Alexandria Engineering Journal (2021) xxx, xxx–xxx

H O S T E D BY
Alexandria University

Alexandria Engineering Journal

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www.sciencedirect.com

An approximate solution of fractional order Riccati

equations based on controlled Picard’s method with
Atangana–Baleanu fractional derivative
Aisha F. Fareed, Mourad S. Semary, Hany N. Hassan *

Department of Basic Engineering Sciences, Benha Faculty of Engineering, Benha University, Benha 13512, Egypt

Received 13 July 2021; revised 11 August 2021; accepted 9 September 2021

KEYWORD Abstract In this paper, a new computationally efficient approach to solve fractional differential
Fractional differential equa- equations with Atangana–Baleanu operator is introduced. Controlled Picard’s method is employed
tions; for solving a class of fractional differential equations with order 0 < a < 1. The proposed approach
Atangana–Baleanu deriva- can cover wide range of integer and fractional orders differential equations due to the extra auxil-
tive; iary parameter which enhances the convergence and is suitable for nonlinear differential equations.
Picard’s method; Two models of fractional Riccati equation are solved to validate and illustrate the accuracy of the
Riccati equation new approach. Figures has been used to construct the results obtained from the presented
approach. It is shown that the proposed method is efficient, credible, and easy to implement for var-
ious related problems in science and engineering.
Ó 2021 THE AUTHORS. Published by Elsevier BV on behalf of Faculty of Engineering, Alexandria
University. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/
licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

1. Introduction justifications of new types of fractional derivatives that

appeared in different applications; see [4–28]. A general frame-
The history of fractional calculus goes back to more than work of fractional operators was introduced in [29], where it
300 years ago. Local and nonlocal definitions of fractional was proved that several operators of nonsingular kernels can
derivatives were presented. Non local fractional derivatives be written as in infinite sum of the well-known Riemann–Liou-
are divided into two major types; singular kernels such as ville integral operator [30]. The basic tool used to prove the
the Riemann–Liouville and Caputo derivatives which is the existence of solutions to initial value problems regarding ordi-
classical type and the ones with nonsingular kernels which nary first order differential equations is Picard’s method which
have been used recently, like the Caputo–Fabrizio and the was introduced by E´ mile Picard in 1890, it’s also used to solve
Atangana–Baleanu fractional derivatives [1–3]. Recently a lot integral and differential equations with different definitions of
of researchers are interested to find powerful mathematical the derivative [31–34]. Even this method failed to adjust the
convergence region and the rate of the approximated series;
* Corresponding author. inserting a small parameter h in Picard’s method solves this
E-mail address: hany.mohamed@bhit.bu.edu.sa (H.N. Hassan).
issue in [35,36] and called controlled Picard’s method. This
Peer review under responsibility of Faculty of Engineering, Alexandria
method which was very effective in controlling the convergence
University. region, for fractional order with Caputo sense problems of
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aej.2021.09.009
1110-0168 Ó 2021 THE AUTHORS. Published by Elsevier BV on behalf of Faculty of Engineering, Alexandria University.
This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
Please cite this article in press as: A.F. Fareed et al., An approximate solution of fractional order Riccati equations based on controlled Picard’s method with Atan-
gana–Baleanu fractional derivative, Alexandria Eng. J. (2021), https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aej.2021.09.009
2 A.F. Fareed et al.

ordera > 1. We modify controlled Picard’s frame [36] to solve Adding and subtracting the term
a
Rx a a1
fractional Riccati equation with Atangana–Baleanu operator. 1
bðaÞ CðaÞ
0
T vm ð s Þðx  sÞ ds; to Eq. (8), we get:
The Atangana–Baleanu fractional derivative with non-local
kernel based in the Mittag-Leffler function. The fractional 1a a
order operator is more effective in the description of the new vmþ1 ðxÞ ¼  ½½T vm ðxÞ  gðx; vm ðxÞÞ
bðaÞ
complex phenomena than the usual one due to its memory
1a a a
properties [20,21] and in description of physical problems that þ T vm ðxÞ þ
follows the power and exponential decay law at the same time. bðaÞ bðaÞ
Z x
Also, certain models of dissipative phenomena cannot be ade- 1 a
quately described by the classical fractional calculus using sin-  Ta vm ðsÞðx  sÞa1 ds 
CðaÞ 0 bðaÞ
gular kernels [37]. The Riccati differential equation is named Z xh i
1
after the Italian Nobleman Count Jacopo Francesco Riccati  Ta vm ðsÞ  gðs; vm ðsÞÞ ðx  sÞa1 ds: ð9Þ
(1676–1754). The fundamental theories of Riccati equation, CðaÞ 0
with its applications in optimal control, random processes,
and diffusion problems were explained in book of Reid [38]. Using the property (6), then Eq. (9) becomes
In this paper, we introduce a new frame of Controlled Picard’s 1a a
method to solve a class of fractional Riccati equation with vmþ1 ðxÞ ¼  ½½T vm ðxÞ  gðx; vm ðxÞÞ
bðaÞ
Atangana–Baleanu operator. This class of fractional differen- Z xh a
a 1
tial equations of the form: þ vm ðxÞ  T vm ðsÞ
bðaÞ CðaÞ 0
Ta vðxÞ ¼ gðx; vðxÞÞ; 0 < a < 1; ð1Þ i
 gðs; vm ðsÞÞ ðx  sÞa1 ds: ð10Þ
vð0Þ ¼ l; ð2Þ
The property (6) is true for integers and it can be proved
where Ta vðxÞ is the Atangana–Baleanu fractional derivative using integration by parts. So, we can say that the iteration
defined by formula (10) can be used to solve the problem (1) for integer
ABR
Daaþ vðxÞ ¼ Ta vðxÞ and fractional orders.
Consider the nonlinear fractional order differential Eq. (1)
Zx
bðaÞ d a in the form:
¼ vðsÞEa ½ ðx  sÞa ds ð3Þ
1  a dx 1a F½x; vðxÞ; a ¼ Ta vðxÞ  gðx; vðxÞÞ ¼ 0: ð11Þ
aþ

And the Atangana–Baleanu fractional integral operator Multiplying h to both sides in Eq. (11) to become:
AB a
Iaþ follows directly from the solution of Eq. (3) and can hF½x; vðxÞ; a ¼ 0: ð12Þ
be precisely defined as [30]
where h is an auxiliary parameter. Adding and subtracting
AB a 1a a RL a Ta vðxÞ to Eq. (12) getting the form:
Iaþ vðxÞ ¼ vðxÞ þ Iaþ vðxÞ ð4Þ
bðaÞ bðaÞ
Ta vðxÞ þ hF½x; vðxÞ; a  Ta vðxÞ ¼ 0: ð13Þ
RL a
where Iaþ vðxÞ is the Riemann-Liouville fractional integral and setting g1 ðx; vðxÞ; hÞ ¼ hF½x; vðxÞ; a  Ta vðxÞ, the Eq. (13)
[39] is given by:
Zx
1 Ta vðxÞ  g1 ðx; vðxÞ; hÞ ¼ 0: ð14Þ
RL a
Iaþ vðxÞ ¼ vðsÞðx  sÞa1 ds ð5Þ
CðaÞ Appling the Picard iterative formula (10) to Eq. (14), we
aþ
get:
Further, we have the following left and right inverse prop-
1a a
erties [40] vmþ1 ðxÞ ¼  ½T vm ðxÞ  g1 ðx; vm ðxÞ; hÞ þ vm ðxÞ
bðaÞ
AB a ABR a
Iaþ ½ Daþ vðxÞ ¼ vðxÞ ð6Þ Z x
a 1
 ½Ta vm ðsÞ
bðaÞ CðaÞ 0
2. Controlled Picard’s method with Atangana–Baleanu  g1 ðs; vm ðsÞ; hÞðx  sÞa1 ds: ð15Þ
fractional derivative
a
and replace g1 ðs; vm ðsÞÞ by hF½x; vðxÞ; a  T vðxÞ in Eq. (15),
so the repetition scheme with an auxiliary parameter for the
Applying the Atangana–Baleanu fractional integral operator
AB a Eq. (11) is given by:
I0þ of order a on Eq. (1) and using property (6), we put
Eq. (1) in the integrated as follows: hð1  aÞ a
vmþ1 ðxÞ ¼  ½T vm ðxÞ  gðx; vm ðxÞÞ þ vm ðxÞ
AB a bðaÞ
vðxÞ ¼ I0þ gðx; vðxÞÞ ð7Þ Z x
ha 1
Using Picard’s method on Eq. (7), we get:  ½Ta vm ðsÞ
bðaÞ CðaÞ 0
1a  gðs; vm ðsÞÞðx  sÞa1 ds: ð16Þ
vmþ1 ðxÞ ¼ gðx; vm ðxÞÞ
bðaÞ
Z x Applying property (6), the repetition scheme (16) becomes:
a 1
þ gðs; vm ðsÞÞðx  sÞa1 ds: ð8Þ
bðaÞ CðaÞ 0 vmþ1 ðx; hÞ ¼ ð1  hÞvm þ hð1  aÞgðx; vm Þ þ hIðxÞ; ð17Þ
An approximate solution of fractional order Riccati equations based on controlled Picard’s method 3

where And so on till we find an appropriate value of an auxiliary

Z parameter h. Fig. 1 displays h curves for 8th -order approxima-
a 1 x
IðxÞ ¼ gðs; vm ðsÞÞðx  sÞa1 ds: ð18Þ tion at x ¼ 0:5 for various a values. From the plot we can see
bðaÞ CðaÞ 0
that the valid region of h is h 2 ½0:5; 1:4 which corresponds a
The normalization function bðaÞ can be any function satis- horizontal line segment so we can select h ¼ 0:96 2 ½0:5; 1:4.
fying the conditions bð0Þ = bð1Þ ¼ 0. For simplicity, we To display the accuracy of the presented method solutions;
choose bðaÞ ¼ 1. Table 1 and Fig. 2 show the plot of the absolute error.
By using Wolfram Mathematica and starting by an initial Fig. 3 and Fig. 4 show the approximate values of vðxÞ when
approximation v0 ðx; hÞ, which satisfies the initial conditions, a ¼ 1; 0:95; 0:9; 0:85:
the approximated solution vmþ1 ðx; hÞ can be obtained, but
the auxiliary parameter h is still an unknown it could be deter- Example 2. We investigate the fractional Riccati differential
mined in general, by means of the so-called h -curve [36,41], it equation as
is straightforward to choose a proper value of h which ensures
that the approximate solutions are convergent as follows. Let Ta vðxÞ ¼ 1 þ 2vðxÞ  v2 ðxÞ; 0 < a < 1; ð27Þ
0
s 2 X, then vðs; hÞ,v ðs; hÞ are functions of h and the curves of
these functions versus h results in a horizontal line segment vð0Þ ¼ 0 ð28Þ
that corresponds to the valid region of h.
where its exact solution is given by
0  pffiffi1
1þpffiffi2
3. Results and discussion pffiffiffi pffiffiffi
vðxÞ ¼ 1 þ 2tanh@ 2x þ log A:
1þ 2
ð29Þ
2
In this section, we discuss the well-known Riccati fractional
equation of the form The iteration formula of the controlled Picard’s method for
a
T vðxÞ ¼ a0 ðxÞ þ a1 ðxÞvðxÞ þ a2 ðxÞv ðxÞ; 0 < a < 1; 2
ð19Þ the given problem is

vð0Þ ¼ v0 : ð20Þ ha
vmþ1 ¼ ð1  hÞvm þ hð1  aÞgðx; vm ðxÞÞ þ
CðaÞ
where a0 ðxÞ,a1 ðxÞ, and a2 ðxÞ are smooth functions on ð0; 1Þ. Z x
We consider the following two examples as special cases of  gðs; vm ðsÞÞðx  sÞa1 ds: ð30Þ
the Riccati equation: 0

Example 1:. We debate the fractional Riccati differential

equation

Ta vðxÞ ¼ 1  v2 ðxÞ; 0 < a < 1; ð21Þ

vð0Þ ¼ 0;
where its exact solution is given by
e2x  1
vðxÞ ¼ : ð23Þ
e2x þ 1
The repetition scheme of the controlled Picard’s method for
Fig. 1 h- curves of vðhÞ with x ¼ 0:5 for different a for example
the given problem is
1.

vmþ1 ¼ ð1  hÞvm þ hð1  aÞgðx; vm ðxÞÞ

Z x
ha
þ gðs; vm ðsÞÞðx  sÞa1 ds: ð24Þ
CðaÞ 0
Table 1 The absolute error of vðx; hÞ with a ¼ 1 for example
Stratifying the repetition formula (17) to Eq. (19) by setting 1.
bðaÞ ¼ 1 and starting with v0 ðx; hÞ ¼ 0 which fulfills the initial
x Exact Approximation Error
conditions (20). Using Wolfram Mathematica 9 we can obtain
the successive approximations vmþ1 ðx; hÞ for example; when 0 0 0 0
0.1 0.099668 0.099668 8.689E14
m ¼ 0; 1, the first and second approximate solutions
0.2 0.1973753 0.1973753 2.426E13
v1 ðx; hÞ; v2 ðx; hÞ are given by:
0.3 0.2913126 0.2913126 6.055E13
Z x 0.4 0.379949 0.379949 1.437E12
ha
v1 ðx; hÞ ¼ hð1  aÞ þ ðx  sÞa1 ds; ð25Þ 0.5 0.4621172 0.4621172 2.776E12
CðaÞ 0 0.6 0.5370496 0.5370496 7.13E12
  0.7 0.6043678 0.6043678 2.622E10
v2 ðx; hÞ ¼ ð1  hÞv1 ðx; hÞ þ hð1  aÞ 1  v21 ðx; hÞ 0.8 0.6640368 0.6640368 3.525E09
Z 0.9 0.7162979 0.7162979 7.782E08
ha x   1 0.7615942 0.761608 1.381E05
þ ðx  sÞa1 1  v21 ðx; hÞ ds: ð26Þ
CðaÞ 0
4 A.F. Fareed et al.

Fig. 5 h- curves of vðhÞ with x ¼ 0:5 for different a for example

2.

Fig. 2 Absolute error of vðx; hÞ with a ¼ 1 for example 1.

Fig. 3 The proposed method solutions versus x of example 1 for Fig. 6 Absolute error of vðx; hÞ with a ¼ 1 for example 2.
different a values.

Fig. 7 The proposed method solutions versus x of example 2 for

different a values.

Fig. 4 Plots of the field variable vðx; hÞ versus x and h for

different values of a for example 1.

Stratifying the repetition formula (17) to Eq. (27) by setting

bðaÞ ¼ 1 and starting with v0 ðx; hÞ ¼ 0 which satisfies the ini-
tial conditions. Using Wolfram Mathematica 9 we can obtain
the successive approximations vmþ1 ðx; hÞ for example; when
m ¼ 0; 1, the first and second approximate solutions
v1 ðx; hÞ; v2 ðx; hÞ are given by:
Z x
ha Fig. 8 Plots of the field variable vðx; hÞ versus x and h for
v1 ðx; hÞ ¼ hð1  aÞ þ ðx  sÞa1 ds; ð31Þ
CðaÞ 0 different values of a for example 2.
An approximate solution of fractional order Riccati equations based on controlled Picard’s method 5

Table 2 Comparison of absolute errors between proposed method and [42] with, a ¼ 1, for example 2.
x Exact Proposed TAM Absolute Error Proposed method Absolute Error Proposed method Absolute ErrorTAM
method (ABD) [42] (3 iterations) (7 iterations) (ABD) [42]
0.6 0.953566 0.953992 0.945156 0.000425 3E-07 0.00841
0.7 1.152949 1.153508 1.14483 0.000559 4.15E-07 0.008119
0.8 1.346364 1.346436 1.34155 7.2152E05 2.76E-07 0.004814
0.9 1.526911 1.523576 1.52769 0.00333527 1.06E-05 0.000779
1 1.689498 1.675536 1.69524 0.01396276 8.33E-05 0.005742

v2 ðx; hÞ ¼ ð1  hÞv1 ðx; hÞ
 
þ hð1  aÞ 1 þ 2v1 ðx; hÞ  v21 ðx; hÞ
Z x
ha  
þ ðx  sÞa1 1 þ 2v1 ðx; hÞ  v21 ðx; hÞ ds:
CðaÞ 0
ð32Þ
And so on till we find an appropriate value of an auxiliary
parameterh. Fig. 5 displays h curves for 7th -order approxima-
tion at x ¼ 0:5 for various a values. From the plot we can see
that the valid region of h is h 2 ½1; 2 which correspond a hor-
izontal line segment so we can select h ¼ 1:5 2 ½1; 2. To dis-
play the accuracy of the presented method; Fig. 6 shows the
plot of the absolute error. Fig. 7 and Fig. 8 show the approx-
imate values of vðxÞ when a ¼ 1; 0:95; 0:9; 0:85: In Table 2, the
absolute error of the presented method have been computed
and compared with results of [42] in five different points when
a ¼ 1. From this comparison we conclude that the presented
method is more efficient and reliable. For fractional order
between zero and one, the proposed method solution behavior
shown in Fig. 7 like as TAM (ABD) solution [42].
4. Conclusion
In this article, we have introduced a new frame of controlled
Picard’s method to handle a class of fractional order differential
equation with Atangana–Baleanu operator. The proposed
method is a powerful technique for solving nonlinear
fractional-initial value problem of order 0 < a < 1. This
approach simple in constructing iteration formula against other
semi-analytic methods. Because, no need to calculate Adomian
polynomial or a general Lagrange multiplier. The solutions for
specific two examples are explained in order to validate and test
the efficiency of the presented method. When the fractional
derivative a approaches 1 the solutions converge to the classical
ones. The presented method can be modified to solve other
fractional-order partial differential equations. The results shown
demonstrate reliability and efficiency of this developed approach.
Declaration of Competing Interest
The authors declare that they have no known competing
financial interests or personal relationships that could have
appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
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