2𝐴 U 2𝐴 U

an= 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑛ω𝑡 bn= −𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑛ω𝑡

𝑛ω𝑇 L 𝑛ω𝑇 L
2𝐴 2𝐴
an= 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑈𝑛ω − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝐿𝑛ω bn= −𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑈𝑛ω + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝐿𝑛ω
𝑛ω𝑇 𝑛ω𝑇
𝑈 = 2, 𝐿 = −2
2𝐴 2𝐴
an= 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2𝑛ω − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 −2𝑛ω bn= −𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝑛ω + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −2𝑛ω
𝑛ω𝑇 𝑛ω𝑇
2𝐴 2𝐴
an= 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2𝑛ω + 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2𝑛ω bn= −𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝑛ω + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝑛ω
𝑛ω𝑇 𝑛ω𝑇

an=
2𝐴
2𝑠𝑖𝑛 2𝑛ω bn= 0
𝑛ω𝑇
𝑈 = 4, 𝐿 = 0
2𝐴 2𝐴
an= 𝑠𝑖𝑛 4𝑛ω − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 0 bn= −𝑐𝑜𝑠 4𝑛ω + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 0
𝑛ω𝑇 𝑛ω𝑇
2𝐴 2𝐴
an= 𝑠𝑖𝑛 4𝑛ω bn= 1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 4𝑛ω
𝑛ω𝑇 𝑛ω𝑇

0
 - +

Resistive load
Inductive load

Power Electronics by D. W. Hart Chapter 07 4

8.3 THE SQUARE-WAVE INVERTER
For a series RL load and a square wave
output voltage
+Vdc

. (8-1)
- +

-Vdc

. (8-2)

Let the initial condition for the current described in Eq. (8-1) be Imin, and
let the initial condition for the current described in Eq. (8-2) be Imax.

Power Electronics by D. W. Hart Chapter 07 5

Power Electronics by D. W. Hart Chapter 07 6
 io(t) . (8-1)
. (8-2)

and by symmetry

Power Electronics by D. W. Hart Chapter 07 7

Power absorbed by the load can be determined from
Since the of square each of the current half-periods is identical, only the first
half-period needs to be evaluated:

If the switches are ideal, the power supplied by the source must be the same
as absorbed by the load.
Power from a dc source is determined from

Power Electronics by D. W. Hart Chapter 07 8

EXAMPLE 8-1 Square-Wave Inverter with RL Load
The full-bridge inverter of Fig. 8-1 has a switching sequence that produces a
square wave voltage across a series RL load. The switching frequency is 60
Hz, Vdc =100 V, R=10 Ω , and L = 25 mH. Determine (a) an expression for
load current, (b) the power absorbed by the load, and (c) the average current in
the dc source.

Power Electronics by D. W. Hart Chapter 07 9

 15

10

5
Max_Min
0
0 0.002 0.004 0.006 0.008 0.01 0.012 0.014 0.016 0.018
-5

-10

-15

Average power could also be computed from the average of the

current expression in part (a).

Power Electronics by D. W. Hart Chapter 07 10

The switch currents in Fig. 8-2 show that the switches in the full-bridge
circuit must be capable of carrying both positive and negative currents
for RL loads.
However, real electronic devices may conduct current in one direction only.
This problem is solved by placing feedback diodes in parallel (anti-parallel)
with each switch.
During the time interval when the current in the switch must be negative, the
feedback diode carries the current.
The diodes are reverse-biased when current is positive in the switch.
Figure 8-3a shows the full-bridge inverter with switches implemented as
insulated gate bipolar transistors (IGBTs) with feedback diodes.
Power semiconductor modules often
include feedback diodes with the
switches.

Power Electronics by D. W. Hart Chapter 07 11

 - +

Transistor and diode currents for a

square wave voltage and an RL
load are indicated in Fig 8-3b.

Power Electronics by D. W. Hart Chapter 07 12

8.4 FOURIER SERIES ANALYSIS
1. The Fourier series method is often the most practical way to analyze
load current and to compute power absorbed in a load, especially when
the load is more complex than a simple resistive or RL load.
2. A useful approach for inverter analysis is to express the output
voltage and load current in terms of a Fourier series.
3. With no dc component in the output,

Power Electronics by D. W. Hart Chapter 07 13

 EXAMPLE 8-2 Fourier Series Solution for the Square-Wave Inverter

Power Electronics by D. W. Hart Chapter 07 14

8.5 TOTAL HARMONIC DISTORTION
1. Since the objective of the inverter is to use a dc voltage source to
supply a load requiring ac, it is useful to describe the quality of the ac
output voltage or current.
2. The quality of a non-sinusoidal wave can be expressed in terms of
total harmonic distortion (THD), defined in Chap. 2. Assuming no dc
component in the output,

Power Electronics by D. W. Hart Chapter 07 15

 8.6 PSPICE SIMULATION OF SQUARE-WAVE INVERTERS
EXAMPLE 8-4 For a series (RL) load in a full-bridge inverter circuit
with a square wave output, the dc supply is 100 V, R = 10 Ω, L = 25 mH,
and the switching frequency is 60 Hz (Example 8-1). (a) Assuming ideal
switches, use PSpice to determine the maximum and minimum current in
the load in the steady state. (b) Determine the power absorbed by the
load. (c) Determine the total harmonic distortion of the load current.

Harmonic Control of the

Full-Bridge Inverter Output

Power Electronics by D. W. Hart Chapter 07 16

Power Electronics by D. W. Hart Chapter 07 17
1. The maximum and minimum steady-state current (IR1) values are
approximately 9.31 and - 9.31 A, which can be obtained precisely by
using the cursor option. Same as calculated in EXAMPLE 8-1
2. AVG(W(R1), that the resistor absorbs approximately 441 W.
3. The rms current RMS(I(R1)), is 6.64 A.

Power Electronics by D. W. Hart Chapter 07 18

 DC COMPONENT = -9.8950E-01
HARM FREQ FOURIER NORMALIZED PHASE NORMALIZED
NO (HZ) COMPONENT COMPONENT (DEG) PHASE (DEG)
1 6.0000E+01 1.2733E+02 1.0000E+00 -1.7911E+02 0.0000E+00
2 1.2000E+02 1.9800E+00 1.5550E-02 -8.8225E+01 2.6999E+02
3 1.8000E+02 4.2456E+01 3.3344E-01 -1.7733E+02 3.6000E+02
4 2.4000E+02 1.9830E+00 1.5574E-02 -8.6449E+01 6.2998E+02
5 3.0000E+02 2.5490E+01 2.0019E-01 -1.7554E+02 7.2000E+02
6 3.6000E+02 1.9880E+00 1.5613E-02 -8.4671E+01 9.8998E+02
7 4.2000E+02 1.8224E+01 1.4313E-01 -1.7376E+02 1.0800E+03
8 4.8000E+02 1.9950E+00 1.5668E-02 -8.2891E+01 1.3500E+03
9 5.4000E+02 1.4193E+01 1.1146E-01 -1.7198E+02 1.4400E+03
10 6.0000E+02 2.0040E+00 1.5739E-02 -8.1109E+01 1.7100E+03
11 6.6000E+02 1.1631E+01 9.1345E-02 -1.7020E+02 1.8000E+03
12 7.2000E+02 2.0149E+00 1.5825E-02 -7.9325E+01 2.0700E+03
13 7.8000E+02 9.8606E+00 7.7442E-02 -1.6841E+02 2.1600E+03
14 8.4000E+02 2.0279E+00 1.5927E-02 -7.7539E+01 2.4300E+03
15 9.0000E+02 8.5653E+00 6.7269E-02 -1.6663E+02 2.5200E+03
TOTAL HARMONIC DISTORTION = 4.5250E+01 PERCENT I.e. 45%

Power Electronics by D. W. Hart Chapter 07 19

Power Electronics by D. W. Hart Chapter 07 20
Power Electronics by D. W. Hart Chapter 07 21