ths tan
. d ing ,
alar m amalg amate , mic:
fri g h te n
alarme d , afr aid
alarmi ng , aw ful
ale r t
acti v e
aHv e
ni mble
vi g ilan t
ale r tne s s alacr ity
,
ame lior ate , ame nd
alie n a
. n
. .

alie nate s u rr end e r

,
r es p o ns ib le
alie nat io n, i n s anity ame nd
ali k e ame nd s . r e w ar d
synonymous amiable
alime nt food ,
amicab le , fri e ndly
 I ND E X O F S Y NO NYMS

as si st, ab e t
h elp
cci e ncc p r omote
artfu l ae tute
, as s is tant acces s ory
,

art icle ,
te rm aux iliary
art i cle b e lie f, d octri ne
of ass ociate p , .

art icle of tai th d oc tri nc , acce s s ory

art iculate , ap e ak ap p ly
arti fice at tach
fr aud attrib ute , v

art ifi ce r , ar tis t con joi n

arti aan, artie t
accoci ate , n
ar ti - t ic, tactclul ace oci ation
ar tlcaa cand id
,
ac qu ai ntance
clae c

aa b e cauc e
,
accor t, arr ang e
as ce nd , rice as suag e , alle vi ate
aaccnd cncy, vi ctory ass u mption, accur ancc
aaccr t ain, d i ecove r pr e te nce

aacri b e , attribute v , .

al b ea, b ody as s u rance

el r ontcry
faith
impud e nce
aap e ri ty ac ri mony
,
as su re , confirm
aape r ae , alande r s tate

aap h yx i a, etup or as sur e d, con s ci ous

asp ir ation, aim as tonis h me nt, amaze me nt

ambitio n p e rp lex i ty
as tu te
as w e ll als o
aaaai l, att ack , 1:
,

as w ell as , als o
aaaaaainatc kill ,
at e ase comfortab le
aaaanlt, a , attack , a
,
. .
ath e is t, s k ep tic
aaaanlt, n, attack , n . .
ato m, part. n .

aaae mb lag c, comp any

actn
amb lo conv ok e . at o nce , i mme d iat ely
aaae mb ly, compan y,
aaae nt, v , ag re e .

acce nt, n , faith . atr ociou s, b ar bar ouc

aaae r t, alleg e attach

aaacr ti on a ccur an
, cc app e nd
aaacta w e alt h
,

aaae v e r ate alle g e ,

e tatc

aaai d u ity, ind us try

aiduoua i nd uctriouc
aa , attach e d , ad d ic ted
aaaig n, alle g e ad jace nt
attach me nt
app e nd ag e
 “m y. aa a a c O O O O a a a a a a a a a a

re ach
s ucce e d av enue . w ay
attainme nt, p r og r es s av er , alle g e
w is d om av ow
atte mpt a nd e av or a
, .
, e , .

mani pt n end e avor n

, .
, , .

atte nd follo w
,

lis te n
atte ndant acce s s ory ,

atte ntion care , av ocation . b us i nes s

av ou ch, avow
“ at.
“ti rfi , 4 708 0 av o w

s tate
aw ait, abid e
attr action. lov e aw ake , uiailant
attr acti v e , ami able aw ar d, allot
b e au tiful aw are , cons ci ous
p le as ant aw e amazeme n t
.
att l to a
’

fe ar
.
,

attr ibu te , n .
ve n er ati e n
ch ar act e r is tic
aw ful
e mble m aw kw ard
aud acity e l r onte ry
rus tic
,

te me r ity a s ooooooo ax i om
p r ov e r b
b ab b le
b ac k b ite, d ander
aubmr y, a” a“ - s c oooooo
aug us t, aw ful
b ackw ardnes e mod es ty
r oy a l .

au sp iciou s, p r opitious
b ad i nag e , b ante r
aus te re se v e re
b afi s
,

authe nti c
rea l
auth or caus e .

auth or itat iv e , ab s olute

a qu atic
au th or ity , pe r mis s ion
p ow er a r

p re ce d e nt
au th or is ation, p er mi s s io n b e nd compan
. y
auth o ri se d , authe tic n b an di t, r ob b e r
autob io g r aph y, his tory b ane fu l, p e r ni ci ous
au toch th onic pr ime v al .
banis h
autocr atic, ab s olu te
au to m atic, s p ontan e ous bank

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 b ant’ r
 m nr x or S YN O N YM S “M

a s . boom 0 0 0 0 00 a e a s

be come , make
n'
' b u' b w m b e com fl m e a e e e e e e e e e a e e s a
b ar bar ous
be cu r e d or h e ale d , re cove r .

be fall, happe n
b e fi tt ing . b ec oming
co ntr act fl
be toul, d e file
be fri e nd, h e lp
b e g , as k
ple ad
Wall
be ezn ry p ov e rty
.

be g i nni ng
b us i ne ss b e g u ile , ente rtai n
b e h avi o r
ai r
be h old , di s cer n
loo k
be in pos s e ss i o n o f, h av e
v ai n be labor, b e a t
tee s , mod e s ty
belie f , d octrine
faith
fancy
id e a
be li tt le , d is parag e
be lle s le ttr e s , li te r atu re
-

be llow ,ca ll
be mo an, mour n
HG} a rr ay be n d
be ne faction, g i ft
be ne fl ce nce , b e ne v ole nce
be ne fit pr ofit
,

u tility
b e ne v ole nce
me rcy
be ne v ole nt h umane ,

h uman
;

unde r , e nd u re b e nig nity , be nev olence

tb , e nd ur e
be po s se s se d of, h av e
b rutis h b e qu e s t, g ift
b e re av e me nt, mi sfortun e
be r e s tor e d r ecov e r .

i s, be auti ful b e se e ch , as k
l o a o e t a e a pk “ a a a a a a
e e o o s e e e e e e

p ray
b e se e mi ng , b ecomi ng
 I ND E X OF S YN ONYMS

b ri ng i nto b e ing , make .

br ing o v e r , p e r s uade
br ill: lo w e nd, ce as e
b r i ng to p as s, d o
mak e
b ri nk , b ank
b r i s k, ac tiv e
d ef t 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

b e ne vole nce
nimble
b r is k ne s s alac ri ty
,

a e a b ro “ “0 7 0

b rui s e, b eat
b ru sh , cle an se
b r as lt , b lul
b r ut al, b ar b ar ous
b ru ti s h
b r ute , a , b rutis h
.

b rute . n, ani mal

.

b r utis h
p r ow e s s b u cc ane e r , r o b b e r
alte rcatio n buco lic , rus ti c
b ufl e t, b low
cav i ty
b u ild, mak e

b ullio n, money
b ulw ar k, bar ri e r

o o o o o
b u ng ling , aw k w ar d
b uoy ant, h appy
e e e e e e e e e e e a b u r de n, lo ad . 7.
b u r g lar , r obb er
b u rle s qu e , caricatur e

b ur ning , e ag er

li re
b urr ow , cav ity
b ur st br e ak
,

r end
b ur y, h id e

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 wo rk 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .
 I ND E X OF S YNONYMS

b us tling , acti ve
capri ciou s, fic kle
cap tai n c h ie f ,

notw ith s tand i ng ,

co nj
. . captiv ate , allu re
b utch e r , ki ll cap tiv a ting , c h ar mi ng
bu tch e ry, mas s acr e c ap ti ve arr es t
,

b uy, purch ase captur e ca tch ,

carc as s ,b ody
car di nal, p ri nci p al, a .

ov er s ig ht
cab ali st ic, mys te rious
cack le , b ab b le car e e n , tip
cajole , allu r e
calamity, ac cid e nt
n
c ar e fu l e s s, p rud e n ce

car e le s s ne ss , ne g le ct
car e s s

carg o, lo ad , n
caric atu re
calculate d , fit car nag e mas s ac r e ,

car nal b ru tis h

,

carn iv al car ou s e l ,

co nv ok e
e mploy
callow y outh ful
, car o u se , c ar o u s al
call tog e th e r , conv o ke carp at, d is p ar ag e
call upo n , p r ay car p i ng ,
ca p ti o ns

calm, v .
, allay
be h avi or

cal mne s s , ap ath y

p atie nce
r es t

calu m ni ate s land e r ,

can ai lle mo b ,

c ance l

can di d
h one s t car ry th r oug h , d o
ca nd or , v e r aci ty carte l, co n tr ac t
n n law
ca o , cas e , e v e nt
c ant h y p o cri s y
, p r e ce d e nt

cap ab ility, po w e r
cap ab le , ad e qu ate
c uv "
oap acious, larg e
c aste clas s
cap acity, p ow e r cas t i gat e be a t
m oa
,
cap o
06 W“ castle , for tificat ion
mo ne y cast up , add
casu alty , accid e nt
cap itulate , s ur re nd e r
 I ND E X OF S YNONYMS

n
ch a ce , eve nt
1
, catas trop h e

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

ch a ng e able , fickle
eh a ng e tul , fickle
ch ang e le s s pe r mane nt
,

ch an nel w ay ,

ch an t s i ng
,

ch ar ,bur n
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

ch arg e , n,
. car e

lo ad , n .

ch ar i tab le , h uman s
ch ari ty, b enev ole nce
lo v e

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0

r e pr ov e
ch as te ni ng , mis fortune
ch as tise , b e at
ch a n
s te
ch astis e me nt mi s fortune ,

ch as t ity , v i rtue

ch atte r . bab ble

ch e at. ar ti fice
fr aud
h yp ocri te
ch e ati n g , fr aud
ch e c k
h u e, 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

abd m ‘ 0 0 0 0 0

r pr
e oo f O O O O O O O O e s e e s e e
 ch e ck
I ND E X OF S Y NONY MS
co mmon w e alt h

color, s tai n
ad jace nt coloss al, larg e
coma s tupor
,

comb at v attac k
, .
, v
comb at n b att le
, .
,

comb in ation cab al ,

u nio n a a a a a a a a a a a a 0 0 0 .

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 combi ne ag r e e , 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

s s s s s s s s e as s ociate 0 v .
,

attach 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 . 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

comb us tion fire ,

co me afte r follow ,

come to , re ach
come an e nd ce as e
to ,

come to pas s, h ap p en
comfort, ch e r is h
co ns ole

comfor tab le
comi cal q ue e r
, 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

comity frie nd s h ip
,

comman d g ove r n ,

law
ord e r
ove rs ig h t
0 0 0 0 0 0 po w e r 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Q

co mmand e r ch ie f ,

0 Q a a Q comman d i ng ab s olute , 0 e 0 0

co mman d me nt law ,

co mme mor ate ce le b rate .

c omme nce me nt, b e g inning

comme nd atio n . p r ais e 0 0 0 0

comme ns ur ate , ad e quate

re mar k
r e p r oo f
co mme r ce bu s ine ss ,

commin g le mic ,

commi n u te d fine ,

mi nute
commi se r ation pi ty ,

s e mmit
do
commix ,
mic:
co mmo d iou s , co mfortab le
lar g
acad e mw e

co mmon g e ne r al .

mutual
no rmal
u s ual,
co mmonplace , g e ne ral
co mmonw e alth , p e ople
 co mm u ni c at e I N D E X O F S Y NO N Y MS
c o ns e q u e nt

co mmunicate , annou nce co mpliant , d ocile

co mplicate , i nv olv e
co mplicate d , comp le r

communi sm s o cialis m , co mplime nt , p r ai s e

co mmunity as s ociati on ,

pe ople component, par t, n .

commute , ch an ge
comp act, a , te r s e .

comp act , n , allianc e .

co ntr act compose d calm ,

co mp anion acces s ory , compos i te co mple x ,

as s ociate , n . compo s i tion comp r omi s e ,

compos ur e p ati e nce ,

co mp anions h ip , acquai ntance . compoun d comp le x ,

compound i ng , co mpr omi se

compr e h e nd , catc h
p e r cei v e
co mp are , co nt ras t co mpr e h e nsi o n k now le dce ,

comp r omi s e
compuls ion ne ce s s ity ,

compulsi ve ab s olute ,

comp uls ory ab s olu te ,

co mp as s io nate , h umane co mp u n ction r e p e n t ance ,

com p u te , calculate
comr ade , ass oci ate , 10
co n time
,

i nfl u e nce

occup e nd ab rid g m e nt co nce al , h id e

compe nd i ou s te r s e ,

compe n d iu m ab ri d g me nt ,
co nce aled late nt ,

comp e ns ate r e qu i te , co nce al ones e lf ab s co n

d
compe n sation p ay n .
.
co nce d e , allo w
re w ar d
comp e te nce . w ealth co nce it. e g ot is m
co mpe te ncy , p ow er fancy

co mp e te nt ad e qu ate,

comp e tit i on. amb i tio n co nce iv e p e r ce i v e

,

co mp e ti to r e ne my con ce i v e ab le li k e ly ,

c o mp lai n co nce p t id e a
,

comp lain t d is e as e
, . con ce pt io n fancy
,
comp lai s an t fri e nd ly
p olit e co nce r n anx ie ty
,

comp le te , v .
, do
e nd , v .

co mple te a , .
, p e rfe ct co nce r t h ar mony
,

p le nt ifu l
conce s s ion comp romis e ,

comple te d , p e r fe ct concili a tion compr o mis e ,

comp le tion , e nd , n . conci se te r s e

,

comple x concla ve ca b al ,

0 0' 0 0 0 0
'
s o e e o o o e 0
 I ND E X OF S YNO N YMS

e, ce ase conformity h armony ,

confo u nd mic ,

to n , e nd , n.
f
re ute
co nfront ab id e ,

ums ts nce d i s place

l e, co mp any co nfus e d mple x

, co
h e te r og e ne ous
ooe ne c , d e s i re confu s ion amaze me n t ,

ag r e e ch ag ri n
e nce ,
h ar mo ny p e rp le x ity
i on , blo w r e v olut io n

n cong é far e w e ll
,

ov e cong e ni al d e lig h tful

°

nation , r e p roo f cong enital i nh e r e n t ,

le d , te r s e cong lome r ate co mplex: .

h e te rog e ne ous
cong ra tu late
cont ra cti o n co m m .

cons u lts bm nv .

oong ruou s b e comi n g ,

fit
co nje ctur al , lik e ly
con jectur e , v .
, s upp os e
n .
, b e h avi or conlecture m . . h y po the s i s
xlation, conv e rs ation conjoi n apply
,

ra c y, alliance ”
c ia t i on
ll
ra te , acce s s o ry
wi ll ,“ v . co n
juncti on as s ociat ion ,

wi d e , n . unio n
diary co nnect ap ply
,

r ati o n , alliance as s ociate , v

attac h
attr ib ute , v

nfoi n
co

co nne ctio n as s ociation ,

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 con noi sse ur amate ur , 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

co nqu e r
b e at
co ns an g u inity, ki n
c ons ci ous

co ns ciou s ne ss mi nd ,

c ons e cr ate a , .

co nse cr ate d h oly ,

c onse n t v, ag r e e .
,

co n se n t n ,h armony
pe r mis s ion
co nsen t to allo w ,

c ons e qu e nce
d e mons tr ati on
en d n ,

e ve n t
co nseq ue n t con s e que nce ,
 I ND E X O F S Y NO NYMS
co ns e q u e nt ly
o m
P M] .
cr ati , artifice 88
1 88
d e ce p tio n 1 81
cr afty , aci ate 94
14 7
cr ave , ae k 90
20
19 0
805
a, mutual 822
id e nt, eynonymoue 14 6
idin g , eynonyrnoue 2 82
to, co nfirm 8 18
d e cay 2 82
2 85
6 118 6 2 86
232
1 82
cr e w , c ab al 1 85
oo oo
o O cr i me , ab o mi nation 12
4 89
cri mi nal 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 . 1 78
cri mi nality ei n , 0 0 0 0 0 4 39
crite r i o n o o o o o o oo 0 O . 1 79
cr it i c, amate ur 0 0 0 0 0 0 O 61
a 0 0 0
cri tical, captio ue a . O 0 14 0
i mp ortant 29 5
mi nu te o o o o o o o a 0 0 0 O 3 30
criti cis m , f
rep r oo 0 0 O 4 13
cr o ak , c omplai n Q 0 165
crook , b e nd 1 19
cr op , h ar v e e t 0 O . 0 2 72
cr o aa OR, or o ut, ca ce l n 0 0 18 8
cr ot ch e ty, fic kle 0 0 0 0 24 2
q ue e r 89 7
cr ow d, co mp any 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 64
mo b 3 83
d rece , v th ro ng 4 64
cr ow d o ut, d i ep lac e 0 a 19 8
cr u e l, b ar b ar oue 0 O 1 18
cru s h , b re ak 0 ooooo 0 128
1 72
885
cr y, call 13 6
cu d g e l, b e at 1 15
0110, blo w e e e e e a a e a a a a e e e e 12 4
cull, ch ooe e 15 7
mp .l W M 178
cult iv ate d, p olite 3 72
a a o a a a e a a a a a e a
48
a a fl a a a a a a
e d ucati o n 209
e v o

o ooo
o a aa
re fl R GM GM 4 06
ooooooo a a a o afi o a o a a o v

0 0 0 0
culture , ag r icultur e 43
0 0
2 09
e a. re fine m n
t 4 06
cultu r e d , p oli te 3 72
cu nning , a , aetute
. 94
 I ND EX O F S YNO NYMS

cu nning n ar tifice
, .
, de b ate , v .
, de lib e rate
d e ce p tio n re a n v
eo , .

cur b , ch e ck deb ate n alter cati on

, .
,

g ov e rn re as oning
re et rai n d cb auch , car ous al
cur e , r e cov e r de camp , ab s cond
d e cay
cuc‘ r O 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 dece aee , die
dece it, de ce p tio n
curr e ncy mone y ,

curr e nt auth e nti c

,
d ece itful, v ai n
d ece iv e r , h yp ocr ite
de ce nt, fit
d e ce ptio n fraud
n
,

de cide , a
d e cid ed , ob s tinate
d e ciding , i mportant
d e ci s iv e , i mp ortant

d eclaim, epe ak

cy nical , cap tio ue

d aily
d ai nty, d e lici ou e
fine

d am ag e , abuac decompos e , d e cay

d ecor ate ad or n
i nju ry ,

d e cor ous , b e co mi ng
d ang e r
h az ard
d e coy, allur e
d ang e r o us , for mid ab le de cre ase , ab ate
d app e r , ne at d e cre e , law
d ar i ng , b race de cre pit, old
d ar k de cr y, s land e r
mye te ri oue de di cate , ap p ly
o b e c ur e d e vo te
d ar k some , obe cu re de d uctio n, de mo ne tr at io n
d art , e e nd in d uc tio n
d as hi ng . b r av e d ee d , act
d ate ti me
,
tr an sa ctio n
d aub , b le mis h w or k
d au nt, ab ae h d ee m, calcu late
frig h te n e s te e m , v .

d auntle s s , b r ace s upp os e

d aw dling , elo to de e p , aby s s

d ay d re am, d r e am
-

d azz ling , b rig h t de face me nt, b le mis h

d e ad ly p e r nici one
. de fame , ab u s e
d e al appo rti o n
. s lande r
e alc d e fault, neg le ct
dc ath le s s e te rnal , d e fe at b e at
,

d e b ar , p roh ibit co nque r

de b as e ab aco
, de te ct, b le mis h
de b as e me nt, alloy d ete ctiv e , d e pe nd e nt . n .
 I N D EX OF S Y NO NY MS

PAGI
8 10 deme anor , ai r
4 87
de me ntia, i ns anity
ry d e molis h

d cn , cav ity
de nial, ab n eg at io n
d e nomi natio n, nm s

de nou cmcn t, catas t rop h e ,

de no unce , co n d emn
d ous e , ob scur e
de nt, b le mis h
cavity ,
de nunciation , oat h
r e p r oo f

d e p ar t, ab s cond
e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e “
d , a a
s e e e a e e e e e e e e e o e

d ep e nd e nt, n .

de p lo re , mour n
is , pe r ni c i ous d e par tment, be havio r

de pos i t, p ut
d e p os ition , te s ti mo ny
d e p r av ity, s i n
d e pre ci ate , d i s p ar ag e

de pre d ator , rob b e r

t, admi r e d e r is ion, b ante r

"I , s k e tch d e r og atc fr om d is p ar ag e
i cy, si n de s ce nt, ki n
at, d ep e nd e nt , n . d e scr iption, d e finit io n
r e p ort

d is cov er
lo ok
de sec r ate, ab us e
d e se rt, ab an d on
d e se rte r , h e re tic
dese rv e d, con d ig n.
 I ND E X OF S YNONYMS

O O O Q ~ Q O ~ Q OO O O C O

di mini s h , ab ate dis continue , M a

d imi nutive, minute

di r e ct, g ove r n

ord e r

di m m d d ns s , n .

p rud e n
l

ce
w ad e ” Q OO I O O O O OO
di s cr imi nate, ab s tract
dis app rov al, rep roof con tras t
dis appr ov e . object. 0 . d is ce r n
dis arr ang e , dis plac e

catas t rop h e di s mad on . M i en

d is e as e
di sfi g ure me nt. ble mis h
d is g r ace , v , ab as e .

dis car d, re nou nce d i sg r ace , n , s tai n .

d isg u is e , v , h id e .

d is g u ise , n , p re te ns e .

d is g u s t, ab omination
antip ath y
dis h one sty, fraud
dis h onor , v , ab as e .

I IIIIZ
°

dis ch am ab s o lve
. d ish onor , n .
, b le mis h
b ani s h

disc iple , ad h er ent m u . v . . ab hor

co nve rt d is lik e . n .
, antip at hy
s cholar h at re d
di sci p li ne , v .
, ch as te n d i s lod g e , b ani s h
di smal, ble ak
dis cipline . n .
, e d uc ati o n d ark
d i smay , v , fri g h te n
.

d is may, n , alarm .

c h ag ri n

fe ar
d is mi ss , b anis h
sen d
 d i s o b e d i e nt
al e r t
I N D EX O F S YNO NYMS

4 04 distr act, abs tract

di str action, pe rpls ri ty
“an“ ”m,
.

0 0 o s s s s s s a 4 20 . s s s s e s a s s a a a s

4 11
pai n
ab us e 20 p o ve rty
M M 07 .
0 0 0 0 0 4 42 d istr ib ute . allot 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

d is par i ty, dil e re nce 19 4

d is p ass io nate , calm 1 87
d i s pe nse , ap porti o n 82 d i strust , v , d ou b t, v
. .

dis play, os te ntat io n 85 2 d is trus t, n , d ou b t, i t

.

39 d i stur b , dis plac e

d is turb ance , alte r cation
an x i e ty

s t or m
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 d im “ . Ob ‘ M ‘
d iur nal, d aily
d iv e r g e . b e n d
w an de r
di v e rg e nce . d il s r e nes
div e rs i fy. ch ance . i n .

s s s s s s s s s s s s s s a a
di ve r s io n, e n t e rtai n me nt
d iv e rs ity' ch ‘ n ae . a , .

M utation, M ed ian
d is pute , v , r e as o n r
a aaa a
. .
.

di sp ute . alte rcati o n d nle fl aln s s s s s a s s

fe ud d iv id e , allot
dis q uie t. an x i e ty
d i v ne , 12 . am
d is q uiet nd e , alarm i
d iv ne . n
r

fe ar g
d is qu i s itio n, m e e k d iv m o n. part, n
.

“
.
,

ne g le ct to?
o d i sr e
g ard ,

d is s e mb le h id e
,

d is s e mble r , h yp oc ri te
d is se ns io n, alte r catio n mak e
fe ud
d i“ h e re I w
.

5 ° lll r
'

d oc tr i nal,
s

d og matic
d octri n e

d ifl ‘ h ilanty. d i l e r‘ nc a 1aith a a aaa a

“ “
s s s s s s s o a s

d is s imili tude . d il e rcnc e

m m ' “m '
d iss imu lation, d e ce p tio n
h ypo c ri s y

ob s ti nate
M at tias . m m d og ma, d octri ne
d i s so lv e . d e fe r
d og matic
d is tant. alie n.
abs olute
d is tas te , antipath y m m .
d oing act
,

t rans actio n
M “ a"
. . s o s s e s s 0 0 0 0 0
w or k a a s s

e v id e nt d omi cile . h ome

di s tinction ch ar acte ris tic
, d omi nant pri n cip al, a
.

d if e r e nce d ominee ri ng . abs olute

fame d og matic
d is ting u i s h abs tr ac t
, d ominion. pow e r
donation, g ift 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
 I ND E X OF S YNONYMS
111- o b e d i e nt
e Eort

P AC ]
md emn d umb , taci tur n 4 59
rance d uplicate 206
e ntranc e dupli city , d e ce ptio n 18 1
ab ey anc e fraud 256
late nt 3 62
s ling , d e ce p ti o n dur e ee , fe tte r 24 0
nne rs e dur ation, ti me 4 65
dur e aa, fe tte r 24 0
du sk y, d ark 180
o b ecu r e 34 7
d uet, v , cle an. ee 160
d u st , n b od y 125
d ut y 2 07
1 33
s
“fi n d 4 80
dw e ll, abid e 9
d w e lling , h ome
'

28 2
dw i n d le , ab ate 6
d ye , s tai n 44 8
e ach , apie ce 75
ev e ry 225
2 07
eag er ne s s , alacrity 46
2 20
earlie r , p re vi e w 3 82
°

e arn , attai n 99
g et 2 62
earne s t, e ag er 2 07
e e cu r itu 4 31
ear ne st ne s s e nth us i ae m , 220
ble ak e arning pay n , . 85 9
mo b
,

th e pe op le , 2 08
e as i ne e e , eaee 208
e bb ,ab ate 6
e cce ntr ic, qu e e r 89 7
d r i nk u p ab s or b
. 33 1
b out, car o us al ( m any, [ m g clfl y 25 9
3 15
cu te s y, nt h ue iae me 22 0
h appi neu 2 68
e dg e b ank
, 11 1
b ound ary 126
e d i ct, law 3 15
e d u cate , te ach 461
e d ucati o n 2 09
efl ace , conce al 188
e fl e ct, e do 19 8
mak e 82 2
fe ct n
ef , act 27
n
co s e que nce 1 71
2 14
ope r atio n 85 1
efl e mi nate , fe mi ni ne 24 0
fi cacy,
ef pow e r 375
e ff
i cie ncy , p ow er 3 75
ef
fort , e nd e av o r n , . 2 16
i nd us try
 I ND EX OF S Y NO N YMS

e qui vocal
pr e carioue
e qu iv o cati on, de ce p tio n

e r a, ti me
'
d er ad icate , ab cli ch
ag g ran d ize
a , lar g e
p le nt iful
'
ing , ch armi n g m atte. que e r
zg g ran d it e
i t, r e c ord

9, e x ample
ca t ch
allo w , e s pous al,marriag e
co mp le x e rpoua ala, marri ag e
cc e ss ay v end e av or
, .
, , v .

ac h e ss ay, nd e av o r n
n .
, e , .
,

e ss e n ti al i mp or tant
,

i nh e re nt
ne ce ee ary
ne ce ee ity
rad i cal
real
es t ab li s h , co nfir m
make
n v ,
r e as o , .

es tab lis h me nt fou nd at io n ,

e s te em v , .

ad mi r e
e s te e m n , .
,

attach me nt

es th e tic al, tae te ful

mate
es t i , v .
, calculat e
“te e m , v
mt rance m inu te n , n .
, es t e e m. .

m e nt fortificati o n
, e s ti mat ion a ttac h me nt ,

co mmit e s te e m n , .

n
t tr a c e e te r n al
'
d i nfini te
te , calculate e th e r e al, ai ry
tio n, r e cord e nch ar i at , sacr a me nt
e, anno unce e ulo gy p r ais e
k e up h o ny, me ter
e vane s ce nt, t ran
e cie nt

e ve n ,

eve nt
ab r idg me nt co ns e que nce
{me e v e r las ti ng , e te r nal
eve r -
li v ing , e te r nal
e ve ry
e v e ry —
d ay , g e ne r al

e v i ct , banie h
 I N D EX OF S YNON YM S

e v id ence de mons tratio n

, n act
e x e r tio ,

te s timo n
y , ende avor , n.

e vid e n t e x e rci s e
cle ar

e v il, n ab omi nati o n

.
, w or k
in jury ex h aust. ab s o r b
p e rni cio ue ti r e
si n . ex h au ste d , fai n t
ex act mi nute
, ex h aus tin g , d ifi c ult
ex acti ng ab s olute , ex h ib i tio n, ar ray
ex ag g e r atio n car icatu re ,
ex h ilar ate d, d ru nk , a
ex alt ag g rand iz e
, ex ig e ncy, ne ce s s ity
p romo te
ex alte d , h ig h ex is te nt, ali ve
ex ample ex i s ti ng , ali ve
mod e l ,

p re ce d e nt
s ample

ex aspe r atio n ang er

(ul ce r atio n, cacity
e x ce lle nce vi rtue ,

ex ce lle nt fin e ,

e x ce pt to, j
o b e ct, v .

e x ac rp t, qu o te
ex ces s

e x ch a ng e v c h ang e , .
, , v .

e x c h an ge n s ale , , ex pe di te , qu ic k e n
e x ci te i nfl ue nce ex pe d ition, jou rne y
WW W“
.

ex pe d itiou s , acti v e
e x c ite me nt , ‘fl td m ex p e l, b anis h
e x clai m , call
e x culp ate , ab s olv e
ex pe nditure , ex p e ns e
p ri ce
ex p e ns e
p ri ce
ex pe r ie nce , ac quai ntance
e x cu r s ion jou r ne y k no w le d g e
, ,

ex e cr atio n ab o mi nati o n ,
ex p e r t, cle ve r
s k ilful
ex pe r tne ss , d e x te ri ty
c as e

po w e r
mak e ex p ir at io n, e nd n
ex e cu ti o n act ,
ex p ire , d ie
op e r at io n e nd , v .

ex e mplar ex amp le ex p lanatio n d e fi niti o n ,

ex e mplary co n d ig n p ro p itiati o n
i nnoce n t ex p lici t
ex e mplifi ca tion , e x ample cle ar

s ample ex p loi t, act

ex e mpt ab eole e
.
ex p ose , d is co ve r
ex e mp ti on, rig h t, n . ex pos e d ble ak
.

ex e r ci s e ex po s ition, d e finitio n
ex pos tulate w ith , r e p r ov e
ex p re s s, a , . ex plicit
 I ND EX O F S YNONYMS

ne g lect

tai nt h e arte d , afr aid

-

fai nt
fainting , s tup or
te i r ad mis s ible
.

b e autiful
can d id
n
z e ous h one s t
t r y, ex te mp or ane ous fair ne s s jus tic e
,

e, e z te mpo rane ous fai r play, jus ti e c

fai rylik e , ai ry
faith
wt re lig i o n

app e nd ag e faith , art i cle of, d octri ne

faith ful
h o ne s t
. paw m II . . I III I tai th tnlne s s , a lle g iance

jus t ic e
vi rtue

l, s ub v e rt tall, h app e n

d e lus i on
te ll o ut, h appe n
tall upo n, at tack , 0
tain , ab oard
false h ood , d e ce p tio n
fic tio n
falte r ing , fai nt
fame
famili ar , g e ne ral
ue u al
famili arit y, ac quai nt ance

u
, s ocialie m family kin

e nth us i as m
mak e fanci ful
fick le
fancy
d r e am
id e a
i mag i natio n
h i nts - tic, fanci ful
qu e e r
tants s r, d rean
'

id e a
imag i nati on

fare w e ll
tat mi n
-

t ag ri cult ure
,

fas ci nati ng ch armi n g ,

fash ion n air

“
, .
,

h ub
 I ND E X O F S YNONYMS

footp ad, r ob b er
fo otpr int, trace
foo ts te p , tr ace
for , becaus e
long er . rob be r
for be arance. me rcy
p ard on, n .

p atie n ce
forb id , p r oh ib it
fo r ce , v , comp e l
.

mak e
for ce , n, ar my
.

op e r at ion
p ow e r
for ce s , ar my

fore cas t , ant ic i patio n

for e ig n. M a .

fore ig ner , ali e n, n

fore k now le d g e , p redes ti nat ion
fore most, pr incb al a , .

for cor d in ation. pnd e e li n at ion

eat fore s ig h t, M ati as
tur e , ag r icu ltu r e p rud ence
I, v .
, ab ou nd w is d o m
ce e d for e st all, p r e v e nt
i. n .
, os te ntati o n for e t as te , anticip ate
bou nd for e te ll, aug ur
fore th ou g h t, antici p atio n
care

forg i v e, abs olve

p ar d o n, v .

fo r g iv e ne ss , me r cy

for mid able

form or sy ste m of g ov e r n
me nt , p olicy
formula, law
fo r s ak e , ab and on
fm w e ar re nou nce
dine s a. te me r i ty fort, fo rt ificati o n
ab s u rd fo rt h w i th. immed iate ly
ne ss , id i o c y , fo rti fic ati o n
u nd ati o n for ti tud e
p atie n ce
 for t ?“ mnax or S YN O NYMS

fortune , e ve nt
w e alt h 0

for w ard , v , p ro mote . 0

forw ar d , a , p re v io us . O
sen d 0
frig h t, alarm
for w ard ne s s, i mpud e nce 0

foste r , ch e r is h frig h te ne d , afraid

p romo te
foul, p e r nici o us

fe ud .

fr act ion, p art, :

n

fractur e . b r eak
fr ag me nt. part, n .

fr ame body h in d er
.

fu ddlcd . d runk , a .

fr anch is e r ig h t , n .
fug i tiv e , tranaci e nt
,

fr ank b luy .
'

c and id ke e p
h o ne s t fulfi lme nt e nd , . n.

fr ank ne ss , v e rac ity full, d ru nk , a .

fr ate rnity, as s ociatio n

fun, e ntertai nme nt
frau d ,
artific e
d e ce p tio n fu nct io n, d uty
fr ay, fe ud fund ame ntal, r ad ic al
fr ee , abs olve
ner ous funny que e r
g
,
e

s po nt ane o us fur ious , fie r ce

“b eate n r obbar
fr ee h ande d. g e ne r ou s
-

free h e arte d , g e ne r ou s
-

fr e e th ink e r , s ke p tic
fre ig h t lo ad n
. , .

i ns anity fu s ion, alliance

fre qu e nt g e ne ral.

us ual g ab ble , b ab l le -

n
fre sh ne w
. g ag e, s e cu rity

fr e tfu l cap t o s
, i g aie ty , h app i ne s s
f e s ti ve . g ai n, attai n
fr e tfulne ss , ang er
 I ND E X o r SYNO NYMS “m '

M , reach

g ai ns ay , obje c t, v .
g iv e n, addi cte d
g allant, br ave g i v e noti ce of, annou nce
g allantry , p ro w e s s g i v e o ne se lf up , s u r r e nd er

g ang , cab al g iv e ov e r, ce as e

g arb , d res s
g ard e ni n g , ag r ic ult u re g i ve nov e r or up , add ic te d
g arme n ts , d r e s s
g ar ni sh . ad or n

g as , flu id

g le am, lig h t
nv oke
co g le amin g . b ri g h t
g athe r ing com pany . lig h t
g limme r , lig h t
g ay, ai ry g limme ri ng , r ig h t
h appy g li s te ni ng , b ri g h t
g ame, look lig h t
g end er g li ste ring lig h t
,

g ene ral g litte r , lig h t

g litte ri n g , b rig ht O 0

g ne r os ity b ene v o le nce

e , g loomy, ble ak
g ene ro us d ar k
ple ntiful mo r os e
g eni al co mfo rtab le
, g lor io us , b r ig ht
fri e ndly g lor y. fame
g los s ov e r , p alliat e
g low , lig h t

eag er

me e k g oal, ai m
g e ntle nes s me rcy , . en d. n .

g e nu in e au th e ntic
, g o as tr ay, w an d er
h one s t g odline s s, r e lig i o n
g old, mo n ey

g ood , h one s t

aiiésh I I I I I I I I ZI ZII I I I
'

p le as ant,
g ood ne ss . vi rtue
g ood s, 10t

g ood w ill, b e n ev ole nce

fr ie nd s h i p
g or g e , cav ity
g os s ip , b ab ble
g ov e r n
g r ace , me rcy
g r ace ful

6 01370 ” a a s s s s s s s s s s s s a a a a a a
 I ND E X OF S Y NO N Y MS m ° "

h e r d, flock
h e r e s iarch , h e r e tic
h s r eti c
h e r oi c, b rav o

m m . d ou bt, n

j
ob e ct , v .

h e aitati on , doub t, n .

h e te r og e ne ous
c o mplex

h id de n, late nt
mys te ri ous
o b s cu r e

h id e
abs co n d
p alliate
h ig h
s te e p
h ig h e st, p ri ncipal, a .

h ig h r oad , w ag
h ig h w ay, w ag
h ig h w ayme n, r ob b e r
h i nd e r
ch e ck

as s acr e o be t r u c t

pr o h ib it
r e s tr ai n

h indr ance , b arri e r

” p r e car i o us imped ime n t
l
v hi nt, allu d e
s u g g e sti o n
h ir e , v , e mp loy
.

h i r e . n, p ay , n
.

h ir e li ng , v ai n
h is tory

am“, a h it, b e at
m blow
oms h itch , attac h
to, h ome bi n d
h ith e rto , y e t
h oard , amas s
follow h o ar d up , amas s
h o ar y, old
h oide nis h , r us tic
h old , ar r e s t
cavi ty

e s te e m 0
h ave
ke e p
r e s t r ai n
h old b ack , r e s trai n
h old d e ar , ch er is h
h old in, r e strai n
h old up , s upport 0 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .

h ale . cavity
 I ND E X OF S YN O NY MS
i nb o r n

h oline s s , r e lig io n h u r l, se nd
h ollow cav ity hu rry qui ck e n
h oly
p e rfe ct
p ur e h u sb an d ry ag r i cult ure
h omag e , alle g ianc e h yg i e nic, h e alth y
h o me h ypo cr i s y, d e ce p tio n
h o mo g e ne o us alik e h u nt
h on est h y p oc r ite
can d id h yp o cr i t ical, cap ti ons
ho ne s ty, v e racity h y p oth e s i s
id e a
h onor , ad mir e
v .
, fancy
ve n e rate
h ono r , n fame
ju s ti ce ex ample
v i rtue
h o no r ab le , h o ne s t
h o no r ar ium, pay , n .

h oo k ,
h o pe , v an . t ici pate
h op e , n , an .tici p atio n
h ope le ss neu , d es p air
ho riz o nt al v ai n
h orr i b le , aw fu l i g nite , b ur n
ig no r ant
fe ar b r utis h
h o r t i cu ltu r e , ag ric ult u r e i ll, s o rtu ne
h o s t, ar my i ll ad vis e d, ab s u rd
-

c o mp an y ill co ns ide r e d, abs u r d

-

th r o ng ill d e fine d. fai n

-
t
h o s ti le ad v e rs e i lld o ing , s i n
alie n a , . ille g al c rimi nal
.

h o s ti lity ant ip ath y ill to rtune , mis fortu n

o
e
e nmity it u more d, moros e
fe ud i llimitab le , i n fi nite
h at r e d ill info rme d , ig no r ant
-

h o t, e ag e r illite r ate ig no r an
, t
h ou s e , h o me
h ou s ing s , cap ari s o n i ll luck , mi s fo rtune
h ow b e it, not w ith s tand ing , co ni . ll mnt ch c d , i nco ng r uo us
-

h W e v e r , b ut i llne n, d is eas e!
notw i th s tand i ng , co ni . .
ie c at, ab us e
h u g e , larg e illum inate d, b ri g h t
h um, s i ng , illu mi nat io n, lig ht
m m
a a a a a a a a

h u man h um ane am al , br ig h t
h uman e ill u se , ab u s e
-
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

h umanity , b e ne vole nce illu s ion, d e lu s io n

h umb le ab as e
,
illu s tr ate , ad o r n
ab as h
illu s tr ation, alle g o ry
s ample
co nqu e r
ill w ill, e nmity
me e k
-

h u mili at io n ch ag ri n ,

h u mor fancy
,
 I N D EX O F
‘
S YN O N Y MS

impe rti ne nce , impud e nc e

p e rtne s s
i mpe rt ine nt, alie n, a .

impe tuou s , e ag e r

fie rce
imple me nt , tool
imp licate , i nvolve
implicatio n , s ug g es t io n
il icit, late nt
implie d, late nt
imp lor e , as k
ple ad
p ray
imply, allud e
i nvolv e

impo rtant

i mportune. pray

i mpos ing , aw ful

impos ition, d e ce ptio n
fraud
i mposte r , h yp ocrite
impostur e , artifice
fr aud
i mp r e cation, oath
e, nate
ob s t i impre g nab le , formi d able
ri g h t n, . i mp re s sib ility, se ns ib ility

e, p e rmane n t impre s si on, ide a

rallis i on tr ace
nt i nju ry
,
impr i son me nt, fe tte r
imp romptu, e x te mp or an c ous
imp rov e me nt, pr ofi t
p r og r es s

impute , att ribute , v , .

i naction, ab ey an ce
in activ e , idle
s lo w
in addi tion als o ,

inad v e rtne s a , ne g le ct
inapplicab le , a lie n, a .

inappr opriate , ali e n, a

inco ng r uous
inappos ite , i ncong ruous
inasmuch as . because
inatte ntion , ne g le ct
in atte ntiv e , ab s tr ac te d
inaug uratio n, W W
i nb orn, i nh e re n t
 “imm‘ fl 't
I ND EX or S YN ONY MS

in te ns ity , e nthus ias m

inte nt, a , e ag e r
.

i nte nt, n , ai m
.

inte ntion, aim

inte ntnes s , i n d us try

inte r , h ide
inte rce de , i nte rp o s e
i nte rce pt, inte rpo e e

inv oluntar y, spo ntane ous

i nte rd ict . p roh ib it

i nte r e s t, e nte rtai n late nt
i nte rfere , i nte rpose -

i nte rme d d le , i nte rpos e

inte rminab le , e te r nal

inte r ming le , mix

inte rmi ss ion , ab e y ance

i nte rmit. ce as e
i nte r nal, i nh er e nt
m m M .b

inte rrupt. hi nd er
i nte rp os e irre so luti on, d ou bt , it .

o b s t ru r t

i nte rru pt io n, ab e y ance

in th e mid s t of, amid i r r it ate, aal ro nt
irr itation, ang er
inti mate afl ud s
.

intimatio n, s ug g e s tio n iss ue. v .

, ri s e
i ntimid ate frig h te n
, lam e , n
.
, co ns e que nce
i ntole r ance fanatici s m
,

i nto x i cate d d r unk a

, , .

i ntr actab le obs ti nate

,

p e r ve rs e
r e b e llio us
r e e ti ve
i ntr e nch me nt, fo r ti ficati o n

i ntr i ns ic, i nh e re nt
i ntrod uce , alle g e
h azard
i ntr o du ct ion, e ntr ance
i nt r od u ctory, pre vio us
intr us io n, at tac h , n .

i nt rus iv e inquis iti ve

. jocular ity, w it
 I ND EX OF S Y N O N YM S

k eep b ack, r es trai n

k ee p d ow n, r es trai n
k ee p in, res tr ai n
k ee p unde r , r e s tr ai n

i n
, car ous al

k ind h e arte d , h umane

-

k i nd h e ar te d nes s , b e ne v ole nce

-

ple as ant
p r op itio us
i ne s s kindn e s s, b ene v ole nce

k i nd re d , a alik e
ki n

kin g ly . rur al
Ris a, cares s ,
s ag
aci ous ki tch e ng ar de ni ng ,
-
ag r i cultu re
ne aa, p ru d e nce k nack , e as e
k nock , blo w
tis p lace know ing . as t ute

u nio n
acq u ai ntance
e d uc ati o n

laconi c , r e nd
laconi c, te r s e
o n , ap olog y luding , load , n .

lame nt, mou r n

lame ntab le , p itiful
lance , s e nd
land , re ac h
land mark , b ou nd ary

te d , s ag aci o us
ed , s ag aci ous
larg e s s , g i ft
las civ i ou s , brutis h
lash , b low
las ti ng , pe rmanent
 I ND E X S YN O N YMS lat c h
OF

liv e li ne sa, alacrity . ludicrous , que e r

p e rtne ee luminou s . b rig h t
liv e ly, acti ve

k now le d g e
nimble
lust, am tae
livi ng , ali ve
liv ing b e i ng , animal lus tr ous , br ig ht
livi ng cr e atur e , ani mal lux uri ance , e z ce ee
living o rg anis m, ani mal w ea lth
lux u r i ant, p le nt iful
lux u r iate , ab ou n d .

mac h ine to ol ,

m ad nes s i ne anfl y
m “
,

lo fty , hig h max i M ic

mag nanimo ua g ene r al ,

mag nificent, royal

d e ei r e mail arm,

eag er
long -
e nact ing , p atie nce
look ke e p
etate
r ap p or t,

look fo rw ard to, anticipate . .

maje s tic aw ful,

r oy al
mak e
co mp e l
mak e be tte r ame nd ,

mak e h ast e qui ck e n

lot, fl ock mak e k now n annou nce
,

mak e out, mak e

lov ab le , amiable
mak e pri sone r arr ect ,

lov e , u ad mi r e mak e up add ,

make
.
,

l
oa
n n att ach me nt
mak e u se of e mploy
, . ,

mak e v oid cance l ,

mak e w h ite ble ach ,

malad roit aw k w ard,

malady d iacaca
,

low e r, ab ce e male mae culi ne

,

ab ate male d ict ion oath ,

d ie p ar ag e male v ole nce e nmity

mo b
,

low e r clas s-e a, h atr e d

h at red
malig n, abus e
uc i d , cle ar aland e r
ach y , fortunate malig nity, acri mony
en mity
h atre d
nd icroua. a a d
h -
maltre s t, ab uee
 m anao laa I ND E X O F S Y N O N YM S

m ang le r e nd ,

mani a i ne anity
,

mani tce t, cle ar i nquis iti ve

e v id e nt me d dli ng , i nquie iti oe
manife s t ation aig n , me dd le come
n
r e v e lat io me d iate , i nte r po e c
m anifold complex , me d itate , d e lib e rate 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

m anlik e mae culi ne , mee d , p ove rty

manly mae culi ne
, re w ard
manne r ai r ,

b e h avior
e y ete m
mari ne “ ,
add u ce , n .

manni sh m eculi ne ,

manufactu re , make
m ar aud e r r ob be r mclio ratc. ame n d
m arc h e s b ou nd ary , me lo dy
marg e b ank , me mbe r p art n , , .

b o und ary te r m
m ar g in b ank , me mo ir h ie tory ,

b o u nd ary me mor andum r e cor d ,

mar i ne nauti c al ,
me mor ial h ieto ry ,

mar itime naut ical , 339

mar k aim ,

c h arac ter i eti c me mo ry

me nd ame nd
,

tr ace me nd lcancy po v e rty ,

m ark et g ar d eni ng-

, ag ri cu ltu r e
mar riag e
m ars h al arrang e , vai n
me rc ifu l h umane ,

mas k , h id e pr op itiou e
mas k n p r et e nce
, . , me rcile ss , b arb ar oue
m as s th r ong
, me rcy
mae e ac r e p ard on, n .

me re pure
,

me r e ly b ut ,

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 me r ite d co n d ig n
.

me rr ime nt e n te r tai nme nt

,

h app i ne e e f
m ate m o d ule , 1!
, me r ry h appy,

mate ri al i mpo rt ant ,

me tamorph ose ch ang e , o
matr i mony marri ag e , me tap ho r alleg ory ,
'

matte r to pic , me te out allot ,

maudli n d ru nk , a , . me te r
max im prov e rb , p oetry
 I N D EX OF S YN ONYMS mourn

s ys te m mit ig ate , ab ate

l compositi o n, poet ry .

lia, capital
a
nt e r
ce p alliate
ce nte r

mocker y b an te r ,

mod e s y s te m
.

mod e l
e x ample
id e a
id e al
mod e r ate , o ab ate

ch e ck
mod e r ate a , .
, s lo w

mod e r ation , abs ti nence

mod e r n ne w ,

ms . s up e r natur al mode s t me e k ,

ap pi ne s s mod e s ty
I, h ap py mod i fy ch ang e , , v

nture , accid e nt mold b e nd

,

ortu ne g ov e r n
neoue he te rog ene ous mod e l
mold e r d e cay
.

cs , catas troph e ,

molec u le particle ,

i nju ry mole s t ab us e ,

ou s , nicious molli ty allay

pe r
'
,

mome ntar y ran s cit nt .

a a a a a
mome ntou s, unp o rtant
mone tary financi al
a a a a

,
a a a a a a a a a a

oooooo w ealth
mo nomania i ns anity
a a a a a a a a a

mo nstrou s , absu rd
moo d fancy
,

moo r bi nd
,

mop cle an
, se
mor ality r e lig ion
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

v i rtue
mo re o v e r , but
mor os e
s e ve re
mor ne e ne s s acri mo ny ,

mor ti fl cation, ch ag r i n
mortify, ab as h
is p lac e
'

moth e r to ng ue , lang uag e

l ed , inc ong ru o us motio n
l, incong ruo us
d ie p lace
ab s u rd
d ou b t, a .

ab us e
”a“ . a O O a O O O Q O O O O
 mo m; or s vx e x vx s
m° m
d
P AGI P AOB
I mog eneona . hete r og ne
e oblig e , co mpel 1 65
O O ab us ing , ple asant 8 70
aeical, ab s urd p olite 8 72
ob lite r ate , ab oli s h 11
n
ca ce l 1 88
oblivion, par do n , n . 85 6
ob liv i ou s, ab s tr acte d 18
ob n ox ious , pe r n i ci ous 864
ob s cu r e 84 7
1 66
1 80
e qui v ocal 222
my s te ri ous 887
ob se rv an ce s acr a
, me nt 42 7
ob se rv ation r emark . 4 09
ob se rv e , ce le b r ate 150
th s tand i ng , pr e p .
d is ce rn 19 6
ill , ch e ri s h 25 0
I ollo w
b me nt,
.
I ood k e ep 8 10
ob s ole sce n t ob s ole te 84 8
o bs ole te 84 8
ob st acle , b arri e r 118
i mpe d i me nt 29 5
obs ti n ate 84 8
pe rv e rs e 86 6
r e s ti v e 4 17
obs truct 84 9
ory , vai n ch e ck 15 5
a
ce , ab omi nation .
h i nd e r 2 80
ob st ru ction b a rri e r
. 1 18
r, ab oli s h i mpe d ime nt 29 5
noel ob tain , attai n 0 99
er , ca lculate et 2 62
g
er le aa. infinite
p urch as e 89 f
er a p oe try

mh
,
824
Il iaa a n “ P‘ ’W
z g
c
ob tul et l e
a
,
H E 45 1
h e
ob v i ate , p re ve n 88 1
.

t
re ch e ris
16 1
u c atio n
22 6
ac h
14 6
ne nt I ood .
822
io n I ood
,
8 14
88 7
o ccup at i o n bus i ne ss 1 88
e x e rcis e 229
w or k 4 87
oc cu p ie d . in d us tr iou s 29 9
dictum, p r e ce d e nt occup y. ent e rtai n 2 18
v have 2 74
occur , h appen 267
occu rre n ce . ci r cums tance 15 8
e ve nt 2 25
oce an naut ical
. 889
oce anic nauti cal
,
8 89
od d. qu e e r 89 7
r ar e 4 00
ot co ns e que nce , i mp or tant 295
 I ND E X o r S Y NONYMS

P AC .

d og mati c

" t e nty
‘

W 'd w b ’k - n

me rcy
p ardo nable , ve nial

p s r le y, co nver s at io n
parody, caric atu re

overpow e r , co nque r

p art icular , ci rcu ms tance

mi nute
pa rt ing m um . fare w e ll .

p as s ag e of arms , b attle

p as s i ng . trans i e nt
p as s ion , ang e r

p ath e tic, pitiful

p ath w ay, w ay

DI tOil , “W . a a o e o o o a o t a
 s o nt e nt
-

I N D EX OF S YNONYMS

p re dile ction, fancy

p o rti on out, allo t M M a

p o rtr ay al, s k e tch
pos ition, ci r cu ms tance
po s iti v e , ab s olute pre fere nce , alt e rnati v e
d og matic
ra d ical i njury
p r e limi nar y, p r e vi ou s
po sse ss , h av e
po ss es s io ns, w e alth
po ss ib ility, accid e nt
e ve nt
pos s ib le , ad mis s ib le p r e pos s e ss ion. p r ejud i c e
pos tpone , d e fe r p re po ste rou s , ab s ur d
hi n der
p r otrac t
pr es ag e , aug u r
pote nti al, late nt s ign
pote nti ality , po w e r p re s cie nce w i s d om
,

poun d , b e at p re se nt g ift
,

p ov e rty g iv e
po w e r p re se ntime nt, antici p at ion
caus e

pow e r ful, i mp o rtant

p r acti se , v , fo llo w
.

p r acti se , n ex e r cis e
.

h abit
p r acti se d , s kilful

p re cautio n , car e

pr ece d e nt, a , p re v io us
.

p re ce d e nt, n .

h ypocr isy
ex ample
p r e ce d ing , p re vi o u s
p rec e p t, d o ctri ne p re te x t, p re te ns e
pre cip itancy, te me rity p r e tty, b e aut iful
pr e cip itati o n, te me rity p re v ail, ab ou nd
s uc ce e d
p r e cip ito u s , s te e p
p re v ailing p ri nci p al, a
pre ce pt. p r o ve r b
,

us ua l
p re ci ou s r are
pr e v ail o n or upo n. p e r s uade
,

pre c i se , mi nu te
.

p r e v ail ov e r , co nque r
p r e clu d e . p re ve nt
p r e v ale nt. g e ne ral
p roh i b it
pr e co nce p tion, p re jud ic e pre v nr i cation' d e ce pt i o n
p re d e s tinat io n
p re d ic ame nt
p re d icate , s tate
 I ND E X OF S Y N O N YM S

quarr el, alte rcation ra ng e ar rang e

,

fe ud w ande r
quas h , can ce l r ank clas s
,

quav e r , s h ak e r ap, blo w

que e r ra p aciou s av arici ous .

que ll, conque r ra ptu r e , e nth us ias m

que s t ion, v , r e as on, v . . h appi n ess

que stion, n , d ou b t, n . . r aptur ou s , h appy

topi c r ar e 0 0 0 0 0

que s t io nab le , e qu i vocal o b s ole te

quib b le , fallacy
qu ib b lm g , fallacy
qui ck , ac ti v e
ali v e
cle ver
nimble

qu i ck ne s s , alacrity
qui ck at sce nt, s ag aci oue .

qu ic k fi tte d , cle v e r
-

lu i e s oe nce , ab ey ance
rest

mis t , allay
cal m p ow er
re s t r e adi ng , e ducatio n
mi e tne s s
'
, ap ath y r e ady, acti ve
re s t ale r t
qu ie tu de . ap ath y
r es t

qu i t, aband on pu re
ce as e r e ali ty, v e r acity
e nd , v . realis e , do
r e qu i te re a nimate r e cov e r ,

qu i v e r , s hak e r e ap i ng h ar ve s t ,

re a s on v , .

w is d o m
r e as o nab le , ad mis s i b le
li k e ly
re as o nab le ne s s, w is d o m
r e as o ni ng
e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e r e b e llio n , r e v olu ti o n
s s s s s s s s s s s s s r e b e llio u s 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

e e e e e e e e e e e e e re s ti ve 0

e e e e e e e e e e e e e
re bu k e , r e p roo f 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

r e p rov e

r e calcit r a nt . r e s ti v e

rec all. re nounce

r cc mi t , r enounce
r e ce ip ts , p r ofi t
r e ce iv e . g et
r e ce iv e d , au th e ntic
r e ce nt , ne w
r e c ip r ocal, mut ual
 “ PM “ I N D EX or S YNON YMS

recip r oc ate , r e quite

re c ital, h i s tor y r eg ain, recov er

re g al, r oyal a a a a a a a a a a a a a a

re cite , qu o te re g ar d, v , e s te e m, v . Q Q

r e ckle s s ne ss , teme rity lo ok

r e ck o n calculate
,
lo ve
r e cog n i tion k no w le d g e
,
re g ar d, n, a ttac h me nt . oooooo
r e co g n ize confe s s
, m n
e s te e , .

d is ce rn fr ie nd s h i p
re c olle cti on me mory ,
re g e n e rati on ch ang e , , n
r ecomp e nse p ay n , , . r e g ime n food ,

r e qu ite r e g is te r , h is tory 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 O

r ewar d r e cor d O

r e co ncili atio n , pr opi tiatio n r e g r e t, g r ie f C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

r e con d ite , lat e nt mou r n a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a

my s te ri ous re p e ntance a a a a a a a a a a a a a

r e c or d re g u lar co nti nu al
, a a a a a a a a a
ch ar acte r nor mal 0 .

h is tory
r e p o rt r e g u lar i ty, s y s te m a a a a a a a a a

s to ry r e g ulatio n law , 0 . 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

r e cov e r r e h e ar s al, r e p or t 0 . 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

nte r tain
r e cr e ate , e r e ig n g ov e rn
, 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 C

r ecr e ation e nte rtai nme nt

,
r e ig n ov e r g ov e r n , a a a a a a a a a

r est re j e ct r om an
, ce a a a a a a a a a a

r e cr u it, r e c ov e r rej e ct io n a b ne g atio n

, a a a a a a a

r e cti fy, ame nd ha m

r e ctitu d e . jus tice re j oi cin g , h app i ne s s e e e e e e e e

v i rt u e h ap py a a a a a

r e cu p e r ate , r e co t r rej o in d e r , ans w e r

'
t a a a a a a a a a

r e d oub te d . fo r mid ab le r e lat io n , analog y a a a a a a a a a a

r e d u ce , ab ate r e p ort
alle v i ate s to ry

ch e ck r e lat io nsh ip , ki n a a a a a a a a a a

nq u e r
co r e le ase , ab s olv e a a a a a a a a a a a a

r e d und ance ,
circu mlo cu ti on . r e le g ate co mmit
, O O . c c c c c

r e d und ancy , ci r c u mlocu ti on . r e le n tle s s , s e v e r e a a a a a a a a a a

e x ce s s r e le v an t, i mp or tant a a a a a a a a

r ee l, s h ak e r e liab le 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

r e fe r , allud e auth e n ti c 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

app e al r e li an ce , fai th a a a a a a a a a a a a a

at tr ib ut e v , . re lie v e , alle vi a te a a a a a a a a a a a

r e fe r e e , fud g e r e li g i on a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a

r efi n e, ch as te n r e lin qu i s h , ab an d on o 0 0

re fi ne d , fi ne s urr e n d er ooooooo 0 0

r efi ne me nt r e lis h , ap p e tite a a a a a a a a a a a a

fallacy r e lu ctan t O 0 0 0 . a a a a a

r e fl e ct, d e lib e r ate re mai n , abi d e O O 0

r e fl e ct i on, r ep r oo f re main s b od y a a a a a a a a a a a a

r e fo r m ame nd
, t race a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a

r e fr acto ry, o b s ti nate re mar k a a a a a a a a 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

r e b e llio us r e mar k a b le r ar e , a a a a a a a a a a

r e s ti ve r e me mb r an ce m emory , a a a a a a

r e fr ai n , ce as e r e mi n i sce nce me mo ry , a a a a a a

ke e p r e mis s ion p ar d on n , , . a a a a a a

r e fre s h i ng , d e li g h tful r e mi s s n es s ne g le ct , O . 0 0 0 0 0 0

r e fu lg e n t, br ig h t r e mit ,p ard on v a , . . a a a a a a a
r e fus e , re nou nc e re mn ant, trace
 I ND E X OF S YN O N YM S r e s p e ct

PAG
re mo ns tr ate complai n ,
r ep roach , v .
, re pr ove 4 14
r e mon str ate w ith r epr o ve , . re proach , n ble mis h
.
, 124
r e mo rse r epe n
, tance 4 18
re p rob ate , v .
,
nd e mn
co 1 68
n oat h
r e prob at i o , 84 6
re p rodu ct io n d upli cate , 206
r e pr oof 4 18
r ep r ov al r e proof
, 4 18
re pr ove 4 14
168
co nv ey
d is place renou nce
ex te r mi na te r e pug nance antip ath y ,

r e mu n e r ate , r e qui te hatr e d

r e mu n er a t ion, p ay , n re p ug nant, incong r uous
am
.

W ill ” .

b r e ak r e p utati o n , ch ar acte r
re nd er , mak e
re nde r ing , d e fin i tio n re que s t, v .
, app e al
ren eg a d e , h e r e tic
re new a l, ch ang e , n .
p ray
re qui re , males

re nt cavity
,
r eq uis i te , ne ce s s ary
re nunci atio n , ab neg atio n

re p artce , ans w er

r ep ay, re q uit e
re pe al, ab olis h

r e pe at, qu ote
re pe l, d r iv e res e ntful re s tiv e
,

re s e ntme nt an g er ,

re pe ntance hatred
re p i ne complai n
,

ple nt iful
r e p le te , re s e r v ati o n , ab eyanc e
re p li ca, d uplicate
re p ly, an s w er

re p or t r e se r v e d , tac iturn
re po r t, v annou nce
re p o s e , rest re si de nce , ho me

re p r e he nd , re p roe e r es ig nation , p atie nce

re si s t, d ri ve
h i nd e r
s k e tch
re p re s e ntativ e , d e le g ate re so lu te , ob s ti nate
re p r es s , che c k
re s tr ai n
rep r i mand . r e proo f
re pr ov e
re pr oach , v .
, abu s e re spect, v .
, ad mi re
 I N D EX OF S Y N O N YM S

se ll, co nvey se t up . arr ange

se mb lance analog y , se t upo n attac k , , 0 .

se ve r , b re ak
ren d
se v e r ally, ap ie ce
0 a o s s s s s s s s s s s ‘ w cr o
co n

moros e
se nsele ss ab s urd . se v e r ity, acri mony
se nse les s ne ss id iocy , se x , g end er
s h ackle , v .
, bi nd
se ns ib le , co ns ci ous sh ackles , n le tte r
.
,

p h y s ical sh ad ow y, d ar k
s ag a ci ous v ai n
se ns i tive fins , s h ad y, dark
s ensi tiv e nes s s e ns ibility ,

sh am h y pocri s y
nce
,
s e aw , v .
, co n
de mn sh ame n ab omi nation
, .
,

s eaw atio ns , te rs e n
ch ag ri
se ntie nt be ing , animal sh a me le s sne ss , e l r onte ry
s h ape mak e ,

s h ar e , v appor tio n
.
,

s h are , n, p ar t, n
.

p o rtion
sh arp , a s tute
b i tte r
cle v e r
ser e ne , cal m fi ne 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

se r ious , i mportant
se r mon , s p e e ch s te e p
se rv i ce , pr ofit s h ar p ne ss acri mo ny
cr ame n
,

sa t acu me n
sh ar p w i tte d ,
-
s ag aci ous
se r vi ce able ne ss , utili ty s h ee n , lig h t
set , v .
, arr ang e sh e e r , p ur e
s te e p
s h e lte r , v .

set, n .
, clas s ch e ri s h
fit s h e lte r , n d e fe ns e
fl ock s h ie ld , n d e fe ns e
s et ap art, allot s h e lte r
de v ote s hift, v .
, ch ang e, v
h o ly co nvey
set as id e ab oli s h , sh i ft , n fallacy .
,

s et fi re to b u r n s h itt i n
,
g fallacy ,

se t forth s tats .
fic k le
s et fre e , ab s olve s h i mme r lig h t ,

se t i n or de r ar rang e shi mme r in

.
g b rig h t ,

s et on fi r e , b u rn s h ine li g h t
.

s e t out plan t , s h ining b ri g h t ,

a t r ie h t, adapt lig h t
se ttle , co nfirm s h iv e r , b re ak
s h ak e

se ttle me nt . co sp r o n mis e s h o ck blo w.

se ttle w i th , re qu ite colli s io n

set to ri g h ts, ad apt s h or e , b an k

 I ND E X OF S YNONY MS

s ofte n alle vi ate

, 58 s peck , ble mis h
ch as te n 15 5 s pe culation h ypoth es is ,

s oil, v., d efile 184 spe culativ e , acade mic

s tai n 44 8 s pe ech
l oll, n .
, b le mis h 12 4

s old ie r s , army spe e d, n a .

, m
s o ld ie ry , army qu icke n

s ole mnity , sacr a e m nt sp i cy , racy

sp ir it, ch ar acte r

mi nd
sp ir ite d , racy
s p ite , e nmity
an x i e ty h atr e d
cars sple ndid, br ig ht
soli tud e . r e ti re ment
somb e r , da rk s p le ndor , lig h t
so ng ,poe try s p le ne tic , captions
s oot h e , allay moros e
s plit, b re ak
s poil, d e cay

s orrow n .
g r ie f
s pot, n ble mis h .
,

s tai n
s potle ss innoce nt ,

pure
sp ons s l marriag e,

sp onss ls mar ri ag e ,

sow e d WM m enace
S p ree . d e r m al

h e alth y
sour , b itte r
“i t “
m or os e
a"?
sour ce , be g inni ng
ni mb le
sp ri ng , v ri s e
s p r ing ,
n b eg inni ng
.
,

sp s r i ng fr ug ality
,

s p s rh le ,lig h t
sp a rk ling b ri g h t .
cm!
s p asmod ic , fick le st ab le , p e rmanent

s p e ak
s tai n
s pe s k in g, s p e e ch sta in v . .
, d e file
s p e ak to , a d d r e ss v . .
s ts i n n , .
, b le mis h
sp e ci a l ple ad ing , fallacy s tai nle s s . i nnoce n t
.pe c ie , m cy p e rfe ct
m ”“ i at. .
p ur e
stamp out ab oli s h .
s

s te nch . fait h ful

 sta nd ar d I ND E X OF S YN OB YMS
r

s ur mi s e

sta nd ar d , cri te rio n str aig h tforw ard , ca nd id

s tr aig h tv y, i mn
su d iately
s tr ait, p r e d icame nt
s tr a nd , bank

ob s truct b attle
res t fe ud
ste adfast, pe rmane nt str ik e, b e a t
ste al, abs tr act s tr ipe , blo w
steal aw a y, ab s c ond st ri ve , e n d e av or , e .

ste al ofl , ab s co nd s tr o k e , b lo w
mis fortune

ste r n, s e ve r e ng h old fo rtificatio n

st ro ,

stick , attach s tru g g le end e av o r n

, , .

st i cki ng , ad he s ive stub b or n obst i n ate ,

sti ck y, a d h e s i ve p e rv e rs e
nil . m or e r e s ti ve
mama b le mis h
. stu de nt , s ch olar
s till, v , alla y
.
s tu d y , ed uc at io n
s till, a , ca lm.

still. con } b ut s tu p or
notw i ths tand i ng stup id , ab s urd

stillne ss , ap at h y

stipe nd , p ay , n
.

s ubd iv i s io n , p ar t, n .

s ub d ue , ch as te n

sub d ued , me e k
j
s ub ect. v con
.
que r
,

s top , n re s t
fi
s ul e c n alleg i anc e
.
,

x
o
amas s
,
st o re u p ,

s to r m 1: attac k ,
mb
,
inh e re nt
stor my b le ak
s ub jo in 4, “
appe nd
,

s ubju g ate , co nqu e r

s ub me r g e , i mme r s e

submi s s ion , pati e nc e

 I N D EX OF S Y NO N Y M S
““ d ‘ r d

PAGE
ve ,
. d ocile summary ab rid g ment ,

su mmo n arr aig n ,

co nv oke
su m up , ad d

su nde r , b r e ak

su nny b ri g h t
,

su ns h ine
br ig h t ,

su per ab un
d ance , e x ces s

0 0 0 0 0 0 0

late , co nfir m
;e , v .
, ch ange , v . .

. n d e le g at e
e, .
, s upe r fl u it y. ex ce s s

um fou nd a ,t io n s u pe rh u man, s upe r natu ral

tu r e fou n d atio n,

g e ar tif
i ce
,

s upe r nat ural

n fanatici s m
s upe rs t it io ,

s upe rve ue happe n ,

o n , s u bsi d y s ub ve rt

supple , active
s upple me n t, ap p e nd ag e
s upp licate , as k

s upply, g i ve
11, for tu nate

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

s upport , n .
,
h e lp

s uppor te r , ad h e rent
s upp os e

s uppre ss , ab olis h
h id e

s u b v er t
s up r emacy v ictory ,

supre me ab s olute ,

p ri nci p al a , .

su r e au th e ntic
,

s uret y. s e cur ity

sur mi se , v .
, doub t, v . .

s u p p os e

sur mi se , n h yp othes i s
.
,
 I ND E X O F S YNO N YMS

tr anquil. calm
tr anqui lise , a o y a
tr anquillity, apath y
re s t

transac tio n

tr ans ce nd e nt, trans ce nd e ntal

tran s ce nd e nt al

tr ans ti g u r e , ch ange, v .

trans form, c ha ng e . 0 .

tr ans fo rmati o n, ch ang e , n .

trs ns g rc ss , br eak

trac e trans ie nt
to ler ab le , ad mis s ib le
tole r ate , abide
tr ans i tio n, ch a ng e , it .

tr ans itory, tr an
s ie nt

co nve y
to r me nt, p ai n nd
se

to rp id, late nt tr ansmu tati on ch an ge , , it

to rp o r , s tu p o r tr ansmute ch an ge, v , .

to r tu re , p ai n tr ansp ar e nt cand id ,

to tal, r ad i o at
-
cle ar

to ttc r , s h ak e e vi d e nt
to uch i ng, pi tiful
to uch s to ne , cr ite ri o n

tou ch y, c apt io n s

tour jou r n ey

to w , d raw
to w e r ing . h ioh t rav e st y, cari c at u re
trace U ns c h e ry fraud
lre s s o n, frau d
tre s s u re , ch e ri s h
tre at, fe as t
tr an s ac t

tre mb le , s hak e

tr eme nd ou s, [m
idab le
tre n ch e s, fortific ati on
tre s p as s attac k n
, , .

trial e n
. d eavo r , n .

tr s ln, te ac h
tr ai ne d, s kil ful
tr aining , ation
e d uc

tr ait r h o m r te r is tia
,

tr ance d r e am
.
tr ib ute , su bs id y
 I N D EX OF S YN O N YMS

tw ink ling , b rig h t

tw i nk ling , li g h t
tw is t, b e nd
ce p tio n tw o, b oth
typ e , e mble m 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

amp le
ex
mod e l
s ig n
upp i ness typ ical, nor mal
tyr annical . ab s olute
tyr o , a mate ur 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

umbr a ee pique
.

umpire fud g e
, 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

O O O O O O O O O O O unador n e d , cle ar O O O O O O O O O O

unad ulter ate d p ure , 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

unanimity, h armo n y
O O O O O O O O O O O O un as s u mi n g , me e k O O O O O O O O

un as su re d p re cario us
,

un avai ling v ai n , 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

un av o id ab le , ne ce s s ary
un av o id ab le n c sa, ne ce s s ity
un belict. d oub t, n .

nnbe licr cr, s ke ptic

unb i as ed , cand id
un b idden s p o n , tan eous
un b le mis h ed , pe rfe ct
pu re
un b o und ed, i nfi nite
u nb r ok e n, conti nu al
unce as i ng , co nti nual
nal
e te r

unce rt ain fic k le ,

e qu i v ocal

pre cario us
u nce rt ain ty, d ou b t, n .

un ch an g cs h le , p e r manen t
u nch ang i n g , p e rmane n t
unciv il. blul .

un civ ilis cd , b ar b a r o us
uncommo n, que e r
r ar e

“ comi nunicatlv e , taciturn

unoo mpre llc ndcd, late n
t 0 0 0 0 0

n npx o
u co u mis ing , lfl f re
-
'

un co nce rn apath y ,

u nco nd itio nal ab s olute ,

u ncon di ti one d i nfi nite ,

abs olu te
uncong e niallty , antip ath y
unconn ected , alie n, a .

unc onqum ble , obet inat q

unco ns c iou s ne ea, d up e r
u nco ntrollable , r e b e lli o us
unco rrup ted , pu r e
uncou th . aw k w ar d
b ar b ar ous
 u ncr e at e d
I ND E X OF S YNONYMS

upr ig h t e l n , W

n
u p sh ot, eo s e qus nes

p er s uad e
w ad o a s a a o a a a o a a o o a a a

unaerv i ce able , v ain qu ick en a a a a o o s a a a a s a o a

u rg e ncy , ne ce ss ity
I r es e ts “ ur g e o n, d ri ve
"am t,
M b "
us ag e , hab it
u se , apply
m 00 0 0 1 fi b a o o a s a s o o a

u sele s s , n
vai
u s e up , employ

uns u llie d, pu r e
untainte d , p u re

utmo st, e nd, a .

O tte r , mu a s a a a o s a a s s a a s

utte rmos t, e nd , it.

v acate , ca cel n
‘m
v aci llating fickls ,

vacu ou s , vaca nt
v ag r a ey,n fancy

vai ng lor y , p r ide

unyi e lding , ob s ti nate vale , cavi ty
“v.“ . . O O O O O O O Q O O O O O .

vali a nt br ave
,

valor, p row ess

O . O . value, ch er is h
0 . M ‘m , ”a a o o a o o aa o a o a a

p ri ce
0 0 0 . 0 .
””a
valu e le s s , vai n
 I ND EX or s y non
u ni t y
y ms
3m m“ d c, "
va nity , v i ce , si n
v ic ious , cri mi nal
va nqu is h , b e at r e s ti v e
co nque r v ici ou su e s a s in
,

v ic i s s i tud e , ch a ng e , n
v ar i able , fic kle v icti mize , abus e
var ia nt
h e te r og e ne o us
, v i cto ry
v ar i ati on , ch a ng e , n . v ic tu als , food
d i l e r e nce v ie w , look
v ar ie ty , ch an g e, n v ig i lance , care
d i l e re ncs v i g ilan t
v ar i ou a ,
h e te r og e ne ous ale rt
v ar y , c h an g e, 0 . v ig or ou s , acti v e
flu ctuate h e alth y
v ast, s e v e re
v au nt os te ntati on
, v ile , b ru tis h
v au n t ing os te ntati o n , c ri mi n al
v ee r fl uc tuate
, v ilify ab us e
.

ch an ge 0 , . s lan der
w an der v illan y, ab omi nati o n
v e h e me n ce e nth us i as m , v in d i cate av e ng e ,

v e h e me n t e ag e r , v in d icati on, ap olo g y

v e il,hid e v iola te , ab us e
p alliate v iole n t, fie r c e
v ena l v ir i le , ma s culi ne
v ene r ab le , old v i rtu e
ve ne r ate jus tic e
ad mi r e v i rtu ou s , i nn oce nt
v ene r ati o n pu re
ven g e ance , r e ve ng e v i rt uou s ne s s , v i r tu e

v eni al v i ru le nce , ac ri mo ny
ven tu r e , h az ar d v ir u le nt b i tte r
,

v entur e s ome b r av e , v i s c id , ad h e s i v e
ve nture s ome nee e , te me ri ty v i s cou s, a d h e s i ve
v e r acity v i s ib le , e v i d e nt

v e r b al p h y s i cal
v e rb iag e, ci r cu mlocut i on v i s io n d r e am,

v is io nary , fan ci ful

v e rb o s e , g ar r ulous v ai n
v e r b os ity, ci r cumlocu ti on v i s i t, ave n ge
v e rd a nt . rus ti c v i s it atio n , mis for tu ne
v e r g e, b ou n d ar y v iti ate , de file

v e r it ab le , auth e n tic v it up e r ate , ab us e

re a l v iv aci o u s , ali ve
v e r ity , v e r aci ty v iv acity, a lac ri ty
v e r nacu lar lang u ag , e v ocab u lar y, d icti on
lang u ag e
v e r se , me te r v o cal, ve r bal
p oe t y r 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 v o cat i o n b us i ne s s
,

v e s ti g e , tr aes v o ci fe r ate , call

v e st me nts . d r e ss v o id , aby s s
v acan t
v ow , oath

vex at ion ang e r , v o y ag e jou rne y

ch a g ri n v u lg ar i s m, s lan g
v ia nd e lo od , v ulg ar ity s lan g .

v a l “. PW . n .
 I ND EX
szfi
' z
S YN ON YMS
or
, i m u

w e ll manner ed,
-

p olite
w ell 06 ,
,
comfo rt able
w ell -

p rovi d e d, co mfo rtable

w e ll to do , co mfor tab le .

w he n ce , th er e fo re
w h e re fore . the r e for e

w h im, fan cy

w h ims ical, fickle

qu e e r
w h ip , b e at
m , re p ro ve w h it, p article
w hite n ,
ble ach
w hi te w ash , ble ach
w h o le som e, h e althy

w i ck e d ne ss , ab omi natio n
I
‘
M M‘ ab lut io n
,

wa
. s s ail, car ous e l id e , larg e
w
w id e aw ak e , acti v e
-

e x ce s s ale r t
va nt
ca v i g ilant
was te fu lne ss , ex ce s s w id e n , amp lify
w atch , ab ide w ild , ab s u rd
look b le ak
ht
ov e rs i g fi e rce
w atch ful, ale r t w ile , artifice
vig ilan t p re te ns e
Watch fulne se , care w ilful, p e r v e rs e
ov e r s i g h t w illing , s p on t an e ous
w av e , s h ak e w h , d h n
w av e r , fl uctuat e attai n
s h ak e co nqu e r
w av e r ing , fick le g et
w ay s ucce ed

d i r ectio n
w ayw ar d , p erv e rs e
w ea k , fai n t
w ea lt h
w e apo n , to ol w insome , amiable
w e apo ns, arms
w e ari e d , fai nt w ipe ex term i nate
w ear ou t, ti r e
w e ar y , ti re
w e d d ed . ad d ic te d

“ h is , d elib e r ate

d e lig h tful ab s tract

w e ll, h e a lth y w ith er , d ie
w e ll b e h av e d , p oli te
-
w i th h o ld, k e ep
w e ll b r e d , p olite
-
re s t rain
w e ll d i sp o se d, fr ie n
-
d ly w i t h ou t d e lay, i mme di ate ly .
 ant i c i p at i o n
I ND E X OF ANTONYMS c o m p lac e nc y

19 . car ry , 4 33 . cle ar, 16 7, 1 81, 222 , 232,

15 0 . e as t aw ay, 15 7 . 35 0 .

tr y , 15 0 . cas t d ow n , 456 . cle ar ne s s , 306 .

'
d, 300 . c as ti g ate , 3 5 6 . cle v er , 107 .

'
ul, 104 . cas t o u t, 1 7, 15 7 , 438 . cle ve r ne ss , 45 1 .

25 9 . cas u al, 302 , 34 1 . cling to , 8 2, 1 77 .

41 . caution , 2 2 0, 4 62 . clo ak , 1 7 0 .

330 . cod e , 173 . clog , 398 .

2 17 . c e lib acy , 3 23 . c los e , 2 6 1 .

do w n 2 17, 4 5 6
, . ce ns u r e , 76 , 3 77 . cloud , 4 19 .

up , 178 . ce n te r 12 7 . . cloud i n e ss , 4 19 .

231 . ce r t ai n 19 2 22 , 3 78
. . . c loud y, 1 62 .

15 8 . ce r t ai n ty , 2 5 , 1 8 7, 2 02 , clo w ni sh , 3 73 .

3 00, 8 14 . 2 03 , 2 3 5 , 2 3 7, 2 4 4 , clow nis h n e ss , 3 4 , 4 07 .

12 4 , 18 0, 1 8 1, 2 75 , 2 8 7, 380 . clums in eu . 34 .

ce s s ati on , 28 . clums y, 4 5, 1 16, 162 ,

i cy, 2 89 , 4 5 1 . c h afe 4 22, . 2 4 6 , 34 4 , 4 4 2 , 4 6 1 .

i t, 1 8 1, 2 3 2 . c h an ce , 1 79 , 3 7 8 . co ar s e, 2 4 6 , 3 73 , 4 6 1 .

l, 4 73 . ch an g e , 249 . co arsenes s , 4 07
ed 4 73 . . ch an g e ab le ne s s, 3 00 . co incid ence 63 , .

i ng , 4 73 . ch an g e le ss , 2 4 3 . cold, 73, 2 08, 2 5 7, 4 00 .

4 33 . ch aos 459, . coldn e s s , 2 20, 4 3 4 .

2 5 4 , 2 84 . ch ar g e , 1 6, 76 . co lle ct, 82 .

3 73 . c h ar ity, 6 8 . colle cte d , 4 1 .

ty, 12 1, 3 6 8, 4 07 . c h as te n , 35 6 . colle ct iv e ly , 75 .

for ce , 3 30 . ch as t i s e , 3 5 6 . colon ize , 2 3 1 .

18 8 . ch as t is e me n t, 3 9 1 . color , 12 3 .

i p, 23 l . ch e ck , 3 8 8, 3 9 8 , 4 2 9 . comb i n e , 18 .

ng , 16 2, 4 4 2 . ch e e r 5 19 1, 4 15
. . . come i n to b e i ng , 19 4 .

5 .
ch e e r ful 124 . . come i n to v iew , 1 4 .

70 . ch e e r le ss . 16 3 . come to li fe , 19 4 .

2 19 , 2 9 0, 4 73 . ch e e ry , 12 4 . come s h ort, 2 00, 4 5 4 .

8 . ch e r is h ( syn for ab an . comfort , 14 6 , 33 1, 3 5 4 .

l b y, 2 9 3 . d o n) , 3; ( syn for . 3 80, 4 12 .

i ble , 2 3 7 . ch as te n) , 15 5 . co mman d, 9 0, 389 , 4 2 1 .

tte 102 . . ch e ri s h , 4 , 12 , 2 0, 2 3 1 . comma nde r , 2 4 .

tte d 237 , . 4 12 . comman d ing , 3 68 .

i t io u, 2 5 , 22 0 . ch ie f 2 4 , 4 1
, . comme n ce , 1 5 0 .

4 1 , 2 08, 4 5 0 . ch ill, 5 7 . comme n d , 16 5 .

a ss , 4 7, 62, 74 , 2 2 0, ch i me ri cal. 2 9 4 . comme n d ation , 4 14 .

ch o ice 34 2 , 3 78 . comme n d atory, 14 1 .

1 71 . ch ole r i c, 3 2 6 . common , 2 82, 39 7, 4 5 5 .

89, 182, 2 86 , C h r is t ian, 4 4 1 . common place , 2 3, 106,

ch r on icle , 5 3, 4 5 1 .
2 3 7, 4 5 5 .

r o f h e av e n, 2 2 ch u r li s h commo n s e n s e, 23 , 2 89
65
.
.

co mmot io n
.
,
ty 2 89 4 17
ch u r lis h n e s s, 12 1
, .
,
late 1 73 co mmun
.

icati ve , 4 60
ci r cumfe r e n 15 0
, .
.
ce
latio n. 182 ,
co mp a ctn
.

e ss, 15 8
mscr i b e d 300
.

ci r cu
.

io us , 2 3 3 com m nions h ip , 4 19
.
,

cir cums pe ct i on 4 62
.
.

h y, 3 16 ,
co mp an y, 4 19
.
.
.

I 4 . 4 62 .
citad e l, 12 7 .
comp a s s ion 4 20 .
,
or , 2 0 .
cit ize n , 48 .
comp ati b le , 29 8 .

is , 14 1, 208, 3 05 , c ity -
li ke , 426 .
co mpe l, 16 .

ci v ilize d . 1 13 . compe l ( syn for hi n d er ) , .

ss ne s s , 44 , 6 3, 74 , clai m 4 , 1 1, 9 0, 4 12
. . 2 80 .

cla ss i fy , 19 8, 333 . compe n s ation , 2 64 .

(s yn for afl r out ) . cle an , 184 . compe te n t, 4 74 .

n
cle a s e , 184 . compla ce n cy, 3 67, 4 12 .
 m p lai nt
IN D EX co
A N TO NYM S
OF
am nc li nat i o n
n , 4 78 . de pr e s si ng , 1 87 . dis afi e ct ion 5 2 , .

24 3 . d e r ang e , 3 1, 87 . di s ag r e e , 4 3 .

2 02 , 3 80 . d e r ang e me nt, 4 5 9 . d is ag re e ab le , 65 , 1 6 3.
4 3, 1 5 7, 3 88, d e s ce nd , 4 2 5 . 3 70 .

de se cr ate , 19 2 . dis ag r e e me nt, 67, 2 72 .

i s it io n 4 71 . d e s e rt, 4 5 6 . d i s allow , 5 5 .

25 . d e s e rt e r , 35 . d i sappo in t , 4 29 .

32 . de s e rt ion, 182 . d i sappo inti n g . 187 .

IO . d e s i g ning , 13 9 . d i sappo intme nt, 4 79 .

38 . d e s ir e , 9 , 1 3 . d is app ro b ati o n , 3 77 .

3 62 . d e s ir e ( s yn fo r . antip d i s ap pr o v al, 3 77 3 9 1 , .

300, 4 79 . may ) 72 . . d i s app r ov e , 7 5 5 . .

9 9 , 4 12 4 4 3 , . d e s i r ous 4 09 , . di s arr ang e , 3 1, 8 7, 2 4 9

9 9 , 1 80 . de s p air , 71 2 1 7 , . 459 .

se , 2 11 . de sp air o f, d i s arr ay, 204 .

.i al, 4 05 . d e sp atch , 1 84 . dis aste r , 4 79 .

zy , 2 2 8 . d e s p ic able 1 06 25 2 . , . dis av ow , 78, 105 , 1 70 .

3 6 2, 3 72 . d e s p is e , 3 7, 1 5 0 4 76 , . d i s b and , 1 78 .

60 . d e s ti tu t ion, 2 2 8, 240 , d is b e lie f, 2 3 3 .

39 6 . 4 85 . d i s car d , 9 7 .

nt, 1 1 . d e s tr oy , 1 71, 2 00, 4 5 6 . d i s ch ar g e , 85 , 88, 1 78 .

11 . d e s t r u ctio n 3 88 4 79 , . . di s claim, 7 8, 105 , 1 5 7 .

38 . d e t ach 79 , 9 7, 2 4 9 , 3 3 3
,
. dis clos e , 2 79 .

d 116, 3 6 2, 4 6 1
, . d e tac h e d 3 6 , 3 3 7 , . d isco m fort, 208 .

50 . d e te r , 7, 5 7, 3 01 36 5 , . d i s compo se , 3 1 .

d e te r io r ate , 6 d i s co nce rt, 7 .

42 . de te rminat io n, 2 02 . di sc o nne ct, 79 , 9 1, 9 7,

d 2 80 , . de te rmi n e 102 . . 101, 3 07 3 3 3 . .

as 39 9 , . d e te r mine d , 2 00 2 4 3 ,
. d i s conne cted 36 3 3 7 . . .

ti o n, 2 8 . d e te s t, 3 7 4 8 . d i s conne ctio n, 4 71 .

1 1 3 2 75 , . d e te s tati o n 8 0 , . d is co nte nte d , 1 6 3 .

13 15 1, , 35 4 d e tr ime nt 3 8 8 . . d i s co rd , 5 4 , 2 72 .

d e v e lo p 6 , 2 3 1
, . d i sc ou r ag e , 7, 2 76, 301,
d e v e lo pe d 3 1 5 , . 3 65 .

e, 3 6 " d e v e lomm nt 1 4 7 2 89 , , . d i scou rt e ous , 3 73 .

4 . d e x te r ou s , 1 07 . d is co v e r , 2 79 , 4 5 7 .

4 78 d ie 4 06
, . d i s cov e r ( sy n for h ide ) , .

11 . d i ffe r , 4 3 . 2 78 .

I, 456 . d iffe r e nce , 8 3 2 72 , . d i s cov e ry , 2 87 .

r ali le . 19 . d i fi e r e nt 4 9 , . d i s cre d i t, 2 36 .

r ate . 102 . d i ffi cu lty 2 08 , . d is cr imi nate , 3 3 3 .

r at e d ,
19 . d ifii d e nce 2 10, 2 1 1, 2 9 7,
, d is cus s io n 1 6 8
, .

rat io n, 1 07, 2 3 5 , 3 5 3 36 6
, . d i s d ain, 4 76 .

'
d ifl u se 4 63 , . d i s co r d 2 75
, .

43 . d i g ni fie d , 3 6 8 . di s e ng ag e , 79 , 3 3 3 .

n
ess , 36 6 . d ig ni fy , 4 . d i se ntang le , 3 07 .

233 , 3 6 3, 39 1 . d ilato r y, 3 4 4 . di sti g u re , 88 .

w , 7 . d i lig e nt 2 9 0 , . dis g o rg e , 17 .

at io n 3 77 , . d im, 1 62 . di s g r ace , 4 2 , 2 3 6 .

i 5 5 78 9 0 101
, , . , d imi ni s h 3 2 , . d is g u i se , 1 70 .

170 4 2 9 4 5 0 , . . d imi nu ti v e , 3 14 . d i s g u s t, 80 .

9 4 01 , di mne s s , 318 d is g u s ting , 116 , 4 6 1

PP . 2 2 1 . d iplo matic 139 . d i s h ab ille , 2 04 .

on 2 01 . . d ire ct, 167, 89 . d i s h o ne st , 2 83 .

u p o n 2 01 . . d ir e ctne s s 15 8 . . d i s h o ne s ty, 309 .

16 0 . d i r ty 3 4 0 3 9 6
, . . d is h o no r , 4 2, 15 0, 236
42 , 64 . d i s adv ant ag e 3 8 8, 4 73 . 4 76 .

'
d . 2 80 . d i s affe c ted 2 5 7 . . di s incli nation, 4 6 .
 d i s i ncli ne d
I ND E X OF ANTONYMS

a for b e g in
. ning ) . e x cite , 5 1, 4 18 . fair d e aling , 182 .

e x cite d, 13 8 .
fairne ss , 89 , 25 6, 304 .

e x cite me n t, 74 , 4 17 . fair p lay, 304 .

ex clusion . 22 1 . fair w e ath e r 4 5 0 , .

ex cresce n ce . 149 .
faith fulne s s, 804 .

e x cu se , 8 5 4 15 , 4 2 0 , . faith le s s 2 3 3 2 83 . , .

e x e cution 289 , .
fall 1 15 1 73 , 2 1 7 4 25
, , ,

e x e cr ate , 37 . falle n 2 5 4 , .

e x e r cis e , 8 . fallible , 3 62 .

e x h aus t e d , 2 75 3 7 2 , . falling b ack , 3 88 .

e x h ib it, 2 79 . falling 00. 88 .

e x h ume 2 79 , . fall s h ort, 4 5 4 .

e x i st 78 19 4
, , . fall s h ort of, 1 4 6 .

e x i t, 22 1 . fall u nd e r , 14 5 .

nt 8, 1 1 18 71
, , , .
e x on e r ate , 85 169 , . fals e , 1 03, 283, 2 83 .

fals e h ood . 4 8,
'

e x o tic 8 8 6 . .

e x pe ctan cy 19 1 , .
false ne s s , 4 78 .

e x pe ct at ion 6 2 19 1 , , .
fals i ty 4 78 , .

e x pe d ie n t, 4 74 .
falte r , 2 17 .

e x p e d ite 15 6 1 84 . , .
famili ar , 89 7 .

e x pe l 4 3 8 , .
fami n e , 24 0 .

e x p lanat io n 4 2 4 . .
fan 5 1
, .

e x pli ca te , 307 .
fanci ful, 4 02 .

e x p li cit 3 15 , .
fancy, 179 .

e x plo d e d 103 , .
far fr om, 65 .

e x p o se , 7 2 79 , 4 3 8 , .
fas h ionab le , 73 .

e x po s e d 8 15 , .
fas t 14 4 , 24 0
, .

e x po s ur e , 204 .
fast e n, 12 8 .

e x pu ls io n 2 2 1 , .
ld S i inz 2 4 0 . .

e x te n d 6 , .
fate 2 5, .

e x te r n al 3 02 . .
fat im e , 220 .

e x ti n g u is h 1 3 2 , .
fat u ity, 3 4 , 4 86 .

e x t i rp ate 3 69 , .
fault y, 362 .

9, 13 .
e x to l, 2 0 4 4 8 , .
fav o r , 4 , 2 0, 14 6 .

91 . 2 03 .
e x tor t 90 , .
fav o r ab le, 89 . 8 64 , 4 09 .

d . 25 7 .
e x tr aor d i n ar y 4 72 ,
. fav o r iti s m 3 09 , .

me nt . 9 8, 3 9 1 .
e x tr a v ag a nce , 2 5 9 .
fe ar 71 , 39 4
, .

4 71 .
e x tr ic ate , 3 07 .
fe ar ( s yn for fort itude ) . ,

c, 14 1 e x tr i n s i c 3 02 . .
253 .

2 0, 1 86, 4 4 3 .
e x ude 17 , .
fe ar fu l 12 8 , .

tl 4 . e x u lt, 337 .
fe ar le s s, 4 1 .

nu 300 . ex u lt atio n, 15 1 .
fe e ble 2 5 2 , 2 9 6
, .

$7 . fab r i catio n 4 78 . . fe ch le nc s s, 3 76 .

26 . fab ulo u s, 103 , 4 02 . fe e ling 74 , .

23 , 4 5 5 . facile 19 5 . .
ft ig ne d 4 02 . .

ng , 4 71 . fac ilit ate , 35 0 . fe llow cou n tryman

-
,
48 .

2 3 5 , 2 8 7, 3 80 . fact, 5 3 , 18 7, 2 03, fe llo w fe e ling , 72

o
.

2 2 2 , 3 15 . 2 3 7, 244, 2 8 7, 2 88 ,
fe llo w s h i p, 4 19 .

289 8 8 1 , . fe mini ne ( s yn for mas .

fai l 1 8 100, 1 15
,
1 78, . ,
culi n e) 32 3 , .

200, 2 17, 4 06 , 4 5 4 . fe r oc ity, 3 6 8 .

faili ng 2 75 . . fick le , 2 3 3 .

fail o f 1 4 6 , 3 6 1 . . fickle ne s s 800 , .

failur e 22 8 , 3 5 1 , 4 79,
. fi cti o n, 4 78 .

faint 2 1 7 . . fi ct it ious 1 03 . .

faint h e ar te d 1 2 8
-
, . fi e r ce 13 8 3 2 6
, , .

fai nti ng 2 75 , . fie r y , 82 6 .

fai r , 14 1 . fille d , 4 78 .
 I ND E X OF AN TO NYMS

le av e 1 5 7, 3 5 2 , 4 01
. . lov ing , 3 3 6 .

le g aL 178 . lo w 2 80, 4 5 0
, .

le g alize , 12 . low e r , 4 2 .

it lS ll l t 4 8 7 '
’
, . lo w li ne s s 2 9 7 3 8 5
, , .

le ng t h y 4 6 3 . . lo w ly, 1 6, 106 .

le nie ncy, 6 8 . lo yalty 4 2 1 .

le ni e nt, 1 6, 1 70, 4 35 . lucid 18 1 2 22 , .

le nity, 6 8 . lu cid i ty , 806 .

le s s e n, 32 . lu k e w armne s s, 2 20 .

le t, 3 8 9 . lu minous , 1 8 1 .

le t alo ne , 3 06 . lump , 14 9 .

le t b e , 3 06 . lu s cio u s , 122 .

le t g o , 100, 1 4 5 , 1 4 6, 1 5 6 , lu x ury , 2 5 9 .

2 16 , 4 5 6 . ly i ng , 2 8 3 .

le t loo s e 4 1 8 , . mag ni fy 6 5 3 , , .

) 4 , 32 8 . le v e l 4 5 0 . . maid e nh ood , 82 3 .

39 . le w d 3 9 6 . main b o d y, 80 .

451 . lib e r al 104 . maintain, 4 , 13 9 , 4 12 .

lib e r ali ty, 2 5 9 . mak e , 1 8 8 .

3 06 . li b e r ate , 8 8, 1 5 6 . mak e ( s yn for ab oli s h ) , .

y, 806 . li b e r ty, 3 5 2 . 1 1 : ( s y n fo r b r e ak ) , .

70 . li ce nse , 1 1 , 1 5 6, 3 5 2, 88 9 . 1 2 8 ; ( s yn for d e mol .

3 06 . li e , 4 78 . i s h ) , 1 87 .

3 06 . li fe g i v ing 8 64
-

, . mak e k now n, 2 79 .

t , 70
a . li fe le s s , 5 0 . mak e me rry, 3 3 7 .

th e r , 82 . li g h t 1 8 1, 19 5 , 2 9 6
, . mak e su re , 102 .

3 36 , 3 66 . li g h t h e ar te dne ss , 74
-
. mak e w or se . 5 3 .

lik e , 9 2 78 , . malad ro it . 4 4 2 .

lik e ne s s , 1 9 5 malad r oitns n, 3 76 .

limit, 3 93 . male v ole nce , 12 1 .

limi te d , 1 6 , 300, 3 14 . malig nity, 1 31.

li s t, 1 8 7 . man, 69 .

li ste n, 13 7 . manag eab le, 405 , 4 1 8 .

li te r al, 23 7 . mane uv er ing , 13 9 .

lite r alne s s , 24 4 . mani fe s t, 232 . 370, 8 15 .

li tt le 800, 8 14
. . mar, 38, 64 , 200 .

liv e 1 9 4
. . marre d. 363 .

lo ath ing , 80, 2 24 . mas culine ( sy n. for fe mi

lo at h s ome , 186 . nine ) , 2 4 0 .

lofty, 3 2 6 . 868 . mas k , 1 70 .

log ic 2 35 , . mas s , 35 8 .

log i cal, 19 . mate rial su buana , 830 .

lone line ss , 1 65 . matte r. 69 , 3 30 .

lo ng , 4 6 8 .

long su ffe r in
-

g , 68 . mat ter o i fact, 23

- -
.

loo se , 86, 1 2 1 , 15 6, 2 4 9 me ag er 3 6 2
“
. .
,

loos e n 1 56, 9
. . moan, 106 2 61 280, 29 6, , ,

lo quaci ou a , 45 0 . 8 14 , 8 72 , 4 2 6 .

loq u ac iou ane a a, 8 35 . me as ur ab le , 300 .

loqu acity , 3 85 . me e k , 16 .

los e , 100, 14 6, 1 73, 36 1 . me e kneaa, 2 97 885 .

4 54 . melanch oly. 187 .

los s , 3 88 . memo ir, 4 5 1

n
.

lov e , 9 , 6 8 . me nd , 128 , o .

lov e ( syn for antip ath y ) , . me nd acious . 3 83 .

72 ; ( s yn for e nmity ) , . me n d acity, 4 78.

2 1 8 ; ( syn for h atred ) , . me nd i cancy, 4 85 .

2 73 . me ntal, 3 67 .
 m o r o ns - ane s I ND E X OF ANTO NYM S
PN 'Y

me r cile s s ne s a , 3 68 . mound 14 9 . . ob ed ie nce 4 2 1 , .

me rcy . 4 20 . mount 22 14 9. , . ob e d i e nt 84 9 4 05 418, , , .

me r it or iou s 1 78 , . mountain 2 2 1 4 9 . , . ob e y, 2 65 .

ne re tr i ci ou s 4 6 1
'
, . mour nfu l 187 , . ob j ect io n , 868 .

miC POM” ) p i c 3 14 , . mov e 9 , . ob lig at e , 1 6 .

mig h ty 3 68 . . mov e me nt .
4 17 . ob li g at i on , 8 16 .

mi g r at e 9 . . munifi ce nt , 1 04 . ob lig e , 16 .

ni ld 1 6 12 4 1 70
, , , , 24 4 , my st e rious ( s yn for . ob lig in g , 3 66 .

3 3 0 4 35 . . c le ar 16 1 ) , . ob liv i o n , 2 3 6, 327 .

mild ne s s 2 7 68 , , . mys te r iou s , 16 2 . ob liv i ou s , 4 80 .

mi nd 6 9 12 6
, , . mys te ry, 4 19 . o b liv i o u sn es a , 327 .

mi ne r al 6 9 , . nak e d ne s s 2 04 , . o b lo qu y , 3 77 .

mi nio n 15 7 . . narr ativ e 5 3 , . o b sc e n e , 89 8 .

mi no r 2 9 6 3 8 7
. . . nar row 3 00 3 14 3 72
. , , . ob s cu r at i o n . 4 19 .

mi nute 3 14 , . nativ e 4 8 , . o b s cu r e ( syn for .

mi nute ( sy n for lar g e ) , . nativ e b or n inh abit ant

-

, cle a r), 16 1 .

3 13 . ob scu r e , 162 , 227 .

mis app lie d 24 7 , . natur al 3 9 7 4 5 5 , , . ob s cu ri ty . 2 86, 318 .

mi s app ly, 3 1, 19 2 . natu r alize d pe r s on , 48 . o b sole te ( syn for m l. .

mis app r e h e nd , 3 6 1 . natur e 102 , . 84 3 .

mis ap pr e h e ns io n, 3 12 . nau s e ou s 1 86 , . o b s ti n acy . 4 12 .

mis ap p r op r iate , 19 2 . nec e ss ity 2 5 60 . . , 2 75 , o b st in ate . 2 00, 326 .

mis calculate d 2 4 7 , . 3 16 . o b s tru ct, 7 , 3 98 .

mi sc alculat ion, 4 86 . ne ct ar e d 122 , . ob tu se , 4 2 8 .

mi s car r i ag e 4 79 . . ne ed 1 3
. , 2 2 8, 2 4 0, 4 8 5 . ob t u s e n esa , 29, 263 .

mi s c ar r y 2 00, 4 5 4 . . ne e dle ss , 2 9 6, 84 1 . ob v io us , 2 3, 167 , 233 .

mi s co nce i v e 8 6 1 , . ne g le ct, 4 4 , 14 2 , 1 5 0, o c cult . 22 7 .

mis co nce p ti on, 3 12 . 2 00, 2 1 6. 800, 3 19 , oc cu p ie d 29 0, 4 73

, .

mi s co ntr iv e d 2 4 7 . . 4 15 . occu py 4
. .

mis e r ab le , 1 6 3 18 7, 2 5 4 , . ne g le ct ( sy n for c ar e ) .
. od io u s , 1 16 .

mis e r ly 2 6 1, 3 72 , . 14 1 . o ffe n s e , 76 . 3 9 1 .

mi s e r y , 4 8 5 . neg le ctfu l, 4 80 . o ffe n s iv e 3 70. 4 61

, .

mi s fit 3 1 . . ne g lig e nce , 4 4 . 14 2, 3 00 . o ld ( s yn for n . e w ) . 343

mis fi tte d 2 4 7 . . ne g lig e nt, 14 1, 2 08, 3 4 0, ( s yn for youthful) .
.

mi s fl tti ng 2 4 7 , . 4 80 . 4 88 .

mis t iv ing 9 4 , 2 3 3 , . ne g lig ib le 29 6, 3 8 7 . . o mit, 2 16 .

m is jo m 3 1 . . ne it h e r , 12 6 . omis si on , 14 2 .

mi sju dg me nt, 4 86 ne w , 73 3 8 6 o n h an d. 1 9
'
. . . .

m is p lace 3 1 . . ne w ( sy n for old ) 3 5 0 .

. . o n th e con tr ar y, 58 .

mi s s 100 14 6 , 2 00, 3 01,

. , ne v e rt h e le s s 5 8 1 1 7 . ,
. on th e o th e r h an d. 58 .

454 . ni ce , 1 18 . op aqu e 16 2 .

mi su nd e r s tand ing 3 12 , . nig g ar dli ne s s 12 1 . o pe n 350 .

mi s u s e 19 2 nig g ar dly. 2 6 1, 3 72 Ope ni n g , 114

m
. . .
,

mi x e d 3 9 6. . nig h tly, 1 79 . op e n ne s s . 89 , 182, .

mod e l 2 07 . . nob le , 182 3 6 8 . . 3 81 .

mod e r ate 1 70 3 00 4 00 . , , . noctu r nal 1 79 . . ope r at ion , 8 .

mod e r n 78 3 8 6 . . . no nch alance . 74 . op in i onate d , 2 00 .

mod e s t 3 2 5 . . none . 12 6 . oppon en t, 2 4 , 35, 93.

mode s t y 2 10 2 1 1 2 9 7 . , , ,
no ne s se nt ial. 2 9 6 34 1
-
. . 1 03 .

35 3 . 3 6 6, 3 85 . no one 12 6 , . op po se , 4 3 , 2 7 6, 450 .

mod i s h 73 , . nons e ns e 107 , , 4 86 . oppo se r .2 4 , 92 , 103 .

mons t r o s ity 4 2 9 , . not any 12 6 . . oppo s iti on , 9 8, 273 368 .

.

mons tr o u s 34 5 . . notw ith st and ing . 5 8, 1 1 7 . opp r e s s i on. 3 16 .

mor al 1 78 86 7
. , . normal 89 7 , . opt ion , 34 2 .

mo r ality 4 3 9 . . nov e l 3 86
. . op t io n al 3 4 1 , .

mo r os e 6 5 . . nudity 2 04 . . op u le n ce 25 9 . .

mor tal 4 77 , . numb ne s s 4 84 . . ord ain me nt, 2 5 .

mo tion 4 1 7 , . obd ur acy, 4 12 . ord er , 1 9 8 , 889 , 421.

 I ND EX O F ANTONYMS
s h oe
r o t e ot
f or t h

s ell, 39 5 .

se n d out, 1 7 .

se n se , 289 , 4 5 1 .

se n s e le ss , 1 6 2 , 4 28 .

se n s e le s s n e ss , 2 6 2, 4 86 .

se n si b le , 19 , 2 3 7 .

se n s ib ility, 74 , 4 5 1 .

se n s itiv e n e ss , 74 , 2 10 .

se n s ua lity , 18 .

n 85 6, 89 1
, . se n te n ce , 35 6 .

i on, 3 88 . se par a b le , 3 5 .

se p a ra te, 86, 79 . 9 1, 9 7 .

101, 1 78, 3 07, 33 8,

887 .

se p ar ate d , 33 7 .

se p ar at io n , 5 4 , 9 2, 9 8,
27 2 4 71
, .

s e re n ity, 4 5 0 .

se r fd om, 8 16 .

s e r iou s n e ss , 4 8 7 .

se rv a nt, 15 7 .

serv ice , 803 .

s e rv i ce a b le , 864 , 4 74 .

se t vile, 4 2 6
-
.

se rvi tud e , 3 16 .

se t , 4 25 .

se t a bou t, 15 0 .

l, 19 4 . s e t fre e , 85 , 88, 12 1, 24 9

th e d e ad, 19 4 . 4 18 .

se t g oing 15 0
, .

s e t i n ope r ation , 15 0 .

s e t in or de r, 198 .

s, 19 8 . s e t on foot . 15 0 .

s e t out, 4 01 .

3 69 . se t s ail, 4 01 .

M , 3 4 0, 4 61 . s e ttle , 10 2 , 2 8 1, 4 2 5 .

se t tled , 2 43 , 3 78 .

se t up , 12 .

se v e r , 9 1, 9 7 , 101, 833 .

sev e r an ce , 9 8, 4 71 .

se v e red , 387 .

se v e ri t y, 3 2 8, 3 68 .

se w , 4 10 .

l, 3 88 . s h ade , 3 18 .

s h ad ow , 8 1 8 .

s h ak e , 1 71, 2 4 9 .

4 17 . s h ak e oil, 14 5 .

s h allow , 9 4 , 3 00 .

s h ame . 4 2, 2 86 .

sh arp . 139 .

s h atte r , 1 71 .

s h e lte r , 9 9 , 1 80 .

s h e lt e red , 12 4 .

s h i e ld, 20, 9 9 .

s h i ft le s s , 4 4 2 .

s h in ing , 1 8 1 .

s h o ck in g . 116 .

2 89 , 45 1 . ( 011 k , 1 7 .
 I ND E X O F ANTONYMS

s h ort , 2 80, 800, 8 14 . 862, s moth e r . 18 2 . ste ad fas t , 243 .

3 72 . sob e r . 2 06 . ste a d i ne s s . 6 2 , 15 3 .

sh o r tcoming 22 8 , . sob r ie ty , 14 4 , 4 8 7 . s te ad y , 2 4 3 , 87 8 .

s h orte n 89 3 , . so ci ab i lity, 885 . s te rn ncs s, 3 2 8, 868 .

s h ort nes s 15 8 , . soc ie ty. 4 19 . st i ck, 2 5 0, 4 22 .

s h ort s ig h ted, 9 4
-
. s oft, 4 85 . s t ifl e . 182
s h ow , 2 79 . soil, 1 1, 12 8, 16 0 . n
s till e s s , 336. 44 7
, 450 .

s h re w d , 189 . soile d . 84 0 .

s h r in k ing , 12 8, 2 10, 35 8 . so ili ng 11 , . st ing y 2 6 1 . , 372 .

s h r ou d i n g , 4 19 . s o ilu r e , 1 1 . st int 4 29
. .

s h un, 9 , 3 8 . s olace , 8 5 4 . s tir , 5 1. 4 1 7 .

sh y , 82 5 . s old e r , 12 8, 4 1 0 . s tir up . 5 1 .

s h yn e ss , 9 4, 210, 2 11, sole mn i ty. 4 8 7 . st itch . 4 10 .

8 66 . so lid, 2 8 7. 4 7 4 . s to ici n , 6 2 .

s ick , 2 75 . solitud e . 9 2 , 1 65 . s tolid. 9 4 . 2 08 .

s i ft. 3 88 . soluti on , 4 24 . stolid ity, 4 8 7 .

s ile n ce , 4 4 7 . solve n cy, 1 12 . s to ny , 4 5 , 2 08 .

s ile n t, 2 60 . some ti me . 2 9 8 . st op, 88 8 .

s illi n e s s , 4 86 . s oph i s m, 1 07 . s to pp ag e, 888 .

s i lly 4 28
, . sort . 19 8. 8 88 . stor m 74 , .

s imila r, 27 8 . sor t out. 8 3 8 . stor my ,

s imila r ity 19 5 . . sotti s h , 4 28 . s tout, 24 6 .

s i mp le , 2 8, 16 7 , 42 8 . s ou l. 6 9 , 126 . s tr aig h t forw ard, 28 .

s imp li city, 89 , 182, 88 1 . soun d , 19 . 2 87. 4 74 . s tr ai n 4 17 ,

s i nce r ity , 89 , 1 82, 286, sou n d ne s s, 1 12 , 1 9 8, 2 85 , st r aite n, 4 2 9 .

88 1 . 2 89 . str aite ne d . 8 72 .

s in g u lar 26 1 , 84 5 . 4 72 . . s o ur . 65 . s tr aite ned c ir cu msts n

efl .

s in k 2 17, 4 06, 4 2 5
, . s o v e r e ig n ty 4 2 1 . . 4 85 .

s in le s s ne s s , 4 8 9 . s p ar i n g . 3 72 . s tra ng e 4 7° ,

s k e p t i ci s m, 2 8 8 . s p ee ch le s s , 2 6 0 . s t r ang e r 92 .
,

s k ilful 107 , . s p e ec h le s s n ess 44 7 . . s tr e ng th 19 8 . .

s k i lle d 29 0 , . spe e d , 15 6 . s tr e ng t h e n 1 8 , .

r la nd e r 8 77 , . s pe n d 61 . . s tr i fe ,
168 .

s lan t i ng , 2 84 . s p ir it , 6 9 , 12 6 . s tr ong , 2 3 2 3 78 . .

s la v e r y , 8 16 . s p i r i tle s s 50 . . stub b or n 2 00, 32 6 . .

s la v is h 4 26 . . sp i r itu al, 3 6 7 . s tub b o r nne s s , 4 12 .

s le n de r 3 14 , . s po i l . 8 8 6 4 , 1 6 0 2 00 . , . s tu d i e d . 231 .

s li d e , 4 22 . s p o ile d 3 62 , . st u n te d , 2 80 .

s lig h t , 1 4 2, 1 70, 19 5 , s p u r iou s , 108 . s tu p id 2 8 4 7 94 , 162.

. . .

29 6 3 14 ,, 8 19, 4 00, s p ur n 4 76 . . 2 08 4 00, 428. .

4 1 5 4 5 0, 4 76 , . s q u ande r 6 1 . , 19 2 . s tup id ity . 2 9 , 3 4 4 6 262. , .

s li p . 4 22 . s q u alo r . 4 85 . 8 78 4 8 6, 4 87
. .

s lo p i n g , 2 84 . s t ab le . 24 8 . 8 78 . sm r d in e st , 198 .

s lo th 8 00
. . s tai n 1 1 12 3
. . ,
1 60 . s tur d y 2 32
. .

s lo u ch y , 84 0 . st ai ned 39 6 . . st yli s h 78 . .

slo v e n ly, 84 0 . s t aini ng 11 , . s u b alt e r n 15 7 . .

s low ,2 8, 4 5 , 4 7, 1 62 , s t ale , 4 00 . s ub d u e 13 2 . .

34 4 . s ta nd 4 2 2. . su b j ec t, 387 .

s low ( s yn for nimb le ) , . s t and as id e 3 06 , . s ublime 3 68 . .

34 4 . s t and aw ay 3 06 . . s u b mi s s io n 99 , 4 21 . .

s low n es s, 46 . st an d b ack 806 . . s ub m is s i v e 1 6 24 4, 848. . .

s lu g g i s h , 2 8, 4 5 , 4 7 , 84 4 . st an d las t 2 5 0 . . 4 05 4 18 . .

s lu gg is h ne s s, 4 6 . s t and i ng 1 12 . . m hmis s iv e ne ss 29 7 , .

s ly, 1 39 . s tan d 03 806 . . s u b mit, 2 65 .

s mall 3 00, 8 14 , 3 72 st an d one s g rou nd s ubo r d in ate , 15 7, 381

'

. . , 14 . .

s me ar i ng 11 , . s t ar t,15 0. 4 01 . s ub s e qu e n t 3 88 , .

sm i r ch i ng 11 , . s tarv e 429 . . s ubs e r v ie n t 4 05 . .

s m oo t h ness 27 . s tay, 14 , 1 5 2 , 2 5 0, 388 . su b s id i a r y 302 . 387

, . .
 I ND E X OF ANTO NYMS

( mate r i al) , tr actab le . 34 9 , 4 05 , 41 8,

4 85 .

102 , 2 08, 2 88 . tr ai ne d, 290 .

ll, 19 , 4 74 . tr aito r , 8 5 .

tr aitorous , 2 83 .

trans it, 1 14.

tr ansp ar e ncy, 286 .

tr ans p are nt, 18 1 .

t re ach e rou s , 28 3 .

tr e aso n, 5 2 .

tr e at. 18 .

tr ial. 4 00 .

tr i ck y, 139 .

triflin g . 170, 19 5 , 29 6,
814 .

tri umph , 1 5 1, 83 1. 8 87 .

tri v i al, 1 70, 195 ,

814 .

85 8 . tr ouble, 174 , 2 08 .

tre es . 114.
'
l , 1 01, 888 .

38 7 . tr ue, 19 . 287 .

*
d 3 02
”
, .

tr uth . 89 , I , 1 87, 2 35 ,
287, 24 4 , 2 5 6,
88 1 .

tru th fu lnes s , 2 8 6 .

tumult , 4 17 .

tur b id , 16 2 .

tu rb u le nce , 74 .

tur b u le nt. 1 38 .

u g ly , 1 16 .

unass u ming 32 5 , .

una ttr act iv e . 1 16 .

u nauth or iz ed . 1 08 .

unaw a r e . 173 .

un b e comin g . 118 .

un be lie f, 288, 4 09 .

un b ind. 12 1 .

un bo lt, 2 4 9 .

nncare d for. 34 0 .

unce rtai nty . 34 2 .878 .

uh chs am ble n eas . 15 8 .

un ch an g ing 24 8 , .

2 88 .
un ch aste 396
. .

12 , 2 0, 99 , 189 , unciv il. 873 .

uncle an, 89 6 .
 I ND E X OF AN TO NYMS “ comb i ne d
ze ni t h
w ag e s 264 . . w isd om, 2 89 .

w aiv e 4 50 , . w i se , 19 . 2 9 0 .

w an t, 18. 22 8, 2 4 0, 4 85 . w it h dr aw , 82 , 80
w an tonnes s , 18 . w ith dr a w a l, 22 1 .

w ar , 5 4 , 16 8 . w ith h old.
w ar fa re . 2 7 2 . w ith out,

w ar in e s s. 22 0, 4 62 . w i th s t an d , 5 5 . 99 , 2 76 .

w arli k e . 25 7 . w itle ss . 16 2 .

w arm, 12 4 . w oful. 187, 2 54 .

19 . w ar n , 57 . w ood e n , 45 .

82 8. 85 6 , 3 9 1 . w arr an t. 103. 889 . w on d e r , 71 .

82 6 . w as h . 1 84 . w or dy, 4 6 8 .

me . 4 1 . w as te . 6 1, 1 92, 2 5 9 . 888 . w ork , 2 2 0, 4 17 .

182 . w ast e d. 2 7 5 . w or k i n g , 290 .

168 . w aste ful. 10 4 . w or ldly. 282 .

l7, 2 03, 24 4 . w as te fuln e ss . 895 .

w or n 2 75
. .

37 . w av e ri n g , 2 88 84 9 . . w or n dow n 2 7 .5 .

2 08 . w ay. 1 14 .
w or n ou t . 2 75 .

w e ak 2 5 2 2 75
, . . w or ry, 2 08 .

w ea k e n 1 71, 2 4 9 . . w o rth le ss , 85 , 29 6, 84 1.
w e ak n e ss , 3 76 . 862 .

w ea lth 2 59 . . w ort hle s sn e ss . 4 78 .

w e ar in e ss 220 . . w orth y, 4 74 .

n 877
. . w ea ry 2 19 . .
w oun d, 174 .

4, 20, 4 12, w e ed ou t, 36 9 . w ra th . 89 1 .

w e ig h a nchor 4 01 , . w r ath ful. 188, 826 .

w e ld 128, 4 10
. . w r an g le . 16 8 .

w e ll b re d
-
4 26 ,
w r an g li ng , 1 68 .

w e ll d is pose d
-
22 1 , . w re ck , 4 5 6 .

w e ll in
-
formed 2 9 0 . . w re tch e d . 16 8, 187. 2 5 4 .

w h ite . 18 1 . w r e tch ed ue ss . 4 85 .

w h ole . 80 85 8. 4 2 9 , . w r ite . 1 89 .

w h ole some , 864 . w ri tte n , 2 81 .

w ick ed . 2 82 . w r on g . 76. 809 , 4 81 .

w i ck e d n e ss , 4 09 . 4 81 . ye t. 5 8. 1 17 .

w ide aw ak e , 1 9
-
.
yie ld 178. 2 17, 2 6 5
. .

w id ow h ood , 828 . yie ld ing . 16. 84 9 , 4 05 ,

w ild. 1 88 . 4 18. 4 85 .

w i lful, 2 00, 826 . youth ful (syn for old ) , .

w illi n g . 4 09 . 35 0 .

w ily. 139 . ssn lth . 22 .

A New C r e at i o n F r o m Cov er To C ov e r

THE FUNK 6: WAGNALLS

tan ar ictlonary
Comple ted after n e arl
y f our ye ars o f tim e an d a lm os t

a million an d a half o f dollars had becn sps nt in its

p r o du c ti o
.n The w o rk o f over 380 Editors a nd S p e

c ia lis ts
. Has ne arly a
p g es ; m o re than

illus trations ; contains o ve r livin g v o c ab u la ry

te rms — mo re than o f the se be in g ne w ; h a s

doz e ns o f important fe atures not found in an y o th e r

w o rk ; an d has bee n rev is ed s ince the Wo rld War

so as to include all the impo rtan t n ew te rms that
have come in to the la ng uag e .

The S ape rlati ve Acbievm ent in

U N I TED S TATE S DEPT O F EDU CATI O N .

“
This g re at w o rk can no t fail to b e a dis tinct co ntri bution
to En .
”
g lis h sc h o lars h ip—H e n P h i /c o de r P C lam s Un
. .
. ite d
S tat e s Co mmission e r of Education .

THE B ES T
l am con v mccd tha t your n ew n ns bsld‘ ad ls tho b e s t kit
of too ls I p os s e s s in my llb rary
”
.
—
J ad L nds s , th e p o pular
Ame rican author .

FU NK WAGNAL LS CO MPANY, Pubs .

NEW YO RK and LONDON

A n E nt i r e ly N e w Wo r k I ro n
s C ov e r to C ov e r

THE COMPREHENS IV E

tan ar lc tlo nary

AN ENTI RE LY NEW WO RK
Alri dg e d I rons tlre F un} - 8 Wag e lk
NE W S tandard D icti onary

D efi nes and E x plai ns Words and Phras e s

Contai ns 1000 Pi ctorial I llus trations

AN I D EAL S MALL DI CTI ONARY FO R ALL

G EN ERAL PU RPO S ES ES PEC I ALLY .

FI TTED FO R U S E I N S C HOO LS

COI PREE NSIE V E VOCA ULA

I I Y — I nc lud i n
. g many i mp o rtan t
w o rd s fo und inno o t h e r d i c t i o nary d e e i g me d fo r s im i lar

EXACT. I NCLUSIVE DEFI NITIONS —Th e most co mmo n me aning

is aiw ay s p lace d firs t and th e o b so le te las t .

DEFI NI T I ONS I T DEFINITIVE STAI EI ENL No t b y lo n

'
— ‘

g
ab s truse sy n on y ms th at mus t in turn b e loo ke d

TEE S PELLI NGS co nfo rm to th e s tandard us ag e o f th e w o rld s

’

fo re mo s t p hilolo g is ts .

EXCLUSIVE W I NG m — I r co ntain s a s y s tem atic

me th od fo r co mpo und ing w o rd s and indi cate s h o w and
w h e nth e h y p e nsh ould be use d .

PRECISE m m are g iv e n in c le ar and s imp le fo rm .

A w h o lly ne w fe ature inadictionary o f th is aiae .

n ausm CAPITALIZATI O N —
. I t is a re liab le g uide inth e
of cap italiz atio n b e caus e i t cap italize s o n ly s uch w o rd s as
s h o uld b e w ritt e n o r p rin te d in capi tals .

Pri ce , C ls tlr, I ndex ed ,

FUN K 8c WAGNALL S CO MPANY . Pubs .

NEW YO RK and L OND ON