Rangkuman Materi Kegiatan THE GLOBAL

OPPORTUNITY OF ADDRESSING RISING

TEMPERATURE
A. The Global Challenge of Rising Temperatures

Three global trends drive the heat challenge. Urban heat is a priority development challenge
of the coming decades. City are growing in size and population. By 2020 cities will be 80% larger. An
estimate 90% of the increase in urban dwellers up to 2050 is expect and to place in Asia and Africa.
The planet is heating up, average global temperature above pre-industrial levels. Global average
temperatures are increasing. Global warming relative to 1750-1900 celcius. Cities are heating up twice
as fast. Dark urban surfaces, lack of vegetation, human generated heat and heat-trapping urban design.
Cities are heating up faster than global averages due the affects of urban heat island.

A global lack of access to colling. haves the new capacity needed to meet global space cooling
demand by 2050=the current capacity in the U.S., Europe and India combined. Have not the growth
in space cooling demand excludes the 1.1 billion people who likely never have physical or economic
access to mechanical cooling. According to annual heat-related deaths, no adaption the high cost of
inaction on heat, once the effects of urban heat island are considered, the percentages of GDP lost in
the median city (1,692 cities studied) are 1.7% in 2050 and 5.6% by 2100.

According to heat and air quality, pollution increased energy demand, greater chance for
ground-level ozone to form and impeded wind flow. Heat is a risk to transportation. Like melted
asphalt roadways, heat-warped rail tracks and grounded air flights. Heat worsens inequality: higher
temperatures, lower adaptive capacity to heat, lack of access to clean, sustainable cooling (active and
passive) and lack of access to health infrastructure.

B. Cooling Strategies
Cool math:

ENERGY INPUTS
INTO THE AIR

Energy from solar radiation

= WHAT HAPPENS
TO THAT ENERGY

Stored energy

+ +

Waste heat from human Energy carried away by wind

activity
+

Energy that heats the air

(sensible heat)

Cooling option:
 1. Reflection surfaces: solar reflective roofs, solar reflective walls and solar reflective
pavements.
2. Permeable surfaces: green roofs, green walls and permeable pavements.
3. Permeable surfaces and shade: tree canopy and parks.
4. Heat resilient planning: water infra-structure, urban design and reducing human generated
heat.
5. Energy efficiency: passive building design and energy efficient mechanical cooling.

All is passive, non-mechanical cooling solution except the underline text.

Benefits of reflective surfaces:

1. Applicable on nearly every roof type

2. Energy saving when active cooling is present
3. Global cooling
4. Reduced outdoor air temperatures
5. Reduced indoor air temperatures
6. Cost effective (and comparable to dark options)

Things to consider, potential for increased heating energy demand. And then the effects
of aging and weathering, effects of insulation on energy saving, potential to reflect solar radiation
onto other building pedestrian and aesthetic. Natural solution has some of benefit. First energy
savings and reduced indoor air temperatures. Second, reduced outdoor air temperatures. Third,
improved stormwater management and water quality. Fourth, aesthetic and increase property values.
Fifth, increased biodiversity. Sixth captures GHG emissions. Seventh, improved solar PV performance.
Eighth enhanced biodiversity. And the last is improved human lives. Building characteristics, water
usage, competing effects on thermal comfort and cost premiums are considerations for permeable
surfaces.

Size and structure of the park, type plants, irrigation frequency, level of sky obstruction,
distance between a dense urban area and the park, thermal balance of the surrounding areas, and
characteristics of the reference urban area, including density, prevailing climate condition and climate
zone are considerations for natural spaces. The other indicator of considerations natural spaces are
water availability, night-time urban heat, proper plant selection and placement for optimal cooling.
Cooling can be done with urban design. The way to do it are aligning building corridors with the
prevailing wind, connecting open spaces, prioritizing open space near water bodies, arranging
buildings to channel wind, avoiding monolithic wall space where possible, increasing building setback
from property lines and encouraging stepped building height profiles.

C. Why invest in cooling strategies?

Many benefits of passive cooling. Passive cooling in the built environment support
progress on 11 of 17 SDGs and can deliver that progress in the short-term. The economic case for
passive cooling, with scenario 20% of all roofs and 50% of roads become highly solar reflective has
benefit to cost ratio range $6.00-$15.20. And if the scenario 10% of roofs become green 25% of roofs
become highly solar reflective, 50% of roads become highly solar reflective has benefit to cost ratio
range $2.35-$6.09. If we invest in cooling strategies, we have raising heat awareness and preparation.
Naming and categorizing heat waves-raising awareness of heat disasters and their effects (Seville,
Spain). Declaring a heat Season for heat disasters similar to typhoon, hurricane season. With million
cool roofs, introduce and accekerate the use of cool roofs, demonstrate and raise awareness, spur
market and police development, and improve lives.