Mechanical control refers to the use of

machinery designed to cut, shear, shred,

crush, press, lift, convey, transport, and
remove aquatic plants and associated
organic material from waterbodies

Control
Lec. 2

Asst. lec. Ammar M. Altajer

Lec.2: block diagram M.Sc. Ammar M. Al-tajer

1. Introduction:

In recent years, control systems have

gained an increasingly importance in
the development and advancement of
the modern civilization and technology.
Figure 1-1 shows the basic components
of a control system. Disregard the
complexity of the system, it consists of an input (objective), the control
system and its output (result). Practically our day-to-day activities are
affected by some type of control systems. There are two main branches of
control systems:
1) Open-loop systems
2) Closed-loop systems.

Block diagrams consist of

1. Blocks – these represent subsystems – typically modeled by, and
labeled with, a transfer function
2. Signals – inputs and outputs of blocks – signal direction indicated by
arrows – could be voltage, velocity, force, etc.

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Lec.2: block diagram M.Sc. Ammar M. Al-tajer

3. Summing junctions – points were signals are algebraically summed –

subtraction indicated by a negative sign near where the signal joins the
summing junction

• The basic input/output relationship for a single block is:

• Block diagram blocks can be connected in three basic forms:

1. Cascade
2. Parallel
3. Feedback
• We’ll next look at each of these forms and derive a singleblock
equivalent for each

A. Blocks connected in cascade:

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Lec.2: block diagram M.Sc. Ammar M. Al-tajer

The equivalent transfer function of cascaded blocks is the product of the

individual transfer functions

B. Blocks connected in parallel:

The equivalent transfer function is the sum of the individual transfer

functions:

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Lec.2: block diagram M.Sc. Ammar M. Al-tajer

Of obvious interest to us, is the feedback form:

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Lec.2: block diagram M.Sc. Ammar M. Al-tajer

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Lec.2: block diagram M.Sc. Ammar M. Al-tajer

Often want to simplify block diagrams into simpler, recognizable forms

1. To determine the equivalent transfer function
▪ Simplify to instances of the three standard forms, then simplify those
forms
▪ Move blocks around relative to summing junctions and pickoff points –
simplify to a standard form
2. Move blocks forward/backward past summing junctions
3. Move blocks forward/backward past pickoff points

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Lec.2: block diagram M.Sc. Ammar M. Al-tajer

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Lec.2: block diagram M.Sc. Ammar M. Al-tajer

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Lec.2: block diagram M.Sc. Ammar M. Al-tajer

Student notes:….