Syed M.

Afzal, 180401046

Assignment 02

1 What is meant by mathematical modelling of a control system.

The method of drawing block diagrams for structures in order to evaluate their output and transition
functions is known as mathematical modelling of a control system.
State-space representations are useful in optimal control problems. The transfer function representation, on
the other hand, could be more convenient than any other for transient-response or frequency-response
analysis of SISO, linear, time-invariant structures.
Various analytical and computational approaches for interpretation and synthesis can be utilized after
creating a mathematical model of a structure. The equations are normally differential equations since the
systems under consideration are complex. The Laplace transform will be used to simplify the solution
process if these equations can be linearized.

1.1 Types of Mathematical Models:

 Differential Equation
 Transfer Function
 State Space Model

2 What does a block diagram represents? Explain it in detail.

A block diagram is a graphical depiction of a system that demonstrates how it operates. Block diagrams aid
in visualizing a shape’s capabilities and building hyperlinks within it. A block diagram's name comes from
the rectangular additives that make up the layout. They may be used to design hardware and software
program packages as well as to depict techniques. Block diagrams are defined and recognized in terms of
their cause and structure and their interconnections with different blocks.

A block diagram is a commonplace device for developing and documenting hardware and software
architecture, in addition to illustrating workflows and tactics. Block diagrams are used in electronics to
describe systems and their moving components which include within the trucking industry's mechatronic
systems.

Block diagrams are usually hired when it's crucial to depict information or control flows – or when systems
are involved. In this way, we may also constitute sophisticated algorithms, statistics flows, and verbal
exchange among diverse additives interior a big gadget, together with within a facility designed for mass
production. In certain instances, a graphical depiction is simpler to apprehend than a written description.

3 Enlist various rules of block diagram algebra.

The rules of block diagram algebra are as follows:
3.1 Rule 1
When blocks are connected in series. Their transfer function multiply with each other.
If two blocks are connected in series with transfer functions of G1 (block1) and G2 (block 2)
So their combine transfer function becomes G1G2.
Syed M.Afzal, 180401046

3.2 Rule 2
When blocks are connected in parallel. Their transfer function add with each other.
If two blocks are connected in parallel with transfer functions of G1 (block1) and G2 (block 2)
So their combine transfer function becomes G1+G2.

3.3 Rule 3
Moving the branch point ahead of a block.
It is done by taking reciprocal of a block function.
As we need to transfer the branch point at output without disturbing the output.

3.4 Rule 4
Moving the branch point before of a block.
It is done using the same block as we need same two outputs.

3.5 Rule 5
Moving summing ahead of block.
Using the comulative property add inputs first and then multiply it with the block is equal to multiply each
input with a block and then add both outputs.
So for simplification we convert it in this way.

3.6 Rule 6
Moving summing before a block.
It is done by multiplying a reciprocal of block so that when it further multiplies with the block after
addition then we get it as 1.

3.7 Rule 7
Interchanging summing point.
Suppose if we have three inputs A B and C. first two inputs A and B are adding with each other then the
input C will add. So we can interchange the summing point as by first adding A with C and then add B
with them or with another way by adding B and C and then add A.

3.8 Rule 8
Spliting of summing points.
Suppose three inputs are adding at one point so we break the summer into two so we add two inputs at a
time.

3.9 Rule 9
Elimination of a feedback.
It is done by making a transfer function depending upon positive and negative feedback and the used it as a
one block.