HYPOTHESIS

TESTING
Hypothesis Testing- it is a statement with many faceted ideas that
are still to be resolved whether they are true or not
-It is a wise or intellectual guess.
2 Types of Hypothesis
1. Null Hypothesis (Ho) – it always express the idea of non
significant difference.
2. Alternative Hypothesis (Ha) – it is a negation of the null
hypothesis.
Examples of Null Hypothesis:
1. There is no significant difference in the assessment of the
respondents when grouped according to gender.
2. The IQ of the female is not higher than the male.
3. The number of late students is the same each day of the week.
4. The number of patients each day of the week is the same.
5. The academic of the B.S. Tourism is equal to the academic
performance of the A.B. Mass Comm students.
Examples of Alternative Hypothesis:

1. There is a significant difference in the assessment of the

respondents when grouped according to gender.
2. The IQ of the female is higher than the male.
3. The number of late students is not the same each day of the
week.
4. The number of patients each day of the week is not the same.
5. The academic of the B.S. Tourism is not equal to the academic
performance of the A.B. Mass Comm students.

Types of Errors

1. Type I ( α–error) – Rejecting the null hypothesis when in fact it

is true.
2. Type II (β-error) – Accepting the null hypothesis when in fact is it
false.
 Types of Tests
1. One-sided (directional) – it is called one-tailed test.
- it is use when the alternative hypothesis is express/use a
comparative word such as higher, better, bigger, more
intelligent, etc.
2. Two-sided (non-directional) – it is called two-tailed test.
- it is use when the alternative hypothesis use the following
words/phrases: significant difference, not + comparative word,
not equal, not the same, etc.
T-test . It is use when the sample standard deviation is given.
Z-test. It is use when the population standard deviation is given.
 Steps in Hypothesis Testing
1. Formulate the null hypothesis (Ho) and the alternative
hypothesis (Ha) .
2. Set the level of significance.
*** Choose between 1% to 10% depending on the risk of error
the researcher is willing to take. A 1% level of significance
means the researcher is giving 1% error on his decision and
that he is 99% confident of his decision to be right.

3. Identify the statistical test.

- either one-tailed or 2-tailed.

4. Determine the tabular value .

*** For z-test, look at the value of ∞ in the lowest portion of the
t-value.
*** For t-test, compute first the degrees of freedom (df)
1 group of sample: df = n-1
2 groups of sample: df = n1 + n2 - 2
 Types of Tests
One-sided (directional)
If the alternative hypothesis is expressed in terms like “greater
than” or “less than”, it is called a one tailed test. The rejection
region lies only in one tail of the distribution.
rejection
acceptance region
acceptance
region region

Two-sided (non-directional)
If an alternative hypothesis is expressed in a non-equality
statement, it is a non-directional or two-tailed test.

rejection rejection
acceptance
region
5. Compute for the required statistical test. Choose from the following formula
whichever is applicable. (Either z or t-test)

Zc = (x - )  n
-----------------


Zc = (x1 - x2) /   (1/n1 ) + (1/n2)

Zc = (P1 - P2) /  p1q1/ n1 ) + p2q2/ n2

tc = ( x - ) n /s

tc = (x1 – x2) /  s12 / n1 + s22 /n2

6. Decide whether to accept or to reject the null hypothesis.

*** Accept Null Hypothesis if the computed value is less than the
tabular value.
*** Reject Null Hypothesis if the computed value is greater than
the tabular value.

7. Conclusion. State the accepted hypothesis.

HYPOTHESIS
TESTING

Population Means
Example
A sports biologist claimed that female
distance runners tend to be taller on the average
than women in general, who have an average
height of 64 inches. To test this claim, a random
sample of 40 female distance runners and their
heights were recorded, giving x = 65.6 inches and
standard deviation of 3.3 inches. Test the claim at
the 5% level of significance. (consider the value
3.3 as an estimate for δ)
Solution:
Given:
µ = 64 n = 40 X = 65.6
δ = 3.3  = 0.05
Step 1:
Ho: µ = 64 (female distance runners have an average height
of 64 inches)

Ha: µ > 64 (female distance runners tend to be taller on

the average than women in general)

Step 2:
α = 0.05
Solution:
Step 3:
one – tailed test

Step 4:
Z - test (x – µ)√n
Z =
δ
(65.6 – 64)√40
=
3.3
(1.6) (6.32)
=
3.3
10.112
=
3.3
Z = 3.06
Tabular Value of z
Solution:
Tabular value = 1.645

rejection
acceptance region
region
1.645 3.06

Reject Ho, accept Ha

Step 6: Conclusion
It does appear that female distance runners tend to be
taller on the average than women in general
Example
A group of researchers want to compare
food values of the male and female employees.
They constructed a questionnaire composed of 15
items. They administered the questionnaire to 75
male employees and obtained a mean of 3.98
while the 40 female employees had a mean of
4.12. If the population standard deviation is 0.27,
what conclusion can the researchers draw about
the food value of the employees? (use α = 0.01
level of significance)
Solution:
Given:
n1 = 75 x1 = 3.98 n2 = 40
x2 = 4.12 δ = 0.27  = 0.01
Step 1:
Ho: there is no significant difference between the food
values of the male and the female
employees.
Ho: x1 = x2
Ha: there is a significant difference between the food
values of the male and the female
employees
Ha: x1 ≠ x2
Solution:
Step 2:
 = 0.01
Step 3:
two – tailed test
Step 4:
Z - test 3.98 – 4.12
Z =

√
1 1
0.27 +
x1 – x2 75 40
Z =

√
δ 1+ 1 -0.14
=
n 1 n2 0.0529

Z = -2.65
Solution:
Step 5: Decision
Tabular value = + 2.58

rejection rejection
acceptance
region
-2.65 -2.58 +2.58

Reject Ho, accept Ha

Step 6: Conclusion
The researchers can therefore conclude that at 0.01 level
of significance, there is a significant difference between
the food values of the male and the female employees.
Example

The HR Department of a Company A wanted to

conduct a survey to see if majority of the employees are
in favor of the result of the recent presidential election. A
random sample of 100 Rank and File was obtained and
56 said they favored the result. On the other hand, out of
the 100 Senior Staff/Managers, 40 favored the results of
the election. Is there sufficient evidence that both the
Rank and File and the Senior Staff/Managers favor the
result of the election? Use the 5% level of significance.
Solution:
Given: Let p = the proportion of the sample favored recent
result in the presidential election

P1 = 56 = .56 q1 = 1 - .56 = .44

100

P2 = 40 = .40 q2 = 1 - .40 = .60

100
Step 1:
Ho: Both Rank and File and Senior Staff/Managers
favored the presidential election result.
Ho: P1 = P2
Ha: Rank and File differ in the perception regarding the
presidential election result with the Senior
Staff/Managers.
Ha: P1 ≠ P2
Step 2: α = .05

Step 3: two-tailed
Step 4: Z - test
Z= P1 – P2 = 0.16
P1q1 + P2q2 .0049
n1 n2

= 0.16
= .56 - . 40
0.07
(.56)(.44) (.40)(.60)
100 + 100

Z = 2.29
= 0.16
.0025 + .0024
Step 5: Decision
tabular value = + 1.96

rejection rejection
acceptance
-1.96 1.96 2.29

Reject Ho, accept Ha

Step 6: Conclusion
There is a significant difference between the
perception of Rank and File and Senior Staff/Managers
as regards to presidential election result.
6. Test the claim that a population mean exceeds 20. There is a
sample of 45 items from which the sample mean is 25. Assume
that  = 3 and  = 0.05 significance level.

Given:  = 20
n = 45
x = 25
=3

Solution:
Step 1. Ho : The population mean did not exceed 20. (  20)
H1: The population mean exceeds 20. (  20)
Step 2.  = 0.05
Step 3. one-tailed test
Step 4. z(.05) = 1.645
Step 5: z = ( x - ) /n / 
= ( 25-20) 45 / 3
= 11.18
Step 6: Decision:
/zc / > /z / ; 11.18 > 1.645
Since the absolute value of the computed which is 11.18
is greater than the absolute value of the tabular which I 1.645,
reject null hypothesis and accept alternative hypothesis.

Step 7. Therefore, the population mean exceeds 20.

HYPOTHESIS
TESTING

Sample Means
Example:
In order to pass the emission test an
automobile may not show a hydrocarbon level of
more than 220 parts per million (ppm). Officials of
a large car manufacturing company felt that their
cars would average less than 220 ppm. To
investigate this, 17 cars were tested, giving a mean
of 180 ppm with standard deviation of 30 ppm. At
the 10% level of significance, do the officials
appear to be correct?
 Solution:
Given: μ = 220
n = 17
x = 180
sd = 30
α = .10

Step 1:
Ho: μ = 220 (the mean amount of hydrocarbons of their cars
is equal to 220 ppm)
Ha: μ < 220 (the mean amount of hydrocarbons of their cars
would be less than 220 ppm)
Step 2: α = .10

Step 3: one-tailed

Step 4: t-test

t = (x – μ) √ n
sd

= (180 – 220) √ 17
30

t = -5.50 = 5.50
Step 5: Decision
degrees of freedom (d.f) = n – 1
= 17 – 1 = 16
tabular value = 1.337

rejection
acceptance
1.337 5.50
Reject Ho, Accept Ha
Step 6: Conclusion
Rejecting Ho implies that the officials belief (μ < 220)
appears to be correct.
Example:
The HR Department Head of a big company stated that
there was a difference in the performance rating of male and
female employees. Independent random samples of males and
females employees gave the following information:
n x sd
males 45 85.4 2.64
female 50 87.9 1.70
Use 95% confidence level to support the HR Dept. head
belief.
Solution:
Step 1:
Ho : xm = xf (There is no significant difference between the
performance rating of male and female
employees.)
Ha : xm ≠ xf (There is a significant difference between the
performance rating of male and female
employees.))
Step 2: α = .05

Step 3: two-tailed test

Step 4: t-test

t= x1 - x2 = - 2.5
√ .155 + .0578
Sd12 sd22
n2 + n2
= -2.5
= 85.4 - 87.9 √ .213

(2.64)2 (1.70)2
+ 50
45 t = -5.42
Step 5: Decision
df = n1 + n2 - 2
= 45 + 50 - 2
= 95 - 2
df = 93
tabular value = 1.986

rejection rejection
acceptance
-1.98 +1.98
Reject Ho, accept Ha

Step 6: Conclusion
There is a sufficient evidence to support the HR
Department Head belief that there is a significant difference in the
performance ratings of male and female employees at 95 %
confidence level.
5. A businessman prospects two possible locations for a new restaurant. A
study was conducted and focused on the pedestrian traffic at both areas.
At each location, of the pedestrian are observed in 1-hour units and, for
each hour, an index of desirable characteristic is compiled. The sample
units are given below.

Mendiola Recto
n = 25 n = 30
x = 245 x = 438
s = 103 s = 79

Test the claim that the characteristic mean indices in Mendiola are less
than the mean indices in Recto, Use 0.05 level of significance level.
Step 1: Ho :  = 
H1 :   
Step 2:  = 0.05

Step 3: The alternative test is expressed in a directional statement; thus,

the test is a one-tailed test.
Step 4. degrees of freedom : df = n + n - 2
= 25 + 30 – 2
df = 53
Tabular value: Tv / t =  1.645
Step 5. Compute:
tc = (x1 – x2) /  s12 / n1 + s22 /n2

= (245-438)  (103) / 25 + (79) / 30

tc = - 193 /  424.36 + 208.03
= -193 /  632.39
t = -7.67
Step 6: tc > t ; /1.729/ > /4.27/
Since the computed value is greater than the tabular value, the
Null Hypothesis (Ho ) is rejected and therefore the Alternative
Hypothesis (Ho)is accepted.

Step 7. Therefore there is no significant difference in the mean indices in

Mendiola and Recto. Thus, the mean indices in Mendiola are less than
the mean indices in Recto.
7. A product is supposed to contain 25.4 mg of Phenobarbital. A
random sample of 30 this products yields a mean and standard
deviation of 19.7 mg. and 0.95 mg. respectively. Are these products
accepted at the = 0.05 significance level?

Given:  = 25.4
n = 30
x = 19.7
s.d. = 0.95

Solution:
Step 1. Ho : The sample mean is not less than 25.4 mg.
(X < 25.4)
H1: The sample mean less than 25.4 mg.
(X < 25.4)
Step 2.  = 0.05
Step 3. one-tailed test
Step 4. t-test: df = n-1 = 30-1 = 29
t(.05) = 1.699
Step 5: t = ( x - ) n / s
= ( 19.7-25.4) 30 / 0.95
= -32.86
Step 6: Decision: /tc / > /t / ; 32.86 > 1.699
Since the absolute value of the computed which is 32.31 is
greater than the absolute value of the tabular which is 1.699,
reject the null hypothesis and accept the alternative hypothesis.

Step 7. Conclusion: Therefore, the sample mean is less than 25.4

mg and thus, the product is not acceptable.