SGD 1

DIAGNOSTIC TESTS
M
STUDENT
NURSES CARES

NURSES CARES
STUDENT

RAMADHAN
ramadhan
2021

CHALLENGE
challenge
 N
STANDARD X-RAY SMALL
DISCUSSIO
X-rays are used to evaluate the structure of bones
GROUP
GROUP
and soft tissues. The patient is placed between x-ray DISCUSSIO
SMALL
machine and specially treated film. Gamma rays
created in the x-ray machine pass through the N
patient’s body. Different internal structures absorb
the x-rays in varying amounts, which results in
shadows of varying shades of gray being cast on the
film.
The amount of x-rays absorbed and therefore the image on the film
varies according to the composition and density of tissues. The greater
the density, the more radiopaque the image; the lesser the density, the
more radiolucent the image.

Nursing Responsibilities
PRETE
STmay need to:
Nurses
• Reduce anxiety in some
patients;
• To give information,
• To reassure patient that
the benefits outweigh the
very small risk involved ;
• Physical preparation for
investigations involving
contrast media;
• Have patient wear simple,
loose clothing for access;
• Ensure that jewelries and
clothing with buttons are
removed;
• Check to see if the
patient has any allergies
(i.e, iodine or seafood),
then report.
• Check that the patient
has emptied the bladder
or is pregnant.
DISCUS
SMALL
GROUP
GROUP
SMALL
DURI POST- DISCUS
NG TEST
Nurses may need to SION
 The patient should be returned
to their normal activities if
these have been disturbed, i.e.
eating and drinking, as quickly
Nurses may need to: as possible.
• Ask the patient to remain still  Whilst most contrast medium
because any movement will
allergies are instantaneous,
affect the clarity of the image.
nurses should be aware of
possible longer-term reactions
over the next few hours or
days, and observe patients
accordingly.
STANDARD X-
RAY

Contraindications
Pregnancy

Patient and Family

The nurse educates the
Teaching
patient about the procedure.
 N
SMALL
DISCOGRAM DISCUSSIO
GROUP
GROUP
A discogram, also called discography, is an imaging DISCUSSIO
test used to evaluate back pain. A discogram might
SMALL
help your doctor determine if a specific abnormal N
disk in your spine is causing your back pain .
 DISCUS
Nursing Responsibilities SMALL
GROUP
GROUP
SMALL
PRETE DURI POST- DISCUS
ST NG TEST
SION
The nurse must
ensure that consent
The nurse should
for the procedure is
The nurse should observe the patient for
obtained and that
the patient fully support the patient and any signs of anaphylaxis
understands what assist the clinician as and perform neurologic
the procedure needed. assessments after the
entails. • . procedure.
 
As with any other
test involving dye
and x-rays, the
nurse should ensure
that the patient is
not pregnant or
allergic to dye,
iodine, or seafood.
DISCOGRAM
Contraindications
Pregnant patients should not
undergo discography because of the
exposure to x-ray radiation. In
addition, the procedure should not be
performed if the patient has allergies
to contrast medium, iodine, or
seafood.
Patient and Family
Teaching
The nurse educates the patient
about the procedure, including
possible side effects.
 N
SMALL
CT Scan DISCUSSIO
GROUP
GROUP
A CT scan or computed tomography scan is a DISCUSSIO
medical imaging technique used in radiology to get
SMALL
detailed images of the body noninvasively for N
diagnostic purposes. The personnel that perform
CT scans are called radiographers or radiology
technologists.
 DISCUS
Nursing Responsibilities SMALL
GROUP
GROUP
SMALL
PRETE DURI POST- DISCUS
ST NG TEST
The nurse should
absolutely be sure there
SION
are no allergies if a CT
with contract is ordered.
  Patients who receive an Instruct the patient to
The nurse should ensure intravenous or inhalation resume the usual diet
that the patient contrast agent are and activities unless
understands the monitored during and after otherwise ordered.
procedure as well as the procedure for allergic  
ensuring the consent is reactions and other side Encourage the patient to
completed and all metal effects, including flushing, increase fluid intake (if a
is removed. nausea, and vomiting. contrast is given).
   
A pregnancy history During the examination, tell
should be obtained in the patient to remain still
addition to carrying out and to immediately report
any pre-procedure orders symptoms of itching,
such as medications, difficulty breathing or
enema, or avoidance of swallowing, nausea,
oral ingestion (NPO). vomiting, dizziness and
  headache.
Instruct the patient to
wear comfortable, loose-
fitting clothing during the
exam.
CT SCAN
Contraindications
A CT scan is performed with x-rays
and has the same contraindications
as plain radiographs, mainly
pregnancy.
 
If a patient has allergies to contrast
dye, a CT scan with contrast should
not be performed.
CT SCAN
Patient and Family
Teaching
The nurse educates the patient
about the actual procedure,
including possible side effects
and allergic reaction to the
contrast dye.
 
The patient should be made
aware that the test may take up
to 1 hour and that the machine
may make a loud clicking noise
as it works.
 
Inform patients that they will be
lying on a narrow table in the CT
machine and should tell the
clinician if they are
claustrophobic
 N
SMALL
Myelogram DISCUSSIO
GROUP
GROUP
Myelography is a type of radiographic examination
that uses a contrast medium to detect pathology of DISCUSSIO
SMALL
the spinal cord, including the location of a spinal N
cord injury, cysts, and tumors.

Nursing Responsibilities
PRETE
ST
The nurse should ensure
that the patient
understands the
procedure and that
consent is obtained.
  The nurse must check for
allergies to the contrast
The patient is typically
NPO status for 4 hours medium used during the
preceding the
myelogram.
 
Administer enemas or
laxatives as ordered to
ensure visualization of
lumbar spine.
 
Ask the patient to void
before the procedure,
and administer any
sedatives that may be
ordered on an as-needed
basis.
If the patient is taking
medications that lower
seizure threshold, they
may need to be
discontinued for up to 2
days before and 1 day
after the procedure.
DISCUS
SMALL
GROUP
GROUP
SMALL
DURI POST- DISCUS
NG TEST
Take and record vital signs, I
and O, and assess neurologic
status as prescribed for 24
SION
hours post-examination.  
Assess the site of lumbar
puncture for leakage of
cerebrospinal fluid or
bleeding every 4 hours.
procedure.  
Keep the client’s head
elevated at least 30 degrees)
for 12 hours.  
Advise the patient to remain
in bed in the recommended
position for 3 hours.  
The patient is encouraged to
drink liberal amounts of fluid
for rehydration and
replacement of CSF.   Resume
diet if there is no nausea or
vomiting.
 
Administer analgesics as
prescribed for
postexamination pain,
headache, or muscle spasms.
Do not give any phenothiazine
derivatives for 48 hours (to
reduce the possibility of
seizures).
MYELOGRAM
Contraindications
Evidence of increased intracranial
pressure, pregnancy, and allergy to
contrast dye.

Patient and Family

Teaching
Remain NPO several hours before
the test.
 
The examination lasts about 1
hour.
 
The position used to perform the
examination will depend on the
physician. You may have to lie on
your stomach, sit and lean
forward, or sit with the knees to
the chest.
MYELOGRAM
Patient and Family
Teaching
A lumbar puncture (spinal tap) is
performed to inject the dye. A local
anesthetic is used where the needle will
be inserted. There may be a feeling of
pressure during needle insertion. The
needle is inserted below the level of the
spinal cord.
 
Tell the physician if you experience pain.
 
It is important to stay in bed with the
head of the bed elevated for at least 6-
12 hours (the length of time will depend
on physician preference and hospital
policy).
 
The nurse will check your blood
pressure, pulse, and respirations. The
nurse will also check your ability to feel
and move at least every 4 hours (or
more often) after the examination.
Magnetic
Magnetic Resonance
Resonance
Imaging
Imaging (MRI)
(MRI)
Contraindications and
Nursing Responsibilities Patient Care Teaching

PRETEST
Obtain consent. Inform patient that procedure is
painless. Ensure patient has no metal on clothing
(e.g. snaps, zippers, jewelry, credit cards). Inform
patients who are claustrophobic that they may
experience symptoms during examination . Cannot be performed with pregnant women
DURING or nursing mothers because of concerns
Inform patient to remain still throughout about radiation exposure to the baby.
procedure. Movement can distort the image.
Explain that the machine will make loud tapping Problems with kidney or liver might limit
noises intermittently and there is no cause for the use of injected contrast agents during
alarm. the scan.
 
POSTTEST
If you feel pain or any unusual symptom following
the exam, contact your referring physician. You
can be as active as you like after the MRI unless
you were given a sedative.
Dual energy X-ray
Absorptiometry (DXA)
Contraindications and
Nursing Responsibilities Patient Care Teaching
PRETEST
Obtain consent. Instruct to stop taking any calcium
supplements for 24 hours before the test. Take off
any that may contain metal, clothes with metal
fasteners, zippers, or hooks and remove any Cannot be performed with pregnant
jewelry, keys. You may be given a hospital gown to women or nursing mothers because of
wear during the exam. concerns about radiation exposure to the
baby.
DURING
Inform patient that a movable arm above holds the Perform exercises that build healthy bone
X-ray detector. Technician may place a wedge under like weight-bearing exercises.
your knees to help flatten your spine for the image,
or to position your hip and may also position your Avoid exercises that put too much
arm for scanning. Remain still while imaging arm demand on your bones and increase the
moves across the body. risk of fractures like hiking, jumping rope,
climbing, and running.
POSTTEST
Test may last 20-30 minute and may go home after.
Inform patient if result comes out and doctor will
be the one to explain it.
 Quantitative
Quantitative Ultrasound
Ultrasound (QUS)
(QUS)

Contraindications and
Nursing Responsibilities Patient Care Teaching

PRETEST
Obtain consent. There are no food, fluid, activity,
or medication restrictions unless by medical
direction. Instruct to remove any jewelry or metal
objects. Inform patient that procedure is painless. Much safer for pregnant women because it
uses sound waves than radiation.

QUS is able to reflect bone quality and

DURING should be used in the screening of
Remain calm and still during procedure to ensure osteoporosis, especially in developing
accurate results. countries where dual-X-ray absorptiometry
devices are less accessible to the general
population..
 

POSTTEST
No specific restrictions and may perform activities
after procedure.
Bone
Bone Scan
Scan
Contraindications and
Nursing Responsibilities Patient Care Teaching
PRETEST
Obtain consent. Inform patient that procedure is
painless. Ensure patient has no metal on clothing
(e.g. snaps, zippers, jewelry, credit cards). Inform
patients who are claustrophobic that they may
experience symptoms during examination .
Cannot be performed with pregnant women
DURING or nursing mothers because of concerns
Inform patient to remain still throughout about radiation exposure to the baby.
procedure. Movement can distort the image.
Explain that the machine will make loud tapping Problems with kidney or liver might limit
noises intermittently and there is no cause for the use of injected contrast agents during
alarm. the scan.
 
POSTTEST
If you feel pain or any unusual symptom following
the exam, contact your referring physician. You
can be as active as you like after the MRI unless
you were given a sedative.
 DISCUS
SMALL
GROUP ARTHROSCOPY
GROUP
SMALL
DISCUS POST-
PRETE DURI
SION ST identify the
➧Positively ➧Ensure NG
the patient has TEST
A report of the results will
patient using at least complied with be sent to the requesting
two unique identifiers food and fluid restrictions HCP, who will discuss the
before providing care, for at least 6 to 8 hr prior to results with the patient.
treatment, or services. the procedure. ➧ Advise the patient to
➧ Inform the patient ➧ Resuscitation equipment avoid strenuous
that the procedure activity involving the joint
and patient monitoring
assesses the joint to be until
equipment must be
examined. approved by the HCP.
available.
➧ Obtain a history of
➧ Instruct the patient to ➧ Instruct the patient to
the patient’s
void prior to the resume normal diet and
complaints, including a
procedure and to change medications, as directed
list of known allergens,
especially allergies or into the gown, robe, and by the HCP.

Arthroscopy  sensitivities to latex

and anesthetics.
foot coverings provided.
➧ The extremity is
➧ Monitor the patient’s
circulation and

is a procedure ➧ Obtain a history of

the patient’s
scrubbed, elevated,
and wrapped with an elastic
sensations in the joint
area.

for diagnosing musculoskeletal bandage ➧ Instruct the patient to

system, symptoms, and from the distal portion of immediately
results of previously report symptoms such as
and treating performed laboratory
tests and diagnostic
the extremity to the
proximal portion to drain as fever, excessive bleeding,
much blood from the limb as difficulty breathing,
joint problems. and surgical
procedures.
possible. incision site redness,
swelling, and
tenderness.
 DISCUS
SMALL
GROUP ARTHROSCOPY
GROUP
SMALL
DISCUS POST-
PRETE DURI
SION ST the date of
➧ Record NG tourniquet
➧ A pneumatic TEST
➧ Instruct the patient to
the last menstrual placed around the proximal elevate the joint when
A surgeon period and determine portion of the limb is sitting and to avoid over
inserts a narrow the possibility of
pregnancy in
inflated, and the elastic bending of the joint to
reduce swelling.
bandage is
tube attached to a perimenopausal removed. ➧ Instruct the patient to
women. take an
➧ As an alternative to a
fiber-optic video ➧ Obtain a list of the
tourniquet, a analgesic for joint
patient’s current
camera through a medications including
mixture of lidocaine with discomfort after the
procedure; ice bags may
epinephrine and sterile
small incision — anticoagulants,
aspirin and other normal saline may be be used to reduce post
procedure swelling.
about the size of a salicylates, herbs, instilled into the joint to
help reduce bleeding. ➧ Inform the patient to
nutritional
buttonhole. The supplements, and ➧ The joint is placed in a shower after 48 hr but to
nutraceuticals. Such 45° angle, and a local avoid a tub bath until
view inside your products anesthetic is administered. after his or her
appointment with the HCP.
joint is transmitted should be discontinued
by medical direction for
➧ A small incision is made in
the skin ➧ Recognize anxiety
to a high- the appropriate number
of days prior to a
in the lateral or medial related to test results.
aspect of the joint. Discuss the implications of
definition video surgical procedure. . abnormal test results on
Note the last time and
monitor. dose of
the patient’s lifestyle.
Provide teaching and
medication taken. information regarding the
clinical implications of the
test results, as
 DISCUS
SMALL
GROUP ARTHROSCOPY
GROUP
SMALL
DISCUS POST-
PRETE DURI
SION
This procedure is STthe procedure
➧ Review NG is inserted
➧ The arthroscope TESTinformation
➧ Reinforce
with the patient. into the given by the patient’s HCP
contraindicated for: Address concerns about joint spaces. The joint is regarding further testing,
pain and explain that manipulated treatment or referral to
• Patients with some discomfort and as it is visualized. Added another HCP.
pain may be puncture Answer any questions or
bleeding disorders, experienced during the
sites may be needed to address any
test. Inform the patient concerns voiced by the
provide a full view of the
active arthritis, or that the procedure is patient or family.
joint.
performed by a HCP,
cardiac conditions usually in the radiology ➧ Biopsy or treatment can be ➧ Depending on the
performed at this time, and results of this procedure,
department, and takes
• Patients with joint approximately 30 to 60 photographs should be taken additional testing may be
needed
infection or min. for future reference.
to evaluate or monitor
Explain that a ➧ After inspection, specimens
skin infection near preprocedure sedative may be progression of the disease
may be administered to obtained for cytologic and process and determine the
proposed promote relaxation, as microbiologic study. All need for a change in
ordered. specimens are placed in therapy. Evaluate test
arthroscopic site ➧ Crutch walking appropriate containers, results in relation to the
should be taught labeled with patient’s
• Patients who have before the procedure if the corresponding patient symptoms and other tests
it is anticipated
had an postoperatively.
demo- performed.
graphics, date and time of
arthrogram within the collection,
last 14 days site location, and promptly
sent to the laboratory.
 DISCUS
SMALL
GROUP ARTHROSCOPY
GROUP
SMALL
DISCUS POST-
PRETE DURI
SION
Provide teaching STjoint area and
➧ The ➧ The jointNG
is irrigated, and TEST
areas 5 to 6 in. above the
and information and below the joint are arthroscope is removed.
shaved and prepared Manual
regarding the for the procedure. pressure is applied to the
➧ Sensitivity to social
clinical and cultural issues, as
joint to
remove remaining irrigation
implications of well as concern for
modesty, is
solution.
➧ The incision sites are
the test results, important in providing
sutured, and a pressure
psychological support
as appropriate. before, during, and dressing is applied.
after the procedure. ➧ Sterile gloves and gowns
➧ Instruct the patient are worn throughout the
to refrain from food and procedure.
fluids for 6 to 8 hr
before the test.
Protocols may vary
from facility to facility.
➧ Make sure a written
and informed consent
has been signed prior
to the
procedure and before
administering
any medications
 DISCUS
SMALL
GROUP
GROUP
SMALL
DISCUS
SION
An alkaline
phosphatase (ALP) test
measures the amount
of ALP in your blood. ALP is
an enzyme found throughout
the body, but it is mostly
found in the liver, bones,
kidneys, and digestive
system. When the liver is
damaged, ALP may leak into
the bloodstream.
ALKALINE PHOSPATASE
POST-
PRETE DURI
ST identify the
➧ Positively ➧ If theNG
patient has a TEST
➧ A written report of the
patient using at history of allergic reaction results will be sent to the
requesting health care
least two unique to latex, avoid the use of
identifiers before equipment containing latex. provider (HCP), who will
providing care, ➧ Instruct the patient to discuss the results with the
treatment, or services. cooperate fully and to patient.
➧ Inform the patient follow directions. Direct the ➧ Nutritional considerations:
that the test is used to patient to breathe normally Increased ALP levels may be
assess liver function. and to avoid unnecessary associated with liver disease.
➧ Obtain a history of movement. Dietary recommendations
the patient’s ➧ Observe standard may be indicated and vary
complaints, including a precautions, and depending on the severity of
list of known allergens, follow the general the condition. A
especially allergies or guidelines. Positively low-protein diet may be in
sensitivities to latex. identify the patient, and order if the patient’s liver
➧ Obtain a history of label the appropriate has lost the ability to process
the patient’s tubes with the the end products of protein
hepatobiliary and corresponding patient metabolism. A diet of soft
musculoskeletal demographics, date, and foods may be required if
systems, symptoms, time of esophageal varices have
and results of collection. Perform a developed. Ammonia levels
previously venipuncture. may be used to determine
performed laboratory whether protein
tests and diagnostic should be added to or
and surgical reduced from the diet.
procedures.
 DISCUS
SMALL
GROUP ALKALINE PHOSPATASE
GROUP
SMALL
DISCUS POST-
PRETE DURI
SION ST a list of the
➧ Obtain ➧ RemoveNG
the needle and TEST
Patients should be
patient’s current apply direct pressure with encouraged to eat simple
ALP is a simple medications, including dry gauze to stop bleeding. carbohydrates and
emulsified fats (as in
blood test. As herbs, nutritional
supplements, and
Observe venipuncture site
for bleeding and hematoma homogenized milk
such, there are nutraceuticals. formation or eggs), as opposed to
➧ Review the procedure and secure gauze with complex carbohydrates
few with the patient. adhesive (e.g., starch, fiber, and
glycogen [animal
contraindication Inform the patient that
specimen
bandage.
➧ Promptly transport the carbohydrates]) and
s. collection takes specimen to the complex fats, which require
approximately 5 to 10 laboratory for processing additional bile to emulsify
min. Address concerns and analysis. them so that they can be
about pain and explain used. The cirrhotic patient
that there may be some should be carefully
discomfort during the observed for the
venipuncture. development of ascites, in
➧ Sensitivity to social which case fluid and
and cultural issues, as electrolyte balance requires
well as concern for strict attention.
modesty, is ➧ Reinforce information
important in providing given by the patient’s HCP
psychological support regarding further testing,
before, during, and treatment, or referral to
after the procedure. another HCP. Answer any
questions or address any
 DISCUS
SMALL
GROUP ALKALINE PHOSPATASE
GROUP
SMALL
DISCUS POST-
PRETE DURI
SION ST are no food,
➧ There NG TEST
➧ Depending on the results
fluid, or medication of this
Provide teaching restrictions unless by procedure, additional
and information medical direction. testing may be performed to
evaluate or monitor
regarding the progression of the disease
process
clinical and determine the need for
implications of a change in therapy.
Evaluate test results in
the test results, relation to the patient’s
symptoms and
as appropriate. other tests performed.
DISCUS
SMALL
GROUP CALCIUM
GROUP
SMALL
DISCUS POST-
PRETE DURI
SION ST identify the
➧ Positively ➧ If theNG
patient has a TEST
➧ A report of the results will
patient using at history of allergic reaction be sent to the requesting
least two unique to latex, avoid the use of HCP, who will discuss the
identifiers before equipment containing latex. results with the patient.
providing care, ➧ Instruct the patient to ➧ Nutritional considerations:
treatment, or services. cooperate fully and to Patients with
➧ Inform the patient follow directions. Direct the abnormal calcium values
that the test is used to patient to breathe normally should be
assess liver function. and to avoid unnecessary informed that daily intake of
➧ Obtain a history of movement. calcium is
the patient’s ➧ Observe standard important even though body
complaints, including a precautions, and stores in the bones can be
list of known allergens, follow the general called on to supplement
especially allergies or guidelines. Positively circulating levels. Dietary
sensitivities to latex. identify the patient, and calcium
➧ Obtain a history of label the appropriate can be obtained from animal
the patient’s tubes with the or plant sources. Milk and
hepatobiliary and corresponding patient milk products,
musculoskeletal demographics, date, and sardines, clams, oysters,
systems, symptoms, time of salmon,
and results of collection. Perform a rhubarb, spinach, beet
previously venipuncture. greens, broc-
performed laboratory coli, kale, tofu, legumes, and
tests and diagnostic fortified orange juice are
and surgical high in calcium.
procedures.
 DISCUS
SMALL
GROUP CALCIUM
GROUP
SMALL
DISCUS POST-
PRETE DURI
SION
Serum calcium is a ST a list of the
➧ Obtain ➧ RemoveNG
the needle and TEST
Milk
blood test to patient’s current apply direct pressure with and milk products also
medications, including dry gauze to stop bleeding. contain vitamin D and
measure the herbs, nutritional Observe venipuncture site lactose, which assist calcium
amount supplements, and for bleeding and hematoma absorption. Cooked
nutraceuticals. formation vegetables yield
of calcium in the more absorbable calcium
➧ Review the procedure and secure gauze with
blood. with the patient. adhesive than raw
Serum calcium is Inform the patient that bandage. vegetables. Patients should
specimen ➧ Promptly transport the be
usually measured collection takes specimen to the informed of the substances
to screen for or approximately 5 to 10 laboratory for processing that can inhibit calcium
min. Address concerns and analysis. absorption by
monitor bone irreversibly binding to some
about pain and explain
diseases that there may be some of the calcium, making it
or calcium- discomfort during the unavailable for
venipuncture. absorption, such as
regulation ➧ Sensitivity to social oxalates, which
disorders (diseases and cultural issues, as naturally occur in some
well as concern for vegetables
of the parathyroid modesty, is (e.g., beet greens, collards,
gland or kidneys). important in providing leeks,
psychological support okra, parsley, quinoa,
before, during, and spinach, Swiss chard) and
after the procedure. are found in tea; phytic acid,
found in some cereals (e.g.,
 DISCUS
SMALL
GROUP CALCIUM
GROUP
SMALL
DISCUS POST-
PRETE DURI
SION
A calcium blood ST
➧ There are no food, fluid, NG foundTEST
in dark cola; and
insoluble
or medication
test, like most restrictions unless by
dietary fiber (in excessive
amounts).
other blood medical direction. Excessive protein intake can
tests, doesn’t also
negatively affect calcium
have any absorption,
especially if it is combined
contraindication with foods high in
s. phosphorus and in the
presence of a reduced
dietary
calcium intake.
➧ Reinforce information
given by the patient’s HCP
regarding further testing,
treatment, or referral to
another HCP.
Answer any questions or
address any
concerns voiced by the
patient or family.
 DISCUS
SMALL
GROUP CALCIUM
GROUP
SMALL
DISCUS POST-
PRETE DURI
SION
Provide ST NG TEST
➧ Depending on the results
of this
teaching and procedure, additional
testing may be performed to
information evaluate or monitor
regarding the progression of the disease
process
clinical and determine the need for
a change in therapy.
implications of Evaluate test results in
the test results, relation to the patient’s
symptoms and
as appropriate. other tests performed.
 DISCUS
SMALL
GROUP PHOSPHORUS
PHOSPHORUS
GROUP
SMALL
DISCUS POST-
PRETE DURI
SION
The phosphorus blood ST identify the
➧ Positively ➧ If theNG
patient has a TEST
➧ A report of the results will
test measures the amount patient using at history of allergic reaction be sent to the requesting
least two unique to latex, avoid the use of HCP, who will discuss the
of phosphate in
identifiers before equipment containing latex. results with the patient.
the blood. Blood is drawn f
providing care, ➧ Instruct the patient to ➧ Nutritional considerations:
rom a vein (venipuncture),
treatment, or services. cooperate fully and to  Severe hypophosphatemia
usually from the inside of is common in
➧ Inform the patient follow directions. Direct the
the elbow or the back of elderly patients or patients
that the test is used to patient to breathe normally
the hand. A needle is who have
assess liver function. and to avoid unnecessary
inserted into the vein, and ➧ Obtain a history of movement. been hospitalized for long
the blood is collected in an the patient’s ➧ Observe standard
periods of
air-tight vial or a syringe. time. Good dietary sources
complaints, including a precautions, and
of phosphorus include meat,
list of known allergens, follow the general dairy products, nuts, and
especially allergies or guidelines. Positively legumes.
sensitivities to latex. identify the patient, and ➧ Nutritional considerations:
➧ Obtain a history of label the appropriate To decrease
the patient’s tubes with the phosphorus levels to normal
hepatobiliary and corresponding patient in the patient with
musculoskeletal demographics, date, and hyperphosphatemia,
systems, symptoms, time of dietary restriction may be
and results of collection. Perform a recommended.
previously venipuncture.
performed laboratory
tests and diagnostic
and surgical
procedures.
 DISCUS
SMALL
GROUP PHOSPHORUS
PHOSPHORUS
GROUP
SMALL
DISCUS POST-
PRETE DURI
SION ST a list of the
➧ Obtain ➧ RemoveNG
the needle and TEST
Other interventions may
A Phosphorus Test patient’s current apply direct pressure with
include the
administration of phosphate
doesn’t have any medications, including dry gauze to stop bleeding. binders or administration of
calcitriol (the activated
herbs, nutritional Observe venipuncture site
contraindications. supplements, and for bleeding and hematoma form of vitamin D).
nutraceuticals. formation ➧ Reinforce information
➧ Review the procedure and secure gauze with given by the patient’s HCP
Provide teaching and with the patient. adhesive regarding further
testing, treatment, or
information regarding Inform the patient that bandage.
referral to another HCP.
specimen ➧ Promptly transport the
the clinical collection takes specimen to the
Answer any questions or
address any concerns voiced
implications of the test approximately 5 to 10 laboratory for processing by the patient or family.
results, as appropriate min. Address concerns and analysis. ➧ Depending on the results
about pain and explain of this
that there may be some procedure, additional testing
discomfort during the may be performed to
venipuncture. evaluate or monitor
➧ Sensitivity to social progression of the disease
and cultural issues, as process and
well as concern for determine the need for a
modesty, is change in
important in providing therapy. Evaluate test results
psychological support in relation to the patient’s
symptoms and other
before, during, and
tests performed.
after the procedure.
 P
Nursing Responsibilities
SMALLGROU
GROU SMALL

PRETE DURI POST- P

ST
Nurse must educate self
with the normal and
NG TEST DISCU
Rheumatoid
abnormal levels of the Patient may experience Keep puncture site clean
Contraindicatio
SSION
Rheumatoid factor test lightheadedness, and dry as there are
o normal range of RF: 0- dizziness, and/or fainting
20IU/mL during blood draw:
risks of pain, bleeding,
bruising and infections
ns
* >20IU/mL does not o Side rails up   No contraindications
immediately pertain to o Assist patients when
Rheumatoid Arthritis ambulating
since there may be other  Assist with testing
reasons as to why RF in  Monitor patients during Patient &
the blood has increased testing
o titer method (indicates   Family
the severity of the
disease) normal range: Education
Factor

ratio of 1:80 or <60 units  RF testing does not require

of RF/mL of blood any restrictions in terms of
o Positive RF = RF is food, water, or medications
present in blood prior to the actual testing
 Gather, prepare, and  Wearing a short-sleeved
clean the equipment shirt or an article of
needed to ensure less clothing that exposes the
complications. Report arm is ideal
any broken and damaged  Mention phobia of
equipment immediately. needles/blood, or a
 Sterilize area before use
condition that affects
blood-clotting ability prior
to blood draw

Nursing Responsibilities
Sedimentation Rate PRETE
STthe normal and
Nurse must educate self
with
abnormal levels of the Patient may experience Keep puncture site clean
Erythrocyte
sedimentation rate test dizziness, and/or fainting risks of pain, bleeding,
normal range of ESR:
0 to 15 mm/hour in men
younger than 50
0 to 20 mm/hour in men
older than 50
Erythrocyte
0 to 20 mm/hour in
women younger than 50 Monitor patients during
0 to 30 mm/hour for
women older than 50
Gather, prepare, and
clean the equipment
needed to ensure less
complications;
(ESR)
Report any broken and
damaged equipment
immediately;
Sterilize area before use.
P
SMALL GROU
GROU SMALL
DURI POST- P
NG TEST DISCU
Contraindications
No contraindications
Patient & Family
SSION
lightheadedness, and dry as there are
during blood draw: bruising and infections Education
   Patient must inform the doctor if
he/she is taking any medication
Side rails up;
therapy; the doctor may ask the
Assist patients when patient to temporarily stop taking
ambulating;
them before the test as they can
Assist with testing; affect the ESR results
 ESR testing does not require any
testing. restrictions in terms of food and
water
 Wearing a short-sleeved shirt or an
article of clothing that exposes the
arm is ideal
 Patient must let the doctor know if
she is pregnant or on her period
 Mention phobia of needles/blood,
or a condition that affects blood-
clotting ability prior to blood draw;
 Some conditions and medicines
may affect the rate as to which the
RBCs fall and these are: Anemia.
older age, kidney problems,
thyroid disease, pregnancy or
having your period, obesity, drugs
like birth control pills, methyldopa
(Aldomet), theophylline (Theo-24,
Theolair, Elixophylline), vitamin A,
cortisone, and quinine.
 P
Nursing Responsibilities
SMALL GROU
GROU SMALL

PRETE DURI POST- P

STthe normal and
Nurse must educate self NG TEST DISCU
Contraindications
Sedimentation Rate
with No contraindications
abnormal levels of the  Patient may experience Keep puncture site clean
Patient & Family
SSION
lightheadedness, and dry as there are
Antinuclear antibody test dizziness, and/or fainting risks of pain, bleeding,
Positive ANA test = ANA during blood draw: bruising and infections Education
Antibodies (ANA)

is present in blood    Patient must inform the doctor if

o Side rails up he/she is taking any medication,
supplements, or vitamins; the
Gather, prepare, and o Assist patients when
doctor may ask the patient to
clean the equipment ambulating temporarily stop taking them
needed to ensure less  Assist with testing before the test as they can affect
Antinuclear

complications.  Monitor patients during the ANA results

testing  ANA testing does not require any
Erythrocyte

Report any broken and   restrictions in terms of food and

damaged equipment water
 Wearing a short-sleeved shirt or an
immediately.
article of clothing that exposes the
Sterilize area before use arm is ideal
.  Mention phobia of needles/blood,
or a condition that affects blood-
clotting ability prior to blood draw
 Some conditions cause a positive
(ESR)

ANA test and these include:

 Systemic lupus erythematosus
 Sjögren's syndrome
 Scleroderma
 Rheumatoid arthritis
 Polymyositis
 Mixed connective tissue disease
 Juvenile chronic arthritis
 Dermatomyositis
 Polyarteritis nodosa
 Autoimmune hepatitis
 P
Nursing Responsibilities
SMALL GROU
GROU SMALL

PRETE DURI POST- P

STthe normal and
Nurse must educate self NG TEST DISCU
with
abnormal levels of the  Patient may experience Keep puncture site clean Contraindications
SSION
Anti-dsDNA test lightheadedness, and dry as there are No contraindications
<30.0 IU/mL = NEGATIVE dizziness, and/or fainting
= NORMAL during blood draw:
risks of pain, bleeding,
bruising and infections
Patient & Family
Education
(ANA)

30.0-75.0 IU/mL =  
BORDERLINE o Side rails up  Anti-dsDNA testing does not
>75.0 IU/Ml = POSITIVE o Assist patients when require any restrictions in terms of
ambulating food, water, and medication
Gather, prepare, and  Assist with testing therapy.
clean the equipment  Monitor patients during  Wearing a short-sleeved shirt or an
article of clothing that exposes the
needed to ensure less testing
arm is ideal
Antibodies

complications.    Mention phobia of needles/blood,

or a condition that affects blood-
Report any broken and
Anti-DNA

clotting ability prior to blood draw

damaged equipment
immediately.

Sterilize area before use

.
 Total Complement Hemolytic (CH50)

PRETE DURI POST- CONTRAINDICA

TION
There are no food, fluid, Obtain venous blood sample and
TEST
Evaluate the results, counsel the
ST NG Analysis requires that specimen for C3 or C4
activity, or medication refrigerate; send to laboratory
promptly because complement
patient appropriately about repeat
restrictions unless by testing, and monitor for inflammations be separated from a clot and immediately
deteriorates at room temperature.
medical direction. Explain A healthcare provider will follow and malignancies. frozen.
that C3 and C4 are used for these steps to perform the blood
determining whether a draw:
patient has an immune
complex disease, such as
SLE or rheumatoid arthritis;
• They disinfect an area of skin on
your arm or hand. HEALTH
• They wrap an elastic band
C3 is further used for
assessing
involvement.
renal
•
around your upper arm to allow
more blood to fill the vein.
They insert a small needle into
EDUCATION
The blood draw carries few risks. Rare risks
from a blood draw include: (1)
your vein and draw the blood excessive bleeding, (2) lightheadedness, (3)
into a small vial. You may feel a fainting, and (4) infection, which can
pricking or stinging sensation
from the needle. happen any time the skin is broken. Notify
• When the vial is full, they the doctor right away if any of these
remove the elastic band and symptoms persist.
needle and place a small
bandage over the puncture site.
 C-Reactive Protein Test

PRETE DURI POST- CONTRAINDICA

• Assess the patient’s
ST
knowledge about the
Observe standard
NG
precautions and transport
• Evaluate the outcome and
TEST
monitor the patient for TION
Oral contraceptives and estrogens may affect
CRP levels. Smoking and exercise increase
test and the signs and the specimen to the inflammatory processes. CRP levels.
symptoms of systemic laboratory in a biohazard • Advise the patient that repeat
infection. bag. testing is often done during the
postoperative period or during
• Explain the blood test
purpose and procedure.
the treatment of autoimmune
disease. Interpret test results,
HEALTH
A fasting sample is
preferred.
counsel and monitor
appropriately .
EDUCATION
There is very little risk to having a blood
test. Patient may have slight pain or
bruising at the spot where the needle was
• Determine whether put in, but most symptoms go away quickly.
the patient is taking A positive test result indicates active
oral contraceptives. inflammation but not its cause.
.
 Uric Acid Test

PRETE DURI POST- CONTRAINDICA

Properly label a 24-hour
Instruct the patient
ST
about the test purpose,
urine container to which
theNG
appropriate TEST
Resume usual diet.
TION
Many drugs increase uric acid levels,
interfering factors, including: (a) Salicylates (aspirin) and
preservative has been
collection process, and other anti-inflammatory drugs, (b)
added. Interpret test outcomes and Diuretics, (c) Vitamin C (ascorbic acid), (d)
refrigeration or icing of counsel appropriately regarding Warfarin, (e) Cytotoxic drugs used to
the 24-hour urine Follow general instructions prescribed treatment and treat lymphoma and leukemia
specimen. A written for 24-hour urine collection possible need for further testing.
reminder may be Record exact starting and
helpful. ending times on the
specimen container and in HEALTH
Encourage food and the patient's health care
fluids. In some
situations, a diet high or
record. EDUCATION
There is no known risk to having a
uric acid blood or urine test.
Medications and food are to be
low in purines may be When collection is observed. Be sure to carefully follow
ordered during and completed, send the all the instructions for providing a
before specimen specimen to the laboratory. 24-hour urine sample.
collection.
.
 Human Leukocyte Agent
PRETE DURI
Obtain a 10- to 24 mL (two
Explain HLA test green-topped tubes)
ST
purposes and
procedure. It is also
NG
heparinized venous blood
sample in three lavender-
used for postmortem topped EDTA tubes (14 mL)
testing before a renal
or two plain red-topped diagnostic adjunct and should not
transplantation. tubes, 10 mL minimum, or
. 5 mL of clotted blood or
two yellow-topped (ACD)
tubes.
Observe standard
precautions.
Determine the patient's
HLA type by testing the
patient's lymphocytes
against a panel of defined
HLA antisera directed
against the currently
recognized HLA antigens. .
POST-
TEST
Interpret test outcomes and
counsel appropriately. HLA
testing is best used as a
be considered as diagnostic by
itself. Explain the need for
possible further testing .
(HLA-B27)
CONTRAINDICA
TION platelets are not
HLA-matched
indicated in patients that have
not demonstrated auto-immune
refractoriness.
HEALTH
EDUCATION
It suggests a greater-than-
average risk for developing or
having certain autoimmune
disorders. An autoimmune
disorder is a condition that
occurs when the immune system
mistakenly attacks and destroys
NURSING RESPONSIBILITIES Cre
Contraindications and Patient Education at inin
eK
ina
PRETEST DURING POST-TEST se
T
Explain the purpose and procedure Assist both the patient and other Apply pressure or a pressure dressing to the

of the test and need for serial health care providers during venipuncture site and monitor for bleeding

testing. procedure. or infection.

Nurse must educate self with the Check vital signs (blood pressure, Report all elevated enzyme levels to the

reference values of the Creatinine pulse, breathing rate). physician immediately so that appropriate

Kinase test: medical interventions are not delayed.

  Evaluate outcomes and counsel the patient

Adults Males: 20–200 U/L Females: appropriately (eg, for newly diagnosed MI,

20-180 U/L consider the need for lifestyle adjustment,

Infants: 2–3 times adult levels rest, activity and diet changes, medications,

Gather, prepare, and clean the work, and leisure activity).

equipment needed to ensure less Further testing may be needed to monitor

complications. . success of thrombolytic therapy for acute

MIs.

NO CONTRAINDICATION.
NURSING RESPONSIBILITIES
Contraindications and Patient Education
PRETEST
Explain the purpose and procedure
of the test and need for serial
testing.
Nurse must educate self with the
reference values of the Potassium
(K) test: 5.0 mEq/L
 
Gather, prepare, and clean the
equipment needed to ensure less
complications.
Instruct the patient not to clench
and unclench the fist immediately
before or during specimen
collection.
NO CONTRAINDICATION.
Pot
a ssiu
m Tes
DURING POST-TEST t
Assist both the patient and other Apply pressure or a pressure
health care providers during dressing to the venipuncture site
procedure. and monitor for bleeding or
infection.
Accurate test results depend on
proper collection, preservation, and Report abnormal findings to the
labeling. physician immediately for further
medical interventions
Check vital signs (blood pressure,
pulse, breathing rate).
Patient & Family Education
 Patient must inform the doctor if he/she is taking any
medication therapy; the doctor may ask the patient to
temporarily stop taking them before the test as they can affect
the potassium levels results
 Assess the patient’s irrational fears to needles or history of
blood clotting problems prior to blood drawing,
 Kidney diseases can interfere with potassium levels in the
NURSING RESPONSIBILITIES
Contraindications and Patient Education
PRETEST
Explain the purpose and procedure
of the test and need for serial
testing.
Nurse must educate self with the
reference values of the Aldolase
test: U/L
 
Gather, prepare, and clean the
equipment needed to ensure less
complications.
Instruct the patient not to clench
and unclench the fist immediately
before or during specimen
collection.
NO CONTRAINDICATION.
DURING POST-TEST
Ald
ola
Assist both the patient and other Apply pressure or a pressure se
health care providers during dressing to the venipuncture site Tes
procedure.
Check vital signs (blood pressure,
and monitor for bleeding or
infection.
t
pulse, breathing rate).
Report abnormal findings to the
physician immediately for further
medical interventions
Patient & Family Education
 Advise the patient to do a short fasting (up to 6 hours) for
accurate results.
 Ask the patient to inform the doctor about current medication
to ensure those drugs that interfere with the results may be
stopped before the test.
 Drugs that are hepatotoxic may increase the level.
 Phenothiazine may decrease the aldolase level.
NURSING RESPONSIBILITIES
Contraindications and Patient Education
PRETEST
The patient should be informed of the
risks of the procedure, which include the
rare occurrence of bleeding into the
joint, fainting, or infection.
Any allergy (eg, to preparation material
used or latex gloves) must be
investigated.
The joint landmarks should be carefully
palpated, and the needle insertion point
should be marked with ink or indented
into the skin with the tip of a retracted
pen.
The joint to be aspirated should be
resting on a hospital bed, table, or other
stable, immobile structure.
The area should be prepared with
povidone-iodine solution and then
allowed to dry. The iodine can then be
wiped away from the needle insertion
site with an alcohol pad to prevent
irritation.
DURING
Assist both the patient and other health
care providers during procedure.
Patient may experience
lightheadedness, dizziness, and/or
fainting during blood draw.
Assist patient when ambulating
Check vital signs (blood pressure, pulse,
breathing rate).
Art
hro
ce nte
POST-TEST sis
Apply pressure or a pressure
dressing to the venipuncture site
and monitor for bleeding or
infection.
Report abnormal findings to the
physician immediately for further
medical interventions
No strict contraindications for
arthrocentesis are recognized;
however, caution is advised in
certain situations.
Somatosensory Evoked Potential (SSEP)

Contraindications
This procedure is
PRETE DURI POST- contraindicated for
Make sure that the patient
STa consent form that
will sign NG TEST patients with history of
gives his/her permission to
Ask the patient to Remove the electrodes
trauma.
do the test. Tell the patient
remove clothing, with acetone, which
to read the form carefully
jewelry, hairpins, dissolves the glue and Patient and Family
and ask questions if
something is unclear.
eyeglasses, hearing leaves the patients hair Education
aids, or other metal and skin intact.
 
Inform the patient that
objects that may   Provide teaching and
interfere with the Tell the patient to return
he/she don't need to fast for
procedure. to his/her hospital room, information regarding
this test. He/she will not
receive sedation.
  or go home, unless given the clinical implications
Give the patient privacy other instructions from
 
to wear the gown. the doctor. of the test results, as
Ask the patient if he/she has
a maintainance (prescribed
    appropriate.
Ask the patient to relax Instruct the patient to
and over-the-counter) and
in a reclining chair or wash his/her hair if
herbal supplements that
lie on a bed. he/she wish.
he/she is taking.
   
 
A healthcare provider Tell the patient that the
Inform the patient to wash
will attach the test results either from
his/her hair the night before
electrodes with a paste. the doctor on the day of
the test, but do not use
The electrodes will be the visit, or from a copy
conditioner or apply any
positioned depending of the letter sent to
hairspray or other hair
on which type of his/her personal
products.
evoked potentials test physician.
 
is being done.  
Instruct the patient not to
put lotions or cream on the
skin.
Electromyogram (EMG)
Contraindications
This procedure is
PRETE DURI POST- contraindicated for
Make sure the patient has
ST an appropriate
signed NG TEST patients with bleeding
consent form. Instruct the patient to
avoid using any creams or
disorders.
 
lotions on the day of the
Note and report all allergies. test. Patient and Family
    If the patient is having
Check for and note drugs Body temperature can this test in a doctor’s Education
that may interfere with test affect the results of this office, he or she will be
results such as cholinergics, test. It is important to tell sent home following the Provide teaching and
anticholinergics, the patient that if it is
extremely cold outside, he
procedure without any information regarding
anticoagulants, and skeletal restriction of activities.
muscle relaxants.
or she should wait in a
  the clinical implications
warm room for a while
  before the test is Some patient may have of the test results, as
Tell the patient he need not performed. minor aches and pains
restrict food and fluids   from the testing.
appropriate.
before the test but that it Prepare the patient for the Risks
may be necessary to restrict discomfort of needle  
insertion. Inform the
cigarettes, coffee, tea, and 1. Bleeding (minimal)
patient that he or she will
cola for 2 to 3 hours experience a sensation  
beforehand. similar to that of an 2. Infection at the
  intramuscular injection as electrode sites (minimal
Warn the patient that he the needle is inserted into risk)
might experience some the muscle. .
discomfort as a needle is    
Notify the client that the
inserted into selected
muscles examined may
muscles. ache for a short time after
Explain that the test takes at the procedure.
least 1 hour.
.
Brainstem Auditory Evoked (BAE)
Contraindications
This procedure is
PRETE DURI POST- contraindicated for:
ST NG TEST • Patients who can undergo
traditional standard audiometry.
Some electrodes will be • Patients who have upper
glued to particular
airway obstruction, central
spots on the scalp or
earlobe of the patient. After the procedure respiratory depression, epilepsy,
  respiratory infection, heart
the electrodes will
Give special failure, prolonged QT syndrome,
Instruct patient to headphones or earplugs be removed from the renal failure, and porphyria,
wash hair the night for the patient to wear. patient’s head. arthroscopic site
   
before It is important that the
The patients doctor Patient and Family
  patient listen carefully
Instruct patient to at a to what the person will discuss the Education
conducting the test results of the test
normal meal and taking says and follow their
your normal instructions. with the patient Provide teaching and
medication on the day   after they have been information regarding
Instruct the patient to analyzed; otherwise
of the test should be listen to a series of the clinical implications
fine. ‘clicks’ through the referring doctor
headphones. will. of the test results, as
  . appropriate.
Responses to the clicks  
are recorded through
the electrodes using
special equipment.
Thermography
PRETE
Room ST
temperature should be 68-
76 °F (20-24 °C) and relative
humidity 10-50 percent.
 
Try to control other items that
could impact the temperature
measurement:
Avoid reflective backgrounds (for
example, glass, mirrors, metallic
surfaces) to minimize reflected
infrared radiation.
Use in a room with no draft
(movement of air), out of direct
sunlight and away from radiant
heat (for example, portable
heaters, electrical sources).
Avoid strong lighting (for
example, incandescent, halogen
and quartz tungsten halogen
light bulbs).
An illustration of a person
standing at a fixed distance
directly facing an infrared
thermal camera. Behind the
person is a low reflective
background and calibrated black
body at the person’s head
height. The camera is connected
to a laptop.
Contraindications
DURI POST- Contraindications are situations
that the procedure should not be
used or caution should be used if
NG
Does not have any face
TEST the testing is done. This can
obstructions before
include patients using the
measurement, such as a hat,
scarf, glasses, or face shield. infrared imaging as the only
The person’s hair should be
pulled away from their face, method of diagnosing, and with
and their face should be clean mastectomy patients, it can be a
and dry. There are no post-
  exam instructions. unique situation. In cases where
Does not have a higher or lower
  full consent cannot be obtained
face temperature from wearing
excessive clothing or head The study will be protocols must be in place for
covers (for example,
headbands, bandanas) or from reviewed by a vascular the procedure to take place.
using facial cleansing products
(for example, cosmetic wipes).
surgeon and the Patient and Family
results sent to your
 
Tell patient to wait at least 15 physician. The
Education
minutes in the measurement
room or 30 minutes after physician will discuss
exercising, strenuous physical
activity, bathing, or using hot
these results with the Provide teaching and
or cold compresses on the face. patient and explain
 
what they mean in information regarding
Picture of the infrared thermal
image of a man standing in relation to the the clinical implications
front of a plain wall with a
small square blackbody
patient’s health. of the test results, as
background on the wall. His .
face is shown in a dark red
  appropriate.
color indicating a higher skin
surface temperature than his
clothing that is shown in blue
and yellow. The blackbody
background is shown in very
dark brown indicating
minimized reflection of infrared
Thermography
PRETE
ST
Room temperature should be 68- scarf, glasses, or face shield.
76 °F (20-24 °C) and relative
humidity 10-50 percent.
 
Try to control other items that
could impact the temperature
measurement:
Avoid reflective backgrounds (for wearing excessive clothing or
example, glass, mirrors, metallic
surfaces) to minimize reflected
infrared radiation.
Use in a room with no draft
(movement of air), out of direct
sunlight and away from radiant
heat (for example, portable
heaters, electrical sources).
Avoid strong lighting (for
example, incandescent, halogen
and quartz tungsten halogen
light bulbs).
 
An illustration of a person
standing at a fixed distance
directly facing an infrared blackbody
thermal camera. Behind the
person is a low reflective
background and calibrated black
body at the person’s head
height. The camera is connected
to a laptop.
Contraindications
DURI POST- Contraindications are situations
that the procedure should not be
used or caution should be used if
NG
Does not have any face
obstructions before TEST the testing is done. This can
measurement, such as a hat,
include patients using the
The person’s hair should be infrared imaging as the only
pulled away from their face,
and their face should be
method of diagnosing, and with
mastectomy patients, it can be a
clean and dry.
 
unique situation. In cases where
Does not have a higher or
lower face temperature from There are no post- full consent cannot be obtained
exam instructions. protocols must be in place for
head covers (for example,
headbands, bandanas) or
  the procedure to take place.
The study will be
from using facial cleansing
products (for example, reviewed by a vascular
Patient and Family
cosmetic wipes).
  surgeon and the Education
Tell patient to wait at least results sent to your
15 minutes in the physician. The
measurement room or 30
minutes after exercising, physician will discuss Provide teaching and
strenuous physical activity,
bathing, or using hot or cold
these results with the information regarding
patient and explain
compresses on the face.
  what they mean in
the clinical implications
Picture of the infrared relation to the of the test results, as
thermal image of a man
standing in front of a plain patient’s health. appropriate.
wall with a small square .
background on the
wall. His face is shown in a  
dark red color indicating a
higher skin surface
temperature than his
clothing that is shown in blue
and yellow. The blackbody
background is shown in very
dark brown indicating
Duplex Venous Doppler
PRETE
ST
Room temperature should be 68- scarf, glasses, or face shield.
76 °F (20-24 °C) and relative
humidity 10-50 percent.
 
Try to control other items that
could impact the temperature
measurement:
Avoid reflective backgrounds (for wearing excessive clothing or
example, glass, mirrors, metallic
surfaces) to minimize reflected
infrared radiation.
Use in a room with no draft
(movement of air), out of direct
sunlight and away from radiant
heat (for example, portable
heaters, electrical sources).
Avoid strong lighting (for
example, incandescent, halogen
and quartz tungsten halogen
light bulbs).
 
An illustration of a person
standing at a fixed distance
directly facing an infrared blackbody
thermal camera. Behind the
person is a low reflective
background and calibrated black
body at the person’s head
height. The camera is connected
to a laptop.
Contraindications
DURI POST- Contraindications are situations
that the procedure should not be
used or caution should be used if
NG
Does not have any face
obstructions before TEST the testing is done. This can
measurement, such as a hat,
include patients using the
The person’s hair should be infrared imaging as the only
pulled away from their face,
and their face should be
method of diagnosing, and with
mastectomy patients, it can be a
clean and dry.
 
unique situation. In cases where
Does not have a higher or
lower face temperature from There are no post- full consent cannot be obtained
exam instructions. protocols must be in place for
head covers (for example,
headbands, bandanas) or
  the procedure to take place.
The study will be
from using facial cleansing
products (for example, reviewed by a vascular
Patient and Family
cosmetic wipes).
  surgeon and the Education
Tell patient to wait at least results sent to your
15 minutes in the physician. The
measurement room or 30
minutes after exercising, physician will discuss Provide teaching and
strenuous physical activity,
bathing, or using hot or cold
these results with the information regarding
patient and explain
compresses on the face.
  what they mean in
the clinical implications
Picture of the infrared relation to the of the test results, as
thermal image of a man
standing in front of a plain patient’s health. appropriate.
wall with a small square .
background on the
wall. His face is shown in a  
dark red color indicating a
higher skin surface
temperature than his
clothing that is shown in blue
and yellow. The blackbody
background is shown in very
dark brown indicating
 y
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BIANCO
Documentation

SA de
R
AN SA n o l fi
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ALHAMDULILLAH
ALHAMDULILLAH
ALHAMDULILLAH
2021

From MSU Student Nurses to Ranaw.

 STUDENT
CARES
NURSES
NURSES
CARES
STUDENT

kaBBOUT EDUCATIONAL CENTER

Markaz al-falah lita’limel qur’ani was-sunnah
Harat medina
BE