Noida Institute of Engineering and Technology, Greater Noida

1st Private Autonomous Institute in Uttar Pradesh

School of Computer Science Engineering in Emerging Technologies

B. Tech. IoT 3rd Sem

Unit: 2

Hardware Components

Mayank Deep Khare

Subject Name
Assistant Professor
Internet of Things Deputy Head
SoCSET, IoT

11/15/2021 Mayank Deep Khare Introduction to IoT Unit 2 1

Agenda
• Course Objective
• Objective of Topics
• Course Outcomes
• CO-PO Mapping
• CO-PSO Mapping
• Syllabus
• Prerequisite
• Content
 Index

Course Objective
Objective of Topics
Course Outcome
CO-PO-PSO Mapping
Prerequisite and Recap
Topic Mapping with Course Outcome
Sensors
Digital sensors
Actuators
Radio frequency identification (RFID) technology
Wireless sensor networks
Participatory sensing technology

11/15/2021 Mayank Deep Khare Introduction to IoT Unit 2 3

 Index

Embedded computing basics

Overview of IOT supported Hardware platforms such as Arduino,
Net Arduino, Raspberry pi, Beagle Bone, Intel Galileo boards
Video Link
Daily Quiz & MCQ
Weekly Assignment
Expected Question Bank For Exam
Previous Year Question Paper
Summary
References

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 Course Objective

To assess the vision and introduction of IoT with design principle.

To Understand hardware and embedded systems for IoT.

To Implement Data and Knowledge Management and use of Devices

in IoT Technology.

To Understand State of the Art with programming - IoT Architecture.

To classify Real World IoT Design Constraints, Industrial Automation in

IoT.

Mayank Deep Khare Introduction to IoT Unit 2

11/15/2021 5
 Mayank Deep Khare
Deputy Head IoT NISP Coordinator
Associate Dean MOOCs & Innovation Labs MIC Innovation Ambassador Internet of Things
Cloud Computing

Work Experience Education Publications

• NIET, Gr Noida From Jan 2016
• Pursuing PhD NIT, Delhi Total: 24
to till date
• System Engineer Sysnet Global • M Tech MMMUT, Gorakhpur International: 19
Technologies Private Limited, National: 5
Delhi (1 Year)

➢ Reviewer of Oxford University Press for the book of Internet of Things.

➢ Developed Online happiness quotient for feedback and PPTs and project management (onlinehappinessquotient.co.in)
➢ Attended 30 + FDPs and STTPS, Coordinated International Conferences, Smart India Hackathon, Toycathon at NIET campus.
11/15/2021 Orientation Program 6
 Program Outcome

PO1. Engineering knowledge:

PO2. Problem analysis:
PO3. Design/development of solutions:
PO4. Conduct investigations of complex problems:
PO5. Modern tool usage:
PO6. The engineer and society:
PO7. Environment and sustainability:
PO8. Ethics:
PO9. Individual and teamwork
PO10. Communication
PO11. Project management and finance:
PO12. Life-long learning:

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 Subject Introduction

To study about introduction of IoT technology, Components,

architecture, network communications and applications protocols of IoT.
Course also aims at understanding various hardware for IoT,
programming concepts using Arduino and Raspberry Pi and study about
applications of IoT

Video Link: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZTM9GA-4nBA

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 Objective of Topics

Topics of Unit Objective

Sensors To provide basic knowledge
of Sensor
Digital sensors To provide future scope of
digital sensors in IOT
Actuators Describe working of
actuator in IoT
Radio frequency identification (RFID) Describe various
technology technologies using in IoT
Wireless sensor networks View of real time
communication inIoT

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 Objective of Topics

Topics of Unit Objective

Participatory sensing technology Describe reorganization

process of IoT

Embedded computing basics Provide basic knowledge of

embedded systems.

Overview of IOT supported Hardware Provide knowledge about

platforms such as Arduino, IoT supported platform
Net Arduino, Raspberry pi, Beagle Bone,
Intel Galileo boards

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 Course Outcome

S.NO COURSE CO –DESCRIPTION

OUTCOME(CO)

1 RCS 061.1 To have the knowledge of vision , definition, conceptual

framework , architecture of IoT and M2M communication
2 RCS 061.2 Analysis of the design of arithmetic & logic unit and
understanding of the fixed point and floating-point
arithmetic operations.
3 RCS 061.3 Implementation of control unit techniques and the concept
of Pipelining
4 RCS 061.4 Understanding the hierarchical memory system, cache
memories and virtual memory

5 RCS 061.5 To analyze and apply in real time applications like Smart
metering system, Smart street lights, home automation and
M2M applications

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 CO-PO and PSO Mapping

Sr. Course Outcome

No

PO1 0

PO1 1

PO1 2
PO 5

PO 6

PO 9
PO1

PO2

PO3

PO4

PO7

PO8
1 CO 1 3 3 3 3 2 2 1 1 2 2 2 1
2 CO 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 1 3 1 1 2

3 CO 3 2 3 2 3 2 2 1 1 2 2 2 2

4 CO 4 3 2 3 3 3 3 2 1 3 2 1 1

5 CO 5 2 3 3 2 3 3 3 2 3 1 3 2

Sr. Course Outcome

PSO1

PSO2

PSO3

PSO4
No

1 CO 1 2 3 2 3
2 CO 2 3 2 3 2
3 CO 3 3 3 3 3
4 CO 4 3 3 3 3
5 CO 5 3 3 3 2

*3= High *2= Medium *1=Low

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 Recap

Introduction of IoT
Vision and Definition
Conceptual Framework and Architectural view
Technology behind IoT and Sources of the IoT
M2M Communication and IoT Examples
IoT/M2M systems layers and design standardization
Communication Technologies
Data enrichment and consolidation
Ease of designing and affordability

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 Topic Mapping with Course Outcome

Topics of Unit Objective

Sensors CO2
Digital sensors CO2
Actuators CO2
Radio frequency identification (RFID) CO2
technology
Wireless sensor networks CO2
Participatory sensing technology CO2
Embedded computing basics CO2
Overview of IOT supported Hardware CO2
platforms such as Arduino,
Net Arduino, Raspberry pi, Beagle Bone,
Intel Galileo boards

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 Sensor(CO2)

• “Sensors” are Transducers, which converts physical parameters (Temperature, Pressure,

Humidity, Gas Concentration into Electrical parameters like Voltage/ Current.)

Material
property
changes with Signal
change in Conditioning Voltage/ Current
physical Circuit
parameters/ R-C
Changes

Flow diagram how a Sensor Senses Physical parameters and

Convert it in-terms of Electrical parameters (Voltage/ Current)
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 Transducer

• A transducer is any device which converts one form of

energy into another. Examples of common transducers
include the following:

• A microphone converts sound into electrical impulses and

a loudspeaker converts electrical impulses into sound

• An incandescent light bulb produces light by passing a

current through a filament. Thus, a light bulb is a
transducer for converting electrical energy into optical
energy.

• An electric motor is a transducer for conversion of

electricity into mechanical energy or motion.

Source : “Sensor” Online: https://ielm.ust.hk/dfaculty/ajay/courses/alp/ieem110/lecs/sensors/sensors.html

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 Electro acoustic, Electromagnetic, and Electrostatic Transducers(CO2)

Common electroacoustic transducers:

• Loudspeaker – Converts an electrical signal into sound
• Microphone – Converts sound waves in air into an electrical signal
• Hydrophone - Converts sound waves in water into an electrical signal.

Common electromagnetic transducers:

• Magnetic cartridge – Converts motion in a magnetic field into an electrical energy
• Generator – Converts motion in a magnetic field into electrical energy

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 Sensor(CO2)

• The characteristic of any device or material to detect the presence of a particular physical
quantity

• The output of sensor is signal, which is converted to human readable form

• Performs some function of input by sensing or feeling the physical changes in the characteristic
of a system in response to stimuli

• Input: Physical parameter or stimuli

• Output: Response to stimuli
• Example: Temperature, light, gas, pressure, and sound

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 Type of Sensor(CO2)

• Active sensors: Require an external source of power (excitation voltage) that provides
the majority of the output power of the signal

• Passive sensors: The output power is almost entirely provided by the measured signal
without an excitation voltage

• Digital sensors: The signal produced or reflected by the sensor is binary

• Analog sensors: The signal produced by the sensor is continuous and proportional to the
measured

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 Sensor

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 Recap 2

A transducer is any device which converts

one form of energy into another.

Electro acoustic, Electromagnetic, and

Electrostatic Transducers

The output of sensor is signal

Type of Sensor

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 Sensor Features[CO2]

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 Sensor Resolution [CO2]

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 Sensor Classes[CO2]

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 Analog Sensor [CO2]

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 Digital Sensor[CO2]

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 Scalar Sensor [CO2]

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 Vector Sensor [CO2]

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 Sensor Types [CO2]

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 Digital Sensors(CO2)

Electronic sensors or electrochemical sensors in which data conversion and data

transmission takes place digitally are called as digital sensors.

The sensor which produces discrete output is known as digital sensor.

This type of sensor generates output in binary digital form consisting of binary 1s and 0s.

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 Digital Sensors(CO2)

• A digital sensor is an electronic or electrochemical sensor, where data is

digitally converted and transmitted.

• Sensors are often used for analytical measurements

• Ex. the measurement of chemical and physical properties of liquids

• Typical measured parameters are pH value, conductivity, oxygen, redox potentials,

and others. Such measurements are used in the industrialized world and give vital
input for process control.

• Today more and more digital sensors are used.

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 Difference between analog sensor and digital sensor

Source : https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Block-diagram-of-the-digital-sensor-system-narchitecture_fig39_26559576545cf9
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 Advantages of Digital Sensors

• Following are the benefits or advantages of Digital Sensor :

➨Higher performance

➨Easy to design, use and maintain

➨Higher reliability

➨Small and Rugged device

➨Saves power as it activates in either of two conditions ('1' or

'0') such as in push button or digital light sensing.

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 Disadvantages of Digital Sensors

• Following are the drawbacks or disadvantages of Digital

Sensor or smart sensor:

➨It is complex compare to analog sensor as it requires data

conversion.

➨It can not provide continuous output for every change in input
parameters which can be addressed by analog sensor.

➨The cost is more than analog sensor due to use of

microprocessor and data storage capabilities

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 Actuator(CO2)

• An actuator is a component of a machine that is responsible for

moving or controlling a mechanism or system.
• An actuator requires a control signal and a source of energy.
• The control signal is relatively low energy and may be electric
voltage or current, pneumatic or hydraulic pressure, or even human
power.

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 Actuator(CO2)

Actuators: are hardware devices that convert a controller

command signal into a change in a physical parameter.

An actuator is part of the system that deals with the control action
required (mechanical action).

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 Recap 3

Input-Output Configuration

A digital sensor is an electronic or

electrochemical sensor, where data is
digitally converted and transmitted.

An actuator is a component of a machine

that is responsible for moving or controlling
a mechanism or system.

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 Types of Actuators

1. Electrical actuators
▪▪ Electric motors (linear or rotational)
▪▪ DC servomotors
▪▪ AC motors
▪▪ Stepper motors
▪▪ Solenoids
▪▪ Relay
2. Hydraulic actuators
▪▪ Use hydraulic fluid as the driving force

3. Pneumatic actuators
▪▪ Use compressed air as the driving force
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 Electric motors

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 DC motors

DC motors are widely used:

• Convenience of using direct current.
E.g. motors in automobiles.
• Linear Torque-Speed relationship.

One special type of DC motors is Servomotors.

• A feedback back loop is used to control speed.

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 AC motors

▪▪ Most used in industry.

▪▪ Advantages:
▪▪ Higher power supply
▪▪ Ease of maintenance

▪▪ Two types:
▪▪ Induction motor
▪▪ Synchronous motor

11/15/2021 RahulMayank
Kumar Sharma
Deep Khare RCS061-IoT
Introduction to IoT Unit 2 Unit II 41
 Hydraulic and Pneumatic Actuators

▪▪ Powered by pressurized fluid.

▪▪ Oil for hydraulic systems
▪▪ Compressed air for pneumatic systems

42

11/15/2021 RahulMayank
Kumar Sharma
Deep Khare RCS061-IoT
Introduction to IoT Unit 2 Unit II
 Other Actuators

▪▪ Solenoids: a movable plunger inside a stationary wire coil.

▪▪ Used to open and close valves in fluid flow systems,
e.g., chemical processing equipment.

11/15/2021 RahulMayank
Kumar Sharma
Deep Khare RCS061-IoT
Introduction to IoT Unit 2 Unit II 43
 RFID(CO2)

RFID = Radio Frequency Identification

An ADC (Automated Data Collection) technology that: –

• Uses radio-
frequency waves to transfer data between a reader and a movable item to i
dentify, categorize, track.

• Is fast and does not require physical sight or contact between reader
/scanner and the tagged item.

• Performs the operation using low cost components.

• Other ADC technologies: Bar codes, OCR.

Source : https://www.it.iitb.ac.in/~sri/talks/rfid-05.pdf

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 Radio frequency identification (RFID) technology

• RFID tags act as smart signatures, transmitting information to a

radio-frequency reader about the identity, state, or location of a
given product.

• RFID tags are used to trace everything from casino chips and cattle
to amusement park visitors and marathon runners.

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 A simplified RFID system

Source : https://www.cse.wustl.edu/~jain/cse574-06/ftp/rfid.pdf

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 RFID tags

Tags can be attached to almost anything:

• Items, cases or pallets of products, high value goods
• vehicles, assets, livestock or personnel
Passive Tags
• Do not require power – Draws from Interrogator Field
• Lower storage capacities (few bits to 1 KB)
• Shorter read ranges (4 inches to 15 feet)
• Usually Write Once Read Many/Read Only tags
• Cost around 25 cents to few dollars

Active Tags
• Battery powered
• Higher storage capacities (512 KB)
• Longer read range (300 feet)
• Typically can be rewritten by RF Interrogators
• Cost around 50 to 250 dollars

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 Radio frequency identification (RFID) Applications

Source : http://trace-id.com/en/rfid-tags-applications/

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 Some RFID readers

Radio frequency identification Reader

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 RFID advantages over barcodes

• No line of sight required for reading

• Multiple items can be read with a single scan

• Each tag can carry a lot of data (read/write)

• Individual items identified and not just the category

• Passive tags have a virtually unlimited lifetime

• Active tags can be read from great distances

• Can be combined with barcode technology

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 Recap 4

Radio frequency identification (RFID) technology

RFID advantages over barcodes

RFID Applications

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 Embedded Computing Basics(CO2)

Historical Background:
A microprocessor -- also known as a CPU or central processing
unit -- is a complete computation engine that is fabricated on
a single chip. The first microprocessor was the Intel 4004,
introduced in 1971. The 4004 was not very powerful -- all it
could do was add and subtract, and it could only do that
4 bits at a time. But it was amazing that everything was on
one chip. Prior to the 4004, engineers built computers either
from collections of chips or from discrete components
(transistors wired one at a time). The 4004 powered one of
the first portable electronic calculators.

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 Embedded Computing Basics

Historical Background: Intel 4004 (4 bit Microprocessor)

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 Embedded Computing Basics

Intel 8085 (8 bit Microprocessor)

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 Embedded Computing Basics

Intel 8051 Microcontroller

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 IOT supported Hardware platforms

Some Popular Dev. Platforms:

Development
Platforms

Arduino Raspberry Pi
Intel Galileo
&
Other Pi Series

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 What is Arduino?

• Arduino is not a Microcontroller. Arduino is an open-source platform used for building

electronics projects.
• Arduino consists of both a physical programmable circuit board (often referred to as a MC) and
a piece of software or IDE (Integrated Development Environment) that runs on a host
system(computer).

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 Arduino

• Microcontroller-ATmega328
• Operating Voltage 5V and 3.3 V
• Input Voltage (recommended) 7-12V
• Input Voltage (limits) 6-20V
• Digital I/O Pins -14 (of which 6 provide PWM output)
• Analog Input Pins-6
• DC Current per I/O Pin-40 mA
• DC Current for 3.3V Pin-50 mA
• Flash Memory-32 KB (ATmega328) SRAM-2 KB (ATmega328)
• EEPROM-1 KB (ATmega328)
• Clock Speed-16 MHz

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 Arduino Uno

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 Raspberry Pi(CO2)

The Raspberry Pi is a credit-card-sized computer that plugs into your

TV and a keyboard. It is a capable little computer which can be used in
electronics projects and for many of the things that your desktop PC
does, like spreadsheets, word processing, browsing the internet, and
playing games.

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 Raspberry Pi

Source : https://www.cse.wustl.edu/~jain/cse574-06/ftp/rfid.pdf

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 Raspberry Pi

Source : https://www.cse.wustl.edu/~jain/cse574-06/ftp/rfid.pdf

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 Video Links, Youtube & NPTEL Video Links and Online Courses Details

• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ree6_dDqL7A
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KLGbPgls18k
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KLGbPgls18k
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LHn7O6PUaoY
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OKyZFuc4WKI&t=4s
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8VDThyXv7Sg
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nL34zDTPkcs&t=824s
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TJuopKoBl4Y
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YcdocBugs4s&t=7s
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EKPobkb1N6o
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p40OetppIDg

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 Daily Quiz & MCQ

1. Potentiometer is which of the types of sensor? Provide any 2 use of potentiometer.

2. Based on the data type, sensor can be classified in which of the two categories?

1 Which one is the key component of Augmented Reality devices?

• a. sensors and cameras
• b. mirror unit
• c. machines
• d. none of the above

2 A Transducers
• a. reduce the flow of current in a circuit
• b. convert energy of one kind into another
• c. increase the speed of a motor
• d. convert a sensor to actuator

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 Daily Quiz & MCQ

1 Explain wireless sensor network?

2 What is relation between WSN and IoT. Explain with example.

1 Potentiometer is which of the following types of sensor?

• a. Speed sensor
• b. Light sensor
• c. Position sensor
• d. Force Sensor
2 Based on the data type, sensor can be classified in which of the two categories?
• a. Analog and Digital
• b. Isomorphic and Homomorphic
• c. Scaler and Vector
• d. Solid and Liquide

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 Daily Quiz & MCQ

1 Explain need of embedded technology in IoT with proper example.

2 Describe Arduino UNO with proper pin diagram.

1 A pneumatic actuator converts

• a. Force in to pressure
• b. Pressure in to acceleration
• c. Pressure in to force
• d. Force in to acceleration

2 A mechanical actuator converts

• a. rotary motion in to electrical power
• b. electrical power in to rotary motion
• c. rotary motion in to linear motion
• d. Linear motion in to rotary motion
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 Weekly Assignment 1

Q.1) Explain the different types of sensors-Resistive and capacitive

with the help of circuit diagram and example.

Q-2) Differentiate between RPL and CORPL.

Q-3) How is IoT useful in predictive maintenance of industrial

processes?

Q-4) How does a wireless sensor circuit differ from that of a sensor?

Q-5) Perform a comparative analysis(eg.Features , applications etc.) of

Raspberry Pi.

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 Weekly Assignment 2

Q-1) Discuss about Node discovery in the context of IoT.

Q-2) Explain the usage of radio frequency identification (RFID) in IoT.

Q-3) Discuss about the wireless sensor networks with appropriate

examples.

Q-4) Describe Arduino in detail with proper diagram.

Q-5) Perform a comparative analysis of Beagle Bone and Intel Galileo

with proper diagram.

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 Old Question Papers

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 Old Question Papers

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 Old Question Papers

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 Old Question Papers

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 Expected Questions for University Exam

1. What are different wired and wireless connectivity we can

used in IoT explain with example.
2. Explain different networking and communication model in IoT.
3. Explain embedded technology with proper example.
4. Write note on : RFID, NFC, ZigBee.
5. Explain need of embedded technology in IoT with proper
example.
6. Describe Arduino UNO with proper pin diagram.
7. Explain different types of Arduino with usage of everyone
with example.
8. Describe Raspberry Pi with proper pin diagram.
9. Write any 7 differences between Arduino and Raspberry Pi.
10. Give an overview of IoT supported Hardware platform with
proper example

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 Expected Questions for University Exam

1. Potentiometer is which of the types of sensor? Provide any 2 use of potentiometer.

2.
3. Based on the data type, sensor can be classified in which of the two categories?

4. Rack and pinion is an example of which type of actuator? Give any one example of
rack and pinion.

5. Explain wireless sensor network?

6. What is relation between WSN and IoT. Explain with example.

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 Summary

We looked at
• Basic Introduction of transducer with examples
• Scope of of sensor in IoT and different definition with scope
• Sensor and Actuator with IoT for future development
• Digital sensor and actuator with various examples
• Radio frequencies Identification (RFID) and Its Examples
• RFID and WSN for better future of IoT devices.
• Communication Technologies (WSN)
• Participated sensing technology to improve structure in IoT
• Embedded computing basics and IoT supported Hardware platform like Arduino, Raspberry Pi

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 References

• [1]: Raj Kamal “INTERNET OF THINGS”, McGraw-Hill, 1ST Edition, 2016

• [2]: Olivier Hersent,DavidBoswarthick, Omar Elloumi“The Internet of Things key
applications and protocols”,willey
• [3]:Jeeva Jose, Internet of Things, Khanna Publicatiosn
• [4] : Michael Miller “The Internet of Things” by Pearson
• [5] ArshdeepBahga, Vijay Madisetti “ Internet of Things( A hands on approach)” 1ST
edition, VPIpublications,2014
• [6]:https://web.iit.edu/sites/web/files/departments/academic-affairs/academic-resource-
center/pdfs/SENSORS.pdf
• [7]:https://sites.google.com/site/profamishrasnetworkingacademy/
• [8]:https://www.cse.wustl.edu/~jain/cse574-06/ftp/rfid.pdf

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