Since it is not possible to answer all questions during the class, those Questions are collected later and

compiled in this document with answers. The

questions have session numbers, so you can check for answer to your question. You can also browse through the questions asked by others and
understand the replies.

Before Emailing/messaging me a question, request you to please check this sheet to see if the question has already been answered. It will be
continuously updated throughout the duration of this course.

Disclaimer: Questions are taken as they were asked in the webinar session. No editing has been done with respect to their language. There may also be
some typing errors in the answers, as it has not been carefully proofread. The purpose of this document is only to answer the questions of eager
learners, within the constraints of time and resources.

Qn number Question Asked Answer Given Keyword

काणाद is a name for Vaisheshika darshana, or in general
Tarkashastra / Nyayashastra. It is called so because the
system was first collated by कणाद

पािणनीयम् ( ाकरणशा म्) and काणादम् (तकशा म्) are

1-1 what is the meaning of kaanadam considered essential for study of all other shaastras. Introduction
raama shabda vyutpatteH ram + a katham raama iti
1-2 bhavati ? akaarasya dhirgham katham ? अत उपधायाः इित सू ेण अकार य आकारादेशः भवित । Specific derivation
कािनचन अ यािन धातु यः िन पा ते, अ यािन ाितप दके यः,
1-3 धातु यरे वा या या याग छि त वा ? कािनचन अ ु प ािन अिप सि त Derivation of words
कात ाकरणम्, मु धबोध ाकरणम्, जैने ाकरणम्,
भोज ाकरणम्, ह रनामामृत ाकरणम् इ यादीिन ब िन ाकरणािन
पािण यु रं िवरिचतािन । त कािनचन पािणिन व थायाः प रवतनं
1-4 पािणनेः अनंतरम् न मतािन कािन कु वि त, के चन नूतन व थां क पियतुं यत ते । Post Panini grammars
क पशा े वै दककमणां य य च अनु ानाथ िनयमाः दीय ते - कथं
वे दिनमाणं कत म्, कथं य ः अनु ात ः इ या दिववरणं त भवित ।

1-5 Kalpah , niruktkam tukte Kim? िन े वै दकश दानाम् अथबोधनाथ ु पि ः, पदस हः च दीयते । Vedangas
panini grammar didn't exist during the Ramayana period
then how could Bhagwan Hanuman be an expert at nine There were other systems of grammar which existed
1-6 grammars? before Panini Pre Panini texts
 Form of vedas is protected mainly through the oral Guru-
shishya paramparaa, the uccharana rules as elucidated in
the shikshashastra, and the rule of Chandas.

Proper understanding of the vedas can be gained

through Vyakarana - is the general idea. However, it is not
totally exclusive - The vedangas work as one whole,
1-7 Does grammar not protect the form of vedas? collaborating with each other to aid the Vedas. Introduction
The approach of Nirukta is quite different than that of
Vyakarana. Vyakarana tries to mainly focus on the
derivation of shabdas, splitting them into prakriti-pratyaya
and then using series of transformations to arrive at the
final word.

Nirukta, on the other hand, is concerned only about

specific words used in specific contexts in Vedas, and
tries to provide them a derivation which helps in
understanding the meaning in that context correctly. It
also provides lists of related words, etc. Actual
comprehensive system to derive different kinds of words
In the िन also the etymology of many words is is not attempted in Nirukta. It leans more towards lexicon
1-9 explained. So it is part of ाकरण ? than grammar. Vedangas
None of the works before Panini are available now, except the
Praatishaakhyas. Praatishaakhyas are mainly concerned with
Are there works before पािणिन which have noticeable usage in that particular veda-shaakhaa, so that system is much
1-10 differences from his ाकरण ? different from that of Ashtadhyayi. Pre Panini texts
1-11 पािणिन अफगािन तान देश य िनवासी आसीत् वा? Future classes Panini
Ashtadhyayi, LSK madhye 1 to 1 sambhandah bhavati
1-12 va? Future classes Laghu Kaumudi
Namaste , what is the meaning of Paanini ? How is this
1-14 word formed..?? Thanks Future classes Panini
1-15 And who was Panini"s Guru? Future classes Panini
Please see the Pratyaya Kosha here - https://archive.
org/details/pratyayakoshagunderoaharkareosmaniauniver
1-16 Is any pratyaya sangraha grantam available? sity_20200306_30/mode/2up General
 वै दक योगाः लौ कक योगे यः ब िभ ते । तदथमेव ब िन सू ािण
Vedasya vsihayaha samanya niyamamena nagnayate iti सि त अ ा या याम् । ये वेदपा ठनः, ते एव तािन सू ािण पाठियतुं
vaktum/paathayitum kim niraakriyate bahu shikshakena? समथाः, तादृशा िवरलाः - क तु न सि त इित न । वै दक यायाः
1-17 Katham bhinnah ite manyate? अ यापनं कै ि द् िव ि ः यत एव । Introduction
If ramayanam was written before Panini then does it https://drive.google.com/open?
1-18 completely follow Paniniya grammar? - id=16md3mrsFmGjEIbfwt6Uu0JctWa3d1yEe Pre Panini texts
namaste mate. mAheswarasUtrAnAm kramah iti asti va ?
माहे वरसू ाणां मः अ य तं मु यः । मप रवतनं सवथा न श यम ्
yatra kutrapi asmakam sowkaryaya kimapi "order"
1-19 svIkartum shaknumah kim ? । यदा माहे वरसू ा ण प ठ यामः, तदा एत वषये ा यामः । Maheshvara sutras
None of the works before Panini are available now, except the
Praatishaakhyas. Praatishaakhyas are mainly concerned with
usage in that particular veda-shaakhaa, so that system is much
1-20 are older vyakaraani available today? Ex- aapishali, etc? different from that of Ashtadhyayi. Pre Panini texts
sidhanthikaumudi thatha lagusidhanthakaumudi ithi
1-21 ethayayoh bhedah kim?? Future classes Laghu Kaumudi
Vyakaranam is an instrument for analysis of shabdas, by
splitting them into root-suffix (prakriti-pratyaya), and by giving
rules for transformations of these to end up in correct forms
1-22 meaning of word ' vyakaranam' is not clear (साधुश दाः) Introduction
रम ते योिगनः अि मन् - इित िव हः । िव ह explains just the
meaning of the word, it does not give the derivation.
Actual derivation is by adding suffix (pratyaya) to a root
word (prakriti), and by doing a series of transformations -
Each of these will require a specific sutra. Only at the end
of the process will we arrive at the final word.
Iramah shabdha is already got by yoginah ramante iti
1-23 ramah then why add ghan We will learn all this in course of time. Specific derivation
महोदया, अ ु प ाितप दकं क ुप ाितप दकिवषये कि त्
1-24 कथय तु Future classes Pratipadikas
https://drive.google.com/open?
1-27 Aarsha shabbdas - what are they? id=16md3mrsFmGjEIbfwt6Uu0JctWa3d1yEe Pre Panini texts
 1) Yes, true that Panini's grammar is the most
comprehensive system among what is available so far.

2) Yes, some Later texts may have a different way of

1) Is it correct to understand that Panini's grammar is
relatively the most comprehensive, of what is available so
far? 2) Do later grammar texts create any conflict with
Paninian grammar, in terms of how words are
1-30 explained/derived?
derivation, some of them deal only with laukika shabdas,
some of them try to change the order, and so on. None of
them can change the actual forms - they only change the
approach to grammar. Most of them have been unable to
stand the test of time. Introduction
िश ाशा म् = उ ारणशा म् । वणानां धमाः के , तेषाम् उ ारणं कथं
कत म्, उ ारणदोषाः के इ या द िश ाशा े उ यते ।

या काचाय णीते िन े वेदष े ु उपयु ानां श दानाम् अथिनणयाथ

य ः यते । अथानुगुणं ु पि ः दीयते । ाकरणेन तु सामा यतः
भाषायाम् (वेद,े लोके वा यु ानां) यु ानां श दानां िन प यथ कृ ित-
1-31 नम ते भिगिन। िश ा, िन ं इ यु े कम्? ययिवधानम्, आदेशा दिवधानम् इित िविश य य ः यते । Vedangas
त नणय: इ त नाि त क तु उ र दे शे गो डा इ त दे श:
2-1 गोनद देशम् कम् अि त स एव गोनद: इ त बहव: वदि त । Patanjali

वा तकम ् इ त -
सू
त
2-2 vritti vartikayo:madhye ka: bheda: ◌े य उ तं तत ् यु तं वा अयु तं वा इ त वचाय त वमश पेणVritti
य उ यते तत ् "वा तकम ्" इ त उ यते । वृ

gaNa paatha is a collection of groups of words.

gaNa is a group so PaNini has made specific
groups of gaNas। There will be specific operation
which are given for specific gaNaas. We will know
more about gaNaas as we proceed. Ganapathas can
be seen at this link - https://ashtadhyayi.
2-3 mam please explain wt is gaNa paata com/ganapath/ Ganas
"Ashtadyayi.com" is the best repository of all
pANineH anyAnyAH granthAH kutra labhyante? (web
2-4 madhye) resources related to Sanskrit grammar. Grammar resources

2-5 Asevito ityukte kim? Served or Pursued for long time Introduction
 If you go to www.ashtadyayi.com and go to सू पाठ:
and look for any सू , it will have the अ टाधयायी
number on the left and स धा तकौमुद number on the
2-6 वृि रादै च अ ये थमं सू ं क तु िस ांतकौमु ं मसं ा का ? right. Sutra
There are multiple texts which have attempted
reordering of Ashtadyayi to facilitate या.
स धा तकौमुद is not the only one. There are multiple
texts which have attempted this and they are all
called या था: । स धा तकोमुद is the most
2-7 Why is it bahuvacanam - prakriyāgranthāḥ? popular. Siddhanta Kaumudi
There are again different opinions on this. However
it is generally believed that it is the same Patnajali.
There is a popular लोक: - योगेन च य पदे न वाचां,
मलं शर र य च वै यकेन। योऽपाकरोत ् तं वरं मुनीनां,
पत ज लं ा ज लरानतोऽि म।। So this लोक: says that
Patanjali removed the impurities of the mind through
Yoga. पदे न वाचां, - through महाभा यम ् he removed the
impurities of the speech. मलं शर र य च वै यकेन - he
also composed an Aurveda text to remove the
impurities of the body. So all this is attributed to the
same Patanjali. Historically we do not know if they
namaste, Patanjali here is same yoga Patanjali or
2-8 different? were different or the same. Patanjali

2-9 महाभा यं ग पेण िनब ं कम् आम ् । ग य पेण वशे य संवाद पेण अि त महाभा यम ् । Mahabhashya
या म: is wider. So any म: which rearranges the
सू : of Ashtadyayi for या is called या म: । In
that the कौमुद म; is one and most popular is the
2-10 Are the words या मः and कौमुदी मः same? ordering of the स धा तकौमुद । Introduction
आम ् । अ टन ् श द य प वयं भव त। "अ टौ" "अ ट" । अत:
2-11 अ ौ अ यायाः इित कथम्। अ अ यायाः शु ं वा "अ टौ अ यायाः" "अ ट अ यायाः" इ त उभयं शु धम ् । Specific word
 पूणत: कौमुद मे न । त त मप रवतनम ् अ प कृ तम ्
अि त । कौमु या: सवा ण सू ा ण न सि त । अत: तेनैव
2-12 लघुिस ा तकौमुदी कौमुदी मे भवित वा मेण अ न भव त । Laghu kaumudi
अि त एव । त भ न- भ न- म: अि त । त ाचीन मे
आदौ थमावृ : इ त थ: । तदन तरं का शका तदन तरं
महाभा यम ् इ त अ ययनं यते । या मे लघुकौमुद
अथवा स धा तकौमुद । तदन तरं बहव: था: सि त -
vyaakarana-shaastrasya kashchit sopaanakramaha
ौढमनोरमा, महाभा यम ्, प रभाषे दुशख
े र" इ या द था:
vidyate kim ? yathaa aadou - laghusiddhaantakaumudee,
2-13 tatah siddhantakoumudee, tatah mahaabhaaShyam iti ? अधीय ते। Introduction

2-14 patanjali of yog sastra is same? २-८ प यतु Patanjali

2-15 yog sastrasya patanjali prithak vaa? २-८ प यतु Patanjali

अ टा यायां य यायं च वार: पादा: । करणमा य त
2-16 chatur-paadaanaam vibhaagaah katham kriyate? वभाग: यते । Ashtadhyayi
न इ येव उ रम ् । याकरणपरं परायां म हलानाम ् उ लेख; नाि त
पािणनेः पुवम् कािप मिहल करण त ा आसीत् वा?
। पा णने: थे नाि त, महाभा ये नाि त अ य अप न
पािणिनना उ लेिखता वा
2-17 गा ग इित वा दिन सा ता कका वैयाकरणी च आसीत् वा? यते । गा याः तु वेदा तेन एव संब ध: न तु याकरणेन । Introduction
It is story so there are no historical reference to
support it. It is story just like there is story which
says says Kalidas was dull to begin with. There is
no way we can prove their truth or we can falsify
There are strories stating Panini wasn't a scholar to start
2-18 with and was poor in his studies. Is that true? them. Panini
 Vartikas are basically a criticism of Sutras. They are
statements which try to analyse the Sutra. In some
cases they suggest some additions or modifications
in the Sutra. The Mahabhashya further discuss the
Vartikas and rejects many Vartikas but those
Vartikas which have been accepted by the
Bhashykarah are treated as rules. They are equally
powerful as Sutras. Therefore for performing any
Operation we can use either a Sutras or an
accepted Vartika. For the Laghu Kaumudi level, it is
enough to understand Varttikas as supplementary
2-19 Meaning of ' Varttikani ' is not clear. rules which aid in grammatical operations Vartika
The meaning of the Sutra given in one sentence is
2-20 what is the meaning of ' vritti' ? called Vritti. Vritti
महान ् भेद: अि त । घनपाठ: वेदपाठे क चन वकृ तपाठ: ।
वेदपाठे म: जटा इ या द अ ट वकृ तय: सि त । तेषु एक:
घनपाठ: । गणपाठ: इ त तु याकरण य पा रभा षक: श द: ।
2-21 घणपाठगणपाठयोः म ये भेदः अि त वा? श दानां समूह: त अि त । Introduction
मया वग अ प उ रं द |ं बहु मु य मदम ् | अव ह:("ऽ") इ त
च नमा म ् | Avagraha is only a written symbol. It is not a
Varna. Not a sound in the language. For eg: In "रामोऽ प" - there
is only - र् अ म ् ओ प ् इ , Where "ऽ" is put after ओ and before प ्
and there is no letter. And, it is not compulsory to write the
Avagraha. It is only for a written convenience. It is not a sound
avagraha chinhamapi kila? अव ह िच नं कमथ माहे र सू ेषु and therefore it is not included in any Varnamaala whether it is
3-1 नाि त? "मातृकापाठ" or "माहे वर सू " Maheshvara sutras
3-2 anusvaarasya halanta makaarasya kaha bhedhaH? Future classes Letters
 Yes. That was the intention with which Varadaraja composed
them. So, people can select what they want, depending on the
time and the effort they are willing to spend and what they are
looking for. Someone who is only looking for a very brief
overview of Paninian System can go for Paramalaghu-
SiddhaantaKaumudi, whereas somebody who wants to go in
depth but not as deep as the kaumudi may take Madhya-
Siddhaantakaumudi. But, practically the Laghu-
why are madhya-, saara-, and paramalaghu- SiddhaantaKaumudi has been the one text which has been
3-3 siddhaantakaumudi needed? are there specific uses? widely popular. Introduction
3-4 why is N used twice at the end of two sutras? Future classes Maheshvara sutras
छ दो नयमानुगुणं चतुदशवारम ् इ यु ते त वृ नयमः न अ वे त
अतः पृथक् नव प च वारम ् इ त उ तम ् अि त | व श य अ यत ्
3-5 कमथ पृथक् नव प इित क यते त ? कम प कारणं त न भा त| Maheshvara sutras
3-6 some pronounce as m and some as n which is correct Future classes Letters
3-7 anuswaaram is pronounced as m by some and n by some Future classes Letters
Bheema (BheemaSena)was his name. The commentary written
by him is called Bhaimii vyaakhyaa. Bhaimii is a viseshana to
3-8 Is Bhaimi also a grammarian? Vyaakhyaa. Laghu Kaumudi
Why is it given as “nava pancha vaaram” why not
3-9 chaturdasha vaaram? Refer - 3-5 Maheshvara sutras
No. In Ajanta, there is Pumlinga, Streelinga and
Napumsakalinga. In Halanta, there is Pumlinga, Streelinga and
3-10 shabda prkaranam should be 9 right Napumsakalinga and then Avyaya. Laghu Kaumudi
3-11 िवसग य उ छार म् पुव वरा रम् इव भवित वा? Future classes Letters
3-12 Namaste, why is ण् , used twice in the सु स् Future classes Maheshvara sutras
ganapathigum havamahe ithi vakye gum is also ayoavaha It is a modified anusvaara, found only in vedas in specific
3-13 ? contexts. Letters

3-14 l-kaarasya deerghah bhavati va ? न भव त| - Future Classes Letters

Like Avagraha, Chandrabindu is also only a written symbol. It is
3-15 chandravinduh nasti va ? not a separate sound. Maheshvara sutras
Pratyayas which are added to words to convert them into
Streelinga are called Streepratyayas. Like "अजः" becomes
"अजा" and "कु भकारः" becomes "कु भकार ". So those
3-16 Stree Pratyaya Kaha , sankshepena kripaya vadatu pratyayas are called Streepratyayas. Pratyayas
 Assuming it is for Laghu-Siddhaantakaumudi. To completely
study Laghu-Siddhaantakaumudi, it can be done within 2 years,
assuming that we are having 4 hrs of Class time per week. It is
a core paper. As a core paper, Laghu-Siddantakaumudi can be
3-17 सवान् करणान् प ठतुं कयान् समयः अपेि तः? learnt over one and a half and two years easily. Laghu kaumudi
"गु या" इ त आकार तः ी ल गः | "सर वती" इ य य वशेषणम ्
3-18 Namami, Gunyam it shabdasya pratipadika shabda ka? | Laghu kaumudi
नाि त| अ टा या यां म गल लोकः अ प नाि त अनुब ध
3-19 अ ा यायी थे अनुब ध चतु यम् अि त वा? चतु ठयम ् अ प नाि त | महाभा या द थेषु अि त | Introduction
Yes. Grammar comes after language. So all sounds of the
language were obviously present much before Panini. It is only
the structuring . The krama of the Maaheshwara Sutraas also,
we believe traditionally that Panini got it from Maheshwaraa.
If already grammar was there letters also might be So, the speciality is in the ordering. It is not the sounds
3-20 present know, what is the importance in panini*s themselves or the Varnas themselves. Introduction

3-21 िवषयः योजनं अिधकारी चतुथ क इ य ः महोदये स ब धः| Introduction

माहे र सु ािण मनािस मनिस थापियतुं सुलभः माग : अि त वा
3-22 भिगिन ?
महोदये, जबगडदष् इ येति म िप षकारो वतते चेत् सः वणः ि वारम्
3-23 आग छित खलु? घढधष्, जबगडदष्
अ टा यायी, वा तकं, महाभा यम ् इ याद न पु तका न थमवारं or
initially or originally दे वनागया ल या व ल खता न वा अ यया
ल या वा ? पुरातनकाले दे वनागया सं कृ तं न ल खतम ् इ त मया
ुतम ् । तेषां पु तकानां पा डु लपयः (manuscripts) दे वनागया
उपल धाः वा ? Also, what would be the Sanskrit of initially and
3-24 originally ?
Is the tika to Nandikesvara Kasika available anywhere? The one Unaware of any published edition of this. There may be
3-25 in archive.og is copy of a manuscript.
Repetition is the only way. अत एव त दनं पारायणम ् अथवा
मौ खका यासः इ त उ तम ् | एवं यते चेत ् न चयेन अ पेन
कालेन एव क ठ थं भ व य त | Maheshvara sutras
न| घढधष ् इ य मूध यषकारः(ष ्) - ष मुखः इ य यः षकारः सः|
जबगडदश ् इ य तु ताल यशकारः(श ्) - शवः, श करः इ य यः
उपयु यते सः|उभयं भ नम ् | Maheshvara sutras
व तुतः अयं नः अनेन वगण न स ब धः| ल पः, दे वनागर ल प:
व श य अवाचीना| Devanagari is not a very old script. Its only
about 500 years old. Before Devanagari, there have been a
series of scripts. Samskrita is a language. It has nothing to do
with the script. Samskrita has been written in different scripts
throughout India through the ages. In the South we see
Sanskrit Manuscripts in Telugu, in Grantha etc. In North , we
see scripts like Sharadaa, Nandinagari etc. It is only recently
which is in the past 500 years, that Devanagari is the most
commonly used script for Samskritam. General
manuscripts. General
 3 doubts, before panini akshara"s were present, shiva"s
damaru gave Maheshwarasutraani, is the order of akshara"s
given by lord shiva,? Do the akshara"s born before the
language? Grammar forms after the development of a
3-26 language? Refer 3-20 Maheshvara sutras
वर चना र चतं वा तकं नोपल धम ्।त ह महाभा ये सवषां वा तकाणां आम ्| महाभा ये या न वा तका ण सि त ता न एव अ य वयं पठामः |
3-27 दशनम ् अि त वा। तत ् भ न वेन वात येण वा तकपाठः न ल यते | Vartikas
भ टोिजद तेन. र चतं र चतायां स धा तकौमु यां सवा ण आम ्| अ टा या याः सवा ण सू ा ण स धा तकौमु यां
3-28 सू ा ण(३९८३) सि त वा? या याता न| Siddhanta Kaumudi
महे रात् आगतािन - माहे रािण । माहे र इित ति ता त: श द:
। िल ग ये अिप भिवतुम् अहित । अ सू म् इित िवशे यपदं
नपुंसकिल गे अि त । अत: तदनुगुणतया माहे रािण सू ािण इित
माहे रािण सू ािण म ये माहे रम् इित श द अिप भवित । माहे र: - माहे री इ यिप योगः कतु श यः - िवशे यम्
4-1 नपु सकिल गे अि त वा| आि य । Maheshvara sutras
वतमाने लट् is a िविधसू म्। िविधसू म् is a rule which
governs the operation. We do grammatical
is not "vartamaane lat" just a rule and not an operations based on the instructions given by the
4-2 operation? िविधसू s - like वतमाने लट् । Sutra
उ सग: and अपवाद: are two important concepts in
grammar. In general उ सग: means general सू म् OR A
सू म् with a wider scope. अपवाद: is an exception to
उ सग: । So it (अपवाद:) is specific rule which overules
the general rule. We will know more about them in
4-3 उ सगः क अथः future classes. Sutra
अितदेश: means the superimposition of the properties
4-4 atideshah tyukte kim? of "A" on "B". Sutra
The ability to identify the सू म् comes with practise. In
the initial days we just have to look at the book (or
the notes) and try to understand what kind of सू म् it
how to identify all these sutrani when we study? only is. As we move on we will be able to tell the type of
4-5 by the expertised....I think sutra based on experience. Sutra
4-6 Is there something called apavaada sutra? ४-३ प यतु कृ पया । Sutra
 तोभ: means syllables like च वै हा उ etc which are
used in वेदs and का s which do not carry any specific
4-7 Asthobam Meaning pl meaning, Such letters are not found in सू s . Sutra
िवदँ - ाने (अदा द:) धातो: लट् लकारे ब वचनम् ।" वेि िव :
िवदि त" इित एकं पं भवित । "वेद: िवदतु: िवदु:" इित अपरं पं
4-8 Viduhu itinkim rupam ?? भवित । िवदु: इ यु े - जानि त इ यथ: । Sutra
This classification of सू ािण is only for the " ाकरण
yogasutreShu, brahmaSutreShu api evaMvidhaha सू ािण" । Others may have their own clasiification
4-9 shaDvidhavibhaagah bhavati vaa ? based on their context. Sutra
We will see the difference between आदेश: and आगम:
in future classes. In general आदेश: is the replacement
of something where आगम: is addition to whatever
4-10 what is the difference between aadesh and aagam already exists. Terms of Grammar
िनयमसू म् अपवादसू म् are not the same . We will
4-11 िनयम सू म् अपवाद सू ं च समानमेव वा? understand about अपवादसू म् in future classes. Sutra
Yes it means a THREAD. So सू िण are thought to be
like a thread which connects various concepts and
make them into one complete necklace or a garland.
The same is also said about ाससू ािण ।
वेदा तवा यकु सुमािन समािन चा ज थ सू िनचयेन मनोहरे ण ।
बादरायण: (वेद ास:) collected the flowers of वेदवा यािन
and strung them in the form of a garland through the
बादरायण-सू ािण - सू ािण । So that connotation is
Why is a sutra called a sutra? Does it have anything there that they thread various concepts together as a
4-12 to do with a thread ? meaningful whole. Sutra
सम-श द: सवपयाय: - सवषाम् इ यथ: । यथा सव: सव सव एवं
सम: समौ समे इित पािण। समेषाम् = सवषाम् । अ यं नाि त ।
4-13 समेषाम् इ यु े सम्+एषाम् इित वा? अ यपदम् कम्? सवनाम पदम् । ष ां िवभ ौ ब वचनम्। Specific word
असि द धम् - एतत् पािणनीयसू ेषु, बादरायणसू ेषु न स यिमित https://drive.google.
म ये । तदेव अनेकािन ा यानािन पर परिव ाथकािन भवि त com/file/d/1wpiesG9MCermEO5H3cEinIV_Orh0QcJc/view?
4-14 खलु? usp=sharing Sutra
4-15 Exception rules कािन भवि त? ४-३ प यतु कृ पया । Sutra
 प रतो भिषतां भाषां प रभाषां च यते is the िन पि given -
so something which sorrounds the शा and governs
4-16 प रभाषा - एतत् श द य िन पि ः का? the various aspects of it comprehensively इ यथ: । Terms of Grammar
Extent of an अिधकार can be known through
commentaries। In few sutras, Panini mentions the
in some sutras the extent of sutras is given but in end point himslef but mostly he does not. So through
other sutras the extent is not given. How to figure out the भा य and other vritti grantas we know the extent
4-17 how far an adhikara goes? of अिधकारs Sutra
4-18 Does the sutra have any meter? No they are not set to any metre. Sutra
you mentioned about dikshita mahodaya's sutra This has already been explaind in detail. Please see
krama? is that krama the same as in ashtadhyayi? or the introductory classes where we talked about
4-19 is it re-organized? अ ा यायी म; कौमुदी म: च । Kaumudi
4-20 अिधकारसू ः क पय तं अि त इित कथं जािनमः ४-१७ प यतु कृ पया। Sutra
भा यम् is a detailed commentary on the सू ािण ।
का रका: are individual ोकs or a two line verse which
helps us to summarise and remember some of the
aspects of the शा । It does have explanation. का रका
what is the difference between kaarika and is mainly meant for remembering the key aspects of
4-21 bhashyam something . Terms of Grammar
Yes we have a specific process in ाकरण through
which words are derived and there are rules within
the Paninian system which tell which सू should be
applied first and which should be applied later.
do these sutras operate one after the other or Finally the steps are only for understanding but even
simultaneously and we put steps only for our within that, there is a specific order of application of
4-22 understanding? सू s। Sutra
अपवादs have nothing to do with दोषs। उ सगापवाद:
general Sutra - and exception is the foundation on
which the ाकरणशा is built. We will know more
4-23 If there is no dosha then why apavadas about this in the future classes. Sutra
 Almost all of our names are Samaasa of some form Not all समासs are adjectives. Some समासs have a
or the other. Are they therefore technically specific िल ग । ब ीिह समासs are usually adjectives
adjectives? and can be used in all three िल गs। Similarly ति त
When we say माहे र we use that as an adjective of यया तs are also usually used as adjectives. (Mostly,
सू but when we say वासुदव े we think of that as a not 100%). माहे र is a ति ता त श द See answer to
4-24 noun. How do we distinguish? 4.1 above. Introduction
4-25 asamaase katham bhavati pati shabdah? https://ashtadhyayi.com/shabda/03.006 Specific word
No. िनयम is a restriction. So सवणदीघ is not technically
a िनयम। It is a अपवाद to इको यणिच । we will understand
can we say savarNa dirGha sutra as Niyama to about उ सग and अपवाद in future classes. See also
4-26 IkoYaNa sutra 4.3. Sutra
Vartikas attempt critical analysis of the Sutra, to
facilitate an indepth discussion. In many cases,
Varttikakara himself gives conclusions to support the
Sutra. The महाभा यकार also explains how many of the
things proposed by the Varttika can be inferred from
the Sutras themselves. However yes, there are some
cases where the वा तककार: does make some
modifications which are essential from the point of
view of language. All the सू characteristics, as
already explained in answer to 4.14, are not followed
100% . 95-98% सू ािण may adhere to this .There are
some improvistions made by वा तककार - which are, in
majority of the cases, additions, rather than
4-27 सू ािण िनद षािण सि त चेत्, वा तकािन कमथ आव यकािन corrections. Vartika
This question has already been explained in detail during
the class. Please watch the video recording of the class
5-1 why this त य लोपः-vidhi Sutra in this sangya prakaran? from the eighth(8) minute. lopa
अ त - End. अ ते भवः - अ यः| That which is at the end is
5-2 antya anta bhedhaH? are they interchangeable? called "अ य". They are sometimes used interchangeably. specific word
We have already discussed this in the introduction
5-3 गणपाठः इित कम्? sections. Please refer to earlier videos. introduction
 The number in brackets indicates the Vibhakti and
Vachana of that word in the Sutra.This will be more and
more important as we move ahead. For now, you can just
note down what is the Vibhakti and Vachana for each
5-4 what does 'hal (1.1)' 'antyam (1.1)' mean? word. it
"इत्" is in थमा िवभि ः एकवचनम् like म त् shabdah.
म त् म तौ म तः
इत् इतौ इतः
There is no need for 7th case here.उपदेशे अ यं हल् इत्
भवित| The ending consonant in upadesha is इत्. So इत् is
5-5 why is "it" 1.1 here? should it not be 7.1, like "upadeshe"? subject. It is prathama vibhakti. it
"त य लोपः" states that an इत् letter is deleted. There is no
लोप सं ा word here. लोप refers to the disappearance of
something. So "त य लोपः" states that if a letter has been
5-6 does lopa samjna word also gets deleted by "tasya lopah" labelled as इत्, it will disappear. lopa
Anuvruttis are to be known by referring to books,
commentaries on Vyaakarana. Any edition of
Ashtaadhyaayi will usually mark the Anuvruttis. It is also
seen in the website ashtadhyayi.com, where अनुवृि is
separately called out. For this stage it is just important to
note down what is the अनुवृि coming into a particular
sutra and understand the sutra as a whole. So how do we
determine the अनुवृि and all is a discussion for the
advanced levels. At any level, अनुवृि is not specifically
marked by Panini. So we always have to refer to the
Bhaashya and other commentaries to understand to what
extent the अनुवृि goes. As we study more, it is indeed
possible to predict the अनुवृि in many Sutras. However, to
confirm them we should always refer to the commentaries
5-7 how we know which sutra is anuvruti sutram? like कािशका or कौमुदी anuvritti
We have already given as a reference, the अ ा यायी
सू पाठ by Pushpa Dixit Mahaabhaagaa - published by
Samskrita Bharati. It is one of the good versions. There
5-8 Ashtadhyayipustakam api soocayatu bhagini are also other good editions published by Chaukhambha. introduction
लोप refers to something disappearing. लु is the letter
5-9 lopa; ca lupta ka; bheda: which has disappeared. lopa
 त य लोपः is not a सं ा. It is using the सं ा लोप to define that
anything which has इत् सं ा will disappear. Since it causes
the actual disappearance of an इत् letter it is a िविध - an
5-10 tasya lopa: api samjnaa kila operation, not a सं ा. lopa
5-11 namaste, sangnyA - is it feminine or neuter padam? सं ा is an आकारा त ीिल ग Shabda like रमा Terms of Grammar
No. All words from a Sutra need not be taken ahead. As
poorvatana sootrastha sarvesham padanaam anuvrittihi replied for question 5-7, we have to refer to commentaries
5-12 bhavati Kim? to know which Sutras are coming in by अनुवृि . anuvritti
5-13 is anuvartaniiyam also used as anuvRtti? अनुव नीयं means to be taken as अनुवृि . anuvritti
There is no specific place to add as such. We just put
together all the words of the Sutra.Words which are in the
Sutra, plus the words which are coming in by अनुवृि . We
relate them according to the meaning and finally
understand the Sutra. In cases where there is a doubt on
which word is to be related to what we have to refer to the
5-14 Anuvriti to be added in which place of the sutra ? वृि or the सू ाथ given in the text. anuvritti
Aadya also means Aapta isnt it.. Aadyaanaam The meaning Aapta for Aadya is not found in any
ucchhaaranam aadyochhaaranam. The recitation of commentary in this context. आ वा यं माणम् is a concept
5-15 aaptas is upadesha..?. of तकशा ं. Here, we just take Aadya as the first. upadesha
हल यम् is the सं ा सू म् . सं ा is इत्. सं ा means the actual
name. So the name is इत्. The सं ी - The particle which
halantyam sandnya or it sandyna? what is the name, gets that सं ा is अ यं हल् , an ending consonant. The Sutra
5-16 kindly let me know which labels the ending consonant as इत् is हल यम्. it
No, Panini does not give any classification of Sutras. It
Did Paanini classify the Sutrani into the 6 groups or was it has been done by later Vaiyaakaranaas for
5-17 done by one of the future grammarians? understanding. sutra
5-18 How do we know to leave out some words (ajanusaasika) Refer 5-7 anuvritti
The actual source of this verse is not known. The verse is
quoted in यास a commentary to the कािशका . It has been
5-19 "धातु-सू -गण... " अयं ोक: कु भवित ? handed over by traditional knowledge. it
 In the Ashtaadhyaayi Order the Sutra to create a
Pratyahaara does occur before हल यम्. So the Sutra for
Pratyaahaaraa is in (1.1) 1st Adhyaaya, 1st paada
whereas हल यम् is in 1st Adhyaaya, 3rd Paada. However,
there is still a dependency between this Sutra and the
Sutra which gives Pratyaahaara. How to resolve that
dependency can be studied in higher texts like the
िस ा तकौमुदी. For now, it is enough to understand हल् as
5-20 Is हल् defined before the suutram "हल यम्"? consonants. it
We discussed this in the introduction to the Maaheshwara
Sutras. It is believed that the Maaheshwara Sutras
5-21 महे रसू ािण पािणिनरिचतािन वा? originated from the Damaru of Lord Shiva. Maheshvara Sutras
In a very few rare cases, we take in words from later
Sutras. It has a specific name called Apakarsha. But
5-22 परवत सू ात् अिप यदा कदा अनुवतनं भवित वा? अनुवृि is always from previous Sutra to the later Sutras. anuvritti
हल यम् does not differentiate between what kind of a
Sutra. But we do not see an application or any purpose for
doing इत् सं ा for the normal Sutras of Ashtaadhyaayi.
इत् सं ायाः कृ ते सू म् इ यु े माहे रसू ािण मा सि त अथवा Their application finds meaning only in the Maaheshwara
5-23 अ ा यायीसू ािण अिप? Sutras. it
पूवमेव उ म् इ यु े के न उ म् इ या द ाः भवि त | अतः अ मािभः
upadesha: - purvameva uktam, tat upayujya vyakarana तथा नो यते | पािणिनः यदा ययं वा आदेशं वा आगमं वा थम वारम्
5-24 kaaryam bhavati iti vaktum shaknuma: va? उप दशित, सः उपदेशः - इ येव | upadesha
5-25 what is the lingam of the word samgya Refer 5-11 Terms of Grammar
िल गम् in Sanskrit is usually governed by usage. There
are a few specific cases where, a specific pratyaya,
governs a particular linga. Looking at the derivation of the
word, we may be able to determine the Linga. Like आदेशः,
लोपः all these have a घञ् Pratyaya which is always in
it,aagama,aadesha,lopa,ityaadishu padeshu lingam Pumllinga. In general, the Linga in which a word is used is
5-26 katham gjaayate? based on usage. Terms of Grammar
लोप means the process of disappearing. Something
disappears. लोप can occur in a wide variety of contexts in
vyaakarana. इत् is a name given to specific letters for
specific purpose. इत् letters are always deleted. i.e लोप
always happens for the इत् letters. But, लोप also applies
5-27 what is the difference between lopa and ith? for many other things, not just इत्. it, lopa
5-28 teertva ot taritva ती वा specific word

5-29 taritavaan or teernavaan तीणवान ् specific word

5-30 महोदये, पूवत सू त: क कम् अनुवतनीयं इित कथं ायते? Refer 5-7 anuvritti
Deletion is not appropriate. But 'not reckoned' usually
means it is seen but not counted. That is also not
acceptable. Because the इत् सं ा letter is not seen or
heard. The technical term in English is called Elision. We
Should it be called ‘deleted’ or should it be ‘not just have to understand what is happening -something
5-31 reckoned’? Isn’t that more appropriate? was there and is not seen now. lopa
5-32 अनुवृि ः कदा न भवित? Refer 5-7 anuvritti
For eg: If we take a धातु, Panini may be using a धातु
indicating a धातु in the सू पाठ. For eg: In a Sutra he says
ुवो विचः where he is just saying ू and using the ष ी. But,
that is not where he is doing the उपदेश. The first time
teaching the Dhaatus it is in the धातुपाठ. So, we have to
take the version which is in the first उपदेश which is the
धातुपाठ and not where those words may have been used
5-33 थमं उ ारणं इित के न कारणेन िन द म्? elsewhere in the सू पाठ.
This is a very general question. इत् has been enumerated
by Panini. So there are 7 Sutras, in which in different
contexts, different letters are called इत्. Anything which
does not fall into those categories is not इत्. So we cannot
define what letter is not इत्. We can only define what letter
5-34 के वणाः इत् न भवि त? is इत्. it
Adhikaara Sutras are usually made for longer range of
Sutras. Say the ययािधकार goes for 12 paadas and
समासािधकार goes for 2 paadas and so on. Atleast some
15-20 Sutras are expected in an अिधकार. For smaller
ranges, Panini usually prefers to do अनुवृि , state it in the
first Sutra and then pass it along for a few Sutras as
5-35 इत् सं ाथक य अिधकारसू ं कु तः नाि त? required. it
on what basis was it decided that this 1.3.2. is Anuvritthi
5-36 of 1.3.3. ? for all questions ? Refer 5-7 anuvritti
Assuming this is for the उपदेश. The base form or औपदेिशक
प can be known by referring to the texts like धातुपाठ,
5-37 How do we know the base? गणपाठ or सू पाठ upadesha
 Yes. We assume it is there are because letters according
5-38 It is like there but not seen? to us cannot be deleted but they are not seen. lopa
Right from the beginning it has been announced that this
course will be in Sanskrit only. We may do a course
5-39 Could you please explain in English also ? sometime later in English.
Even when आगम/ यय/आदेश are not at the end of a Sutra,
the ending consonant of the आगम/ यय/आदेश needs an इत्
5-40 आगम- यय-आदेशाः सू ा तगताः कल। कथं पुन ि ः सं ा. So they are called out separately. it
5-41 How do we know which sutras should be used as anuvrtti Refer 5-7 anuvritti
5-42 what are the numbers in vivaranam Refer 5-4 it
5-43 थमवारं इित पद य अथः क? First time इ यथः upadesha
5-44 सू म् इित माहे र सू ािण एवगृ ते वा Refer 5-23 it
Question is not clear. इत् सं ा by हल यम् is only for the
5-45 नमािम, पद य अ े यः वणः अि त, सोऽिप इत् सं ा भिवतुम् अहित? ending consonant of any धातु/ यय/आगम/आदेश etc. it
5-46 त य लोपः - िविध सू म् अि त वा? Yes त य लोपः is a िविध Sutra. lopa
5-47 kasya padasya anuvrittiH bhavet iti katham jAnImaH? Refer 5-7 anuvritti
5-48 is this only forward compatible Refer 5-22 anuvritti
सं ािवधायकं सू ं - means a Sutra which gives a सं ा, means
a सं ा सू ं. Similarly आदेशिवधायकं सू ं gives an aadesha,
सि धिवधायकं सू ं gives a sandhi. िवधायकं सू ं - simply means
a Sutra which tells X. X can either be a सं ा or be an
operation. So, if it is a सं ा we call it as a सं ािवधायकं सू ं.
Otherwise, we have names like सि धिवधायकं सू ं,
5-49 सं ािवधायक सू ं - means is this vidhi sootram ? bhagini समासिवधायकं सू ं and so on. Terms of Grammar
Namaste bhaghini. can you tell us the significance of two
5-50 ह in maheshwara Sutrani. dhanyavadhaha Future classes Maheshvara Sutras
5-51 tasya lopaH _ is it vidhi sutra? Refer 5-46 lopa
इत् सं ा by हल यम् is only for the ending consonant. There
are other Sutras which give इत् सं ा for specific letters at
can it sanjnaa appear at the beginning also or only at the the beginning We will see them in required contexts in the
5-52 end? future. it
उपदेशे[७.१], हल्[१.१], अ????यम्[१.१], इत्[१.१] , What does
5-53 the number is the bracket indicate Refer 5-4 it
6-1 In laN, akaaraH anunaasikaH va ? आम्। लण् इ य अकार: अनुनािसक: । अत एव इ सं ां ा ोित। it
 भू इित धातौ भकार: ऊकार: अि त । अ ते ऊ इित अच् वण: वर: एव
6-2 भू' इित धातौ हल यिम यनेन लोपे कम् था यित? नं नाि त । अत: हल यम् इ यनेन अ क यािप इ सं ा न भवित। it
अनुवृि means in any Paninian सू a few words can be
taken as continuing from earlier सू s. These words add
meaning to the current सू . We can understand the
complete meaning of any सू only by knowing which are
the words coming in from अनुवृि . Which words come from
6-3 Namaste. krupayaa anuvrutti eka vaaram punaha vadantu अनुवृि has to be known by referring to commentaries. anuvritti
आम । सामा यत: अण् = अ इ उ इ येव । एकि मन् एव सू े लण:
6-4 aN ityukte 6th sutra-paryantam api gantum sakyate? णकारपय तम् अण् इित याहार: भवित । एतद् िवषये अ े या याम: । pratyahara
The ambiguity of including two णकारs is to emphasize on
the fact that अ ा यायी should not be studied as
independent text nd should be studied along with the help
of commentaries which helps to clarify the aspects of the
6-5 why was this ambiguity in multiple N kept? सू . maheshvara sutras
आ दर येन सहेता इित सं ासू म् । तेन अण् अक् इक् इ यादीनां सं ानां
6-6 आ दर येन सहेता इित सु म् िविध सु म् वा अथवा स ा सु म् वा? िवषये एव उ यते। कमिप काय न यते । pratyahara
सं ा सं ी इित पद यं अि त। सं ा is the name. सं ी is that which
has that name. For eg इत् is सं ा । An ending consonent in
उपदेश is सं ी । That whch is getting a सं ा is called a सं ी ।
6-7 सं ी न अवग छािम संजा अ य अि त इित सं ी । Terms of Grammar
याहार: is an abbbreviation for letters. Like अण् । यय: is a
suffix added to धातुs or ाितप दकs like सु यय, वा यय
6-8 याहारः ययः भेधः कः etc । pratyahara
6-9 How single varna ra can form Pratyahara? FUTURE CLASSES pratyahara
याहारs used in सू + वा तक are 42. There is one याहार
ञम् which is used in उणा द सू and a debatable याहार
6-10 in book, it is 42 called र। All put together becomes 44. pratyahara
The याहारs in blue are those which have not been used
neela varNena darshitou sanjnou vishaye krupaya by Panini himself. चय् is used by वा तककार in वा तक । ञम् is
6-11 punarekavaram vadtu. used in उणा द सू । pratyahara
Namaste, अण् , might also include till लण् right. ण् which
6-12 one should be considered as ण् comes twice... ६-४ प यतु कृ पया । pratyahara
याि य ते संि य ते वणा: अनेन इित याहार: । याहार is an
6-13 याहरः इ यु े क भिगिन? abbreviation. अण् is the short form for the letter अ इ उ pratyahara
6-14 karkashavarna iti naama kimartham? FUTURE CLASSES varnas
 सू य ानं ा ुं सू े िव मानानां पदानां िवभि वचन ानम्
आव यकम् । It is very important to know the िवभि वचन to
6-15 कं से िवभि - वचने कमथम् अ उ म्? understand how a सू operates. sutra
िस ा तकौमुदी does not give a complete list of याहारs. It is
found in commentaries. कािशका does ennumerate all the
6-16 याहाराविल अिप िस ा तकौमु ाम् अि त वा? Part of it? याहारs pratyahara
याहार is an abbreviation. अ याहार is assuming obvious
6-17 याहार-अ याहरयोम ये यासः कः? things or implied meaning in a particular context. pratyahara
माहे रसू ाणाम् अ रसमा ाय इित नाम । वणानां समूह: इ येव ।
6-18 माहे रसू ािण अ रगण इित वा? िविश े मे वणा: त िनवेिशता:। maheshvara sutras
It is not necessary that अनुवृि is always from an
6-19 माहोदाये, अनुवृि ः अिधकाारसू ाात् एव भवित खलु? अिधकारसू . It can happen from any सू । anuvritti
6-20 ञमुडागमसि ध uses ञम् - is it not from Panini please? The सि ध is ङमुडागम and the याहार: is ङम् pratyahara
It is the influence of regional languages in pronouncing in
I have heard some people pronounce क् , च्, ट् etc. as इक् , that way but the actual pronounciation is क् च् ट् without the
6-21 इच्, इट् etc. is that correct please? इकार varnas
नम ते माते । यथा भवती उ वती ९९% अण् इ यु े अइउण् एव, कथम्
6-22 अ य योग: इित ायते ? कािप अनुवृि : वा अि त कम् ? ा यानानां साहा येन ायते। pratyahara
6-23 चय् पािणिनना न उपयु : वा? न । वा तककारे ण उपयु : । pratyahara
6-24 इक् श दः क श दवत् अि त? इक् इकौ इक: / इकम् इकौ इक: इित सामा य हल तश दवत् पािण । Specific word
6-25 why is व य written there? व य refers to आदे: । याहार also considers the आ दवणाs . pratyahara
याहारः वणनानां समूहः न । वणानां सं ाहक: । That which helps
6-26 याहारः = वणनानां मूहः इ यािप व ुं श यते कम् ? to bring together a specific group of letters. pratyahara
इत् श द: अिप पुि ल गे एव यु यते । अक् श द: अिप । सामा यत:
वण य िवशेषण वेन, इत् वण:, अक् वण: इ यादयः एते सव श दा:
6-27 इत् सं ा नपुसक लगः, अकः इित पु लग श दवत्। तत् कथम्? पुंिल गे यु य ते । Specific word
6-28 svasya ityasya padasys avazyakaH kaH? ६-२५ प यतु कृ पया । pratyahara
6-29 pustake 42 pratyAhArAH eva darzitAH?! ६- १० प यतु कृ पया । pratyahara
अणा था: - अण् इ यादयः याहारा: योजनं येषाम् । Those which
are meant for the creation of अण् etc.The इत् letters in the
माहे रसू s - ण् in अइउण्, क् in ऋऌक् etc are meant for the
6-30 what is the meaning of aNadhyartaH? purpose of creation of याहारs . pratyahara
"आ दः चेत् य य वण य पूव कः अिप वणः नाि त सः एव आ दः" इित
6-31 शु ं वा? शु म् । pratyahara
 इत् इित सं ा शा े ब उपयु यते । इत् सं ा थमा याये तृतीयपादे
दीयते । सं ाया: उपयोग: तु सव यते । थमा यायात् आर य
6-32 "it" iti sangya kutra nirdishtah shastre? अ मा यायपय तं सव इत् सं ाया: योजनं अि त । it
aN is sanJna, the content consisting of the letter are also
6-33 called snaJna अण् is सं ा ।The content consisting of the letters are सं ी । Terms of Grammar
6-34 अिणित याहार य तािलकायां ि वारमावृ दृ यते ???? ६-४ प यतु कृ पया । pratyahara
ाकरण has been an unbroken tradition since two and a
half millenia. Several of the texts in between have been
lost. Some are remaining. It is very difficult to say in which
text first अनुवृि s were given. They say that Panini himself
may have written a commentary for अ ा यायी Even after
that, by the time of भा यकार there may have been other
वृि थाs. So we do know as to where the अनुवृि were
Who was the first to figure out the Anuvritthis for each given first. All the अनुवृि s are indicated in all available
6-35 sutra ? वृि थs. anuvritti
yal and hal pratyaahaaras stand for the same set of Theoretically, yes. But यल् has not been used in Paninian
Ex2_1 consonants? system pratyahara
इव् is a pronunciation influenced by regional languages.
Pronunciation of pure consonant is only as v (व्)। When
Ex2_2 Why it is IV and not VA like wise for all vyanjanas associated with अ, it becomes va (व) varnas
Ex2_3 What are ooshma varna? श्, ष्, स्, varnas
How to know the classification of consonants like ooshma
Ex2_4 varna, mrudu vyanjana etc.? Future classes varnas
In the Maheshvara sutras, they are given by an
why is there a halant sign in the vyanjanas.but we are accompanying अकार which is for pronunciation. But actual
Ex2_5 pronouncing it completely rigt? vyanjanas are always denoted by the halant symbol varnas
इण् is a dhatu in this context - https://ashtadhyayi.
Ex2_6 can u explain इणो यण् again? why इण् isnt a prathyahara? com/dhatu/02.0040 pratyahara
in pratyaharas ending with Nakaaraha do we always take
Ex2_7 the varnas upto the second Nakaara in laN Yes, in all except अण् pratyahara
mahodaye ekah prashnah asti. Katham janimah hal iti
pratyaahare sarve vyanjanani santi va athava kevalam
Ex2_9 ha-kaarah asti va? के वल-हकाराथ याहारकरणेन न कि त् योजनमि त pratyahara
num aagamah - n eva avashishyate khalu? nu After applying Halantyam and Tasya lopaH, नु remains.
Ex2_8 avashishyate iti uttaram given Ukaara is not removed by this particular sutra. it
 Why is it not HUM and only YUM Because while teacing,
Soumya mam told that Ha has both the chracters of shares some characteristics with अ तः थाs, but it is not
Ex2_10 Antastaha and ushma varma an अ तः था itself. It is an ऊ मवण varnas
Ex2_11 Next chapter's slides pdf can be made available? Will be given after this chapter is complete.
इत् सं ा is not only for the 14 sutras. It applies to all
Dhaatus, Pratyayas, Aagamas, Aadeshas everywhere.
In San Pratyaya, Na is not IT as per 14 sutras, so how do Any consonant at the end of any of these can get it-
Ex2_12 we get Sa only? samjnaa it
Ex2_13 Also, in Aat Aagama, how is Aa left, since Ta is not IT? ट् is indeed इत् in आट् by halantyam it
That we will understand only when we study the actual
Kindly explain in Naadichi, sandhi is Na + Aat + Ich. What sutra. आत् here is panchami of अ. In this level, we just
Ex2_14 is Aat for? need to understand that it is not a pratyahara. pratyahara
There is no need to count twice in the pratyahara.
Ex2_15 Kindly explain if in Hal Pratyaahaara, Ha is twice or once? Wherever hal is used, is included in it pratyahara
इट् is a pronunciation influenced by regional languages.
Ex2_16 आट् इ य कमथ इट् इित उ यते , Pronunciation of pure consonant is only as ट् । varnas
There is only one Hal pratyahara. If we do a pratyahara
How do we know which Hal pratyahaara to be considered with the of 14th sutra, it will stand for only one letter,
Ex2_17 .? which makes pratyahara pointless. pratyahara
In halo Yamamoto Yamini lopah How to understand I Question is not clear. हल् is from हयवरट् till the last sutra
Ex2_18 should take till Lana हल् . यम् is from य of हयवरट् till ञमङणनम् pratyahara
No. Once Maheshvara sutras are memorised, any
Ex2_19 is it necessary to memorise the 44 pratyahaaras? pratyahara can be understood easily. pratyahara
panchama varnaha also comes under each varga only am Yes. But the question in exercise asks only for first four
Ex2_20 i right letters of the vargas, not 5th. pratyahara
Ex2_21 iN me sup pratyaya lagaa hai kya-- iNo Yes, इणः is shashthi ekavachana of इण् pratyahara
It is not essential to remember the सू numbers but as we
move ahead in learning Paninian Grammar it will surely
help to know where the सू is and we will also become
7-1 should we remember the suthra no familiar with सू number for some of the common Sutra. sutra
7-2 is उ a ाितप दकं ऊ is a ाितप दक here. It can be declined as ऊः वौ व: hrasva-deergha-pluta
7-3 अज्+ -कथं ? पृवसवणसि ध: । अज् + व-अ व । हकार is replaced by झकार hrasva-deergha-pluta
aa does not sound as the longer variant of a -- there
7-4 seems to be opening of mouth more for aa than a Yes we will learn about this in the future classes. hrasva-deergha-pluta
7-5 is it possible to decline other vowels like 'U' shabdaha All vowels can be declined if required. hrasva-deergha-pluta
7-6 लण् म ये 'अ' अनुनािसकं वा Yes. maheshvara sutras
7-7 दीघ: + लुत: कम् दीघ भवित सवणदीघसि ध: । The आदेश in सवणदीघसि ध is always a दीघ hrasva-deergha-pluta
7-8 ऋते means cucutasya कु कु य त or रव means the sound of a Rooster hrasva-deergha-pluta
7-9 kimartam vishist arta: akaarasya lan madhye Future Classes maheshvara sutras
7-10 plutaa: sarva svaranaam madhye bhavati vaa Yes hrasva-deergha-pluta
7-11 what is the meaning of 'kaal' here? काल is the duration of pronounciation. hrasva-deergha-pluta
This has been answered in previous classes. Theoritically
the हल त in the मकार can be इत् but it does not serve any
7-12 Is the makaara in halantyam also an "it"? purpose. it
7-13 How single varna Ra can form Prathyaharaha? We will see in future classes. pratyahara
Can there be a phonetic connection to the it letter at the The इत् letters and the letters in the end of the माहेशरवरसू
7-14 end of each sutra? do not have any phoenetic connection with each other. maheshvara sutras
Aadya also means Aapta people na.. So
aadyochhaaranam becomes aadyaanaam uchhaaranam. This question has been answered earlier also. In ाकरण
Instead of saying “what has been said at the beginning”. tradition आ is not interpreted to mean आ s or आ वा य।
Wont it be the uchhaaranam of the aadya purushas or The traditional interpretation given in ाकरणशा is the
7-15 aapta people first उ ारण. Terms of Grammar
7-16 antyena saha+ita = atra ita => triteeyaa vibhaktou vaa ? Yes इता is तृतीया एकवचन of इत् । Specific Word
All letters can have declensions. In this context ऊ is
7-17 ऊ श द य कः अथः? why is the letter having declensions? interpreted as the combination of the three उकारs. hrasva-deergha-pluta
7-18 Does the pluta varna exist for all the swaraah ? Yes hrasva-deergha-pluta
7-19 is vaam shashti bahuvachanam for oo Yes. hrasva-deergha-pluta
In the lan sutra if there is it samjna of the a-kaara after the
la-kaara then why are there no pratyahaarah ending with There is र - याहार that ends with the अकार of लण्. We will
7-20 that a-kaara? Kripaya vadatu learn about it in future classes. pratyahara
No. This सू only gives the name व दीघ and लुत to वरs
which are pronounced in that particular duration. It does
pratyekasya ach-varnasya trini roopani tu na santi. sootre not say anything about whether all three durations exist
7-21 tat na uktam va? for all the वरs. hrasva-deergha-pluta
अदशनं लोप: is a सं ासू . It defines what is लोप:। If this सू is
not there, in cases where a सू says त य लोप: we would
i asked the question last day, what is the importance of not know what to do. So Unless we understand what is
7-22 adarsanam lopaH. लोप we will not be able to apply the operation of लोप: । lopa
 It is not like साधु व उकारा त श द । It will be declined like a
दीघ ऊकारा त श द like श द. ऊ श द will be declined like
7-23 sadhu sabdavat bhabavati chet katham vau iti श द. hrasva-deergha-pluta
7-24 Kimsrtham ऊ श द: See reply to Q 7-17. hrasva-deergha-pluta
7-25 Meaning of Shabda ऊ See reply to Q 7-17. hrasva-deergha-pluta
7-26 Shabdasya vibhakti Asti kila All श दs have vibhaktiroopas hrasva-deergha-pluta
7-27 Mam Please explain what is pratipadigam ितप दकम् is the root word of सुब तs or नामपदs. Terms of Grammar
It depends. Not sure if there is a rule if the rooster always
So the first sound made by the rooster is dirga, second makes the sounds in a particular order but all three
7-28 one is pluta and last sound is hrasva mam? durations are heard. hrasva-deergha-pluta
7-29 लुत य लेखनं आ३ इित वा अ३ वा? कमथ? Both are seen and acceptable. hrasva-deergha-pluta
The is no याहार called अङ् । It can be theoretically
7-30 अङ याहारः वा? created but it has not been used by Panini. pratyahara
आ दर येन सहेता इित श दानां कृ ते अिप भवित चेत् ितङ् इ यिप
7-31 यारः इित वा आम् ितङ् इ यिप याहार: pratyahara
7-32 अ अिप याहारः भवित इित उ म् - अ chart म ये न दृ यते? अ इित कोऽिप याहारः नाि त। र इ येव याहार: । pratyahara
I assume the meaning of the question is when writing the
letters of a याहार should we include the letters which get
Namaste! When a question is asked to write the letters for इत् सं ा । The answer is No. Say अच् यय has only अ इ उ
7-33 Pratyahara, do we need to write with halantyam? ऋ ऌ ए ओ ऐ औ. It does not contain ण् क् ङ् च् । pratyahara
Does Panini use the u varNa instead of a or i varNa
7-34 because it resembles kukkuTa sound? Yes. hrasva-deergha-pluta
Studying what is the अनुवृि is the part of understanding of
7-35 Namaste, How do know we should refer to anuvriththi? any सू । anuvritti
7-36 ह ि दु जने गिणतं करणीयं वा न वा? हकारः मृद ु नमेव। varna
No याहारs are used across ाकरण for may different
7-37 are pratyaharams used only for sandhi ? kinds of operations pratyahara
7-38 what is the meaning of 'u' shabdha ? See reply to Q 7-17. hrasva-deergha-pluta
नमांिस महोदये |सू ं दृ वा कथं ातुम् श ु मः (ष सु सू ेषु )क दृशं सू ं दृ वा क दृशं सू म् इित सा ात् व ुं न श यते । ा यानाधारे ण
7-39 सू म् इित | बो यताम् | ध यवादः | एव व ुं श यते । sutra
सं ाश द: ीिल गश द: । " वः सं ा य य सः व सं ः" ।
ब ीिहसमास: यते चेत् त पुंिल ग वं भवित । "य य अचः वः
7-40 saMjJa: (pullingam?) Vs saMjJA (strIlingam?) सं ा सः वसं ः" एवं "लोपः सं ा य य सः लोपसं ः" । Specific Word
 इण् is a याहार from इ till लण् । इ उ ऋ ऌ ए ओ ऐ औ य् व् र् ल्
7-41 what is IN pratyaharaH । pratyahara
7-42 iko yanachi can you please explain We will study इको यणिच when we enter सि धs. Yansandhi
when you recite the sootrani why do we hear lannu not The सू is लण् । There is no ukaara, maybe just because of
7-43 lan? the emphasis on the it-letters for clarity. maheshvara sutras
"It" iti 3rd adhyayaam asti iti uktavati. Tam sootram - इत्- सं ा थमा याय य तृतीयपादे उ यते । हल यम् इ य य सू सं या
7-44 1.3.16 va or 1.3.21 va? १।३।३। it
because of hraswa deerga and plutha , considering Yes the number of वरs is huge. We will see the total
7-45 varnamala also increases in varnas right number in the next class. hrasva-deergha-pluta
लण् म ये योऽकारः सः इ सं कः चेत्, त य इ सं क-णकार य च म ये
7-46 के ऽिप वणाः न सि त? ???? आम् । maheshvara sutras
Ther is no specific reason for selecting the specific letters.
Some letters have to be selected from the pool of
IS THERE ANY REASON FOR SELECTING THESE consonants for the purpose of याहार. These have been
7-47 LETTERS AS ITH, LIKE KA, CHA, NA, ETC chosen. maheshvara sutras
7-48 ऌ कार यािप दीघ लुतः इित अि त वा ऌकार य दीघः नाि त । लुतः अि त । अि मे वग पठाम: hrasva-deergha-pluta
There is no Anuvrutti for मुखनािसकावचनोऽनुनािसकः| So it has
In the slide 165 please explain the anuvrutti shown on the been removed from the final slide. It was there to just
8-1 right side show the position of the Sutra in the अ ा यायी. Anunasika
other than यवल ङ ञ ण न म are all other consonants only Yes. Other than these eight, there are no other
8-2 अननुनािसकाः consonants which are Anunasikas. Anunasika
uccharudatttaha niicairanudaattaha samaahaaraha
8-3 svaritaha sarve sangyaa suutram va आम् | एतािन सवािण सं ासू ािण| Udatta-anudatta-svarita
The sutra ऊकालोऽ वदीघ लुतः just defines what is व,
In ऊकालोज्...sutra he says अच् has three types of bedas. In what is दीघ and what is लुत. Paniniyan Sutras do not have
which sutram it comes that लृ doesnt have deerga, ए in detail about which swaras have दीघ, which do not have
8-4 doesnt have hrsva like that ? दीघ etc. Those are to be known from Shiksha. hrasva-deergha-pluta
अं अं, अः are not considered swaravarnas. अ is swara,
अः Anusvaara is an अयोगवाहः. Similarly, Visarga is also an
if these are also considered swaravarnas, do they also अयोगवाहः. Anusvaara and Visarga do not have such
8-5 have different variants? variants. hrasva-deergha-pluta
 The sutras only talk about उ ैः-Upper and नीचैः-Lower.
From the context and from commentaries, we understand
that it is the upper and lower portion of the uccharana
sthaanaas. (उ ारण- थानािन). i.e., vaayu or air passing
through the upper portion and the lower portion of the
8-6 as per the context where is the reference of air passage? sthanaas. Udatta-anudatta-svarita
No. Anusvaara and Visarga do not have any of these
8-7 anusvara and visarga doesn't hv udatta n anudatta variants. They are not swaras. anusvaara
Is it that definition of uddata, anudatta, svarita in Vedic
chanting and Panini are different, but end result is the
8-8 same in both? Yes. Udatta-anudatta-svarita
गणपित (गुम्) हवामहे इित वेदे ूयते । गुिमित अनुनािसकवशात् भवित
8-9 वा । तद् अ अ तभवित वा? The गुम् is a variant of अनुनािसक found in Vedas. anusvaara
अं अम्
There is no difference in meaning as such. But the
अं अम् pronunciation of Anusvaara in अं and Makara in अम् is
different. There is a subtle difference between
8-10 differenc in meaning between 'am" and a pronunciation of makara and Anusvaara. anusvaara
वग-प माः -ञ म ङ ण न एते िन यम् अनुनािसकाः| य व ल - एतेषां
िवक पेन अनुनािसकः भवित| अ येषां नानाम् अनुनािसक भेदः
8-11 ना: िन यम् अननुनिसक भवि त ? except ya, va, la? नाि त| Anunasika
Namaste, samyogadvayam (anunaasika ya and संयोगः with Anusvaara and सय्ँयोगः with Anunaasika यकार
8-12 ananunaasika ya) shuddham vaa? are both correct. Anunasika
In veda svaras, sometime we see two vertical lines at top
of the letter, if svarita is one line at top, what does two The two vertical lines denote the दीघ- व रत i.e when there
8-13 lines denote? is a व रत on a दीघ letter it is denoted by a double line. Udatta-anudatta-svarita
Yes. सय्ँयोगः इ य एकः अनुनािसक-यकारः अपरः अननुनािसकः-
यकारः|
8-14 संयोगः, संव सरः इ यादीनाम् अनुनािसक पे य, व, यं भवित वा सव्ँव सरः इ य एकः अनुनािसक-वकारः अपरः अननुनािसकः-वकारः| Anunasika
महॊदये, य व ल कारे तर अवग य नानाम् कॊ अनुनािसक भेदः
8-15 नाि त? अ येषाम् अवग य नानां अनुनािसक-सिहतम् उ ारणं न स भवित| Anunasika
8-16 repha is not included in anunasika? No. Repha doesnot have a अनुनािसक variety Anunasika
Rudrajape AksharaNam upari dve rakhe sta: kim
8-17 bodhayati? Refer 8-13 Udatta-anudatta-svarita
थान य ऊ वम्, अधः| अ े क ठः, तालु इ या द वण पि थानािन
8-18 क य ऊ व, अंध:? दृ य ते| तेषाम् ऊ वभागे अधोभागे इ यथः | Udatta-anudatta-svarita
8-19 संयोगः इित तु साधु योगः खलु? आम् |साधुः| Anunasika
अनुनािसकः, उदा ः, अनुदा ः, व रतः इ यादयः सं ाः
पािणनीय ाकरणे ब धा उपयु य ते| अतः तासां सं ानाम् अथ पािणिनः
8-20 िश ािवषयिवचारान् पािणिनः ाकरणसू ेषु कमथ िन द वान्? बोधयित | Udatta-anudatta-svarita
वेदष
े ु उदा -अनुदा - व रतो ारणं नानां अिप भवित खलु? उदा. उदा -अनुदा - व रताः वराणाम् एव | नसिहतः वरः यः अि त
8-21 "अतो धमािण धारयन्" इ य । त यैव त ािप उदा -अनुदा - व रताः न तु न य| Udatta-anudatta-svarita
When we say उ ै दा ः many people get an impression
What is the scope for confusion beteen Panini def and that a higher pitch swara is उदा which is not correct. The
8-22 vedic def of uccaranam please? higher pitch swara is व रत . Udatta-anudatta-svarita
सं ा is the term or the name. सं ा सू म् is the sutra which
8-23 What’s the difference between सं ा सू म् & सं ा? defines the term or the name. Terms of grammar
8-24 it there a difference between अम् and अं Refer 8-10 anusvaara
अनुनािसकः इित सं ा पािणनीय ाकरणे उपयु यते| अतः त य िववरणं
दीयते | उदा -अनुदा - व रतादयः सं ाः उपयु य ते | अतः पािणिनः
सं ासू ािण िन मतवान् | क ठः, तालु इ या द थानानां सा ात् उपयोगः
namaste mAte. anunAsikavishaye spashtataya sUtra पािणनीय ाकरणे नाि त | थानसा यम् इ येव पािणिनना उ यते
rUpeNa uktam, parantu akUhavisarjaneeyanam kaNTah सवणसं ायाम् | क तु थान य सा ात् उपयोगः नाि त | अतः तेषां
8-25 iti sutrANAm madhye kimartham na vartyate ? िववरणं न यते | Anunasika
We do not put chadra-bindu above nityam anunasikaha or
8-26 what ? No. Chandrabindu is not required for िन य- अनुनािसकाः Anunasika
The written convention for lru (लृ) and lu
(ऌ) is different. The swara ऌ has a bent kind of a
continuous running bend from the ल shaped thing.
Whereas the लृ
(ल् + ऋ), the consonant + vowel ( it has a "C" kind of
8-27 how can they be differentiated from the script? symbol below. Seeing any script will make it very clear. varnas
Chandrabindu represents a nasal vowel or letter.
Whereas anuswara, the bindu (◌ं) is a separate letter. The
Mam please tell the difference of chandra bindu and pronunciation of both the letters is significantly different.
8-28 auswara in enghlish (अँ and अं) anusvaara
Hrasva sounds are not there for ए ऐ ओ औ - is this correct
8-29 understanding? Correct hrasva-deergha-pluta
नमांिस महोदये | कासुिचत् ादेिशकभाषासु मूध य ताल इित
लकार यम् अि त | स कृ तभाषायां तु लौ कक योगे एकः लकारः एव लौ ककसं कृ ते एकः एव लकारः अि त | सः ताल ः | वै दक सं कृ ते एव
अि त | ताल उ ारणम् एव भवित कल | अथवा श दम् अनुसृ य यम् कदािचत् डकार य थाने ळकार य मूध य य योगः भवित |
8-30 अिप कतु श यते वा | बो यताम् |ध यवादः | लौ ककसं कृ ते नाि त | varnas
 does it mean alpa prana and maha prana are applicable
to consonants similarly the udata anaudata and svarita is
8-31 applicable to only svaras Correct varnas
It is not possible to elongate a vyanjana. The difference in
duration is possible only for swaras. It is not possible for
8-32 ंजन वणानां व दीघ, लुत् कमथ न भवित। महोदयाः vyanjanas. hrasva-deergha-pluta
8-33 लृ वर "Lu" इ यो: म ये कथं लेखनसमये भेध: दृ यते? Refer 8-27 varnas
In Samskrita, these are pronounced as la(ल). प रमल, मुरली
etc. Only in regional languages, we hear the ळ sound for
8-34 what about La - parimaLaa, muraLii these words. varnas
ऌकार य वरधमाः सि त| यथा वः, लुतः - ऌ ऌ३
कमथ ऌकारः वरः अिप च ल् कारः नम्? तेषां उ ारणे भेदः उदा -अनुदा - व रताः इ या द| ना र य एते
8-35 नाि त कल? भेदाः न स भवि त| varnas
so क and other vyanjanas also have anunasica as well.
8-36 correct? Refer 8-2 Anunasika
8-37 no diff between अम् and अं ? Refer 8-10 anusvaara
व रत वर is a mixture of उदा and अनुदा . The initial
Ex3_1 समाहारः व रतः इित अथः कः portion is like उदा and the later portion is like अनुदा Udatta-anudatta-svarita
Different fonts have different ways of writing deergha
ऋकारः.Both ऋ and ॠ are represented slightly differently in
how to write deergha 'R' kaara: Also an example word different fonts. There are no actual words using deergha
Ex3_2 using deergha 'R' kaara: ॠकारः| varnas
Difference between Uddhatha, Swarithaha and Please refer to the explanation in class - in the recording
Ex3_3 Anudhatha ? of the class. Udatta-anudatta-svarita
Vertical can be said as ऊ व-रे खा. Horizontal can be said as
Ex3_4 vertical horizontal च हेतु यां मशः सं कृ ते कौ श दौ तः? सम-रे खा Udatta-anudatta-svarita
Ex3_5 la karasyA plutah asti vaa ऌकार य लुतः अि त| hrasva-deergha-pluta
sometimes we see two vertical lines in vedic notation, for
svaritha, it's one vertcal lne.. what does two vertcal lne
Ex3_6 denote? Refer 8-13 Udatta-anudatta-svarita
keshu pustakeshu deerghah rikaarah hrasvah iva
Ex3_7 likhyate? katham chetavyam? Refer Ex3-2 varnas
Ex3_8 अननुनािसकः ब ीिहसमासः खलु यि मन् अनुनािसकं न भवित सः न अनुनािसकः - अननुनािसकः इित त पु षः| Anunasika
 Yes. It is possible for svarita and anunasika to be
Ex3_9 Does svaritaha and anunasika svaraha come together? together. Anunasika
Is it possible to write both symbols svarita and anunasika
Ex3_10 for a single svara Yes Anunasika
सं ा वधायकं सू म ् = सं ासू म ् । लोप वधायकं / सि ध वधायकं /
यय वधायकं / आदे श वधायकं सू म ् = व धसू म ्

लोपसं ा वधायकं सू म ् = अदशनं लोपः । इ सं कवणानां

Ex3_11 What is the difference between सं ािवधायकसू and सं ासू लोप वधायकं सू म ् = त य लोपः । Terms of grammar
अनुनािसक वराणां उ ारणे नािसकायाः अिप पा म् अि त एव । तथािप
सवदा त य वर य उ ारणे नािसका न भवित इ यतः थान वेन न
उ यते । ञमङणनानां तु उ ारणे सवदा नािसकायाः अपे ा अि त इ यतः
10_1 anudaatha anunasika akarasya sthana: ka:? थान वेन िविश य उ यते । sthaana
Namaste, when we utter upadhmaniya, there is an 'f' There is no "F" sound in उप मानीय । It is a special sound
sound coming in right? or should it be pronounced without with no equivalent in English, which has to be known
10_2 the 'f' soound? through practice. It involves both lips. pronunciation
10_3 तालु इ य िवसगलोपः कथम् ? तालु इित नपुंसकिल ग य श दः । अ िवसगः नाि त । Specific word
10_4 अ ोऽिप यतनं कथिमित ातुिम छािम ?? उपसगः यत् धातुः युट् - यये यतनं इित पं भवित । Specific word
There is a subtle difference between र् as न and ऋ as
वर । Even though it is difficult to distinguish this when
uttering single letters, a word like कृ ण has a clear, distinct
pronunciation - which is not ण, nor ु ण, nor ण . Can
how to differently pronounce R (swara) and r be understood through practice and by observing vedic
10_5 (vyanjanam)? recitations pronunciation
10_6 How did we know that "ku" (etc.) mean "kavarga" (etc.)? We will know this by the end of second chapter. Terms of Grammar
There is no difference in राम: and रामा: । However the
what is the difference in pronounciation of visargas in अ pronounciation of the िवसग differs if the वर before the
10_7 and आ. रामः and रामाः िवसग changes as in ह र:, गु : । pronunciation
उप मानीय य, िज वामूलीय य च उ ारणं हकारे ण समानं न । वृ हन्,
उप मानीय य, िज वामूलीय य च " " इित समानो ारणम् एव। वृ ःकरोित, वृ ःपठित, वृ ः - These can be taken as sample to
10_8 उ पि थाने कथं भेदः भवित? observe the difference in pronunciation pronunciation
लकारः द यः इ येव उ म् । ळकार य िवषये अ कमिप न उ म्
ल्, ळ वणाः द याः इित उ म्। पर तु ळ वण य उ ारणे तु मूधायाः अि त, यतो िह ऴकारः लौ ककसं कृ ते नाि त । वै दकसं कृ ते एव योगः
10_9 उपयोगः एव भवित । सः ळकारः मूध यः । sthaana
10_10 Plutasya api shat eva prabhedha bhavanti? आम् । hrasva-deergha-pluta
 Everywhere for spasht pratipatti of swara the “ta-kaar” is Not everywhere. In this context the तकार in एत् ऐत् ओत् औत्
10_11 used??? is for प ितपि । Specific word
10_12 कु चु इित क? We will know this by the end of this chapter. Terms of Grammar
brahma iti padasya uccharanam api simha sadursham
10_13 vaa No इित िभ ं । त मकारः हकारः अि त अनु वारः नाि त । pronunciation
Namaste, The position of Upadmaaneeyam is not shown
10_14 .. उप मानीय is a ओ वण - from the lips. sthaana
10_15 Bhagini, Anunasika uchaarana katham bhavati Demonstrated in class. pronunciation
िज वामुलीय is िज वामूले भवः । So that which originates from
the base of the tongue is called िज वामुलीय। उप ानीय -
Bhagini, the meaning of Upadmaneeya and Jihvamulya ? उप मान means ओ or lips, त भवः । So that which is born
10_16 The meaning of the words.. in the lips is उप मानीय । Specific word
do all the 18 forms of a-kAra verNaH included in
10_17 akuhavisarjanIyAH? Yes sthaana
अनु वर and िवसग always follow a वर - that is अच् । So they
अं अः इित अचः परौ अनु वार-िवसग अंशः स यक् न ातः| कृ पया पुनः can be be found after all वरs. Like अं, अः , we can have इं
10_18 िववृणोित वा? इः, उं उः, ऐः etc . pronunciation
हकार य वगप मै: अ तः थािभ योगे और य य ः इ या द
िश ाशा े उ यते । It is a special kind of उ ारण which is
given in िश ाशा for हकार when associated with the
10_19 हकार य तु औरस य ः इित वदि त। कमथ? अनुनािसक नs and य व ल l pronunciation
मुखनािसकावचनोनुनािसकः इित अनुनािसक य ाकरणशा ीयसं ा
ववगवणानां थानािन अनुसरि त नािसको ारणम् इित अनुनािसकः द ा अि त । Etymologically - "अनुगतः नािसकाम् अनुनािसक:"
10_20 इित खलु? इ यु यते । Specific word
10_21 कवग य कु इित कमथम्? अ य अ याय य अ ते ा यते । Terms of Grammar
िवसगपराणां च, ट, तवगाणां िज वामूल-उप मानीयरी या यदा िवसगात् अन तरं चवग य - टवग य - तवग य वा वणाः भवि त
10_22 िविशषटो ारणािन कमथ नाि त? त िविश ः सि धः भवित । शकारः षकारः सकार आदेश वेन दीयते । pronunciation
Both forms are grammatically correct. उ प ते - they arise,
10_23 उप ते or उ पा ते please? उ पा ते - they are made to arise. उ पा ते is a िणज त । Specific word
य श दः पुि ल गः । व तुतः अ पु तके षु अिप कदािचत् दोषेण मु तं
त पृ ं य म् पशानाम् खलु महोदयाः? Slide madhye यतनम् दृ यते । िस ा तकौमु ां तु यतनम् इ येव अि त । नपुंसकिल गे
10_24 इित अि त यतनम् इ येव शु म् । Specific word
For swaras, like इ the tounge is not touching taalu. Only I
10_25 feel air movement. Is something wrong am I doing? We will know about this in the next class. pronunciation
 Question not clear. वरs have अनुनािसक भेदाs - yes - but
the main थान for वरs is identified as क ठ, तालु etc not
नािसका because नािसका is optional and not compulsory
10_26 arent few of them anunaasika? Akaarasya when uttering that वर. pronunciation
got my doubt cleared but arent we pronouncing both No. There is a clear difference in the pronounciation of श
"Sha" s same? can we have some examples where the and ष so if you observe carefully you will be able to
10_27 difference is clear? understand the difference. pronunciation
10_28 अयोगवाहाः इ यु े क? न अवगतं. It is already been explained in the class on माहे रसू s. Terms of Grammar
10_29 What is the difference between pronounciation of ये and ए We will see in next class. pronunciation
10_30 taparaH tatkaalasya iti naasti vaa et ait madhye? नाि त । Specific word
10_31 ल ण् madhye anunasika asti kim? आम् । लण् इ य अकारः अनुनािसकः अि त । maheshvara sutras
Yes अनु वार is given as an आदेश for मकार when the
In practice anusvara replaces म् based on the next word following letter is a consonant, but they are not the same
10_32 ex पु तकं नासित vs पु तकम् अि त letters both in writing and pronounciation. pronunciation
10_33 महोदये, ळकारः अिप मूध यः भवेत् खलु? आम् । ळकारः मूध यः । sthaana
व तुतः योगे य य व-अकारः भवित - यथा रामः कृ णः इ या दषु
त त य संवृत य ः एव। उ ारणकाले संवृत वम् एव भवेत् इित आशयः
। क तु ाकरणशा े यदा अ मािभः सि धः समासः इ या द या
अधीयते त अकार य िववृत य ः इित अ गी यते । एतत् अ े प ं
11_1 अ will come both in vivrutham and sanvrutham va भिव यित । prayatna
ऊ मवणs get their name from term "ऊ म" which means heat
. So when these letters are pronounced, (श,ष, स etc.)
there is heat generated. If we hold a mirror close to the
mouth, we can see a cloud of vapour forming when
pronouncing these letters. Therefore they are called
ऊ मवणs. अ तः ित ि त इित अ त थाः। Those which stand in
My question was why the name "UShman" and between इ यथः। त नेषु वग य नािन ततः ऊ मवणाः तेषां
11_2 "antaHstha"? म ये भवि त इ यतः अ त थाः इ यु य ते । Specific word
"काकलक" is the Thyroid Cartilege which has two pieces
and which meets together at a prominence called the
11_3 Is uvula kaakalah? or is it epiglottis? Adam's Apple. That is referred to as काकलक । Specific word
क ठ ओ ौ च अनयोः समाहारः - "क ठो म्" । It is a
समाहार समासः which is always in नपुंसकिल ग and एकवचन
11_4 why is it not kanThoSthau । Specific word
महोदये, िववृत व अ कारः नाि त वा? (यथा क ड इित भाषायां
11_5 अि त) सं कृ तभाषायां योगे िववृतः व-अकारः नाि त prayatna
 अयोगवाहानाम् आ य तर य ाः लघुकौमु ां िविश य नो य ते ।
11_6 sorry what is the prayathnah for visargah िवसग य सामा यतः िववृत य ः इित िश ाशा े उ यते । prayatna
11_7 what is the prayatna for visarga See 11_6 prayatna
I have seen diagrams that show kanThaHm tAky,
mUrdha, danta and oShTha go from back of the mouth
(throat) to the front, in order. Byt in the diagram you
11_8 showed, talu is in front of mUrdha. Please clarify. Please watch this - https://youtu.be/gbqVSOKfakM sthaana
Does paninian grammar say anything about sounds that
11_9 are not in sanskrit but in other languages? No. varnas
11_10 Mam.. What is the meaning of Satta? स ा means Existence Specific word
11_11 गौ: ते: अनयो: िवसगयो: ओ, इ इित वणयो: अंशमेव भवित खलु। "गौः" इ य िवसग य उकारांशः भवित ।" तैः" इ य इकारांशः भवित । Pronunciation
11_12 mRuduvyanjanam, karkashavyanjanam ityuke kim? We will see in the next class. Terms of Grammar
11_13 deergha pluta-akaraanaam api vivrutah va? Yes. prayatna
Does sa.mvRtaprayatanam include all 6 forms of the
hrasva akara = [anunAsika, ananunAsika] X [udAtta,
11_14 anudAtta, svarita]? Yes. prayatna
अवणः इ यु े अकारः - अ । - All types of it is, in general called
11_15 avarNaH ityukte na avagatam अवणः Specific word
Ex_4_1 िवकासा थ--अथ ातुं इ छािम िवकास आ द अथम् - for opening up the vocal cords. Specific word
Ex_4_2 Does ख have jivhamulam stanam too ?? No ख is क sthaana
No. When िवसग is followed by प फ or क ख उप मानीय and
Should उप ानीय and िज वामूलीय: mandatory when we get िज वामूलीय are optional. There is a special सू which we
Ex_4_3 a letter combination of ':प' or a ':क'? will study in सि धs . varnas
Ex_4_4 visargasya prayatnah kim? See 11_6 prayatna
Terms used in English may not mean exactly the same as
the terms used in सं कृ त. So it always better to understand
the सं कृ त term and use the सं कृ त term itself without
replacing it with an English term. As explained in class,
पृ is a letter which is pronounced by touching the tongue
completely to the थान । ईष पृ is where there is a light
touch or a partial touch, ईषि वृत is where there is a small
gap and िववृत is where there is no contact between the
Ex_4_5 Meanings in english for Sprusta, eesatsprusta, etc.. pls. tongue and the थान । Terms of Grammar
 Not really. The nada in sangita is in reference to the
general sound. Whereas, in this context it is referring to
12_1 Namaste, is this nada related to nada in sangitam? the sound of specific letters. Prayatnas
Does this mean, there is no effort required at the vocal Effort is required at the vocal cords. It is that effort which
12_2 chords for svaraaH causes the differentiation between उदा ,अनुदा and व रत. Prayatnas
This has already been explained in the class on
12_3 अयोगवाहाः नाम कम् ? Maheshvarasutras - https://youtu.be/VWwN0vOayEU?t=760 varnas
12_4 What is the emaning of "ayOgavaha" Refer 12-3 varnas
In the Laghukaumudi itself the order is reversed, as it lists
ghoSha before Aghosha.The order does not matter much.
should "aghoSha" and "ghSha" in the flow-chart showing But, yes going by the sets as िववार- ास-अघोष and संवार-
11 bAhyaprayatNas be then swapped, with "aghoSha" on नाद-घोष they can be swapped.They have indeed been
12_5 top of 'ghoSha"? swapped in the PDF after the class. Prayatnas
12_6 what are the bahya praytna for svaras उदा ,अनुदा and व रत are the बा य ाः for the swaras. Prayatnas
For Vyanjanas and in general for all the letters, we need
If its just one vyanjana.. wat attributes of it are supposed to know the three attributes - थानम्, आ य तर य ः and
12_7 to b known? Like ka बा य ः varnas
12_8 what is Ayogavaaha.pl.explain Refer 12-3 varnas
Is "ghOshatantri" mentioned in old texts, or is it a new
12_9 word to indicate the vocal cords? Not sure. Will try to find out referring to the Shiksha texts. Specific word
ka varnasya uccharane jihwaya sparsa na bhavati khalu.
12_10 katham tasya sparsheshu ganana asti? क-वग वणानाम् उ ारणे अिप िज वायाः मूलभाग य पशः भवित | Prayatnas
l-kArasya Abhyantara prayatnam ISatspRSTa khalu?
12_11 kintu gRhakArya uttaraU l-kAraH vivRtaH iti uktam. वर य ऌकार य िववृतः य ः| न य लकार य ईष पृ ः | Prayatnas
शा ेण ते य ाः पृथक् पृथक् प रग य ते | कथं वनीनाम् उ पादनं
12_12 कमथ थमं षट् बा य ाः भी ाः इित प रग यते? ते पृथक् न कल? भवित इित िविव य िश ाशा ेण एते य ाः दीय ते | Prayatnas
12_13 हकार य ढकार य का समानता - वहित कथं ऊढवान् अि म वगषु प यामः हकार य वगचतुथः सह बा य सा यं िव ते | varnas
12_14 hrsva akaara by default is it samvruthaha See 12_16 Prayatnas
12_15 Is anthasthaha is also part of sthaanam No. sthaana
 अ - i.e व अकार when it is used as a part of any word in
samskrita has to be pronounced with संवृत य . However,
for grammatical operations, it is considered as िववृत for a
specific purpose. And, after the word is ready to use, all
िववृत-अकार is as if converted to संवृत अकार.That is an
Please explain regarding "a" what you told in the artificial construct purely for the grammatical operations.
12_16 beginning of the class in english For actual उ ारण in any word, it is always संवृत Prayatnas
12_17 VargapancamaaH alpaprANAH? आम् Prayatnas
12_18 ह ऊ माणः ? आम् Prayatnas
rukaraha30 evamlukaro api ithi pusthake asthi asya kim
12_19 arthaha अि म वग सवणानां िवषये यदा जानीमः तदा एतत् ायते| savarna
13_1 ऊ मणा:, ऊ माणः which is correct ऊ माणः इित साधु | Specific word
सवषां वणानाम् अनुनािसक पेण उ ारणं न स भवित | अिप च, यत्
यु म् अि त सं कृ तभाषायां तदेव अ माकं शा थैः िविव यते |
ाकरणशा े वा िश ाशा े वा यत् सं कृ त भाषायां यु म् अि त
sarveshaam varnanaam anunaasika rUpeNa uccharaH त यैव िववरणं दीयते | यत् न यु म् त य िववरणं न दीयते |
shakyate khila. yadi vayam prayoge nasti iti vadaamaH उदाहरणाथम् - z, f इ या द वनयः ये सं कृ तभाषायां नोपयु य ते तेषां
13_2 chet tat shaastre eva na prayuktam iti va ? िववरणं तु अ माकं िश ाशा े न भवित | sthaana
"वण" श दः, "अ र" श दः ायेण समाने अथ यु यते | कदािचत् तु
भेदन
े अिप योगः दृ यते | य भेदः अि त त क् , ख् इ या द के वल
नािन अथवा अ, इ इ या द वणाः इ यु य ते | यत् तु वर- न
समूहः क, का, क, क इ या द तेषाम् अ र वेन वहारः कदािचत्
दृ यते . But, mostly varna and akshara are used
13_3 any difference between the terms varnah and aksharah? synonymously. Specific word
Nowhere is it stated that there is no difference between ऋ
and ऌ. We are only saying that ऋ and ऌ are savarnas of
each other. And why there is no दीघ has been answered
when there is no difference between r and l why there is earlier. It is just that there is no word in samskruta which
13_4 no dhirgha for l ? uses the दीघ-ऌकारः. savarna
य द बा य य सवणसं ायाम् योजनम् नाि त त ह त य कम् आ तरत यिनणये बा य ानाम् उपयोगः भवित । अि म वगषु
13_5 योजनम् भवित? प यामः । prayatna
योग always means in actual language not in grammar.
योगे संवृतः means while conversation or in grammar (Not the योग - कत र / कमिण of grammar). It is actual usage
13_6 prayoge in conversation or literature. prayatna
13_7 savarna: kevalam svaraanam eva, kila न । सवणाः नानामिप भिवतुम् अहि त | savarna
 The Mahabhaashyaa undertakes a detailed discussion of
most of the vaartikaas which are proposed and the reason
for the vaartikaas. But, they are not discussed or
mentioned in वृि थs. They only state the vartika and
13_8 When vaartik is given.. isnt it supported by a reason..? give the examples. वृि थs don't try to justify the vartika. vartika
13_9 mitha: is avyaya? Yes. Specific word
अनुनािसकः यकारः य्ँ इित िभ ः| यकारः तेन सह अनुनािसकः अकारः- य्
13_10 य + अँ तथा यँ भ नौ तः वा? + अँ = यँ सोऽिप िभ ः| varnas
Bahya Prayatnas are used in some Sandhis where we
Namaste, if we are not considering Bahya Pratyanam, need to pick one among the letters. It is one of the criteria
13_11 then where is Bahya Prayatnam used ? used there. We will see those in future classes. prayatna
13_12 ayogavaahaanaam savarnaah na santi va? अयोगवाहानां सवणाः न सि त | savarna
13_13 Why अ is coming both as Samvritam and vivivritam Refer 11_1 prayatna
Among the consonants, we do need all the consonants in
the Maheshvara Sutras because both the row-wise and
column-wise similarity is seen there. So, if we have to pick
the third letter of each vargah as जश् they need to be
if the separate sutra logic is applied then is there any mentioned there separately. otherwise, we will not be able
13_14 significance in separate sutra for savarna consonants? to create the vertical groups of these consonants. savarna
13_15 for savarna Bahya prayatnam is not considered is it Yes. बा य ः is not considered for सवण-सं ा. savarna
त सू कार य मते भा यकार य मते भेदः अि त | सू कारानुगुणं य ाः
(आ य तर य ाः) च वारः । तदनुगुणं वराणाम् ऊ मवणानां च समान
थान- य वं ा ोित । ति वारणाथ "ना झलौ" इित सू म् अपे यते|
भा यकार तु प य ाः इित वीकृ य "ना झलौ" इित सू म्
या यातवान् । लघुिस ा तकौमु ां भा यकारप म् आि य प
आ य तर य ाः द ाः । वै याकरणिस ा तकौमु ां "ना झलौ" इित
तु या य या सू ेण एव वर - असवण वं िन द ।ं त ह ना झलौ सू य िववरणाथ च वारः आ य तर य ाः इ यु वा त िववरणं दीयते
13_16 इ यनेन क िवशेष योजनम्? । अयं िवषयः िस ा तकौमु ां एव अ येत ः । savarna
आम् । श दाथः समानः । ा िववृतः इित आ य तर य े िन द यते ।
िववारः इित बा य े । िववृतः इ य मुख य िववृत वम् उ यते ।
13_17 िववृत: िववार: तयो: श दाथ: समान: वा? िववारः इित बा य े घोषत योः िववृत वं उ यते । prayatna
सवणसं ा is not compulsory for Adeshas. ह is similar to घ
with its bahyaprayatnas which is why the fourth letters of
If ह has no सवण, how come sometimes घ comes in its each vargah do replace हकार in some sandhis. We will
13_18 place sometimes? see in detail in future classes. savarna
Ex5_1 bahya prayatnasya prayojanam kim Refer 13_11 prayatna
 ma, pa madhye baahya prayatne bhedah asti khalu. tarhi बा य ः सवणसं ायाम् नोपयु यते| It is enough if the Sthana
Ex5_3 katham saavarnyam? and Abhyantara prayatna are similar savarna
Ex5_4 what is the use of bahya prayantam ? Refer 13_11 prayatna
ययाs of संबोधन and थमा are the same as that of थमा
िवभि ः। So there is a सुप् यय there and संबोधन थमा तs
15_1. in sambodhana vibhakthi is there any pratyaya:? are also सुब तs padam
Yes. Sup-pratyayas are added to avyayas and deleted, so
15_2 hi, aho, are they also subandams? they are also subantas padam
15_3 Will sambodhana prathamas be referred to as Padams, ji Yes. See 15.1 padam
when we say "aa"kar is alone, does it mean only 1 form or
all the 6 forms that include swarita, etc. and anunaasika,
15_4 etc.? आ includes all 6 forms of दीघ आकारः। savarna
15_5 Namaste, meaning of 'vyavadhaanam', please. वधानम् is separation. samyoga
संिहता is a name given to closeness of letters during
pronunciation. संयोगः is a name given to two consonants
which are not separated by a vowel. To emphasize, संिहता
is a abstract term. It is just closeness where as संयोगः
refers to the actual letters - consonants which are
pronounced next to each other without a vowel in
15_6 संिहता , संयोग म ये कः भेदः between. samyoga
"अितशियत" does not mean closeness। "सि िध" is
atisyita dictionary meaning is superior or surpassing. does closeness. अितशियत is superior or extreme closeness. परः
15_7 that means closeness also सि कषः = अितशियतः सि िधः । samhitaa
15_8 हल: पम् कृ पया हल् हलौ हलः । हलः is थमा ब वचन of the ाितप दक हल्। specific word
for Avyayam becomes padham, will you pleace mention अ य is a ाितप दक. It gets सुप् ययs. The ययs gets
15_9 Paanini sutram. deleted by the सू - अ यादा सुपः (२.४.८२) । padam
does deergaha "ee" refer to all 6 forms of the deergha ee
15_10 or just the one specified? ई refers to all 6 forms of दीघ। savarna
15_11 आकारः means all 6 types ? आम् savarna
Not necessarily. Any kinds of letters pronunced close to
15_12 Does Samhita always involve ach varna? each other will have संिहता । samhitaa
15_13 अ यं पदं नाि त वा?? अ य is also a पद । अ यs are सुब तs . padam
Mostly the थमा एकवचन यय "सुँ" is added. Sometimes
depending on the meaning of the अ य other यय may be
15_14 के वलं सु इित ययं योजिय वा लोपीकत ः वा?? added. Whatever यय will be added is later deleted. padam
 so what is the main difference between samhitaa and
15_15 saMyogaH See 15.6 samyoga
samyoga: - samyuktaaksharam asti chet eva samyogah संयु ा र is just a name for a letter which has संयोगः । They
15_16 bhavati vaaa? are both synonymous. samyoga
paraha sannikarshaha samhitaha.here paraha means
15_17 what परः - extreme closeness. samhitaa
15_18 anusvaara-visargayoh samhitaa bhavitum arhatah va? भिवतुम् अहित। samhitaa
15_19 Is it Ach Varna or Aj Varna अच् + वणः = अ वणः (ज व सि धः) specific word
15_20 bAhya prayatnam kutra upayuktam? Answered in earlier classes. bahyaprayatna
असामा य पदेषु क पदं क ाितप दकम् इित कथं स यक् जानीमः अ यासेन एव ात ं क य पद य कम् ाितप दकं भवित इित ।
15_21 िविश य नामपदेषु? श द पाणां अ ययनेन ाितप दक ानं भवित । padam
15_22 Sambhodhana - sup nasti va? See 15.1 padam
15_23 Hey Ram, atra Ram iti padam khalu? आम् । संबोधनाथ राम इित पदम् । padam
15_24 पदम् इित यत् वा ये उपयोिजतुम् िस म् खलु? स यम् । padam
15_25 every samyoga is also a samhita? See 15.6 samyoga
15_26 क वग य अ य वण:- ख -सवण हणं न करोित वा? न करोित । savarna
Can we say sanyoga is there where samyuktakshara is
15_27 found? See 15.16 samyoga
No. संिहता is just referring to closeness where as संयोग
referes to the actual letters, that is the consonants.
LSK 13 सू े अन तराः इित योगः अि त। संिहता इ यिप व ुं स यक् "अन तराः हलः" - so the consonants are called संयोग not the
15_28 वा? closeness between the consonants. samyoga
do we have subanta, tigantam and avyaya as 3 forms or In Paninian system there are only two - सुब त and ितङ त ।
15_29 only subanta and tiganta? अ यs are included under सुब तs . padam
15_30 In Kun , chu. Etc why Chandra Bindu is mentioned. Answered in earlier classes. savarna
15_31 संयोग = स यु वा? Yes. samyoga
अयोगवाहाः is carries no place in माहे री सू but the are
15_32 active letters Am I right? Yes. varnas
It is very important to know the िवभि of words to
Why denoting the vibhakthi and vahana any reason understand the meaning of any सू । We will learn more
15_33 behind? about this in the next chapter. sutra
यथा यँ य इ य य सवणः तथा कँ अिप क इ य य सवणः कमथ न
15_34 भिवतुमहित ? There is no अनुनािसक variant of क। anunasika
 िवराम is absence of any letters. वधान is a separation by
a different letter. Say in कृ णः between क् and ष् there is
वधान of ऋ-कार but there is no िवराम because there are
15_35 What is the different between िवराम and वधान ? letters ahead. samyoga
15_36 योः ह वणयोः संिहता इित संयोगः इित व ुं श यते कम् ? See answer to 15.28 samyoga
sanantaanaam sup, tin ubhau api samyujhyante va?
krudantaanaam, tadhithaanaam, avayaanaam tu kevalam स तs are धातुs we can either add a ितङ् यय or add a कृ त्
15_37 sup? यय । After we add a कृ त् यय we can add a सुप् यय । padam
15_38 dirgha akara - does it include 6 varieties? Yes. savarna
16_1 ाकरणे बा य य उपयोगं कु ? Please see 13_11 bahyaprayatna
In rama: karoti
whether it is pronounced as RamaKkaroti or
RamaHkaroti
and in Rama:patati
16_2 is it RamaFpatati or RamaPpatati Please see the lesson on varnotpattisthanani sthaana
न ्- -र् इ येतष
े ां याणाम ् एकः संयोगः इ य प प ः अि त,
वयो वयोः संयोगः इ य प । वतीयः प ः ( वयो वयोः इ त)
16_3 "इ ः" म ये एकः संयोगः अि त वा ौ संयोगौ तः? ायेण आ यते samyoga
"रम ्" इ त एकः धातुः अि त इ त व तुं श यते, अनुकरणश दानां
वषये वचारः शा थेषु कृ तः अि त । केवला धातो चेत ् त ा प
रम् एकः धातुः अि त -- can I not construct a sentence like
16_4 this? In this case, is not रम् a पदम्? सु यययोजनं कृ वा एव नवाहः padam
16_5 Have you uploaded the vedio of thalu pradesha https://youtu.be/gbqVSOKfakM sthaana
anunasika yakarena ananunasika yakarasya grahanam
16_6 bhavati va na bhavati savarna
स बोघनम् सुब तम् वा? सुप् has only 21 forms. So are 3 forms
of स बोघनम् excluded in सुब तम्? If so, is स बोघनम्excluded
16_7 from पदम् then? Please see 15_1 padam

16_8 िचत् स ा, स ः इित अि त. Which is correct? सं ा, स ा - इ त उभयं साधु specific word

16_9 samyukta aksharaani sarvaani samyogaa: eva vaa आम ् । Please see 15_16 samyoga
When there are 3 consonants in a sanyoga, do we refer to
all 3 as the sanyoga or do 2 consecutive vyanjanas also
constitute a sanyoga. ex Indra, do we say n,d is sanyoga,
16_10 d,r is sanyoga and n,d,r is sanyoga? Please see 16_3 samyoga
 sam+jJaa --- that which brings name and its meaning
16_11 together? i.e., definition Yes specific word
can samhita occur between two vyanjanas also? or only
16_12 between a vyanjana and a swara? Any two letters can be in samhitaa samhitaa
rAma iti sambodana parathamA viBhaktyaam asti. atra su-pratyayah. Pratyayas of prathama and sambodhana
16_13 pratyaha kaha? prathama are same padam
18 pratyayas of thingantas...do they represent
16_14 atmanepadi and parasmaipadi thingantas Yes padam
य् with chandrabindu can it denote both yakaaras as
16_15 savarnas No savarna
Namaste bhagini, अिवधीयमानोऽणु द सवण य -This says that
for Udit also
No. अ वधीयमानः अण ् इ त एकः अंशः, उ दत ् इ त अपरः ।
it should be avidhiyamana. But for Udit it can be also.
अ वधीयमानः इ त उ दता न अ वे त । उ दता वधीयमानेन
16_16 vidhiyamana right. The vyanjanah as udit right. अ वधीयमानेन च सवण हणं भव त savarna
गणपाठे सं या नाि त । धातुपाठे धातोः सं या अि त, क तु त याः
यथा सू पाठे सू सं या दीयते तथैव अ येषु थेषु (गणपाठ, धातुपाठ
16_17 इ या द) अिप सं याः िन द यते वा? नातीव उपयोगः । सू सं यायाः तु मह वं वतते general
bahyaprayatne {vivaaraH, shvaasaH, aghoshaH}
karkashavyanjanaani, {samvaaraH, naadaH, ghoshaH}
16_18 mruduvyanjanam iti vaktum shakyate kim? आम ् bahyaprayatna

16_19 is it sayyogaha or samyogaha सयय ्ँ ोगः, संयोगः उभयं साधु samyoga

namaste bagini . do we have to byheart all the sutrams for Having sutras in memory is a great advantage at any time in
16_20 the test vyakarana. Yes, knowing the full text of sutras is expected. general
Using Chandrabindu is not compulsory for representing the
udits - कु चु टु तु पु, even if chandrabindu is not explicitly written,
are assumed to be be anunaasikas and therefore do represent
the vargas. However, there may be cases where the avyaya कु
is used, in which case it does not have an anunaasika ukaara
and hence does not represent the savarnas. Knowledge of
16_21 कु without chandra bindu also indicate "क" वग ? context is essential for interpretation. savarna
For avyayapadAni, do sup/thi~N antas apply? Sup and Pratyayas are added here more for the technical requirement -
thi~N are to define aspects of number/gender/tense etc. making them a pada, and consequently qualifying for
of nouns and verbs. So how are indeclinables treated with operations which depend on pada. For example, the avyaya
16_22 these pratyayas? उ चैस ् cannot get a visarga to form उ चैः unless it is a pada. padam
 Generally used synonymously. There is a subtle difference -
where varna refers to independent letter, while akshara refers
to vyanjana+svara (like क, का, क, क , etc). But this distinction
16_23 any difference between akshara and varNa? is not maintained strictly. specific word