The 2010 International Power Electronics Conference

Analytical Method and Suppression Technique

of Conducted EMI noise
in a Multi-Converter System
Michio Tamate*, Akio Toba*, Yasushi Matsumoto*, Keiji Wada**, and Toshihisa Shimizu**
*Fuji Electric Holdings Co., Ltd., 1, Fuji-machi, Hino City, Tokyo 191-8502, Japan
**Tokyo Metropolitan University, 1-1, Minamiosawa, Hachiouji City, Tokyo 192-0364, Japan

Abstract--A method is proposed for the analysis of converter system. This method is focused on the phase
conducted electromagnetic interference (EMI) in multiple differences of the sub-harmonic modulation carrier signal
power converters connected to the same power line. This for each power converter. Finally, noise suppression
method is focused on the phase differences of the sub- techniques are proposed that are suitable for the
harmonic modulation carrier signal for each power following two domains.
converter. It is confirmed that the phase difference among
the power converters determines the EMI noise value in a
1. Conducted disturbance regulated by international
multi-converter system by analyzing waveform of the commissions, such as the International Electrotechnical
common-mode current. In addition, EMI noise suppressions Commission (IEC).
based on a novel phase-difference control technique are also 2. Radio disturbance of AM radio broadcasting in
proposed. In order to reduce volume of EMI filter Japan.
effectively, phase difference T should be set to 360/nN°, here
n is high-order harmonic component near 150 kHz, and N is II. PROBLEMS OF CONDUCTED EMI NOISE IN A MULTI-
the number of power converters. On the other hand, in CONVERTER SYSTEM
order to prevent radio disturbance, another phase-
difference W should be set to 180fC/fX° not depending on the In this chapter, problems of conducted EMI noise in a
number of converters (N), here fC is carrier frequency of the multi-converter system are identified.
converters, and fX is center frequency of frequency band of Fig. 1(a) shows a block diagram of the evaluation
AM radio. Therefore, Conducted EMI noise can be reduced system for conducted EMI noise. A number of N power
effectively based on the proposed phase-control for any converters are connected to the same power line. Here,
purpose.
vin R
Index Terms— Conducted EMI noise, Parallel operation, S Power
Load 1
Carrier frequency, Carrier-phase control T converter 1
RLISN
I. INTRODUCTION vnoise
E iE
In recent years, the increasingly wide use of power
electronics equipment has caused an increase in Power
LISN Load 2
converter 2
electromagnetic interference (EMI) problems caused by
power converters, which is a significant concern of power
electronics engineers. To solve this problem, many EMI
…

noise analysis and suppression methods have been

proposed. However, most of the proposed methods Power
Load N
concern only the case of a single power converter[1-7] and converter N
not the case of multiple power converters connected to
the same power line[8,9], which is a common yet far more
complicated system to analyze. (a) Block diagram of the system.
The authors have studied the mechanism and Half-bridge inverter Load
characterization of conducted EMI noise caused by a DB
multi-converter system[8]. In this work, an analytical S1
model of conducted EMI noise and a design method for Cdc1
EMI filters in the multi-converter system are proposed.
The problems of conducted EMI noise flows from a
Cdc0 RLoad
multi-converter system are described first. Protection
against EMI noise is complicated for a multi-converter
system, because the EMI noise is increased with the Cdc2 S2 CE
number of converters. In addition, there is a problem in
that EMI noise measurement repeatability is significantly
low. To solve these problems, a method for the analysis (b) Circuit configuration of power converter.
of conducted EMI noise is proposed for the multi- Figure 1. Evaluation system of conducted EMI noise.

978-1-4244-5393-1/10/$26.00 ©2010 IEEE 1132

 The 2010 International Power Electronics Conference

half-bridge inverters, shown in Fig. 1(b), are applied to Phase difference; 180o Modulation wave
Carrier wave
the power converters of the system. The effective noise
value caused by the conducted EMI from each converter
is measured as the voltage vnoise, at a line impedance Control signal for
power converter 1
stabilization network (LISN)[10].
Then, noise disturbance occurs more often, because
the EMI noise of the multi-converter system is increased
compared with a single-converter system. In addition,
there is a problem in that the measurement repeatability Control signal for
of EMI noise is significantly low. Consequently, the power converter 2
suppression of EMI noise is more complicated for the
multi-converter system.
Driving signal for
power converter 1
III. ANALYTICAL METHOD FOR EMI NOISE IN A MULTI-
CONVERTER SYSTEM Driving signal for
power converter 2
A method for the analysis of the EMI noise value in
the multi-converter system is proposed in this chapter. Figure 2. Provision method for driving signals to the power converters.
A. Phase difference among power converters 0.12
In the system as shown in Fig. 1, each power converter
is controlled with a sub-harmonic modulation. Fig. 2 0.09
shows the provision method for driving signals to the 0.06
iE
power converters. The same sine-waveform is applied to
0.03
the modulation wave of the power converters for
simplicity and carrier signals for the power converters are 0
the same triangle-waves. Although the phase difference
-0.03
of the carrier signal between the power converters has 1.7Ps 10Ps
been set to 180° in Fig. 2, the phase difference varies -0.06
with every operating condition of the system. This is the Figure 3. Measured waveform of leakage current from half-bridge inverter.
reason why every measurement of the EMI noise value in 0.09
a multi-converter system fluctuates.
Therefore, the analytical method for conducted EMI
iE
noise in the multi-converter system was investigated with
a focus on the phase difference of the carrier signals
among the power converters. 0
1.7Ps
B. Analysis of conducted EMI noise in a Multi-converter 35Ps
system
The method for analysis of EMI noise is surveyed Figure 4. Simplified waveform of leakage current from power converter.
based on the common-mode current, such as iE shown in
Fig. 1(a). The conduction paths of the common-mode 80
Common-mode current iE [dBPA]

current are stray capacitors constructed in the power 70

converter, such as CE shown in Fig. 1(b). The common-
mode current flows for every charge and discharge of the 60
stray capacitors and becomes the dominant source of the
50
conducted EMI noise.
Fig. 3 shows the measured result of a common-mode 40
current from the half-bridge inverter shown in Fig. 1(b) 30
: Measured waveform
and Table I. The common-mode current substantially : Simplified waveform
consists of superposed square-pulse and resonance waves. 20
0.15 0.31 3 10 30
Then, the waveform of common-mode current is Frequency [MHz]
simplified, because the measured waveform is a common Figure 5. Spectrum comparison of common-mode current .
yet far more complicated waveform to analyze. Fig. 4 TABLE I. CIRCUIT PARAMETERS OF THE HALF-BRIDGE INVERTER.
shows a simplified common-mode current as a square-
Symbol Item Parameter
pulse waveform.
DB Diode-bridge 800V/50A
Fig. 5 shows the results of a fast Fourier transform
S1, S2 IGBT module 1200V/50A
(FFT) for the common-mode current. The FFT results
Cdc0 Smoothing condenser 2.2PF/630V
illustrate the measured waveform and the simplified
waveform, so that the following are confirmed: Cdc1, Cdc2 Smoothing condenser 1700PF/400V
(a) The simplified waveform does not contain Llord Load rector 2mH
resonance at 10 MHz. Rload Load resistance 20:
Constructed in
(b) The simplified waveform corresponds to the CE Stray capacitor IGBT module

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P D
iE P

0 D
0
T T=360-degree

(a) Single converter system. Figure 7. Simplified waveform of the common-mode currents
on triple converter system.
D 1st-converter
P 2nd-convertr both a single-converter system and a multi-converter
3rd-converter
iE … … system are derived by the following equations.
§ N 1 ·
a n odd ¨ 2 ¸
(4)
0
Nrd-converter E E N-1rd-converter a n0 ¨¨ A 1
¦
¨1  2 cos AnE ¸
¸¸
T © ¹
(b) Multiple converter system. N
a n even 2
nE (5)
Figure 6. Simplified waveforms
of the common-mode currents on each converter system. a n0
2 ¦ cos2 A  1 2
A 1

measured result up to 4.5 MHz with an accuracy of ±2.5 The following characteristics are confirmed from (4)
dB. Therefore, the simplified waveform can provide and (5).
sufficient characteristics of the common-mode current for 1. The maximum value of EMI noise flows from a
analysis of the conducted EMI noise. multi-converter system when multiple converters are
Therefore, in this study, the conducted EMI noise in operational by setting the phase difference equal to
the multi-converter system is discussed by analysis of the zero, because all cosine functions of the equations
simplified common-mode current. consistently equal 1.
Fig. 6 shows simplified waveforms of the common- 2. The calculated amplitude ratio can be applied to the
mode currents that flow from the system. Fig. 6(a) shows evaluation of not only common-mode current, but
the condition for a single power converter, where the also differential-mode current, because the
major common-mode current flows once in each period T. calculations are only dependent on the phase-
Here, P is amplitude of the major common-mode current, difference E, the number of converters N, and the
and D is pulse width of the current. In comparison, Fig. harmonic component n. In other words, all variables
6(b) shows the condition for multiple (N) power dependent on the waveform are cancelled.
converters, where the major common-mode current flows Fig. 7 shows a waveform of the common-mode current
N-times in each period. on a triple-converter system. The phase-difference among
In order to clarify the basic characteristics of the the power converters, as shown in Fig.7, seems to be
system, it is assumed that the multiple power converters random. However, the n-th harmonic amplitudes of the
are driven at a phase difference E, as shown in Fig. 6(b). multi-converter system can be derived from (2) or (3).
The n-th harmonic amplitudes of the simplified This reason is explained in detail based on Fig. 8,
waveforms are calculated based on the Fourier series which shows the starting sequence of the triple converter
expansion. Here, the period T is set to 360° and the phase system and the common-mode currents generated from
differences of each converter are set to E-degrees. each power converter. Firstly, operation of power
From Fig. 6(a), the n-th harmonic amplitude of the converter 1 is just started at time 0. At this time,
single-converter system is calculated by following common-mode current flows from power converter 1.
formula. Operation of power converter 2 is started after E/T, and
2P nD (1) then power converter 3 is started after another interval of
an0 cos nS sin
nS 2 E/T. Therefore, the common-mode current from the entire
From Fig. 6(b), the n-th harmonic amplitude of the system corresponds exactly to that of Fig. 7, when all
multi-converter system is given by (2) and (3). power converters are simultaneously operational.
ª § N 1 ·º Consequently, Fig. 7 shows the state operating the power
2P « nD ¨ 2 ¸»
a n odd
nS
cos nx «sin
«
¨1 
2 ¨ A1 ¦
2 cos AnE ¸» ,
¸»
(2) converters by the constant phase-difference E.
C. Evaluation of the proposed analytical method
¨ ¸
«¬ © ¹»¼ It is clarified that the EMI noise value of the multi-
where N is an odd number, and converter system can be derived by combining the
§ N · calculated result of (4) or (5) and the measured EMI noise
4P nD ¨ 2 nE ¸ , (3) value for the single-converter system. Here, the EMI
a n even cos nx sin 
¨ ¦ cos 2 A  1 ¸
nS 2 ¨A 1 2 ¸ noise value for the single-converter system can be easily
© ¹ acquired with high repeatability.
where N is an even number.
From (1) to (3), the amplitude ratios of the harmonics on

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E/T [s] E/T [s]

Common-mode current iE1

from power converter 1
0

Common-mode current iE2

from power converter 2
0

Common-mode current iE3

from power converter 3
0

Common-mode current iEall

from entire system
0
Cycle T1 Cycle T2

0 T 2T time[s]
Figure 8. Start sequence of triple converter system based on common-mode currents.
This proposed analytical method was experimentally TABLE II. OPERATING CONDITIONS OF THE SYSTEM.
evaluated using a triple converter system constructed as Items Parameters
shown in Fig. 1 and Table I. Table II shows the operating Input voltage 3IAC56.6V/50Hz
conditions of the system and Fig. 9 shows the Number of the inverters 3
experimental results. In addition, Fig. 10 shows the Carrier frequency 14kHz
amplitude ratio of the conducted EMI noise calculated Output frequency 311Hz
from (3) under the same operating conditions as the
experiment. The experimental results correspond to the 100 :Single-converter (reference)
calculated results up to 2 MHz, as summarized in the :Triple-converter (phase difference E=0o)
Conducted EMI noise [dBPV]

following: :Triple-converter (phase difference E=5o)

- The EMI noise value of the triple-converter system 90
increases up to 10 dB compared to that of the single-
converter system. 80
- The envelope curves connecting the maximum and
minimum peaks are in good agreement for the case where
the phase difference is set to 5° on the triple-converter 70
system.
Therefore, it is confirmed that the effectiveness of the 60
analytical method to determine the EMI noise value for a 20k 100k 1M 5M
Frequency [Hz]
multi-converter system. Figure 9. Experimental results of the conducted EMI noise.

IV. PROPOSED SUPPRESSION TECHNIQUES OF THE 20 :Single-converter (reference)

CONDUCTED EMI NOISE :Triple-converter (phase difference E=0o)
of the conducted EMI noise [dB]

:Triple-converter (phase difference E=5o)

In the previous chapter, it was confirmed that the 10
phase difference among the power converters could be
Amplitude ratio

used to determine the EMI noise value for the multi-

converter system. Therefore, the conducted EMI noise 0
can be suppressed by controlling the phase difference of
the carrier signals for the power converters. In the -10
following, noise suppression techniques are proposed that
are suitable for two domains.
A. Conducted disturbance regulated by international -20
20k 100k 1M 5M
commission Frequency [Hz]
Conducted EMI noise is regulated as conducted Figure 10. Calculation results of amplitude ratio
of the conducted EMI noise.
disturbance by international commissions, such as the
IEC. Fig. 11 shows the regulation limits of conducted conform to the limits of this regulation.
disturbance. The frequency band of 150 kHz to 30 MHz Here, EMI filters, such as the circuit configurations
is given as the limits of usage, so that products must shown in Fig. 12, are applied for power electronics

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90
equipment in order to reduce the conducted EMI noise.
The EMI filters shown in Figs. 12(a) and (b) are referred 80

Regulation limits [dBPV]

Class A Quasi Peak
to as an L-filter and an LC-filter, respectively. In order to
70
conform to the regulations, the EMI filter should be
Class A Average
placed at point A of the multi-converter system shown in 60
Fig. 1. Class B Quasi Peak
50
A novel phase-control for the multi-converter system is
Class B Average
proposed for downsizing of the EMI filter. 40
<1> Attenuation-characteristics of the EMI filter 30
Fig. 13 shows the general attenuation-characteristics of 0.1 1
Frequency [MHz]
10 50
the EMI filter. The characteristics are conformed to Figure 11. Regulation limits of conducted disturbance.
change at three resonant-frequencies, the causes of which
are indicated in Table III. From the regulation band, the LISN inverter LISN inverter
attenuation of the EMI filter is smallest at 150 kHz, as R CX1~CX3
shown in Fig. 13. That is, it is the most difficult to
conform the regulation limits at 150 kHz. Therefore, it is S
effective for the reduction of conducted disturbance at T
150 kHz in order to reduce the volume of the EMI filter. LC LC
<2> Phase-control technique for effective reduction of CX4~CX6
conducted disturbance CX1~CX3 CX1~CX3
E CY
In order to reduce the conducted disturbance at 150
kHz, a solution where (5) or (6) equals zero is required at
(a) L filter. (b) LC filter.
the high-order harmonic component n near 150 kHz. Figure 12. EMI-filter constructions.
However, there are the multiple solutions, because these
40
equations are relational expressions of the cosine function.
Here, the phase-control technique for downsizing the 20
EMI filter is required to reduce the conducted disturbance
Attenuation [dB]

0
more widely around 150 kHz. Therefore, it is
advantageous to obtain a longer cycle determined by the -20
fA fB fC
variable n, which is the n-th harmonic component.
-40
Consequently, the most effective phase-difference E is
the least phase-difference of the multiple solutions. The -60
least phase-difference ș that satisfies all the conditions
-80
for a multi-converter system is given as (6). 10k 100k 1M 10M 30M
Frequency [Hz]
360 (6)
T [deg .] Figure 13. Attenuation-characteristic of the EMI-filter.
nN
Therefore, the conducted disturbance can be reduced TABLE III. CAUSE OF RESONANCE IN THE ATTENUATION CHARACTERISTICS.
most effectively by controlling the phase-difference
Symbols Cause of resonance
derived from (6) when multiple (N) power converters are
driven simultaneously. fA Resonance of LC-C and CY or CE
<3> Evaluation results by experiment fB Self-resonance of LC
The evaluation system shown in Fig.1 consists of three fC Self-resonance of CE
power-converters and an L-filter placed at point A. The
TABLE IV. CIRCUIT PARAMETERS OF L-FILTER.
circuit parameters of the L-filter are given in Table IV
and operating conditions in Table V. The phase- Items Symbols Circuit parameters
difference among the converters can then be derived Common-mode choke coil LC 3.4 mH
from (6). Across the line capacitor CX1~CX3 AC250V/1.5 PF
Fig. 14 shows the measured results for the conducted
disturbance of the triple converter system. Two measured TABLE V. OPERATIONAL CONDITIONS OF POWER CONVERTERS.
results are illustrated; one result is the 0° phase- Parameters Conditions
difference, and the other result is the 11° phase- Number of power converters N 3
difference. The result shows that 11° phase-difference is Carrier frequency fs 14kHz
reduced over a wide frequency band from 80 kHz to 400 Harmonic component n near 150 kHz 11
kHz, compared to that for the disturbance with 0° phase- Phase- difference T 11°
difference.
The results indicate that circuit parameters of the EMI common-mode choke coil, and the inductance of the
filter can be reduced when the phase-difference E is choke coil is estimated to be as small as 3.4 mH to 1.1
appropriately controlled, because there are larger margins MH. Thus, the volume of the EMI filter can be reduced
on the regulation limits shown in Fig. 14(b). by making a decision regarding the phase-difference on
The largest circuit component of the EMI filter is the the basis of (6).

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100
Conducted disturbance [dBPV] 100

Conducted disturbance [dBPV]

: 0o phase difference : 0o phase difference
80 : 11o phase difference 80 : 11o phase difference

60 ClassB QP 60 ClassB QP
ClassB Ave. ClassB Ave.
40 40

20 20
There is larger margin.
0 0
0.01 0.1 1 10 30 0.1 0.2 0.4 0.7 1
Frequency [MHz] Frequency [MHz]
(a) Measured results from 0.01 to 30MHz. (b) Measured results from 0.1 to 1MHz.
Figure 14. Measured results suitable for reduction of conducted disturbance.

6 Frequency band
N=6
B. Radio disturbance for AM radio broadcasting in for AM radio

of the conducted EMI noise

5
Japan N=5

Amplitude ratio
In this chapter, an EMI noise reduction technique is 4
N=4
proposed that is suitable for AM radio broadcasting 1066.5kHz
3
frequency band in Japan.
N=3
<1> Frequency band for AM radio broadcasting in 2
Japan N=2
1
The frequency band for AM radio is 531 kHz to 1602
kHz, with 9 kHz channel spacing generally used in Japan. 0
0 531 1000 1602 2000 3000
In order to prevent radio disturbance, EMI noise should Frequency [kHz]
be reduced over the entire frequency band. Figure 15. Calculated results suitable for prevention
<2> Phase-control technique for prevention of radio of AM radio disturbance.
disturbance
Phase-difference suitable for the prevention of radio that it may be in agreement with the center frequency fx.
disturbance was investigated based on the amplitude ratio However, it may be difficult to determine the harmonic
of (4) and (5). It was confirmed that these equations are component nx, because nx is a positive integer.
ineffective for reduction of EMI noise when the A method to set another phase-difference W is proposed
amplitude ratio equals 1. Firstly, the cycles of (4) and (5) as following.
are derived. The longest cycle of cosine function in the 180 f C [deg.]
equations determines the cycles of the equations. That is, W (9)
fX
the cycle of (5) is decided by cos(nE) when there is an
even number of power-converters. On the other hand, the The proposed phase-difference W is set based on the
cycle of (4) is decided by 2*cos(nE/2) when there is an center-frequency fX (targeted for reduction) and the
odd number of power-converters, because the amplitude carrier-frequency fC. Therefore, phase-difference W can be
ratio is calculated as an absolute value. Therefore, both set without dependence on the high-order harmonic
cycles of the absolute values of the amplitude ratio are component nx.
decided by nE. <3> Evaluation results by analysis of the amplitude-ratio
Therefore, the cycles of the amplitude ratio are not From previous investigation, it was confirmed that the
dependent on the number of power converters. Thus, the analysis results correspond to the experimental results.
amplitude ratio is repeated periodically by harmonic- Therefore, the EMI noise suppression technique suitable
component n using the following equation. for the prevention of AM radio disturbance was evaluated
nE 360 u M [deg.] M=0,1,2… (7) based on analysis of the amplitude ratio.
Fig. 15 shows the calculated results of the amplitude
In order to determine a suitable phase-difference W for ratio. Here, the number of power converters is 2 to 6, and
the reduction of EMI noise to prevent radio disturbance, the center-frequency is 1066.5 kHz calculated using (8).
the harmonic component nx should be appropriately The following were confirmed from Fig. 15.
controlled. Here, in case of regulated conducted 1. Under all conditions, the amplitude ratio becomes the
disturbance, the least harmonic component n near 150 maximum value at 2133 kHz, which is twice that of the
kHz is selected. On the other hand, for the prevention of center-frequency and corresponds to the analysis result.
radio disturbance, it is more suitable that the harmonic 2. Under all conditions, the noise reduction effect is
component nx near the center-frequency is selected. The acquired equally at the frequency band for AM radio,
center-frequency fX of AM radio is calculated by the That is, the calculated value of the amplitude ratio at 531
following formula using the frequency band of 531 kHz kHz corresponds exactly to that at 1602 kHz.
to 1602 kHz. 3. The frequency band at which EMI noise can be
(1602 kHz  531 kHz) reduced is widened as the number of power converters
fX  531 kHz 1066.5 kHz (8)
2 increases.
The harmonic component nx has only to be selected so Consequently, it was confirmed that setting the phase-

1137

difference E based on (9) in order to suppress the entire
EMI noise is very effective for frequency band such as
those used for AM radio.
V. CONCLUSION
A method for analysis of the EMI noise value for
multiple converters connected to the same power line is
presented, and a method for suppression of the conducted
EMI noise is proposed.
Firstly, the problems of EMI noise were described for
a multi-converter system. One of the problems is that the
repeatability of the EMI noise value measurement is
significantly low. The cause of this is investigated based
on waveform analyses of the common-mode current. A
method for estimation of the EMI noise value was then
proposed, which focused on the carrier frequency phase-
difference among the power converters.
Finally, noise suppression techniques are proposed that
are suitable for the following two domains.
1. Regulated conducted-disturbance.
Effective reduction of regulated conducted-disturbance
is realized by controlling the phase-difference T derived
from (6).
2. Radio disturbance of AM radio.
Effective prevention of radio disturbance is realized by
controlling another phase-difference W derived from (9).
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The 2010 International Power Electronics Conference
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