UNIT 10

WEB DEVELOPMENT

SUNDAY,21 2021
TMUC BAHRIA SPRINGS
BY:MUHAMMAD AZLAN
1 TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. What is a Domain?...............................................................................................................................3
2. What is a Domain Name System (DNS)?..............................................................................................3
3. How does DNS work?..........................................................................................................................3
4. Types of DNS server.............................................................................................................................4
4.1 DNS Resolver-..............................................................................................................................4
4.2 Root name –................................................................................................................................4
4.3 TLD nameserver –........................................................................................................................4
6 How Domains Are Managed.................................................................................................................4
6.1 Governing Body..............................................................................................................................5
1.1 6.2 Registrars............................................................................................................................5
2 7 Web Servers....................................................................................................................................5
7.1 Server Hardware..............................................................................................................................5
7.1.1 Random Access Memory (RAM)...............................................................................................5
7.1.2 Central Processing Unit (CPU)...................................................................................................6
7.1.3 Solid State Drive and Hard Disk Drive.......................................................................................6
3 8 Types of Servers.............................................................................................................................6
3.1 8.1 Blade Server.........................................................................................................................6
3.2 8.2 Micro Servers.......................................................................................................................6
9 Server Operating Systems.......................................................................................................................7
9.1 Windows OS.....................................................................................................................................7
9.2 Linux OS...........................................................................................................................................7
10 Server Software....................................................................................................................................7
10.1 Apache HTTP Server.......................................................................................................................7
10.2 Internet Information service..........................................................................................................8
11 Bibliography....................................................................................................................................8
 1. WHAT IS A DOMAIN?
A domain name is basically the same as your local address. In the same way that GPS needs a street
address or zip code to provide directions, a web browser needs a domain name to direct you to a
website.

A domain name takes the form of two main elements. For example, the domain name Facebook.com
contains a website name (Facebook) and a domain name extension (.com). When a company (or
individual) buys a domain name, they can determine which server the domain name refers to.

Registration of domain names is overseen by an organization called ICANN (Internet Corporation for
Assigned Names and Numbers). ICANN specifies which domain name extensions are available and
maintains a single database to which domain names refer. (Domantas G., May 05, 2021)

2. WHAT IS A DOMAIN NAME SYSTEM (DNS)?

Domain Name System (DNS) is an Internet call book. People find information online through
domain names, such as nytimes.com or espn.com. Web browsers work with Internet Protocol
(IP) addresses. DNS translates domain names into IP addresses so that browsers can load
Internet services. Each device connected to the Internet has a unique IP address used by other
devices to detect this device.[ CITATION clo \l 1033 ]

3. HOW DOES DNS WORK?

The DNS decision process includes converting the hostname (such as www.example.com) into
a computer-generated IP address (such as 192.168.1.1). An IP address is assigned to each
device on the Internet, and that address is required to find the appropriate Internet device - such
as the street address used to locate a specific home. When a user wants to load a webpage,
the translation must take place between the user's typing in his or her web browser
(example.com) and the typed address needed to access the example.com webpage.

4. TYPES OF DNS SERVER

4.1 DNS RESOLVER-

THE BROWSER CAN BE THOUGHT OF AS A LIBRARY THAT IS REQUESTED

TO SEARCH FOR A SPECIFIC BOOK ELSEWHERE IN THE LIBRARY. DNS
RECURSOR IS A SERVER DESIGNED TO RECEIVE QUERIES FROM CLIENT
MACHINES THROUGH APPLICATIONS SUCH AS WEB BROWSERS. FREQUENT
REPEATERS ARE ALSO REQUIRED TO MAKE ADDITIONAL REQUESTS TO
SATISFY A CLIENT'S DNS QUERY.

4.2 ROOT NAME –

THE ROOT SERVER IS THE FIRST STEP IN TRANSLATING (RESOLVING)

HOSTED WORDS THAT CAN BE READ FROM IP ADDRESSES. IT CAN BE
THOUGHT OF AS A REFERENCE IN THE LIBRARY THAT POINTS TO A LIST OF
DIFFERENT BOOKS - OFTEN SERVING AS A REFERENCE TO CERTAIN PLACES.

4.3 TLD NAMESERVER –

A TOP-LEVEL DOMAIN SERVER (TLD) CAN BE CONSIDERED AS A SPECIFIC

LIBRARY PLACE IN THE LIBRARY. THIS NAMESERVER IS THE NEXT STEP IN
FINDING A SPECIFIC IP ADDRESS, AND IT HOLDS THE LAST PART OF THE
HOSTNAME (IN EXAMPLE.COM, THE TLD SERVER “COM”).[ CITATION
CLO \L 1033 ]
6 HOW DOMAINS ARE MANAGED

6.1 GOVERNING BODY

Domain management, or domain name management, refers to the ongoing activities of maintaining a
private or corporate domain (or domains) that are stable, secure, and able to support related websites.
A domain name not only establishes its owner's presence on the Internet, but it also serves as a place to
enter the business or personal website designed to meet the unique needs of the owner. Site owners
may be tempted to focus on the overall design and maintenance of the website itself, but domain
management is an important factor in keeping a website live and accessible.

1.1 6.2 REGISTRARS

Protecting the domain requires only a few steps. Finding the right domain name can take time and
thought, as well as online tools to do domain name search and test availability, but once the name has
been selected, all you need to do is register it with a private registrar or web hosting company for a year
or more. Once registered, the name is assigned to the primary and secondary nameservers, which point
to the domain of the website.

2 7 WEB SERVERS
A web server is software and hardware that uses HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol) and other client
response requests made on the World Wide Web. The main function of a web server is to display
website content by storing, processing and submitting web pages to users. In addition to HTTP, web
servers also support SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol) and FTP (File Transfer Protocol), used for
email, file transfers and storage. (Alexandria Gills, n.d.)

7.1 SERVER HARDWARE

Computer hardware refers to the physical components of a computer and related devices. Internal
hardware devices including Random Access Memory (RAM), Central Processing Unit (CPU), Solid State
Drive (SSD) and Hard Disk Drive (HDD).

7.1.1 Random Access Memory (RAM)

Alternatively called cache memory, cache memory, or system memory, RAM (random access memory) is
a hardware device that allows information to be stored and retrieved on a computer. RAM is often
associated with DRAM, which is a type of memory module. Because data is accessed randomly instead
of in sequence such as on a CD or hard drive, access times are much faster. However, unlike ROMs, RAM
is a stable memory and requires power to keep data accessible. When the computer is turned off, all
data contained in RAM is lost.

7.1.2 Central Processing Unit (CPU)

Stands for "Medium Performance." The CPU is the main part of a computer that runs commands. Uses
the operating system and applications, always receives input from the user or the operating system
software. It processes data and generates output, which can be saved by the app or displayed on the
screen.

7.1.3 Solid State Drive and Hard Disk Drive

Solid-state drive (SSD) is a new generation of end-to-end computing device. SSDs replace traditional
hard disk drives using flash-based memory, much faster. Older slow disk storage technology is slower,
which often makes your computer run slower than it should.

A hard disk drive (sometimes abbreviated as a hard drive, HD, or HDD) is a fixed data storage device. It is
usually installed inside the computer, attached directly to the computer's motherboard disk drive. It has
one or more containers, placed inside a closed air cell. The data is compiled in layers using a magnetic
field, which moves rapidly over them as they rotate.

3 8 TYPES OF SERVERS
The concept of servers is almost as old as the connection itself. After all, the point of a network is to
allow one computer to communicate with another computer and to distribute work or resources. A
computer has emerged since then, leading to several types of server and hardware architectures.

3.1 8.1 BLADE SERVER

The blade server is a model server that allows multiple servers to be located in a small area. These
servers are physically smaller and usually have CPUs, memory, integrated network controls, and
sometimes internal storage.

3.2 8.2 MICRO SERVERS

A Micro Server is a small operating system that acts as a server. Smaller servers are machines that are
not on the shelves designed to facilitate installation and maintenance.
9 SERVER OPERATING SYSTEMS
Server operating system (OS) is a type of operating system designed to be installed and used on a server
computer.

9.1 WINDOWS OS
Microsoft Windows (also referred to as Windows or Win) is a graphical operating system developed and
published by Microsoft. It provides a way to store files, run software, play games, watch videos, and
connect to the Internet.

9.2 LINUX OS
Linux is an operating system. In fact, one of the world's most popular platforms, Android, is powered by
a Linux operating system. An operating system is software that handles all hardware sources associated
with your desktop or laptop.

10 SERVER SOFTWARE
Server software is a type of software designed to be used, activated and managed on a computer server.
Provides and facilitates the use of basic computer computing power for use by members of high-end
computing services and services.

10.1 APACHE HTTP SERVER

Apache is a popular open-source, cross-platform web server that is, by the numbers, the most popular
web server in existence. It’s actively maintained by the Apache Software Foundation.

Some high-profile companies using Apache include Cisco, IBM, Salesforce, General Electric, Adobe,
VMware, Xerox, LinkedIn, Facebook, Hewlett-Packard, AT&T, Siemens, eBay, Etc.
10.2 INTERNET INFORMATION SERVICE
The IIS server runs on Microsoft .NET platform in Windows OS. While it is possible to use IIS on Linux and
Mac using Mono, it is not recommended and may be unstable. (There are other options, which I will
introduce later). It is practical and stable, and has been widely used in production for many years.

11 BIBLIOGRAPHY
cloudflare, https://www.cloudflare.com/learning/dns/what-is-dns/

Domantas Gill., May 05, 2021. https://www.hostinger.com/tutorials/what-is-a-domain-name#:

Alexandria Gills https://whatis.techtarget.com/definition/Web-server#