Mechanical control refers to the use of

machinery designed to cut, shear, shred,

crush, press, lift, convey, transport, and
remove aquatic plants and associated
organic material from waterbodies

Control
Lec. 3

Asst. lec. Ammar M. Altajer

 Lec.3: Close Loop Systems M.Sc. Ammar M. Al-tajer

1. Closed-loop (Feedback) control system: a system that maintains a set

relationship between the output and the reference input by comparing them
and using the difference as a means of control. The main disadvantages of
open-loop systems are insensitive to disturbances and unable to correct for
these disturbances. Thus, to overcome these, closed-loop systems were
introduced (Figure 1). Here, an output transducer (or sensor) is added to the
system to measure the output response and convert it into the form that is
utilized by the controller. An example would be a room temperature control
system.

Figure 1: Closed-loop system

In closed-loop systems (Figure 1), the controller is excited not only by
reference signal but also by the output. Therefore, in this case the control
signal depends on both reference and output signals.
The feedback system in (Figures 1) is a single-loop feedback system.
However, in many practical control systems there are more than one feedback
loop. A common multi-loop feedback control system is illustrated in (Figure

1
 Lec.3: Close Loop Systems M.Sc. Ammar M. Al-tajer

2) with an inner loop and an outer loop. In this scenario, the inner and outer
feedback loops have their own controllers and sensors.

Figure 2: Multi-loop feedback system with an inner loop and an outer loop

Closed-loop (Feedback) control system Open-loop (non-feedback) control

system
Effect of output
A closed loop control system considers the An open loop control system acts
current output and alters it to the desired completely on the basis of input and the
condition. The control action in these output has no effect on the control action
systems is based on the output
Reaction to Internal and External Disturbances
A closed loop control system doesn’t An open loop control system works on
encounter and react on external disturbances fixed operation conditions and there are
or internal variations no disturbances.
Stability
In closed loop control systems stability is a Open loop control systems are mostly
major issue. stable.

2
Lec.3: Close Loop Systems M.Sc. Ammar M. Al-tajer

Effect on gain
There is no-linear change in system gain. There is no effect on gain.
Implementation
The working principle and structures of The structure of open loop control
closed loop control systems are rather system is rather easy to construct.
complex and they are often difficult to These systems can be easily
implement. implemented

3
Lec.3: Close Loop Systems M.Sc. Ammar M. Al-tajer

4
Lec.3: Close Loop Systems M.Sc. Ammar M. Al-tajer

Student notes:….