MARINE, COASTAL PROCESSES AND HAZARDS

COAST(BAYBAYIN) - this is the part of the land near the sea.

● Contains some of the worlds sensitive and threatened ecosystems such as mangroves,
beach forest, seagrass and coral reefs

MARINE SYSTEMS - are the largest of earth's aquatic ecosystems. Includes nearshore system
and extends outward from the coast to include offshore system

COASTAL PROCESSES - are events happening in the marine environment.

● Include waves, tides, sea level change, crustal movement and storm surge.

WAVES - are caused by the movement of the air masses in the coastal environment
TIDES - Refers to a very long period waves that move through the oceans in response to the
forces exerted by the moon and sun
SEA LEVEL CHANGE - is a result of the rise of ocean water which can be attributed to the
melting of glaciers or iceberg in the polar regions

COASTAL HAZARDS - caused by different coastal processes that expose marine

environments to risk of property damage, loss of life, and ecological degradation.

3 TYPES OF COASTAL HAZARDS

1. COASTAL EROSION - is the loss or displacement of land along the coastline due to the
action of waves, currents, tides or other impacts of storms.
2. SUBMERSION - movement of coastal sediments from the visible portion of a beach to
the submerged nearshore region of the coast.

3. SALTWATER INTRUSION - is the induced flow of seawater into freshwater aquifers

primarily caused by ground water development near the coast.
Aquifer - is an underground layer of permeable rocks, gravel sand or silt

Natural flow…

FRESH WATER (less dense) moves towards SALTWATER (more dense)

MITIGATION METHODS
● Maintaining plant cover - results to improved vegetation
● Monitoring and assessment - ensures effective management of cases
● Artificial recharge - pumps, freshwater to the reservoir/aquifer
● Jetties - prevent coastal erosion by promoting beach build ups as they trap sand
● Seawalls - counteract waves that hit the shore
● Groins/Stone barriers - keeps sand from eroding
● Breakwaters - constructed along coasts to prevent further advancement of saltwater
● Beach nourishment - large amount of sand is added to the coast
● Installation of small walls & sandbags - used to counteract waves hitting the shore
● Beach dewatering - involves pumping out water from the shore to prevent erosion
● Ban of mining activities - can cause decrease in pollutants