Professional Documents
Culture Documents
The Gateway Hotel, XION Complex, Wakad Road, Pune, India. Apr 06-08, 2018
Abstract -In order to utilize the electrical system effectively, The most practical and economical method of improving PF is,
industries are installing capacitor bank in their power circuit. The to add capacitor bank to the electrical loads in the system which
use of power electronic devices has increased in recent years which acts as a reactive current generator that helps to compensate the
resulted in an increase of harmonics in the power system. This has reactive power consumed by inductive loads. In most of the
urged the need to study, understand the behavior of harmonics in
industries, capacitor banks are installed near the PCC to improve
different conditions. This paper assesses the importance of power
factor in electrical system and later explained howharmonics the PF between the industry and electricity grid. However, the
generated; its effect on the power system and how to reduce PF measured between the electrical load and the capacitor bank
(mitigate) the effect of harmonics. At last effect of capacitor bank will remain unchanged. Hence low power factor is observed at
on power system harmonics were explained and concluded the different locations within the industry, which directly increases
result with the help of a case study which shows a real-time the distribution loss and increase kVA demand of the industry.
example with the help of waveform showing percentage current To reduce the power distribution losses within the industry,
and voltage harmonic distortion variation at incomer with respect capacitor bank should also be installed at load end (at motor
to APFC ON/OFF status and harmonic reduction techniques. control centers (MCC) or distribution panel‟s boards).
Key Worlds: Power Factor, Capacitor Banks, Power System
Generally, Electric power systems are designed to operate at
Harmonics, Harmonic Mitigation Techniques, Series and Parallel
Resonance. 50/60 Hz frequency. However, some type of loads produce
voltages and currents with frequencies that are integer multiples
I. INTRODUCTION of the 50/60 Hz fundamental frequency. This type of higher
frequencies is called ''harmonics''. Harmonics can be produced
Active power (also known as “working power”) is used in all
within the plant and/or may enter the plant from the grid through
electrical equipment to perform the task of motion, lighting and
neighboring plants with nonlinear sources.
heating etc. It is expressed in kilowatts (kW). Apart from
working power, inductive loads such asa motor, transformer and
chokes also requires reactive power to produce a magnetic field
II. HOW HARMONICS ARE GENERATED
to operate. This power which doesn‟t perform any work is called
as kilovolt-amperes-reactive (kVAr). Every industry requires After the 1980s, use of power electronic devices had increased
both active and reactive power in order to sustain. These two in industries for various applications like uninterrupted power
powers together results as apparent power, which is expressed in supply(UPS), variable frequency drives (VFD) switch-mode
kilovolt-amperes (kVA). power supply (SMPS), etc. These semiconductor devices distort
the sinusoidal currents which results in harmonic current that
It is important to calculate the ratio of active power to apparent
flows through system impedance and creates voltage
power which is known as power factor (PF) in order to know the
harmonics[1]. Figure 1 shows a simple line diagram of electrical
health of the electrical power distribution system. A high PF not
distribution system. VS shows the pure sinusoidal system
only benefits the customer but also benefits the power
voltage, LS represents system impedance and Vpcc shows the
distribution companies (DISCOMS). Whereas, low PF indicates
voltage at the PCC.
poor utilization of electrical power which causes large current to
flow in power distribution cables in order to deliver required
working power to electrical equipment. Hence it is very
important to maintain the PF near unity.
2
next one is, use of special devices in the power system (like D. Harmonic Filters
chokes, filters and special transformers). Even after grouping of non-linear loads or by installing line
inductors, if harmonics exist in the circuit, then filters must be
A. Placing the disturbing load upstream in the system.
installed in the electrical system to attenuate the harmonics.
Harmonic disturbance increases as short-circuit power
Filters are of three types: Passive Filter, Active Filter and Hybrid
decreases, so it is economical and preferable to positioning the
Filter.
disturbing load as far upstream as possible as shown in figure 4.
Passive filter are also called detuned filters are installed at
stable nonlinear loads that provide both power factor correction
and filter the harmonic current. Whereas active filters are
installed at nonlinear loads (load varying in nature) that provide
attenuation of harmonics over a wide range of frequencies and
also improves power factor. In some special applications,
Hybrid filters are also used which is a combination of active and
passive filter.
Fig. 5. Grouping of non-linear loads and supply from upstream as far as possible.
3
During the study period, the peak load recorded was 1066 kW.
The average load was 804 kW and minimum load recorded was
532 kW. The average monthly PF is 0.87 (Lag). Figure
10shows the load variation and power factor trend at the
33kVincomer.
1200 0.97
1000 0.95
Power Factor
Power (kW)
800
0.91
600
VII. CASE STUDY: - EFFECT OF CAPACITOR BANK ON 0.89
HARMONICS 400
0.87
200
This case study involves an automobile industry in India which 0.85
runs continuously day and night. The plant receives electricity 0 0.83
from grid at 33kV voltage level. It consists of loads such as Time
variable speed drives, punching machines, shot blasting, chain kW PF
conveyors operated with VFD, plasma cutting and other robotic
equipment. All the loads are connected to 415V bus of single Fig. 10: Power factor trend at group incomer (24 hours logging).
main PCC. The plant is surrounded by many other plants with
Individual voltage and current harmonics studied at the main
arc furnaces and induction furnaces etc., due to which supply
voltage entering the plant consists of harmonics. Plant has incomer when APFC was ONLINE. The details are given in
installed 2x250 kVAr of Automatic Power Factor Controller table 2.
(APFC) at the 415V bus of main PCC. The single line diagram TABLE II: Individual Voltage & current harmonics measured at 33kV group
of the plant is presented below. incomer when APFC is Online
Transformer-1 Transformer-2 Ah13 2.4 2.0 2.5 Vh13 0.8 0.8 1.0
33/0.415 kV 33/0.415 kV
Ah15 0.1 0.1 0.2 Vh15 0.0 0.0 0.0
Note: The values in the table are shown for the peak load of the
Bus coupler plant.
It can be observed from the above table that 11th harmonic of
both current and Voltage is significant in the plant electrical
Linear and 250 kVAr Linear and 250 kVAr
non linear APFC-1 non linear APFC-2
system. The total fundamental current value is 1750 Amps of
plant loads plant loads which 11th harmonic current is around 280 Amp. The variation
of total harmonic distortion of Voltage (%Vthd) and Current
Fig. 9: Single line diagram of the plant (%Ithd) during the study period when APFC is in ON condition
is shown in figure 11.
4
Ah7 2.0 1.8 1.8 Vh7 0.5 0.6 0.1
Variation of Voltage current total harmonic
distortion at plant incomer when APFC was in ON Ah9 0.1 0.0 0.2 Vh9 0.0 0.0 0.0
condition
Ah11 3.7 3.4 3.1 Vh11 5.0 4.4 4.9
40 30
Ah13 1.2 1.1 1.2 Vh13 0.7 0.7 0.8
35
25 Ah15 0.0 0.0 0.0 Vh15 0.0 0.0 0.0
30
20
25
From the above table it can be seen that when APFC is
%Vthd
%Ithd
20 15
OFFLINE, the total harmonic current distortion value has
15
10 significantly came down. It clearly shows that parallel resonance
10 effect has taken place at the plant incomer where capacitors
5
5 were coupled to the 415V bus. Also it can be concluded that
0 0 APFC installed at the incomer is not able to improve the power
%Ithd %Vthd factor above the set value (i.e; 0.95 lag) which is mainly because
of this parallel resonant effect.
Fig. 11: Variation of %Vthd & %Ithd with respect to plant load when APFC is
Based on the nature of installed equipment in the plant, proper
ONLINE.
measures and expert suggestions need to be taken before
It can be seen from the above graph that voltage and current installation of power factor correction equipment in the plant.
harmonic distortion percentage was on higher side. Hence, to IEEE STD 1531 2003, is an IEEE guide that defines the
application and specification criteria to be considered in
understand the effect of harmonic level variation due to APFC
designing, controlling and protection of harmonic filters. The
operation, a trail was taken by switching off the APFC banks. It details of Voltage and current harmonic level at different
was found from the study that, immediately current harmonic sections of the plant are given in table 4.
level has come down to 4.5% as shown in figure12.
TABLE IV:Voltage and current harmonic level at different sections of the plant.
R Y B R Y B VII. CONCLUSION
Ah1 100 100 100 Vh1 100 100 100
The use of nonlinear loads is continuously increasing in a power
Ah3 1.2 1.8 1.0 Vh3 0.0 0.2 0.0 system network which has drawn the attention to understand the
Ah5 2.8 3.1 2.6 Vh5 1.4 1.3 1.8 nature of harmonics and their mitigation techniques. Capacitors
installed in an industry helps to maintain the PF close to unity
5
but when installed in a harmonic rich environment, they create a REFERENCE
low impedance path and magnify the magnitude of current and
voltage harmonics in a system resulting in parallel resonant [1] Harmonics in power system-cause, effect & control, Siemens, 2013.
effect. Hence, in order to reduce the adverse effect of harmonics [2] Eng. Osamah Saleh, “Harmonics Effects in Power System”, Int. Journal of
Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com ISSN: 2248-9622,
and to ensure proper operation and maintenance of plant Vol. 5, Issue 2, (Part -5) February 2015, pp.01-19.
machinery, it is required to do a power quality study and install [3] The Origin, Effect, and Suppression of Harmonics in Industrial Electrical
power factor improvement or harmonic mitigating filters based Networks, Square D product data bulletin, Bulletin no.- 0140PD9502
on expert suggestion. To ensure system compatibility with March, 1997.
[4] Power System Harmonics – “A Reference Guide to Causes, Effects and
international standards as IEEE STD 519-1992 [5] harmonic Corrective Measures,” an Allen-Bradley Series of Issues and Answers,
study is required. According to IEEE STD 399 [6], when the 2001.
harmonic loads are about 30 % or more with respect to total [5] Recommended Practice for Industrial and Commercial Power Systems,
plant loads, the harmonic impacts needs to be examined. ANSI/ IEEE standard 399-1997, Chapter 10, PP. 265-312.
[6] Recommended Practice and Requirements for Harmonics Control in
Electrical power Systems, ANSI/ IEEE 519-1992.