Importance of Quality AC Power Distribution and

Understanding of EMC Standards

IEC 61000-3-2, IEC 61000-3-3 & IEC 61000-3-11
K.N. Sakthivel*, Sisir K. Das*, K.R. Kini*
*SAMEER - Centre for Electromagnetics
Zd Cross, C F Campus, Taramani, Chennai .600 113, India
Phone: 044 - 22541817,22541424 Fax: 044 - 22541424
e-mail: sameercem@vsnl.com

-
ABSTRACT The aim of this technical paper is to
bring out the importance of regulations on AC power
distribution and understanding of the international
EMC standards IEC 61000-3-2 [l]that deals with the
limitation of harmonic currents injected into the public
mains supply, IEC 61000-3-3 [21 and IEC 61000-3-11 [3]
those deal with the measure of the ability of the product
to cause voltage fluctuations and lighting to flicker at
frequencies which cause human discomfort. The paper
discusses the causes and effects of power harmonics,
voltage fluctuations & flicker, in the power distribution
system. The paper explains how the switch-mode power
conversion technology based power supplies can cause a
variety of undesirable effects in the power distribution
system. It also presents how the power quality of the AC
mains deteriorate due to voltage fluctuations caused by
phase-controlled AC input operated electrical devices.
The sources of “flicker” and its effects on human safetv
am also highlighted. An overview of EMC standark,
IEC 61000-3-2 and IEC 61000-3-3 I IEC 61000-3-11 is
presented in the paper. Finally, experimental results of
a product evaluated for EMC compliance as per IEC
61000-3-2 and IEC 61000-3-3 are also Dresented.
I. INTRODUCTTON
Harmonics are simply a multiple of the fundamental
frequency. The presence of harmonics on the electric
utility distribution system, does not mean that the
electric system or electronic equipment in the factory
or office cannot run properly. Like other power
quality phenomena, it depends on the “stiffness” of
the power distribution system and the susceptibility of
the equipment when operating in the presence of the
harmonics. The amount of voltage harmonics often
depend on the amount of harmonic currents being
drawn by the load, and the source impedance, which
includes all of the wiring and transformers back to the
source of the electricity.
The main sources of harmonic current are at present
the phase angle controlled rectifiers and inverters [4].
Such kind of static power converters take AC power
and convert it to DC, then sometimes back to AC
power at the same or different frequency based on the
firing scheme. The firing scheme refers to the
controlling mechanism that determines how and when
current is conducted. One major variation is the phase
angle at which conduction begins and ends.
’ IEEE 519-1992 Recommended Practices and
Requirements for Harmonic Control in Electrical
Power Systems [ 5 ] provides guidelines to determine
what are acceptable limits.
“flicker” is the impression of of visual
sensation induced by a light stimulus whose
luminance or spectral distribution fluctuates with
time. It is a measure of the amount of mains voltage
fluctuation caused by a product which loads the mains
cyclically. Light flicker results when there are voltage
sub-harmonics in the range of 1-30 Hz. The human
eye is most sensitive at 8.8 Hz, where just a 0.5%
variation in the RMS voltage is noticeable with some
types of lighting [6].
11. CAUSES & EFFECTS OF HARMONIC CURRENTS
Simple inductive and resistive electrical / electronic
devices or loads such as incandescent lights, motors
and heaters, connected to the sinusoidal voltage of the
ac mains, draw a sinusoidal current waveform which
has little or no harmonic content (Figures 1 and 2).

Proceedings of INCEMIC - 2003 423

 But the increased usage of computer, printer,
television and audio equipment has expanded the
harmonic current problem to households and
commercial environments.
Figure 1. Resistive load Figure 2. Inductiveload
These equipment’s have ac input circuitry that draws
non-sinusoidal currents (Figure 3). Typically, an
electronic equipment input circuitry consists of a
switch-mode power supply with a capacitor-diode
rectifier input stage. Devices such as lamp dimmers
and electronic ballasts also draw non-sinusoidal
currents because of the phase-angle control circuits
used to regulate the input power. Any electrical /
electronic product that draws nonlinear current from
the ac mains cause harmonics.
ll*I
P varying levels of current consumption or drain where
Figure 3. Non-sinusoidal current
Detrimental effects of harmonic currents
(a) Significant current can flow that do not deliver
real power and must be supported by the ac
distribution system.
‘ .
(b) Excessive neutral current, resulting in overheated
neutrals. The currents of triplen harmonics [7],
especially the odd harmonics, (3rd. 9th. 15th....)
are actually additive in the neutral of three phase
wye circuits. This is because the harmonic number
multiplied by the 120 degree phase shift between
the three phases is a integer multiple of 360
degrees, or one complete cycle. This puts the
harmonics from each of the 3@conductors “in-
phase” with each other in the neutral.
(c) Equipment connected to the same branch circuit
can operate improperly due to severe voltage
424
distortion caused by harmonic currents interacting
with impedance’s in the distribution system. For
example, suppressed or clipped peak voltage
limits the ability of computer power supplies to
ride through momentary ac mains sags.
III. TYPES OF HARMONIC CURRENTS
The harmonic current distortion caused by a
nonlinear load on the ac mains can be classified as:
1. quasi-stationary, 2. fluctuating, 3. rapidly changing
(very short burst of a harmonics) and 4. inter-
harmonics / other spurious components. Quasi-
stationary or steady-state harmonic currents are
produced by electronic equipment that generates non-
varying levels of current distortion, where the
amplitude of each harmonic remains constant over
time. This equipment appears as an unchanging load
on the ac mains (Figure 4). Examples: test and
measurement instrumentation such as oscilloscopes
and multimeters, electronic ballasts and video display
equipment.
In contrast, fluctuating harmonic currents are. caused
by electronic equipment that represent time-varying
load on the ac mains. This equipment generates
the amplitude of individual harmonics change over
time (Figure 5). Examples: dishwashers, laser printers
and photocopiers. The IEC 61000-3-2 standard
addresses first two major classes of harmonic currents.
Figure 4. Steady-state Figure 5. Fluctuating
harmonic currents harmonic currents
Note: The current distonion Note: The c m n t distodon
does not vary oven~me does vary ovcrtime
I V . HOW SWITCH-MODE POWER SUPPLIES (SMPS)
GENERATE HARMONIC CURRENTS
Power supplies using SMPS technology are a good
example of a generator of nc mains harmonics. SMPS
typically have a capacitor-diode rectifier input stage,
which creates a high voltage dc source from the ac
input voltage (Figure 6). This dc voltage is then
modulated or chopped to provide a regulated voltage
to the load.
Proceedings of INCEMIC - 2003

Figure 6 . Simple circuit of switch-mode power supply
When the ac voltage is first applied, the charging of
the capacitor is accompanied by a large inrush of ac
current until the capacitor is charged to the peak value
of the rectified voltage. Once the inrush conditions
subside, the diodes conduct ac current and charge the
capacitor only when the ac voltage is greater than the
capacitor voltage. AC current flow is blocked by the
diodes when the ac voltage is lower than the capacitor
voltage (Figure 7).
. . . . .
Figure 7. Capacitorvoltage with
Figure 8. Summing odd
rectifier voltage and current harmonic currents
wnvefoms
The charging of the capacitor at the peak of the ac
voltage waveform causes ac current to flow through
the capacitor in successive narrow current pulses. This
creates a nonlinear ac mains current that are
harmonically rich. This current waveform is made up
of odd-order harmonics which are integer multiples of
the fundamental frequency (Figure 8). The current
fundamental and odd harmonic amplitudes sum at 90
degrees and 270 degrees of the fundamental, which
creates the current pulse waveform.
V. CAUSES &EFFECTS OF VOLTAGE FLUCTUATIONS
Voltage fluctuations are mainly produced by the
industrial - operated systems like
(a) continuously but randomly varying large loads
such as: resistance welding machines, rolling
mills, large motors with varying loads, arc
furnaces, arc welding plant
(b) Single on / off switching of loads (e.g. motors)
and step voltage changes (due to tap voltage
regulators of transformers)
Proceedings of INCEMIC - 2003
The effects of voltage fluctuations are : degradation
of performances in equipment using storage devices
(e.g capacitors), loss of function in control systems,
instability of internal voltages / currents in equipment
and increased ripple. However, voltage fluctuations
caused by domestic appliances are not generally
significant.
VI. CAUSES &EFFECTS OF I'LICKER
The effect of variation in light output as perceived
by the human observer is referred to as flicker. Flicker
is caused by load switching within electronic
apparatus and is commonly produced by devices such
as electronic ballasts, PID control circuits and light
dimmer switches. When the supply cannot fulfil the
current demand, the ac voltage will temporarily dip
and the effect on a 60W incandescent light bulb
connected to the same supply point would be a
temporary reduction in light, which if repeated would
constitute flicker. The amplitude and frequency of
these deviations can cause incandescent lamps to
flicker. Flicker is annoying, and for some individuals
presents a health hazard (persons having epilepsy for
example). Common sources of flicker are equipment
that produces time-varying loading conditions.
Examples: hot plates, microwave ovens, laser printers.
VII. UNDERSTANDING OF IEC 61000-3-2 STANDARD
The IEC 61000-3-2 standard defines classification
of equipment under test, measurement requirements,
ac power source requirements and limits for testing
the harmonic current emissions of electronic and
electrical equipment. Compliance to this standard
ensures that tested equipment will not generate
harmonic currents at levels that cause unacceptable
degradation of the ac mains environment.
Class definition
To establish limits for sinrilar types of harmonic
current distortion, equipment under test must be
categorized in one of four definod classes as shown in
the flow chart below.
Harmonic current limits for Class A / B equipment
For Class A equipment, the harmonics of the input
current shall not exceed the absolute values given in
Table I. For class B equipment, the harmonics of the
input current shall not exceed the maximum
permissible values given in Table I multiplied by a
factor of 1.5.
425
 (a) Independent dimming devices:

The harmonic currents of independent dimming

three-phase devices shall not exceed the values given in Table I.
Where phase control is used on incandescent lamps,
the firing angle shall not exceed 145".
t no
(b) Built-in dimming devices:

*rbi Class
For incandescent lamp luminaries, the harmonic
currents of built-in dimming devices shall not exceed
the values given in Table I. Where phase control is
used, the firing angle shall not exceed 145".

For discharge lamp luminaries, the harmonics

current values for the maximum load condition
derived from the percentage limits given in Table II
shall not be exceeded. In any dimming position, the
no Class harmonic currents shall not exceed the value of
D current related to the maximum load condition.
V I TABLE I - LlMlTS FOR CLASS A EQUPMENT

Harmonic order Maximum permissible

Odd Harmonics
Limits for Class C equipment 2.30
1.14
Lighting equipment 7 0.77
9 0.40
I1 0.33
a) Active input power > 25 W Harmonic currents 13 0.21
shall not exceed relative limits given in Table II. 15 511539 O.lSx(15h)
Even Harmonics
b) Active input power 5 25 W Harmonic currents 2 1.08
shall not exceed the power-related limits of Table 4 0.43
In, column 2; (The lower limit of 75 W or 50 W 6 0.30
for the application of Class D is not valid in this 8511540 0.23 x 8/n
case) or the third harmonic current, expressed as a TABLE II - LIMITS FOR CLASS C EQUPMENT
percentage of the fundamental current, shall not
exceed 86% and the fifth shall not exceed 61%; Maximum permissible harmonic
moreover. the waveform of the inDut current shall current expressed as a percentage of
be such that it begins to flow before or at 60", has the input current at the fundamental
frequency (%)
its last peak (if there are several peaks per half
period) before or at 65' and does not stop flowing 2
before 90°, where the zero crossing of the
fundamental supply voltage is assumed to be 0".
Dimming devices: For dimming devices, which are
I : 3 3 0 . h*
10
7
5
3
either independent of, or built into lamps or
luminaries, the following conditions apply:

426 Proceedings of I'NCEMIC - 2003

 TABLE Ill - LIMITS FOR CLASS D EQUIPMENT Harmonic Current Measurement Requirements
Harmonic order Maximum (a) The total measurement error for steady-state
permissible permissible
harmonics shall not exceed 5% of the permissible
er watt (mAAv) limits or 0.2% of the rated current of the EUT.
3.4 2.30
1.9 1.14 (b) The input impedance of the measuring instrument
I .o 0.77 (e.g. a current shunt) shall be such that the voltage
I'
9
11
135115 3 9
1 0.5
0.35
3.85 I n
I 0.33
0.40
See Table - 1
I drop across the input circuit shall not exceed 0.15
Volts peak.
(odd harmonics only)
(c) In the case of fluctuating harmonics, a smoothing
filter having a response equivalent to a first order
Lowpass filter with a time constant of 1.5 seconds
f 10%shall be applied to the DFT outputs.

VIII. UNDERSTANDING OF IEC 61000-3-3 STANDARD

The IEC 61000-3-3 standard defines the

measurement requirements, ac power source
requirements, line impedance requirements, and
voltage fluctuation and flicker limits for assessing
electronic and electrical equipment's propensity to
cause voltage disturbances on the ac mains.
Compliance with this standard ensure that voltage
fluctuations do not interfere with other equipment
connected to the ac mains or cause incandescent lights
to visibly "flicker".

230 I 4 0 0 Vrms (single/ three-phase)
230 V m 2%, 50 Hz f 0.5%
120"*1.5" between the fundamental
the output voltage 0.4% (5th harmonic)
0.3% (7th harmonic)
0.2% (9th harmonic)
0.2%(even harmonics from 2 to IO)
0.1% (all harmonics from 11 to 40)
1.40 to 1.42 times the rms value
reached within 87" to 93' after the
zero crossing (not applicable for
Test Limits
Compliance is determined if the following test
parameters are within the following defined limits:
Short-term picker (PJ:The flicker severity evaluated
over a short period of time (10 minutes). PSt2 1 is the
conventional threshold of imtability, and therefore the
limit.
Long-term flicker (PI,): The flicker seventy evaluated
over a long period (typically 2 hours) using successive
P,,values. PI,_< 0.65 IS the conventional threshold of
imtability, and therefore the limit. For voltage
changes that are caused by manual switching of
equipment or that occur less frequently than once
per hour, P,, and PItare not applicable. However, the
following voltage change "(d)" parameters are
applicable, with the limits multiplied by 1.33.
Relative steady-state voltage change (d,): The
difference between two adjacent steady-state voltages
relative to the nominal voltage. d, must be 5 3%.

Proceedings of INCEMIC - 2003 427

 Relative voltage change characteristic (d(t)): The
change in rms voltage, relative to the nominal voltage,
as a function of time and between periods when the
voltage is in a steady-state condition for at least 1 sec.
d(t) must not be > 3% for more than 200 milliseconds
continuously during a voltage change event.
Maximum relative voltage change (L): The
difference between maximum and minimum rms
values of the voltage change characteristic relative to
the nominal voltage. d,, must be 5 4%.
IX.UNDERSTANDING OF IEC 610003-11 STANDARD
IEC 61000-3-11 is primarily applicable to electrical
and electronic equipment having a rated input current
from 16 A upto and including 75 A and which is
subject to conditional connection. The limits in
IEC 61000-3-11 relate to the voltage changes
experienced by consumers connected at the interface
between the public supply low-voltage network and
the equipment user's installation. Therefore, it cannot
be guaranteed @at the user of equipment compliant
with this standard will not experience supply
disturbance within his own installation, as the
impedance at the point of connection of the equipment
to the supply within the installation may have an
impedance greater than the test impedance.
The scope of IEC 61000-3-11 overlaps with the IEC
61000-3-3 in that it is also applicable to equipment
with a rated input current 5 16 A. However, it should
be noted that equipment having a rated input current
< 16 A should first be tested for conformity with
IEC 61000-3-3 before applying the evaluation
techniques and measurement procedures specified in
IEC 61000-3-11. Equipment, which meets the
requirements of IEC 61000-3-3 is not subject to
conditional connection. IEC 61000-3-1 1 is also
applicable to equipment within the scope of
IEC 61000-3-3 that does not meet the limits when
tested or evaluated with reference impedance and
is therefore subject to conditional connection.
Equipment, which meets the requirements of
IEC 61000-3-3, is excluded from IEC 61000-3-11.
The flicker limits specified in IEC 61000-3-11, being
the same as those in E C 61000-3-3, are based on the
subjective severity of the flicker imposed on the light
from 230 V / 60 W coiled - coil filament lamps when
subjected to fluctuations of the supply voltage.
428
Test Limits
The limits shall be applicable to voltage fluctuations
and flicker at the supply terminals of the equipment
under test. The following limits apply:
- the value of the short-term flicker indicator P,,
shall not be greater than 1.0
- the value of the long-term flicker indicator, PI,
shall not be greater than 0.65
- the value of d(t) during a voltage change shall not
exceed 3.3% for more than 500 ms:
- the relative steady-state voltage change, dc, shall
not exceed 3.3%
- the maximum relative voltage change d, shall
not exceed
a) 4% without additional conditions;
b) 6% for equipment with manual switching, or
automatic switching more frequently than twice
per day and having a delayed restart (the delay
being not less than a few tens of seconds) or
manual restart after a power supply interruption.
The cycling frequency will be further limited by
the P,, and PI, limit. For example: a d, of 6%
producing a rectangular voltage change
characteristic twice per hour will give a PI, of
about 0.65.
c) 7% for equipment which is attended whilst in
use (for example: hair dryers, vacuum cleaners,
kitchen equipment such as mixers, garden
equipment such as lawnmowers, portable tools
such as electric drills); or is switched on
automatically, or is intended to be switched on
manually, no more than twice per day and has a
delayed restart (the delay being not less than a few
tens of seconds) or manual restart after a power
supply interruption.
In the case of equipment incorporating multiple
loads, limits b) and c) shall only apply if there is
delayed or manual restart after a power supply
interruption; for all equipment with automatic
switching which is energised immediately on
restoration of supply after a power supply
interruption, limits a) shall apply; for all equipment
with manual switching, limits b) or c) shall apply,
depending on the rate of switching. P,, and PI,
Proceedings of INCEMIC - 2003
 requirements shall not be applicable to voltage causes excessive voltage disturbances on the ac
changes caused by manual switching. The limits shall mains.
not be applicable to emergency switching or
emergency operations. The measurement of the rms voltage fluctuations
on the ac mains caused by the equipment under
TABLE V - AC POWER SOURCE REQUIREMENTS test is the basis for flicker measurements.
Outpul vulvage ratings ~230Vrms/415Vnns
I 230 Vrmc i 2%. While flicker measurements provide an accurate
- & frwuency
Voltaxe . .
accuracy I 50Hz*0.5% assessment of the effect of continuous voltage
Voltage THD I ..1m changes, the voltage fluctuation measurements-
I Maximum source short-term I < "._
nA -1 provide a better indication of the effect of sudden
flicker (P.) large voltage changes. Both can be visibly
Line or reference impedance I 0.4+ j0.25Q (phase to neutral) annoying and detrimental to other loads connected
to the same branch circuit.
XII. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The principal author Mr. K.N. Sakthivel is indebted

to acknowledge the patience and co-operation
extended by his wife Mrs. S. Malarvizhi, during the
execution of this technical paper work. The authors
express thanks to Mr. G. Vincent Raj for his support
provided in the experimental work.
Test Highest Highest Highest Highest Highes
Parameters d(t) d, D- P,, t Pu REFERENCES
(76) (9%) (C) (IOmin. (2hr.
period) period)
[ l ] IEC 61000-3-2, 1998: Limits for harmonic current emissions
Test Limits 3.30 3.30 4.00 1.W 0.650
Measured 0.00 0.00 0.00 O.W 0.W (equipment input current < 16 A per phase).
Values
Results Pass Pass Pass Pass Pass [21 IEC 61000-3-3, 1994 Limitation of voltage fluctuations and
flicker in low-voltage supply system for equipment with rated
XI. CONCLUSION current 16 A.

Generally power factor correction (PFC) circuitry
minimizes the effects of nonlinear loads and the
power inefficiencies they cause. Testing to the
harmonic current regulations (IEC 61000-3-2)
helps to ensure that whether power factor
correction circuits are designed and operating
properly in the equipment under test.
E C 61000-3-3/IEC 61000-3-1 1 standards address
voltage fluctuations and flicker. Compliance with
this standard ensures that voltage disturbances in
the electrical distribution system do not interfere
with other equipment connected to the ac mains or
cause incandescent lights to visibly flicker in a
way that causes an annoyance or health risk to a
human observer.
[31 IEC 61000-3-11, 2000: Limitation of voltage changes, voltage
fluctuations and flicker in public low-voltage supply systems -
equipment with rated voltage current < 75 A and subject to
conditional connection.
[4] J. Arrillega e t d . Power System Harmonics, John Wiley and
Sons, 1985.
[51 IEEE 519-1992 Recommended Practices and Requirements for
Harmonic Control in Electrical Power Systems.
[61 NFPA 70B Recommended Practice for Electrical Equipment
Maintenance - Chapter 24, National Fire Protection Association,
Quincy MA, 1994.
[71 Power Line Harmonic Problems - Causes and Cures, Dranetz
Technologies, December 1994.

Measurement of voltage fluctuations is also a

critical part of determining if electrical equipment

Proceedings of INCEMIC - 2003 429

 ANNEXURE: I -EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS

4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 36 40
Figure 9. Cumnt & voltage waveforms Figure 10. Harmonics and Class A Limit line (European
(It is 9.0% outside Class-D envelope) Limits)
Testresulh Fail
TABLE Vn - VOLTAGE SOURCE VERIFICATION DATA TABLE Wr - HARMONIC C W N T TEST RESULTS
Harmonics Harmonics Limit 5% of Status Harmonics Harmonics Limit %of Status
No V-rms v-rms Limit NO Limit
2 0.185 0.46 a.24 OK 2 1.983 1.08 183.63 Fail
3 0.542 2.072 26. I9 OK 3 0.938 2.3 40.8 Pass
4 0.089 0.46 19.42 OK 4 0.671 0.43 156.1 Fail
5 0.05 0.921 5.4 OK 5 0.519 1.14 45.53 Pass
6 0.089 0.46 19.37 OK 6 0.341 0.3 113.81 Fail
7 0.039 0.691 5.58 OK 7 0.244 0.77 31.66 PaSS
8 0.054 0.,46 11.68 OK 8 0.199 0.23 86.66 Pass
9 0.024 0.46 5.25 OK 9 0.177 0.4 44.36 PUS
IO 0.031 0.46 6.64 OK IO 0.171 0.184 93.12 PUS
II 0.024 0.23 10.46 OK I1 0.148 0.33 44.79 PaSS
12 0.014 0.23 6.02 OK I2 0.137 0.153 89.82 Pass
13 0.022 0.23 9.47 OK I3 0.122 0.21 58.09 Pass
14 0.017 0.23 7.34 OK I4 0.109 0.131 83.21 Pass
15 0.019 0.23 8.32 OK I5 0.102 0.15 68.2 PaSS
16 0.021 0.23 9.25 OK I6 0.095 0.115 82.48 Pass
17 0.019 0.23 8.46 OK I7 0.094 0.132 71.39 Pass
18 0.022 0.23 9.35 OK I8 0.086 0.102 84.16 Pass
19 0.014 0.23 6.29 OK I9 0.079 0.118 66.34 Pass
20 0.021 0.23 8.93 OK 20 0.074 0.092 80.9 Pass
21 0.014 0.23 6.02 OK 21 0.075 0.107 70.16 Pass
22 0.034 0.23 14.72 OK 22 0.075 0.084 89.31 Pass
23 0.016 0.23 6.9 OK 23 0.071 0.098 72.39 PaSS
24 0.059 0.23 25.55 OK 24 0.064 0.077 84.1 Pass
25 0.018 0.23 7.79 OK 25 0.061 0.09 67.44 Pass
26 0.064 0.23 27.66 OK 26 0.057 0.071 80.62 Pass
27 0.021 0.23 8.97 OK 27 0.056 0.083 67.34 Pass
28 0.047 0.23 20.3 OK 28 0.057 0.066 86.02 Pass
29 0.012 0.23 5.3 OK 29 0.056 0.078 72.21 Pass
30 0.023 0.23 10.09 OK 30 0.053 0.061 85.67 PLUS
31 0.012 0.23 5.1 OK 31 0.051 0.073 70.21 Pass
32 0.015 0.23 6.4 OK 32 0.049 0.058 85.55 Pass
33 0.012 0.23 5 OK 33 0.047 0.068 69.42 PaSS
34 0.01 0.23 4.16 OK 34 0.046 0.054 85.27 Pass
35 0.01 0.23 4.19 OK 35 0.045 0.064 70.35 Pass
36 0.013 0.23 5.61 OK 36 0.W 0.051 85.71 Pass
37 0.013 0.23 5.52 OK 37 0.043 0.061 70.13 Pass
38 0.014 0.23 6.03 OK 38 0.041 0.048 85.46 PaSS
39 0.013 0.23 5.82 OK 39 0.04 0.058 69.41 Pass
40 0.01 0.23 4.56 OK 40 0.039 0.046 85.87 PaSS

430 Proceedings of INCEMIC - 2003