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"The Doll's House" by Katherine Mansfield

The Main theme
The central theme in Katherine Mansfield’s story is the cruelty of class
distinctions. Mansfield was born in New Zealand when the country was
still a British colony in which class distinctions were severely maintained.
Her best-known short story, “The Garden Party,” also deals with this
subject.
The story as an autobiography
There are biographical parallels between the Burnell family and
Mansfield’s family, and also between Kezia and Katherine Mansfield
herself. Mansfield attended a rural New Zealand school in which she
encountered class distinctions; according to some critics, Mansfield based
her fictional Kelvey girls on Lil and Else McKelvey, the real-life
daughters of a washerwoman. It is possible that Mansfield—like Kezia—
tried to stand up for these girls in school.
Plot summary
Mrs Hay has sent a dolls' house to the Burnell children. It is minutely
described with special emphasis on a lamp inside it. The lamp is
symbolically used here as a reference to hope, some hope for the town to
stop from class discrimination, which Kezia, thinks is the best part of the
dolls' house. The next morning they cannot wait to show it off to their
school friends; Isabel says she will be the one to decide who is allowed to
come and see it in the house as she is the eldest. The Kelveys, two poor
girls, Lil and our Else, will not be allowed to do so because they are of a
much lower social class. Later, Isabel and two of her friends, Emmie Cole
and Lena Logan, taunt the Kelveys about their low social status. Soon
afterwards Kezia decides to show them the house anyway as she does not
understand why the Kelveys have to be treated like this. Aunt Beryl then
dismisses the Kelveys. The Kelveys see the doll's house at last and are
satisfied even though they are dismissed and Else smiles her rare smile as
usual. The story ends with them being silent once more.

Conflict: the first conflict takes place when the poor sisters are not
invited to see the doll’s house . Man against man : all characters but
Kezia avoid the little Kelveys sisters because of their social condition.

Man against society: at the same time the little Kelveys as well as their
parents are victims of the society’s injustice. Rich people avoiding poor
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people.

Structure of the short story:

• Rising action: takes place when Kezia invites the little Kelveys
sisters to see the doll’s house.

• Climax: when finally the little Kelveys sisters see the doll´s house
and soon after they are expelled from the backyard by aunt Beryl.

• Falling action: the little Kelveys, after that great fright, stop to rest.
• Resolution: the little Kelveys were satisfied to see the doll’s house.
Elsa was happy manly because she saw the little lamp.

Characterization

Protagonist and antagonist: it is difficult to establish the protagonist of

this short story because Kezia and the little Kelveys have the same
importance in the plot. If one or another did not exist the plot would not
be well constructed.

On the other hand we have many antagonists in the plot. Isabel Burnell,
her colleagues and her aunt are in the same level, all them carrying their
prejudice against the little Kelveys. The conventions of society, the false
appearances and prejudice are antagonists as well.

The only characters presented in details on the plot are the little Kelveys.
The narrator explores their clothes as a signal of their social condition.
The direct presentation is used.

symbols

• The Doll’s house is a symbol.

 • In this short story the external aspect of the house, its beauty,
appearance, color and form alludes to the external aspect of human
being, that is, his position in society, assets and family’s name

• The internal components of the house have many meanings, being

the little lamp which has the main significance. The lamp
represents the soul, the qualities of the human being and his real
nature

• The central concept of this short story is the prejudice against

poverty as well as the idea of false appearances

• Besides, there is a subtle theme in The Doll’s House that is the

example of parents about the education of their children

Mustafa Nabeel

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Question: Discuss symbolism in “Cat in the Rain” by Ernest Hemingway.

This short story contains a great number of symbols. In a symbolic reading,

the opening paragraph describes the crisis that exists in the marriage of the couple.
 We see the water from the very beginning: “It was raining. The rain dripped from
the palm trees. Water stood in pools on the gravel paths. The sea broke in a long line
in the rain.” The water is a symbol of fertility. The land can become fruitful by water.
However, she does not become wet, which means that nothing can grow from her.
Thus, Hemingway is portraying an attitude towards marriage and the conflict in the
family life.

On the other hand, the cat can be seen as the symbol of a baby. The woman
wants to protect that little cat, which stands for innocence like a baby. She does not
know why she wants that cat so much. She feels the need of motherhood. George,
however, does not need that.  He does not want to have children. He treats his wife
like a child. In the text, she is even referred to as “The American girl” or, simply, “the
girl”. George does not understand the problem of his wife and therefore of their
relationship. When she talks about letting her hair grow (to make her become more
feminine), he just tells her, with disinterest, that he likes the way it is. He does not pay
attention to this. The sentence that she wants it to be spring again could be understood
as stating her desire for a new spring in their relationship. But the darkness appears.

Character analysis: 1-The American Wife

The “American wife” is the protagonist of the story. Although she is the main
character, the "American wife" remains unnamed in the story in order to
generalize women in America. Throughout the story, the American wife
becomes childlike. At the beginning of the story, she is referred to as the
“American wife,” then she becomes the “girl” as the story progresses: “As the
American girl passed the office…Something felt very small and tight inside the
girl”. The wife’s childishness is also shown in the dialogue of the story.
Several times she refers to the "kitty" ("I'm going down and get that kitty"/ "I
want to have a kitty to sit on my lap") instead of the more mature "cat" that
would be expected from a grown woman.

Another important aspect of the American wife is her loneliness. Her husband
treats her superficially, although she greatly desires to be loved. She desires
a stable home life, instead of a life of travel, where she can enjoy the basic
luxuries of a husband and potential family, as well as a “kitty to sit on [her] lap”
and “a table with [her] own silver and…candles.”
2- George (the Husband)

Throughout the story, George, the protagonist’s husband, is clearly unaware

of his wife’s needs. Although at the beginning of the story he offers to retrieve
the cat, “‘I’ll do it,’ her husband offered from the bed,” through the rest of the
story he acts scornfully towards his wife. When the American wife tells
George what she wishes for her life, he responds in a bad way, telling her to
go "'shut up and get something to read.'" George’s actions in the story are
contrasted to those of the innkeeper, who sends a cat to the American wife at
the end of the story when she cannot find the “cat in the rain.” The American
wife even comments that, “She like[s] the way [the innkeeper] wanted to serve
her.”

Selfishness as a theme:

Both the American wife and George display great selfishness throughout the
course of the story. George continues to read and ignore his wife, while the
American wife complains about all the things she does not have and wishes.
The selfishness of these two characters is contrasted to the “Italians came
from a long way off to look up at the war monument.” While the two
Americans can only think about themselves, the Italians, who have
experienced the war, have a better thinking and understanding of life,
expressed through their trips to see the monument for those who have died.

Marriage problems as a theme:

When she comes back to the hotel room, her husband is still reading. She tells him
that she does not know why she wanted that cat so much, but we know it: She feels
the need for something to care for, to be responsible for, that makes her grow up, for
example having a baby. George does not need all that anymore, because he already is
grown up, which is shown by his serious behaviour and that he treats his wife like a
child. And now we understand why they are having problems with their marriage -
because they are on different levels: He already is a man, she is still a girl. They
cannot find a common base for their relationship and that makes her bored by him and
him annoyed by her.
But George does not understand the problem of his wife and therefore of their
relationship, because when she talks about letting her hair grow to make her become
more female, he just tells her with disinterest that he likes it the way it is.
But her wish for longer hair is only the beginning. She tells him that she wants her
own silver to eat with and candles and that cat, standing again for something to be
responsible for and new clothes. So she utters, without really recognizing it herself,
the immense wish to be an adult at last - as quickly as possible. And that is why she is
now referred to as "wife" again.
The differences between the short story and the novel:

1- Length: The short story is shorter than the novel. It doesn’t exceed
15000 words which can be read in one sitting unlike the novel that
is bulky and demands a long time to accomplish.

2- Characters: the novel employs a large number of characters to be

able to cover all its events while the short story employs a fewer
number of characters.

3- Setting: the setting in the short story is limited unlike that of the
novel which is detailed. In the novel, the writer can portray many
places and can move freely in describing the atmosphere of all the
actions and places, whereas the short story writer has a limited
scope to move in his description of either the time or the place of
the story.

4- Conflict: the conflict in the novel is wider and completely

described whereas the short story conflict is suggested rather than
explained.

5- Condensation: the writers of the short story employ condensed

images and different types of symbols in order to use minimum
number of words to explain as much ideas as they can. While in
novels, the writers use elaboration since they have a wider scope
for narrating events.
 INTRODUCTION
The short prose fiction is nearly as old as language itself.
Throughout history humankind has enjoyed various types of :brief
narratives, jests, short allegorical romances, fairy tales and short myths.
These narratives deal with the humans creation, how the tribe survived
and how the heroes fought. Though these tales are sometimes funny but
they have a necessary purpose of recording the human activities of such
periods of time, such as the stories or the epic of Gilgamesh, Beowulf and
Roman myths.

short story is a brief fictional prose narrative that is shorter than a

novel and that usually deals with only a few characters. It is usually 7,500
words and under and focuses on a single event or idea.

Going back through history, the Egyptians were the first people
who knew the short fiction through composing a collection of stories
entitled " the Tales of the Magicians" which may have been composed as
long as 400 B.C. , while other critics date the history of the short story to
start with the Arabian Nights, which were written during the 10th century
. Anyway, the Arabs were the first people who brought the art of the short
story and helped a lot in its emergence. As a result, the Arabs influenced
people of other cultures and inspired them to write such type of fiction.
As an example western writers are highly affected by the Arabian Night
in which they wrote similar pieces following the same framework.

Boccaccio's De Cameron (1353) which is a collection of hundred

tales, written exactly, in Italy, in the same manner of the Arabian Nights.
Then the influence is soon transferred to England and in the writings of
the major English writers, like Chaucer who, wrote the Canterbury Tales
(1397) which is one of the major English works that clearly shows the
effect of the Arabs upon Western literature in general and upon English

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literature in particular.

After the appearance of the novel at the end of seventeenth century

and being flourished in the 18th and 19th century, people started to search
for a similar art but shorter in scope. Their wish was achieved at the
second half of the 19th century at the hands of the American short story
writers as Washington Irving and Edgar Allan Poe.

Thus the short story as a literary genre became a literary art with a
theory during the second half of the 19th century. This art dominated the
literature scene and proved itself to be a desired art that fits the people in
the 20th century as they needed an art that met their rapid and complex
life of people who have no spare time to read long stories or bulky novels
.

Hence, this form of narrative (the short story) was developed at the
beginning of early 19th century, in order to satisfy the needs for short
stories by many magazines. Thus, since then, almost all the novelists
have written notable short stories in all European languages.

As a result, the short story started to be taught in the universities

since it is an important means of art for teaching language.

…………………………………………………………….

What are the elements of a short story?

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The basic elements of a short story are:

1. Setting: The setting refers to the time and place that the events in the
story take place. But in a larger sense, setting is the background, the
social environment and the atmosphere of a literary work.

2. Conflict: The conflict refers to the fight or the struggle between the
various characters or forces in the story. It is actually what gives fuel to
the story and influences its plot. Without the conflict, there will be no
story. Usually, the conflict starts in any short story with the raising
action reaching the climax and it ends in a certain result(resolution). The
basic types of conflict in fiction have been commonly codified as "man
against man", "man against society", "man against nature", and "man
against self." In each case, "man" is universal and refers to women as
well.
3. Characters: The character is the person or people in a story.
Sometimes the characters are not human, but may be animals or spirits.
Characters in general are of two types:

a) Round Characters (dynamic character): they have more fully

developed personalities. We expect the protagonists and
antagonists to be rounded individuals who express a range of
emotion and change throughout the narrative, usually toward
greater maturity. The protagonist is the central figure or hero in
the story while the antagonist is who opposes with the hero and
creates the conflict.
b) Flat Characters (stock, static characters or stereotypes): they
have no depth and no change; we only see one side or aspect of
them. Most supporting characters are portrayed in this way, for
example, a strict teacher, a helpful policeman, and an evil

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 stepmother.

4. Theme: This element refers to the topic that the writer writes or
comments on in his or her writing. The short story may have more than
one theme but there is one to be the main.

5. Plot: The plot refers to the series of events in the story. Essentially, the
plot refers to what is happening in the story. In all plots there must be a
conflict which is a struggle between two opposing forces. Moreover, all
plots have a rising action, a climax, a falling action and an end.

6. narrative point of view:

1) Internal Narration (First-person Narration): In this type of narration

the narrator uses "I" to refer to himself/herself. The narrator here is a
character in the story but not necessarily the protagonist. This narrative
point of view allows for a very personal touch in the story telling.

2) Limited Narration (the 3rd person point of view): the narrator is not a
character in the story but looks at things only through the eyes of a single
character. In this type of narration the writer uses names or he, she, they…

7- Tone: Tone refers to the author’s mood and manner of expression in a

literary work. The tone can be serious, humorous, satirical, sympathetic,
ironic and so on. For the one who wants to look for tone, he (or she) must
read with ears as well as eyes.

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THE OLD MAN AND THE SEA
Plot summary
The Old Man and the Sea is the story of a battle between an old
fisherman and a large marlin. The novel opens with the fisherman, who is
named Santiago who spent 84 days in the sea without catching a fish. In
fact, he is so unlucky that his young learner, Manolin, was forbidden by
his parents to sail with the old man and was ordered to fish with more
successful and lucky fishermen. However, the boy visits Santiago's shack
each night, carrying his fishing gear, getting him food and discussing
American baseball and his favorite player Joe DiMaggio. Santiago tells
Manolin that on the next day, he will venture far out into the Gulf Stream
to fish being confident that his unlucky past is near its end. Thus on the
eighty-fifth day, Santiago ventures alone, taking his skiff far onto the
Gulf Stream. He sets his lines and, by noon of the first day, a big fish that
he is sure is a marlin takes his bait. Unable to pull in the great marlin,
Santiago instead finds the fish pulling his skiff. Two days and two nights
pass in this manner, during which the old man bears the tension of the
line with his body. Though he is wounded by the struggle and in pain,
Santiago expresses a sympathy for his antagonist (marlin), often referring
to him as a brother. He also determines that because of the fish's great
dignity, no one will be worthy of eating the marlin. On the third day of
the battle, the fish begins to circle the skiff, indicating his tiredness to the
old man. Santiago, now completely exhausted and almost in delirium,
uses all the strength he has left in him to pull the fish onto its side and
stab the marlin with a harpoon, ending the long battle between the old
man and the fish. Santiago straps the marlin to the side of his skiff and
returns home, thinking about the high price the fish will bring him at the
market and how many people he will feed. While Santiago continues his
journey back to the shore, sharks are attracted to the blood left by the
marlin in the water. The first, a great shark, Santiago kills with his
harpoon, but then he loses that weapon. He makes a new harpoon by
fixing his knife to the end of an oar to help killing of sharks; in total, five
sharks are killed and many others are driven away. But the sharks kept
coming, and by sunset the sharks have almost eaten the marlin entirely,
leaving a skeleton consisting mostly of its backbone, its tail and its head.
Finally reaching the shore before dawn on the next day, Santiago
struggles on the way to his shack, carrying the mast on his shoulder. At
home, he slumps onto his bed and falls into a deep sleep. A group of
fishermen gather the next day around the boat where the fish's skeleton is
still attached. One of the fishermen measures it to be 18 feet (5.5 m) from
nose to tail. Tourists at the nearby café mistakenly take it for a shark.
Manolin, worried during the old man's venture, cries upon finding him
safe asleep. The boy brings him newspapers and coffee. When the old
man wakes, they promise to fish together once again. Upon his return to
sleep, Santiago dreams of his youth—of lions on an African beach.
MAIN THEMES

'A man can be destroyed but not defeated.' , this line sums up the
main theme in the story. Hemingway suggests that, although a person
may lose everything in the process of living, but being skillful, brave, and
ambitious results the final triumph of the human spirit. Hemingway
rejects the traditional happy ending in which Santiago, the poor old
fisherman, would bring home the great fish and sell it for a large amount
of money at market. Instead, Santiago brings only the bare skeleton of the
marlin into port, earning no money yet getting a far greater prize: rather
than triumphing over nature, he achieves oneness with it.

Other important theme in this novel centers on the relationship between

Santiago and Manolin. The old man teaches the boy many important
things like how to fish, and how to live with wisdom and dignity, on the
other hand, the old man also has great need for the boy, especially when
he is alone at sea and fishes the great fish. During his trying experience
with the marlin, the old man repeatedly says, 'I wish I had the boy. To
help me and to see this.' The thematic statement, 'No one should be alone
in their old age,' refers to the old man's loneliness and emphasizes the ch
aracters' relationship of respect and love.

Another major theme is the oneness with nature. Santiago loves and
respects the fish that he kills. The old man finds it difficult to express the
paradoxical love he feels for the fish: 'I do not understand these things,'
he thinks, 'but it is good that we do not have to try to kill the sun or the
moon or the stars. It is enough to live on the sea and kill our true
brothers.' Santiago also speaks to and loves the flying fish, the dolphins,
and the noble marlin. The sea is also a part of the nature, perhaps the
major presence in the book. Santiago thinks of the sea as a woman, thinks
of it 'as la mar, which is what people call her in Spanish when they love
her,' while the younger fisherman think of the sea as the masculine 'el
mar ' and consider it 'a contestant or a place or even an enemy.'
Character analysis
Santiago :  The old man of the novella’s title, Santiago is a Cuban
fisherman who has had an extended run of bad luck. Despite his
experiences in fishing, he has been unable to catch a fish for eighty-four
days. He is humble, yet shows a justified pride in his abilities. His
knowledge of the sea and its creatures, and of his craft, is unparalleled
and helps him preserve a sense of hope regardless of circumstance.
Throughout his life, Santiago has been presented with challenge to test
his strength and endurance. The marlin with which he struggles for three
days represents his greatest challenge. Paradoxically, although Santiago
ultimately loses the fish, the marlin is also his greatest victory.

The marlin -  Santiago hooks the marlin, which measures eighteen feet,
on the first afternoon of his fishing voyage. Because of the marlin’s great
size, Santiago is unable to pull the fish in, and the two become engaged in
a struggle. The fishing line serves as a symbol of the fraternal connection
Santiago feels with the fish. When the captured marlin is later destroyed
by sharks, Santiago feels destroyed as well.

Manolin -  Manolin is Santiago’s apprentice and assistant. The old man

first took him out on a boat when he was merely five years old. Because
of Santiago’s recent bad luck, Manolin’s parents have forced the boy to
go out on a different fishing boat. Manolin, however, still cares deeply for
the old man, to whom he continues to look as a advisor. His love for
Santiago is unmistakable as the two discuss baseball and as the young
boy asks help from villagers to improve the old man’s poor conditions.
Joe DiMaggio -  Although DiMaggio never appears in the novel, even so
he plays a significant role. Santiago worships him as a model of strength
and commitment, and his thoughts turn toward DiMaggio whenever he
needs to reassure himself of his own strength. Despite a painful bone spur
that might have crippled another player, DiMaggio went on to secure a
triumphant career. He was a center fielder for the New York Yankees
from 1936 to 1951, and is often considered the best all-around player
ever at that position.

CONFLICT
Protagonist
Santiago, the old Cuban fisherman, is the protagonist. Though he is
unlucky in not having caught a single fish in eighty- four days, he is still
happy and optimistic, full with self- confidence and bravery in the face of
the most difficult circumstances. He wins the sympathy and admiration of
the reader for his qualities of love and humbleness under pressure.
Although he loses his giant fish, Santiago is still a winner.
Antagonist
The antagonist is the sea, a symbol of life, which steals from Santiago his
final victory. The real antagonist in the sea is the group of sharks that eat
the giant fish. Since the sea also provide the old fisherman with his living,
he sees the sea more as a challenge than an enemy. The sea also enables
Santiago to show supreme endurance.
Climax
The climax in the story occurs when Santiago kills the fish and its blood
attracts the eager sharks nearby. His hopes of taking home his huge fish
are gone when the sharks attack and eat the fish.
The ending
On the level of the simple plot, the story ends as a tragedy because the
sharks eat greedily the old man’s prize (marlin) while on a deeper
symbolic level, the old man becomes heroic. He has conquered the sea (
life) and the sharks (life’s cruel problems) by proving that mankind has
the capacity to fight, to show grace under pressure, to survive, and to win,
no matter how big the battle. The personal victory is all-important, and it
becomes unimportant whether man obtains the visible prize.
The importance of the dream of the Lions on the Beach
Santiago dreams his pleasant dream of the lions at play on the beaches of
Africa three times. The first time is the night before he departs on his
three-day fishing expedition, the second occurs when he sleeps on the
boat for a few hours in the middle of his struggle with the marlin, and the
third takes place at the very end of the book. In fact, the sober promise of
the triumph and regeneration with which the novella closes is supported
by the final image of the lions. Because Santiago associates the lions with
his youth, the dream suggests the circular nature of life. Additionally,
because Santiago imagines the lions, wild animals, playing, his dream
suggests a harmony between the opposing forces—life and death, love
and hate, destruction and regeneration—of nature.
"The happy prince" by Oscar Wild
Wilde, Oscar (1854-1900) - An Irish-born English poet, novelist, and
playwright. He was the leader of the aesthetic movement that advocated
“art for art’s sake”. He published the first series of stories, titled The
Happy Prince and Other Tales, in 1888.The happy prince is a short story
from Oscar Wild's juvenile literature (juvenile literature includes stories,
books, and poems that are enjoyed by children).

Plot summery

The Happy prince was a statue. He was placed on a high column in the
square of the city. There were sapphires in his eyes and his body was
covered with leaves of fine gold. A large and rare ruby was set on the hilt
of his sword. Once upon a time a bird came to visit the place and stopped
between the feet of the statue. During night when the swallow was going
to sleep, a drop fell on his head. He looked up and saw that tears coming
out from the eyes of the statue. He became very sad. The bird was
surprised and asked about the reason. The prince told him that he has
seen that there is a house at far off place where a poor woman lives. She
is very sad because she has no money to buy food and medicines for her
son who is very sick.

The prince requested him to help the woman. He gave one of the jewels
of his sword to the bird and told to hand it over to the poor old woman.
She becomes happy after getting the jewel as he could buy medicines and
good food for her son.

The bird wanted to fly to the warm place where his family members had
gone. He said good bye to prince but he stopped the swallow to leave him
. He wanted some more works to be done by the bird. One after other he
gave out his jewels from his body and at lost he gave all the pieces of his
cloth also. He helped the poor young playwright who wanted to write
plays but unable since he feels hungry and chilly. The prince helped the
little girl who was selling matches that became wet and she could not sell
it. She was afraid that her father will beat her after reaching home. The
prince never wanted to see anything unhappy in the world. He gave the
jewel of his another eye and made the girl happy.
The day came when all the jewels of his body gone. The prince looked
ugly and shabby. The swallow never left the place to help the prince.
Then the snow came. The little bird got colder and he knew that his end
has come. "Good bye", replied the prince. Something broke inside him. It
was his heart.
One day the mayor and councilors saw condition of the statue of the
prince during their visit. A dead bird was under his feet. They decided to
remove the statue from that place and put statue of the mayor. They took
down the lead from the statue of the prince gave it to workmen to make
statue of the mayor. The workmen found that there was a heart inside the
statue which did not melt. They decided to throw the heart to the heap of
the dust where the little dead bird was lying.
Then the God ordered his Angles to bring the two most precious things
from the town. They brought the broken heart and the dead bird. The God
said "You are right". It is said that the little bird still lives with the God in
his garden of paradise and the happy prince .
“The Happy Prince” as a fairly tale.

No doubt, the story “The Happy Prince” is a fairy tale. In a fairly

tale we find unreal characters like talking animals, a story which is hard
to believe, and events of that do not happen in real life. The most
important quality of a fairy tale is that it always has a happy conclusion.

When we read this story, we find that it is a perfect fairy tale:

Firstly, we find two imaginary characters – a talking Swallow and a
talking statue. In our daily life, we do not find such characters. Secondly,
we see the statue of the Happy Prince shedding tears on the sufferings of
the poor. He has sapphire eyes and a lead heart. However, he can see
through these sapphire eyes and has love and sympathies for the poor in
his lead heart. This is highly unbelievable and it does not happen in real
life. A statue has no eyes and no heart.

Thirdly, the end of the story fulfils the most important requirement of a
fairy. No doubt, the Swallow and the statue of the Happy Prince are dead.
However, this is not the real ending. The real ending is that the Swallow
will always sing in the garden of Paradise and the Happy Prince will
always praise God in the city of gold. Therefore, we can conclude that the
story “The Happy Prince” is a perfect fairy tale.
--What are the theme of the story “The Happy Prince”?

The story “The Happy Prince” has at least three themes. The first theme
of the story is that outward beauty is nothing it is just a show. The real
beauty is the love and sacrifice. The end of the story gives this idea.
The Happy Prince has a lead heart, but this heart is full of sympathies for
the poor and the needy. He sacrifices his eyes and beauty just to help
them. He gives away his gold covering bit by bit to the poor. Now
without his eyes and gold covering, he looks so ugly that he is sent to
furnace to melt. He has lost outward beauty, but with sacrifice and love,
he has achieved spiritual beauty. God is pleased with him. After his death
, he is taken to the city of gold where he will praise God forever.
The same happens with the Swallow. He sacrifices his life for the love of
the Happy Prince. Nevertheless, he also achieves spiritual beauty. He will
sing for evermore in God’s garden of Paradise.
The second theme is that love and sacrifice are two saving forces. This
world is full of poverty, hypocrisy, and exploitation. If there were no love
and sacrifice, the world could not go on. It is because of love and
sacrifice that this life is going on. Therefore, it is true that love and
sacrifice are two saving forces.
The third theme of the story is that there is the great gap between the rich
and the poor, the rulers and the masses. The Happy Prince did not know
about the poor and their problems when he was alive. Therefore, it means
that the rulers at that time did not know about the problems and the
difficulties of the masses.

Round characters

The happy prince: A golden statue that can see what’s going on around
him, but cannot move. When the Prince was alive he was unaware of the
miseries of the poor people of his city. After his statue was placed on a
high column, he wept. He wanted to help them but he couldn’t move
therefore he asked the swallow to help him. He sent his ruby to the
seamstress and his sapphires to the playwright and the match girl. He
become blind. He was stripped of gold leaves to help the poor. He loved
the swallow and when he died the Prince’s heart broke with grief. He was
kind and noble.
The Swallow: the swallow is a bird who stayed behind when the rest of
his flock migrated to Egypt in order to court a Reed (river plant) that he
had fallen in love with. His friends thought that this was a foolish
decision. The Reed finally decides that she will not accompany him, and
the Swallow is angered, and he decides to migrate to Egypt by himself
after all. However, before he leaves, he tries to sleep one night under the
statue of the Happy Prince. The statue begins crying because he is
disappointed by everything that he sees going on in the city. The Swallow
is the agent of the Prince’s kindness, bringing the gems and gold to the
poor as instructed, and the two become fast friends. Eventually, the
Swallow dies because he chooses to remain with the blinded Prince rather
than abandon him to fly to Egypt, and the winter gets too cold. He dies at
the statue’s feet.

MINOR CHARACTERS:

~ The Reed (river plant). She decides not to accompany the Swallow.
~ The Two Town Councilors. They are greedy and obsessed with their
public image. They also want statues to be made for them.
~ The seamstress. Her son is ill, and she works as a seamstress to make
enough money to take care of him. She receives the ruby from the hilt of
the Prince’s sword.

~ The Young Playwright. He is a starving artist struggling to complete a

play, but he cannot concentrate because he is so hungry. He receives the
first sapphire eye.

~ The Match-Girl. She drops the matches that she is supposed to sell,
and is crying because she knows that she will be beaten by her father
when she returns home without the matches or any money. She receives
the second sapphire eye.

~ The Mayor. He orders that the statue be torn down. He wants the metal
to be made into a statue of himself.

The poor of the city in general, particularly beggar-boys, receive the gold
leaves from the gilded statue..

…….

Setting: North-European city on Winter. (legendry city)

 "The open window" by Saki
1-THEMES
Appearance and Reality : Vera, the fifteen years old, appears to be a
very sweet girl while in fact she is very playful since she makes up stories
so well ,that even her own aunt falls for them. The reader also believes
Vera to an extent. The window is real whereas Vera's story is imaginative
through which Nuttel expected to see three ghosts coming through the
window, so when he saw the men coming towards the house, he fled.
Deception : Vera deceives Framton Nuttel with her story of her aunt's
brothers being lost in the marsh and never returning. She also deceives
her aunt by giving a reason as to why Nuttel rushed out of the house after
seeing the three men telling her aunt that he fears dogs.
Sanity and Insanity : This short story measures the sanity and insanity
of all the characters. Framton Nuttel is insane to believe Vera without
being more observant. He thinks that Mrs. Sappleton is insane but he is
insane for real.
2-Plot
Framton Nuttel is suffering from nerve disease for this reason his doctor
advised him to visit a rural area where he knows no one. His sister gives
him letters of introduction so he can meet people there.
He pays a visit to Mrs. Sappleton. While he waits for her, her 15-year-old
niece puts up with him. When she realizes Nuttel has never met her aunt
and knows nothing about her, she explains that it has been three years
since Mrs. Sappleton's "great tragedy," when her husband and brothers
went hunting and never returned, apparently engulfed by a bog. Mrs.
Sappleton keeps the large French window open every day, hoping for
their return.
When Mrs. Sappleton appears she seems careless to Nuttel, talking
instead about her husband's hunting trip and how she expects him home
any minute. Then the hunters appear in the distance, and Nuttel, horrified,
grabs his walking stick and exits suddenly. When the Sappleton's exclaim
over his sudden, impolite departure, the niece calmly explains that he was
probably frightened by the hunters' dog. She claims that Nuttel told her he
was once chased into a cemetery in India and held at bay by a pack of
aggressive dogs.
3-Characters:
- Round: like:
Vera, Saki's playful protagonist, is indeed a dynamic, or round, character.
  For one thing, she is a smart young lady who is able to identify people's
weaknesses and to create a convincing tale that will deceive her audience.
She plays with Nuttel's feelings telling him a fabricated story and
deceiving her aunt telling her that Nuttel's fled related to the fear of dogs. 
Certainly, Vera enjoys exploiting the weaknesses in others with her quick
and clever practical jokes.
Framton Nuttel is the nervous, unconfident type. He came to the country
side to cure himself from the nerve disease but instead, he met Vera who
plays with his feelings. He even worries about Mrs. Sappleton's reception
of him when he is introduced, and he is uncomfortable throughout the
telling of Vera's tale.

- Flat: like:
Mrs. Sappleton is the relaxed gentlewoman, concerned only with
herself and those for whom she cares.  For, she takes no interest in
Framton Nuttel's coming. When Nuttel mentions his condition as
explanation for his visit, she responds in a voice that hardly overwhelm a
yawn.  After Nuttel's sudden escape, she merely remarks upon his
behavior and displays no concern for his feelings, expressing a slight
curiosity for his actions which Vera's cleverly calms..
Framton Nuttel's sister
Framton Nuttel's sister once spent time in the same town to which
Framton has come for relaxation. She has given him a number of letters
of Introduction with which he is to make himself known to a number of
people in the town.
Many other flat characters are expressed through the story like the
haunters (Mr. Sappleton and Mrs. Sappleton's two young brothers) and a
dog ( a brown spaniel )…
4-The setting.
  
     Time: October
     Place: Countryside, England; the Sappleton's house

a) Identify 3 literary devices in the short story and their significance.

     (i) Irony
        One of the examples of irony in this short story can be seen when
Vera says that a "great tragedy" has happened to her aunt, Mrs. Sappleton
. It is a form of verbal irony because the story told by Vera is the opposite
of the truth. As readers read on, they will find out that the "missing" Mr.
Sappleton, Mrs. Sappleton's two brothers and the dog are still alive.
     (ii) Personification
      Personification means inserting human traits into non-living things.
the phrase "a treacherous piece of bog" is one of the examples of
personification. The non-living thing, bog, is given a human trait, which
is treachery.

     (iii) Contrast
      Contrast can be seen between the characters Vera and Nuttel. Vera is
"a very self-possessed young lady of fifteen" and full with confidence.
She is very convincing that Nuttel and even Mrs. Sappleton believe
everything she says.  Nuttel is a confused character who is suffering from
nerve disease. He has a weak personality since he needs his sister's help
to introduce him to people.

Style
- Structure
The construction of Saki's story "The Open Window" is remarkable. The
structure is actually that of a story-within-a-story. The first story is that
of Mr. Nuttel's arrival at Mrs. Sappleton's house for the purpose of
introducing himself to her (real). Within this narrative frame is the second
story, that told by Mrs. Sappleton's niece (imaginative).

- Symbolism
The most important symbol in "The Open Window" is the open window
itself. When Vera tells Mr. Nuttel the story of the lost hunters, the open
window comes to symbolize Mrs. Sappleton's sadness and heartbreak at
the loss of her husband and younger brother. When the truth is later
revealed, the open window no longer symbolizes anguish but now it
symbolizes deception.
 The Black Cat
By Edgar Allan Poe (1809-1849)

Type of Work

.......Edgar Allan Poe's "The Black Cat" is a short story in the horror genre
that has elements of Gothic fiction. It focuses on the consciousness of the
narrator, who is in prison awaiting execution. 

Setting

.......The story opens in the cell of a prisoner a day before he is to be

executed by hanging. After introducing himself to readers as a man who
went through a horrifying experience, the prisoner writes down the details
of this experience, which led to his imprisonment and execution. The
events in his tale are set at his home and in a tavern. Although these
events take place over several years, the telling of them in writing takes
place on a single day in the narrator's prison cell. 

Characters

Narrator: a prisoner scheduled for execution. His hatred of a cat he once

loved leads to his commission of a capital crime. .......As in many of his
other short stories, Poe does not name the narrator. A possible
explanation for this is that Poe wanted the unnamed narrator to represent
every human being, thereby enhancing the universality of the short story.
In other words, the narrator represents anyone who has ever acted
perversely—and then had to pay for his deed.

First Black Cat: Cat named Pluto that loves the narrator but irritates him
when it follows him everywhere.

Second Black Cat: Cat that resembles the first black cat and may be a re-
embodiment of the latter—or so the narrator may think.

Narrator's Wife: Woman of good disposition who likes animals and

obtains many pets for her husband.

Policemen: Officers who investigate the happenings at the home of the

narrator.
Servant: Person working in the narrator's household.

Point of View

.......The narrator tells the story in first-person point of view. He is

obviously unbalanced even though he declares at the beginning of the
story that "mad am I not." He tells readers that too much drinking helped
to result his changeable, violent behavior. The narrator tells his story as
he sees it from his uncontrolled point of view. 

Plot

.......“Tomorrow, I die,” says the narrator, who is in a prison cell awaiting

execution. Then he tells about the horrifying events that led up to his
death sentence.

.......When he was growing up, he says, he was tender and kind. Because
he especially liked animals, his parents provided him many pets to care
for. His love for animals continued into adulthood. After he married, his
wife also obtained pets for him, including birds, a goldfish, a dog, rabbits,
a small monkey, and a black cat.

.......The cat was so intelligent, the narrator says, that his wife frequently
reminded him of an old folk tale implicating black cats as witches in
disguise. “Not that she was ever serious on this point,” the narrator says.
It was an extremely large cat, which the narrator named Pluto, and it was
his favorite pet. The cat was fond of him, too, for it followed him
everywhere. 
.......Over the years, the narrator’s disposition changed for the worse when
he began to drink heavily. He became moody, shouted at his wife, and
even struck her at times. He mistreated all of his pets except Pluto. In
time, however, he even started to mistreat the cat. One night when he
returned home drunk, Pluto seemed to avoid him. Irritated, he seized it.
The cat then bit him on the hand. So the
narrator becomes angry that he pull out a pocket knife and cut out one of
the cat’s eyes.
.......The next morning, he experienced shock and guilt at what he had
done—but not enough to change him. “I again plunged into excess, and
soon drowned in wine all memory of the deed.” In time the cat's wound
healed completely. But it fled in terror whenever it saw him. At first he
pitied it; later he despised it.

 .......One morning, he put a rope around its neck and, tying the rope to the
limb of a tree, executed it. He had tears in his eyes when he did the action
, for he knew that the cat had loved him, that it had never crossed him.
That night, he awakened to the cry of “Fire!” He, his wife, and his servant
escaped, but the blaze destroyed his house and all his possessions.
.......The next day, he and other townspeople noticed a strange view in the
middle of the ruins: The figure of a cat with a rope around its neck
imprinted on the plaster of the only wall still standing in what had been
his bedroom. The image horrified him. However, he concluded that
someone in the crowd gathered outside during the fire must have cut
down the cat and thrown it through his bedroom window to awaken him.
Then, when one of the other walls fell, it must have pressed the outline of
the cat into the wall that remained.

.......For months, he thought about the cat and regretted killing it. While
visiting taverns, he thought about getting another pet. One night, he saw a
black cat on a barrel of gin or rum. It was as big as Pluto and similar to
him in all other respects except one: It had a white spot on its breast.
When he stroked it, the cat purred and rubbed against his hand. After
making inquiries, he discovered that the cat get lost. So he took it home.

.......The cat was pleased with its new surroundings, and the narrator’s
wife took a fancy to it. In time, however, the narrator once again became
bad-tempered and unstable. What helped to irritate him was that it had a
missing eye, as Pluto did. Although the cat annoyed him, he avoided
maltreating it; the memory of what he had done to Pluto was still fresh. In
the end, though, he began to hate the creature and attempted to avoid it
whenever he saw it. But the cat showed no hatred for him, for it followed
him from room to room and sometimes jumped into his lap when he sat
down.
.......After he noticed that the white hair on the cat's breast began to take
on the shape of gallows, he had trouble sleeping. And when he did sleep,
he would awaken to find the cat in bed with him. Soon, complete hatred
of the cat—in fact, hatred of almost everyone and everything—seized
him. 
.......One day, when the narrator and his wife went into the cellar on a
family errand, the cat followed them. Being angry, the narrator raised an
axe to hit at the creature, but his wife stopped his arm from bringing the
weapon down. Pulling loose his arm, he “buried the axe in her brain.” and
he decided to hide it behind a brick wall.

.......Afterward, he looked for the cat, “for I had, at length, firmly resolved
to put it to death.” But it had disappeared—apparently in fear of his anger
. That night, even with the weight of murder on his mind, he slept deeply.
After all, there was no cat to bother him. Three days passed, and still no
cat. The narrator says, “My happiness was supreme!”  During this time,
there were investigations about the sudden disappearance of his wife, but
he found it easy to answer questions and had no fear that the body would
be discovered.

.......On the fourth day after her murder, police thoroughly investigated
the house but, of course, found nothing. When they were about to leave,
the narrator—pleased at his cleverness and his ability to handle the police
—began to talk too much. 'I delight to have allayed your suspicions," he
said. "I wish you all health, and a little more courtesy. By-the-by,
gentlemen, this—this is a very well-constructed house." (In the rabid
desire to say something easily, I scarcely knew what I uttered at all.) "I
may say an excellently well-constructed house. These walls—are you
going, gentlemen?—these walls are solidly put together"; and here,
through the mere frenzy of bravado, I rapped heavily, with a cane which I
held in my hand, upon that very portion of the brickwork behind which
stood the corpse of the wife of my bosom".

 At that moment was heard a cry from within the wall, like that of a
sobbing child. Then the cry turned into a scream. The police tore the
bricks from the wall and found the decaying corpse. On its head was the
black cat. Without realizing it, the narrator had walled it up with the body
.

Themes
Perversity
Every human has two opposite sides inside himself, goodness and
evilness. It is a matter of control, if the goodness wins upon perverseness,
then human tends to do good deeds. On the other hand, if the spirit of
perverseness wins, evil side drives man into committing evil deeds. The
narrator says it was this inner demon that brought about his downfall. 

Drinking Alcohol
Drinking alcohol can bring out the worst in a human being. Drinking
alcohol alone did not cause the narrator's violent behavior. But, as he
admits, it certainly put him in a foul mood. 

Revenge
Evil deeds invite revenge. Pluto gets even, the narrator indicates, by
causing the fire that burnt down the narrator's house. And, if the second
cat is indeed Pluto reincarnated, Pluto sweetens his revenge with his
crying behind the wall in which the corpse of the narrator's wife is hidden
. 
Allusion and Symbolism

.......The narrator names the first black cat Pluto. In ancient Roman
mythology, Pluto was the king of the Underworld, ruling over the abode
of the dead. Pluto the cat, therefore, seems to symbolize death to the
narrator. he gave the cat this name suggesting that it is a sinister creature.
SETTING

The narrative takes place in the 1940s. Although the opening and closing
scenes take place on land in a small Cuban fishing village, the dominant
setting is the Gulf Stream of the beach of Cuba. Hemingway believes the
sea to be the last great unexplored area on earth, and this work travels
deeply into the nature of this mysterious setting.

LITERARY / HISTORICAL INFORMATION

Hemingway was a specialist at deep-sea fishing and had won several
prizes in various competitions, sometimes catching giant marlin. When he
lived in Cuba, he acquired a house, nine miles outside Havana, and often
fished in the Gulf Stream, much like Santiago. The background in The
Old Man and the Sea is derived from real- life Cuban fishing villages
near the Gulf Stream. The subject of the luckless Old Man who caught a
giant fish also came from personal experience. In an essay on deep-sea
fishing published in 1936, Hemingway had written of an old man who
had caught a huge Marlin weighing nearly eight hundred pounds. With
the fish tied to his skiff, he had bravely tried to fight off the sharks and
was picked up by some fisherman in a state of half craziness with the
sharks still circling his boat. When Hemingway met this old man, he
promised to write a book about his experiences. It was more than twenty
years before he turned the story into a book called The Old man and the
Sea; it was to be Hemingway’s final novel. Many critics see in it a
comparison between Santiago, an old man fighting to master the fish and
maintain his reputation, and Hemingway, an old man fighting to retain an
active lifestyle. Even if the novel is not partially autobiographical, the
novel proves Hemingway’s abilities as a novelist, for the book expertly
blends facts and fiction to produce one of the most moving, affecting
tales ever written.

CONFLICT
Protagonist
Santiago, the old Cuban fisherman, is the protagonist. Though he is
unlucky in not having caught a single fish in eighty- four days, he is still
happy and optimistic, full with self- confidence and bravery in the face of
the most difficult circumstances. He wins the sympathy and admiration of
the reader for his qualities of love and humbleness under pressure.
Although he loses his giant fish, Santiago is still a winner.
Antagonist
The antagonist is the sea, a symbol of life, which steals from Santiago his
final victory. The real antagonist in the sea is the group of sharks that eat
the giant fish. Since the sea also provide the old fisherman with his living,
he sees the sea more as a challenge than an enemy. The sea also enables
Santiago to show supreme endurance.
Climax
The climax in the story occurs when Santiago kills the fish and its blood
attracts the eager sharks nearby. His hopes of taking home his huge fish
are gone when the sharks attack and eat the fish.
The ending
On the level of the simple plot, the story ends as a tragedy because the
sharks eat greedily the old man’s prize (marlin) while on a deeper
symbolic level, the old man becomes heroic. He has conquered the sea (
life) and the sharks (life’s cruel problems) by proving that mankind has
the capacity to fight, to show grace under pressure, to survive, and to win,
no matter how big the battle. The personal victory is all-important, and it
becomes unimportant whether man obtains the visible prize.
 HSILGNETNEMTRAPED

DNOCESEGATS

EHT DLO NAM DNA EHTAES

:YB RAMO DADKOM MAYRAM/REMA

ARASRIMAHT

" ehT dlO naM dna ehT aeS"

tahW/Q si ehtlevon" ehT dlO naM dna ehtaeS" tuoba? nI owtsenil.

sihT/A levon si tuoba na dlo nam dellac ogaitnaS. eH saw a nabuC

namrehsif ohw dneps 48 syad tuohtiw gnihctac ynahsif

yhW/Q did eht elpoep llac ogaitnaSoalas? tahW seod tinaem?

ehT/A elpoep llac ogaitnaS oalas esuaceb eh si ykculnunamrehsif, eh si

eht tsrow morfykculnu. ehT drow oalas si a hsinapS drow srefer ot
ykculnu.

ohW/Q thguat ehtyob(nilonaM) gnihsif?

ehT/A dlo nam(ogaitnaS) thguat ehtyob(nilonaM)gnihsif.

naC/Q uoy ebircsed eht pihsnoitaler neewtebmeht?

ehT/A pihsnoitaler neewteb meht si yrevesolc. yehT era sadneirf, rehtaf

dnanos, dna rehcaet dnatneduts. ogaitnaS saw gnihcaet eht yob eht
gnihsif skcirt dna ni nruter eht yob sedivorp eht dlo nam htiw ehtdoof,
eeffoc dnasrepapswen.
nI/Q ruoynoinipo, nac ega eb na elcatsbo nehw gnikampihsdneirf?

oN/A, ti nac ton eb naelcatsbo.

ohW/Q si eht dlonam' soreh?

eoJ/AoiggaMiD.

ohW/Q sioiggaMiD?

/A eH si na naciremA llabsaeb reyalp ni seeknaymaet.

yhW/Q si eh deredisnoc ogaitnaSoreh?

eH/A si yrev gnorts llabesabreyalp. eH sah a enob rups ni sih toof dna
neve hguoht eh sevorpmi flesmih dna emoceb a yrev suomafreyalp.

tahW/Q si eht erneg fo ehtlevon?

tI/A si a cigartyrots.

tahW/Q seod naem drowramaL?

ogaitnaS/A sebircsed eht aes sa a ssertsim (devoleb.) ramaL ti si hsinapS

drow yeht sesu ti nehw yeht evol gniht gnoleb otelamef.

yhW/Q ogaitnaS saw yrros rof ehtseltrut?

ogaitnaS/A dah on msicitsym tuoba seltrut hguohtla eh dah enog ni

seltrut staob rof ynamsraey. eH saw yrros rof lla fo meht neve eht taerg
knurt skcab taht erew sa gnol sa ehtffiks.
tahW/Q emit did eh hsif ehthsif?

/A eh hsif eht hsif yb noon. siH tiab sah nekat yb a hsif taht eh si erus si
nilram.

/Q" I hsiw I evah ehtyob" si detaeper ynam semit ni ehtlevon,yhw?

esuaceB/A ogaitnaS si na dlo nam dna tnaw eno ot pleh mih dna eb htiw
mih ton ot ebenola.

enO/Q fo s’ogaitnaS sdnah sawdepmurc, hcihweno?

ehT/A tfeldnah.

deri roton?T nI/Q siht noitautis rehtahw eh regnuh roton?

eH/A saw regnuh dnaderit. eH knard a puc fo krahs revil lio hcae yad
morf eht gib murd ni eht kcahs erehw ynam fo eht nemrehsif tpek rieht
raeg.

fodoof atol atol dntae A

o eb yder ot hsif dna evig flesmihthgnerts.T

tahW/Q sdnik fo hsif tiab did eh esu rofhsif?

eH/A desu senidraS sa tiab othsif.

nI/Q hcihw egap hcihw eh ees eht hsif ni eht tsrifemit?

nI/A egap ta13 ehtkoob.

nI egap 92 ta ehtknil.

saW/Q ti eht tsrif emit taht ogaitnaS sehsif a gibhsif?

oN/A, ti saw ton eht tsrif emit taht ogaitnaS sehsif a gibhsif. ehT dlo na
dah nees ynam taerghsif. eH dah nees ynam taht dehgiew erom naht a
dnasuoht sdnuop dna ah dah thguac owt taht ezis ni sihefil.

sI/Q ti drah ot eb enola yllaicepse nehw gniebdlo?

seY/A foesruoc. ssenilenoL si a drah gnileef yllaicepse nehw gniebdlo.

nehW elpoep emoceb dlo eht strats ot eb yrev evitisnesyllanoitome, os
ew tsum plehmeht, troppus meht dna ton ot evael mehtenola.

ogaitnaS/Q sawgnireffus, did eh timda sihgnireffus?

oN/A, ehndid't. nevE hguoht eh si yrgnuh, ytsriht, detsuahxe, eh t’ndid

timda taht ronialpmoc, eh sahnoitanimreted.

odaroD/Q? sihT eman si denoitnem ni ehtlevon, nialpxe?

ogaitnaS/A deman eno fo eht snihplod saodarod.

nI/Q hcihw htnom ogaitnaS sawgnihsif?

ogaitnaS/A saw gnihsif tarebmetpeS.

tahW/Q deneppah nehw ogaitnaS sllik ehtnilraM?

retfAmA taht eh tup eht nilraM ni eht ffiks dna dnib ti ybenil.. retfA taht
gib skrahs tih eht hsif dnaffiks.

nA ruoh ogaitnaS retfa dellik ehtnilram, a gib okaM krahssraeppa,

gnivah thguac eht tnecs fonilram eht'doolb s. sA eht krahs setib eht
nilram daed, smar ogaitnaS  sih nooprah otni ehtkrahs' sdaeh. ehT krahs
sehsarht, seid, dnasknis, tub eht nooprah epor skaerbogaitnaS dna'
nooprah s si tsol htiw ehtkrahs.

tahW/Q saw eht nopaew taht eh sesu ni gnidnefed ehtnilraM?

diD eh esolti?

eH/A sesu sihnooprah.

seY eh tsol eht nooprah sa eh saw gnidnefed ehtnilram.

tahW/Q did eh esu neht retfa ot dnefed ehthsif?

eH/A edam a wen nopaew yb flesmih gnixif eht efink htiw narao.

diD/Q eht skrahs tae lla eht hself fo ehtnilraM?

sey/A, yehtdid.

tahW/Q deneppah nopu eht dlo s’nam nruter ot sihegalliv?

eH/A saw derit dna gniog ot eht kcahs dnapeels. ehT nemrehsif kcom
ogaitnaS rof eht yllof fo gnilias tuo osraf. stsiruoT ksa eht dlo nam ot
tnuocer sihserutnevda.

tahW/Q did nilonaM desimorpogaitnaS?

eH/A desimorp ogaitnaS ot hsif rehtegot ni eht txenemit.

tahW/Q tuoba ehtmaerd?

/A eH maerd fo snoil no na nacirfahcaeb.

sihT/Q maerd si detaeper ynam semit ni ehtlevon, yhw? seoD ti sah

cilobmysecnatropmi?

esuaceb/A eht snoil era gnorts dna duorpslamina, eht retirw sesu meht
sa a lobmys fo s’ogaitnaShtuoy. snoiL eragnorts, srotaderp, sretnuh tsu
ekil eht dlo nam ohw si gnorts dna elba ot tnuh neve hguoht eh si na dlo
nam.

yhW/Q eht retirw sesu ehtsnoil?

/A retirW sesu eht snoil esuaceB eht snoil rewop dnagnorts.