Engineering Circuit Analysis

CH6 Polyphase Circuits

6.1 Polyphase System
6.2 Notations
6.3 Single-phase Three-wire Systems
6.4 Three Phase Y − Y connection
6.5 The Delta ( ∆ ) Connection
6.6 Power measurement
 Ch6 Polyphsae Circuits

6.1 Polyphase System

Polyphase system : system with polyphase sources
Single source (Vs)
Notice the instantaneous voltage maybe zero
 The instantaneous power will be zero
V

  
T 2T 3T t
They all have 120o phase differences
Poly sources ( Vs1 , Vs2 , Vs3 )  The instantaneous power will
V never be zero.

T 2T 3T t
 Ch6 Polyphsae Circuits

6.1 Polyphase System

V = Vs1 + Vs2 + Vs3

• The incident with a zero instantaneous power has been exempted.

• The source power can be delivered more stably.

• The polyphase systems can provide multiple output voltage levels.

• Polyphase systems in practice certain sources which maybe approximated

by ideal voltage sources, or ideal voltage sources in series with small
internal impedances.
 Ch6 Polyphsae Circuits

6.2 Notations
a b
8A 4A

For note c : c d e f
I cd = ? I de = 2A I ef
5A = 8A + I cd , I cd = −3A 5A I fj = 3A
− 6A I ij
For note f : g h i j
I ef = 4A + 3A , I ef = 7 A
2A 10A
For note j : k l
I ij + 3A = 4A10A , I ij = 7 A
 Ch6 Polyphsae Circuits

6.2 Notations

c Van = 100∠00V
+
− Vbn = 100∠ − 1200V
n − +  a Vcn = 100∠ − 2400V
+−
Vab = Van + Vnb
 The voltage of = Van − Vbn
b point a with
respect to point b = 100∠00V − 100∠ − 1200V
a +; b -;
= 173.2∠300V
Similarly, Iab denotes the current from point a to b.
Test with graphical analysis ? (Using the phasor diagram)
 Ch6 Polyphsae Circuits

6.3 Single-phase Three-wire Systems

Function: allowing household electronics operating at two levels of
voltages to be applied.

Voltage characteristics
1-phase
a
Van = Vnb
3-wire n
Vab = 2Van = 2Vnb
Source b
Household electronics may either operate with
a 110V or with 220V
V1 Phase characteristics
n ∠Van = ∠Vnb ∠Van = −∠Vbn
V2
b ∠Van + ∠Vbn = 0
 Ch6 Polyphsae Circuits

6.3 Single-phase Three-wire Systems

Current characteristics
A a
I Nn = I bB + I aA
V1 Zp
n V1 V
N I bB = I Aa = 1
Zp Zp
V1 Zp
I Nn = 0
B b
This is no current in the neutral wire.

How if the two Z p are NOT equal, and all the wires have impedances ?

This is a more practical scenario.

 Ch6 Polyphsae Circuits

6.3 Single-phase Three-wire Systems

Example 9.1 (P242)
1Ω ① Determine the power delivered to the

0
50Ω, 100Ω and the 20 + j10Ω Loads.
115∠0 V
rms I1 50Ω 20Ω ② Determine the power lost in the three
3Ω lines represented by 1Ω 3Ω and 1Ω
I2 respectively.
115∠00 V I3 ③ Determine the transmission efficiency?
10Ω
100Ω j10Ω
rms

total power absorbed by the loads

η=
total power generated by the sources

Hints: observe a structure with regular meshes and know the impedances, we can
determine the currents I1, I2 and I3 in order to find out the power being lost
and delivered!
 Ch6 Polyphsae Circuits

6.3 Single-phase Three-wire Systems

Apply KVL for the three meshes.

− 115∠00 V + 1Ω ⋅ I1 + 50Ω ⋅ (I1 − I 2 ) + 3Ω(I1 − I 3 ) = 0

(20 + j10 )Ω ⋅ I 2 + 100Ω ⋅ (I 2 − I 3 ) + 50Ω(I 2 − I1 ) = 0
− 115∠00 V + 3Ω ⋅ (I 3 − I1 ) + 100Ω(I 3 − I 2 ) + 1Ω ⋅ I 3 = 0

Rearranging them in a matrix form as

+ 54 − 50 − 3   I1  115∠00 
 − 50 170 + j10 − 100  I  =  0 
  2   
 − 3 − 100 104   I 3  115∠00 
 Ch6 Polyphsae Circuits

6.3 Single-phase Three-wire Systems

It can be calculated:

I1 = 11.24∠ − 19.830 A rms I1 I 2 = 2.02∠ 2.27 o A rms

I 2 = 9.389∠ − 24.47 0 A rms I 3 I 2 = 1.08∠ 2.12o A rms
I 3 = 10.37∠ − 21.800 A rms I 3 I1 = 0.947∠ 2.3o A rms

Hence, the average power delivered to each of the loads are:

P50 = I1 − I 2 ⋅ 50 = 206 W 
2

2 
P100 = I 3 − I 2 ⋅100 = 117 W  Total loaded power = 2086W
P20+ j10 = I 2 ⋅ 20 = 1763W 
2

 Ch6 Polyphsae Circuits

6.3 Single-phase Three-wire Systems

Power lost in three wires are:
2
PaA = I1 ⋅1 = 126 W 
2 
PbB = I 3 ⋅1 = 108W Total lost power = 237 W
PnN = I nN ⋅ 3 = I 3 − I1 ⋅ 3 = 3W 
2 2

Power delivered to the load
Transmission efficiencyη = × 100%
total power generated
Total power generated by the two voltage sources is:
Psources = 115(11.24 ) cos19.830 + 115(10.37 ) cos 21.800
= 1216 W + 1107 W = 2323W

Transmission efficiency = 2086 W × 100% = 89.8%

2323W
 Ch6 Polyphsae Circuits

6.4 Three Phase Y − Y connection

A
a  B
+ b Voltage characteristics
− +
− Vbn Balanced three-phase sources
Van (phasor voltages)
n
N
Van = Vbn = Vcn
− Van + Vbn + Vcn = 0
+ Vcn

 C
 Ch6 Polyphsae Circuits

6.4 Three Phase Y − Y connection

Positive phase sequence (abc) (clockwise rotation)
Van = V p ∠00
Vcn

Vbn = V p ∠ − 1200 0
Vp
− 240
Vcn = V p ∠ − 240 0 Van
0
− 120
Vbn
Negative phase sequence (cba) (Anti-clockwise rotation)

0
Vbn
Van = V p ∠0 1200
0 Van
Vbn = V p ∠120
2400
Vcn = V p ∠2400
Vcn
 Ch6 Polyphsae Circuits

6.4 Three Phase Y − Y connection

Line-to-line voltages (take the abc sequence as an example)
Vab = Van + Vnb = V p ∠00 + V p ∠600 = V p + V p cos 60° + jV p sin 60°
3 3
= Vp + j V p = 3V p ∠300
2 2 Vca Vna Vnb Vab
0
Vbc = Vbn + Vnc = V p ∠ − 120 + V p ∠ − 60 0 Vcn

1 3 1 3 Vnb
= − Vp − j Vp + Vp − j V p = 3V p ∠ − 900
2 2 2 2 Vna Van
Vca = Vcn + Vna = V p ∠ − 2400 + V p ∠1800
1 3 Vbn Vnc
= − Vp + j V p − V p + 0 = 3V p ∠ − 2100
2 2 Vnc
Vbc
Hence Vab + Vbc + Vca = 0 verifies KVL.
 Ch6 Polyphsae Circuits

6.4 Three Phase Y − Y connection

Vab = 3V p ∠300 Vbc = 3V p ∠ − 900 Vca = 3V p ∠ − 2100

Voltage types magnitude Phasor difference

Phase voltages ( V p ) Vp 120 0

Line-to-line voltages ( VL) 3V p 1200
 Ch6 Polyphsae Circuits

6.4 Three Phase Y − Y connection

Current characteristics

I aA
I bB

B
b A
a  +
+ − Zp Zp
−

n N
−
ZP
+ I cC
c C
 Ch6 Polyphsae Circuits

6.4 Three Phase Y − Y connection

Consider three impedances Z p are connected between each line and

the neutral line.

V Vbn Van ∠ − 1200

I aA= an I bB= = = I aA∠ − 1200
Zp Zp Zp
0
Vcn V p ∠ − 240
I cC= = = I aA∠ − 2400
Zp Zp

Hence I aA + I bB + I cC = 0

When balanced impedances are applied to each of the three lines and
the neutral line carries no current.
 Ch6 Polyphsae Circuits

6.4 Three Phase Y − Y connection

Example 9.2 (P247)
Phase voltages:
Van = 200∠00 Vrms, Vbn = 200∠ − 1200 Vrms, Vcn = 200∠ − 2400 Vrms
line-to-line voltage:
Vab = 200 3∠300 Vrms, Vbc = 200 3∠ − 900 Vrms, Vca = 200 3∠ − 2100 Vrms
Line currents: Van 200∠00 0
I aA= = = 2 ∠ − 60 Arms
Z p 100∠600

I bB= 2∠ − 1800 Arms I cC= 2∠ − 3000 Arms

Power absorbed by the three loads

P = 3 × 200 × 2 × cos 60o = 600 W
 Ch6 Polyphsae Circuits

6.4 Three Phase Y − Y connection

Example 9.2 (P247)
How about the instantaneous power?
van (t ) = 200 2 cos(ωt )V
Note: Van = 200V rms
(
iaA (t ) = 2 2 cos ωt − 60 A 0
)
( )
PaA (t ) = van (t )× iaA (t ) = 200 2 cos(ωt )V × 2 2 cos ωt − 60 0 A
( )
= 200 + 400 cos 2ωt − 600 W
Similarly , the instantaneous total power absorbed by the loads are :
P(t ) = PA (t ) + PB (t ) + PC (t )
= 600 + 400 cos(2ωt − 60°) + 400 cos(2ωt + 300°) + 400 cos(2ωt − 180°)W
= 600 W
The total instantaneous power is NEVER ZERO.
 Ch6 Polyphsae Circuits

6.4 Three Phase Y − Y connection

• Example 9.3 (P249)
A balanced three-phase system with a line voltage of 300Vrms is supplying a
balanced Y-connected load with 1200W at a leading power factor (PF) of 0.8.
Determine line cuurent IL and per-phase load impedance Zp.
IL
The phase voltage is: Vp = 300/ 3 Vrms.
+
The per-phase power is: 1200W/3 = 400W.
300
~
− Zp
Therefore 400 = ( I L ) × 0.8 , and IL = 2.89Arms V p = 300 3 Vrms
3
VP 300 3
The phase impedance is: | Z P |= = = 60Ω
IL 2.89

A leading PF of 0.8 implies the current leads the voltage, and the impedance angle
is: -argcos(0.8) = -36.9o
and Zp = 60∠ -36.9o Ω
Note: the apparent power of a Y-Y connected load is P = Van × IAN
(phase voltage × line current)
 Ch6 Polyphsae Circuits

6.5 The Delta ( ∆ ) Connection

The neural line dose not exist. Balanced impedances are connected
between each pair of lines.

b A ZP B
a 
+
+ −
−
Zp Zp
n
+
−
c C
 Ch6 Polyphsae Circuits

6.5 The Delta ( ∆ ) Connection

Voltage characteristics
Phase voltages V p = Van = Vbn = Vcn
Line voltages VL = Vab = Vbc = Vca

VL = 3V p ﹠ Vab = 3V p ∠300

Current characteristics
Phase currents I p = I AB = I BC = I CA
Line currents I L = I aA = I bB = I cC = 3I p
 Ch6 Polyphsae Circuits

6.5 The Delta ( ∆ ) Connection

Y connections ∆ connections
Phase voltages Vp √ Vp

Line voltages VL = 3V p VL = 3V p √
Phase currents Ip Ip √

Line currents IL = I p √ I L = 3I p
 Ch6 Polyphsae Circuits

6.5 The Delta ( ∆ ) Connection

• Example 9.5 (p251)
Determine the amplitude of line current in a three-phase system with a line voltage
of 300Vrms that supplies 1200W to a Δ-connected load at a lagging PF of 0.8.

The per-phase average power is: 1200W/3 = 400W

Therefore, 400W = VL ∙ IP ∙ 0.8 = 300V ∙ IP ∙ 0.8, and IP = 1.667Arms

The line current is: IL = 3 IP = 3 1.667A = 2.89Arms

Moreover, a lagging PF implies the voltage leads the current by argcos(0.8) = 36.9o

The impedance is: Z = VP = 300 ∠36.9o = 180∠ 36.9o Ω
P
IP 1.667

Note: the apparent power of a Δ connected load is P = Vab × IAB

(line voltage × phase current)
 Ch6 Polyphsae Circuits

6.6 Power measurement

Wattmeter P = I ⋅V

I measured by measured by
current coil potential coil
current coil
Passive
+ + Network
V
potential coil

E.g. I = 11.18∠153.4°Arms
V = 100∠0°Vrms
P = V ⋅ I cos(angV − angI )
= 100 ⋅11.18 ⋅ cos(0° − 153.4°) = −1000 W
 Ch6 Polyphsae Circuits

6.6 Power measurement

A IbB
B
 Z P ∠θ
a IaA IAB
IBC
+
+
1 Z P ∠θ Z P ∠θ

b 
ICA

c  IcC C
+
+
2
Validate the power meter reads the actual
power absorbed/delivered by the three
impedances.
 Ch6 Polyphsae Circuits

6.6 Power measurement

( )
P1 = V AB ⋅ I aA cos(angV AB − angI aA ) = VL I L cos 30 0 − (− θ )
(
= VL I L cos 30 0 + θ )
(
P2 = VCB ⋅ I cC cos(angVCB − angI cC ) = VL I L cos 90 0 − (120° − θ ) )
(
= VL I L cos 30 0 − θ ) 3 1
=
(
P1 cos 30 + θ 0
=
)
cos 30 cos θ − sin 30 sin θ
0 0
=
− tgθ
2 2 =
3 − tgθ
(
P2 cos 300 − θ )
cos 30 0 cos θ + sin 300 sin θ 3 1
+ tgθ
3 + tgθ
P2 − P1 P2 − P1 2 2
tgθ = 3 θ = arctg 3
P2 + P1 P2 + P1

reactive (PF=0) capacitive / inductive (0<PF<1) resistive (PF=1)

π π π
θ = ± , tgθ = ±∞ − < θ < , tgθ < +∞ , tgθ > −∞ θ = 0 , tgθ = 0
2 2 2
π
P1 > P2 , − < θ < 0, capacitive
P1 = − P2 2 π P1 = P2
P1 < P2 , 0 < θ < , inductive
2
 Ch6 Polyphsae Circuits

6.6 Power measurement a

 .
A 4Ω j15Ω
+
• Example 9.7 (p256) +

. .
1
Vab = 230∠0°Vrms with positive phase sequence. b
B N
(1) Find the reading of each wattmeter. +
+

.
(2) The total power absorbed by the loads. 2
C
With positive phase sequence , we know : c
Vab = 230∠0°Vrms
Vbc = 230∠ − 120°Vrms
Vca = 230∠ + 120°Vrms
Wattmeter 1 reads IaA and Vac :
V = −V = 230∠ − 60°Vrms
ac ca

 230 ∠ − 30°
V  
 3 
IaA = an
= = 8.554∠ − 105.1°A
4 + j15 4 + j15
 Ch6 Polyphsae Circuits

6.6 Power measurement a

 .
A 4Ω j15Ω
+
• Example 9.7 (p256) +

. .
1
Wattmeter 1 reads : b N
B
P1 = Vac IaA cos(angVac − angIaA ) +
+

.
= 230 × 8.554 × cos(− 60° + 105.1°) = 1389 W 2
C
Wattmeter 2 reads IbB and Vbc :
c
 230 ∠ − 150°
V  
3 
IaB = bn
= = 8.554∠134.9°A
4 + j15 4 + j15

P2 = Vbc IbB cos(angVbc − angIbB )

= 230 × 8.554 × cos(− 120° − 134.9°) = −512.5W

Hence , P = P1 + P2 = 876.5W
Q: Please try to prove the two wattmeters read the power associated with the
three impedances.