Example 1: Determine the cross-sectional area of the pipe and volumetric flowrate of the liquid flowing

into the pipe if the pipe diameter and velocity are 10 cm and 0.25 m/s, respectively

Given:
V 0.25 m/s
D 0.1 m

Required:
Ac_PipeArea 0.007854 m^2 pi*r^2 pi*d2/4
Q_VolFlowRate 0.001963 m^3/s A*V

use of parenthesis
pi() function 3.141593
the liquid flowing
Example 1: Drying data
x y y = -0.0349x6 + 0.4534x5 - 2.2283x4 + 4.9004x3 - 3.3825x2
% MC, dry-basis
t (h) T (50°C) T (60°C) T (70°C) T (80°C) y,eq y_diff y_diff2 Time (h) 50°C
0.01 15.87486 15.87486 15.87486 15.87486 15.866 -0.009 9E-05 0.01 15.87486 MC a
18
0.25 14.60036 14.27594 12.90876 11.31121 14.641 0.0409 0.0017 0.25 14.60036
0.5 13.37221 11.30984 10.92749 8.600824 13.299 -0.073 0.0054 0.5 13.37221
0.75 12.01661 10.47563 9.67617 7.627864 12.092 0.0756 0.0057 0.75 12.01661
1 11.18239 9.560307 8.841955 6.67807 11.113 -0.07 0.0049 1 11.18239
16
1.25 10.325 8.830368 8.216293 6.295836 10.374 0.0492 0.0024 1.25 10.325
f(x) = − 0.03488558 x⁶ + 0.4533
R² = 0.999738352057622
1.5 9.838379 8.575469 7.428423 6.017848 9.8442 0.0058 3E-05 1.5 9.838379
1.75 9.490789 8.32057 6.849107 5.751442 9.469 -0.022 0.0005 1.75 9.490789
2 9.212717 8.077257 6.582621 5.566117 9.1936 -0.019 0.0004 2 14
9.212717
2.25 8.957818 7.833944 6.292963 8.9744 0.0166 0.0003 2.25 8.957818
2.5 8.784023 7.636977 6.084409 8.7867 0.0027 7E-06 2.5 8.784023
2.75 8.633401 7.428423 5.956959 8.6259 -0.008 6E-05 2.75 8.633401
12
3 8.517538 7.219869 8.5016 -0.016 0.0003 3 8.517538
3.5 8.424847 6.883865 8.4017 -0.023 0.0005 3.5 8.424847
4 8.332156 6.605794 8.277 -0.055 0.003 4 8.332156
chi^2 0.0252 10

MCdb
use of "add trendline">"display eqn">"display r2"
use of "Analysis" > "solver Excel" >"min."
8

0 1
0
3x4 + 4.9004x3 - 3.3825x2 - 4.5065x + 15.911 Chart Title
18
Time (h) 60°C Time (h) 70°C Time (h) 80°C
0.01 MC at Different
15.87486 0.01Drying Temperatures
15.87486 0.01 15.87486 16
18
0.25 14.27594 0.25 12.90876 0.25 11.31121 14
0.5 11.30984 0.5 10.92749 0.5 8.600824 12 50
0.75 10.47563 0.75 9.67617 0.75 7.627864 60
10
16 1 9.560307 1 8.841955 1 6.67807 70
1.25x⁶ + 0.4533932
f(x) = − 0.03488558 8.830368 1.25 x⁴ +8.216293
x⁵ − 2.2282979 1.25 x²6.295836
4.9004303 x³ − 3.3824791 − 4.5064913 x + 15.911028
8 80
R² = 0.999738352057622
1.5 8.575469 1.5 7.428423 1.5 6.017848 6
1.75 8.32057 1.75 6.849107 1.75 5.751442
14 4
2 8.077257 2 6.582621 2 5.566117
2.25 7.833944 2.25 6.292963 2.25 2

2.5 7.636977 2.5 6.084409 2.5 0

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5
12 2.75 7.428423 2.75 5.956959 2.75
3 7.219869 3 3
3.5 6.883865 3.5 3.5
4 6.605794 4 4
10
T (50°C)
use of "Add Data" Polynomial (T (50°C))
use of "Format data series>Series option>Secondary axis"
8
use of "Format axis
use of "Add trendline, Display eqn on chart, r-squared value" use of "Cut & Paste"
use of "+ Chart elements"
6 Cleaning your graph
expt

0 1 2 3 4 5
0

time (h)
 Chart Title

50°C
60°C
70°C
80°C

2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5

x-value y-value
0 0
1 1

use of "Chart Design>Switch Row/Column"

y-value
use of "Change chart type"
1.2

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6

y-value
 y-value

0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2

y-value
Example 3. Determine the number of stages of a gas absorber. (Separation Processes)
The operating points are (0,0.0006) and (0.0239,0.0204).
The equilibrium curve of the system is given by 𝑌=0.57𝑋.
1 Plot the operating points and equilibrium curve in a single graph. 0.025
2 The number of stages is determined.
Plot the step line by drawing a horizontal line from the bottom end point of the operating line until it

OL EL
x y yeq 0.02
0 0.0006 0
0.0239 0.0204 0.01362
0.0239 0
y=mx+b y=0.83x+0.0006
m 0.83 0.015
b 0.0006

stepline x y
1 0 0.0006
2 0.001053 0.0006 x=y/0.57 0.01
3 0.001053 0.001472
4 0.002583 0.001472
5 0.002583 0.00274
6 0.004806 0.00274
7 0.004806 0.004582 0.005
8 0.008038 0.004582
9 0.008038 0.007259
10 0.012735 0.007259
11 0.012735 0.011151
12 0.019562 0.011151 0
0 0.005
13 0.019562 0.016807
14 0.029485 0.016807
15

6.4 Ntheo 6 fraction 0.4

7 stages
 Chart Title

operating line until it reaches the equilibrium line then moving upward until it reaches the operating line.

0 0.005 0.01 0.015 0.02 0.025 0.03 0.035

Validating equations from trendline
Piecewise trendline y = -29.262x6 + 266.99x5 - 920.09x4 + 1488.4x3 - 1115.3x2 + 287.21x +
x y y_trendline y_diff ydiff^2
0 69.5 69.5 0 0.00000
0.5 70.7 70.710594 0.0105938 0.00011
1 47.4 47.448 0.048 0.00230
1.5 50.3 50.427219 0.1272187 0.01618
2 39.1 39.392 0.292 0.08526
2.5 60.7 61.333594 0.6335937 0.40144
3 98.2 99.512 1.312 1.72134
2.22665
y = 67.6x3 - 150.4x2 + 60.7x + 69.5
x y y_trendline y_diff ydiff^2 0<=x<=1.5
0 69.5 69.5 0.000 0.00000
0.5 70.7 70.7 0.000 0.00000
1 47.4 47.4 0.000 0.00000
1.5 50.3 50.3 0.000 0.00000
y = -22.533x3 + 200.8x2 - 516.77x + 449.7
x y y_trendline y_diff ydiff^2 1.5<=x<=3
1.5 50.3 50.3 -0.004 1.501562E-05
2 39.1 39.1 -0.004 1.6E-05
2.5 60.7 60.7 -0.003 9.765625E-06
3 98.2 98.2 -0.001 1E-06
4.178125E-05
x3 - 1115.3x2 + 287.21x + 69.5 y
y y
120
120 80
f(x)
100= 67.6 x³ − 150.4 x² + 60.7 x + 69.5
70 R² = 1 f(x) = − 29.2622 x⁶ + 266.987 x⁵ − 920.089 x⁴ + 1488.
100 + 69.5
f(x) = − 22.5333333333334 x³ + 200.8 x² − 516.766666666667 x + 449.7 60 R² = 1
80
R² = 1
80 50
60
40
60 30 40

20 20
40
10
0
20 0 0 0.5 1 1.5 2
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1

0
1.4 1.6 1.8 2 2.2 2.4 2.6 2.8 3 3.2
 y
y

4 x² + 60.7 x + 69.5
2622 x⁶ + 266.987 x⁵ − 920.089 x⁴ + 1488.4 x³ − 1115.35 x² + 287.213 x

5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5

0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6
t (h) T (50°C) Predicted Sum of square Constants
0.01 15.8748552 1.61E+01 5.18E-02 a 8.115956
0.25 14.6003592 1.44E+01 2.53E-02 b 0.38109
0.5 13.3722085 1.31E+01 8.85E-02 try, c 8.06E+00
0.75 12.0166083 1.20E+01 2.44E-04 exponential
1 11.1823928 1.12E+01 6.25E-04 +C
1.25 10.3250046 1.05E+01 2.88E-02
1.5 9.83837885 9.97E+00 1.83E-02 previously,
1.75 9.49078904 9.56E+00 5.46E-03 assume initial values of a,b,c
2 9.2127172 9.24E+00 9.27E-04 use of "Analysis" > "solver Excel" >"min
2.25 8.95781801 8.99E+00 1.07E-03
2.5 8.7840231 8.79E+00 6.56E-05
2.75 8.63340085 8.64E+00 7.78E-06
3 8.51753759 8.51E+00 1.49E-05
3.5 8.42484697 8.34E+00 6.90E-03 y = -0.0349x6 + 0.4534x5 - 2.2283x4 + 4.9004x3 - 3.3825x2 -
4 8.33215636 8.24E+00 9.31E-03
chi^2 0.23742
Constants
t (h) T (50°C) Predicted Sum of square a0 10.50421
0.01 15.8748552 1.05E+01 2.88E+01 a1 0
0.25 14.6003592 1.05E+01 1.68E+01 a2 0
0.5 13.3722085 1.05E+01 8.23E+00 a3 0.00E+00
0.75 12.0166083 1.05E+01 2.29E+00 a4 0
1 11.1823928 1.05E+01 4.60E-01 a5 0
1.25 10.3250046 1.05E+01 3.21E-02 a6 0
1.5 9.83837885 1.05E+01 4.43E-01
1.75 9.49078904 1.05E+01 1.03E+00
2 9.2127172 1.05E+01 1.67E+00
2.25 8.95781801 1.05E+01 2.39E+00
2.5 8.7840231 1.05E+01 2.96E+00
2.75 8.63340085 1.05E+01 3.50E+00
3 8.51753759 1.05E+01 3.95E+00
3.5 8.42484697 1.05E+01 4.32E+00
4 8.33215636 1.05E+01 4.72E+00
81.60
 18

16

14

+C 12

10
T (50°C) Predicted
tial values of a,b,c 8 Predicted
alysis" > "solver Excel" >"min."
6

83x4 + 4.9004x3 - 3.3825x2 - 4.5065x + 15.911

0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5

Chart Title
18
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5

T (50°C) Predicted
T (50°C) Predicted
Predicted

4 4.5
t(s) stress Pa Predicted Sum of square Constants
0 3121364 3.10E+06 6.79E+08 A1 1.75E+06
30 2309809 2.40E+06 7.47E+09 B1 2686.715
60 2075707 2.04E+06 1.30E+09 A2 1.35E+06
90 1904032 1.85E+06 2.58E+09 B2 42.83731
 (t )  1.697  106 e  t / 3143.67  1.444
120 1779177 1.75E+06 7.75E+08
Two Maxwell Model
150 1701143 1.69E+06 9.25E+07
180 1654323 1.65E+06 2.62E+06
210 1607502 1.62E+06 2.86E+08
240 1591895 1.60E+06 9.09E+07
Chart Title
270 1560682 1.58E+06 4.21E+08 3500000
300 1529468 1.56E+06 1.09E+09 3000000
360 1513861 1.53E+06 1.73E+08 2500000
420 1482648 1.49E+06 1.09E+08
2000000
480 1467041 1.46E+06 4.90E+07
540 1435827 1.43E+06 6.47E+07 1500000

600 1404614 1.40E+06 6.99E+07 1000000

660 1373400 1.37E+06 6.38E+07 500000
720 1342186 1.34E+06 4.80E+07
0
1.5E+10 0 100 200 300 400 500 600

stress Pa Predicted
 97  106 e  t / 3143.67  1.444 106 e  t / 50.34
well Model

use of "Analysis" > "solver Excel" >"min."

Title

(sample)

00 500 600 700 800

Predicted
 21 x ex1 3x^3 + x^2 - 9 = 28215
28215.01 y "value of"

ex2 x3-14x = z, z12-1 = x2+1

x z x3-14x - z = z12 - 2 - x2 = 0
0.130 0.195 "value of"

-2.016976 eq1 x^3-14x-z=0 use of "Analysis" > "solver Excel" >"set objective">"value of"
-2.017 eq2 z^12-2-x^2=0
0.000 diff
l" >"set objective">"value of"