TYPES OF MANKIND .

TYPES OF MANKIND :
OR ,

Ethnological Researches,
BASED UPON THE

ANCIENT MONUMENTS, PAINTINGS, SCULPTURES,

AND CRANIA OF RACES,
AND UPON THEIR

A
NATURAL , GEOGRAPHICAL, PHILOLOGICAL,
AND BIBLICAL HISTORY :

ILLUSTRATED BY SELECTIONS FROM THE INEDITED PAPERS OI

SAMUEL GEORGE MORTON, M.D.,

( LATS PRESIDENT OF THE ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES AT PHILADELPHIA ,)

AND BY ADDITIONAL CONTRIBUTIONS FROM

PROF . L. AGASSIZ, LL.D .; W. USHER, M.D .; AND PROF. H. 8. PATTERSON, M.D .:

BY

J. C. NOTT, M.D., AND GEO. R. GLIDDON,

MOBILE , ALABAMA, PORMERLY U. 8. CONSUL AT CAIRO .

- " Words are things ; and a small drop of ink,

Falling, like dew upon a thought, produces
That which makes thousands, perhaps millions, think .” — BYROK.

1
á rurath edition .
PHILADELPHIA :

LIPPINCOTT , GRAMBO & 00.

LONDON : TRÜBNER & CO .
1855 .
 PHYSICAL HISTORY OF THE JEWS . 127
"790 FIG . 16.
" Captives employed by Assyrians”'
(Fig. 16), furnish another.
Divested of beard , other “ cap
tives in a cart”'91 (Fig. 17) portray
characteristics verging toward an
upland, or Armenian, expression ;
at the same time that these upon
Fig. 17.

an undated “ Babylonian cy FIG. 18.

linder" (Fig. 18 ), too minute
in size for ethnographical pre
cision, indicate more of wild
Arab lineaments : an infer
ence which the low -land site
of Babylon ,where Mr. Layard
found it, may justify. If we
contrast these last with (Fig.
19), an Egyptian artistic idea of a “ Canaanite " Fig . 19.

(KANĀNA — barbarian ), the prevalence of this so-

called Semitic type from the Euphrates, through
R
Palestine, to the eastern confines of the Nile, be
comes exemplified, back to the twelfth and fif
teenth centuries B. C., as thoroughly as ocular ob
servation can realize similar features in the same
regions at the present day.
Each “ canon of art," s4 in Egypt and in Assyria,
was dogmatically enforced ( let it be remembered)
upon principles entirely different: the former, or
anterior, being primitive, and dependent rather
upon its relations to graphical expression, more
rigidly approximates to the ante -monumental age of“ picture -writing.”
In the latter, we behold a developed, and consequently more florid,
style of art; which, if nothing else existed to demonstrate the truth
 HEBREW NOMENCLATURE . 471

of them all lay in that region. By Strabo, the country of Gog -arene (Gog -aïranian ?
aër = man ; man of Cauc-asus ' ?) is placed near that of the Moschi. Josephus renders
the name of Magog by Scythians ; and Jerome, “Magog esse gentes Scythicas immanes
et innumerabiles, quæ trans Caucasum montem et Mæotidem paludem , et prope Caspium
mare ad Indiam usque tendantur .”
But, ingenious as they are, such etymologies become henceforth superfluous through
Dubois's excellent suggestions. The Hebrew word is Ma-GUG. The first syllable
refers to the Maïotes, Mætes, Mates, Meotes : tribes of the Sarmates, royal-Medes, Sauro
Madaï, ( i. e. , Tauric Medians, transplanted from the Taurus to the east of the Caspian ,)
of the Sea of Azof. The second syllable, GUG, is simply the Indo -Germanic word
Khogh, ' mountain' (as in the celebrated diamond, Koh-en -noor, mountain of light');
which has been preserved in the Hellenized name Kauk -asos, or Cauc-asus, from the
time of Herodotus, B. C. 430 ; as also in the “ inscription de Périsades, premier archonte
du Bosphore, en 349 avant J.-C.” Having thus fixed GUG to & ‘ mountain,' Cauc-asos,
the root of Asos is instantly recognized in the national name of the Osses, Osseth, Yases,
Aas, Asi ; whence the continent of Asia ' derives its European designation. These
Osses, or As, are traceable in the ancient Jaramates, or Yas-Meotes, as perfectly as in
the modern Jazigees, Yasyghes (or Yas-Djiks), .Jaz-Djiks ’; who now call themselves
Tcherkesses, by us corrupted into · Circassians. They have been likewise termed
Ovsni, Acias, Akas, and even Kergis, by the old travellers ; and while the first syllable
of their ante- historical name yet floats over the Sea of Asof (Azof), and lives in the
Abkh - Ases -mountaineers, it has been borne to Asaland (land of the Asa) no less than
to Asgard (city of the Asa), in old Scandinavia. In this manner ably sums up Dubois,
“ As far back as history mounts, she finds within the angle circumscribed between the
Cauc-asus, the Palus Méotis, and the Tanais, an Asia -proper, inhabited by a people,
" AS,' of Indo - Germanic race :” and we discover, in the Ma -ïotes of the mountain '
Cauc-asus, the long-lost and mystified nation, Ma-GUG, of Xth Genesis.
Thus, this collective name of Magog designated one of many barbarous Caucasian
hordes, roaming of yore between the Euxine and the Caspian, including, probably,
Gothic amid Scythic families; and God has left, even to this day, besides the living
Osses, a trail still visible in the very etymon of his ancient homestead, the CAUC -Asian
mountains.578

3. '70 — MDI — MADAI.'

Indo-Germanic, or Scythic. Not Hebrew, covering ,' coat,' &c.
The LXX transcribe Mados, in lieu of Medo . The Persian word madhya, the middle,'
its supposed derivation. Herodotus counted seven nations, and says their ancient
name was Arioi, the braves ’; that is, Arü , “ Arians.' It is probable, however, that
the root aïr, which in Scythic tongues means " man, ' may have been assimilated to Ari,
‘ lion ,' in the alien speech of Semitic nations. The name is spread over a vast area ,
from Arhan , Armenia ,' through Iran, “ Persia,' to the conquering Aryas, Ayras, of
Hindostan .
In primitive times, the origines of all nations were personified ; and, according to
Strabo, Medus, son of the mythological Jason and Medea, was the progenitor of the
Medes. The name Madah occurs in the seventh century, written in Assyrian cunei
form , on sculptures from Khorsabad ; and Rawlinson transcribes Mádiya from the in
numerable legends of Behistun and Persepolis, deciphered through his acumen.
Raga · Media ,' was called Ruka by the Egyptians of the XVIIIth dynasty ; and
perhaps Matai is Media itself.
The name Mede still survives in Hamadan (Ecbatana ), just as that of Arian (Aria,
Arii) in the HaRA of 1 Chron . v. 26.
They are the Medes : and further reference to Scriptural or to classical passuges,
in their case, is superfluous.579
 HEBREW NOMENCLATURE . 475

bequeathed to us a dilemma — whether the Riphath of Gen. x. 3, should be Diphath,

or the Diphath of 1 Chron . i. 6, Riphath ! Commentators agree, however, in preferring
Riphath ; and, while some, following the pseudo-Josephus, have identified the name
with Great Britain , there are many claimants for France ! The LXX read Pepal, in
Xth Genesis.
Josephus restricts the name to Paphlagonia ; in which country Mela places the
Riphaces .
Mons Niphates ( snowy), in Armenia, through the substitution of x for e, has learned
defenders. But the Pumala opn, the Riphæis montibus, and the Rhipæas placed by Pto
lemy where no mountains exist, near his imaginary sources of the Tanais, or Don, are
the favorite localities chosen for Riphath.
To this view there are weighty objectious. If the Montes Rhipæi, or Hyperborei, be
the Ural chain, they were too remote even for the vision of geographers who wrote
at least nine centuries later than the author of Gen. x. The mere accidental analogy
of a proto-syllable— RIP -ean with RIP-aTt - when the second radically differs, (the
only ground upon which the hypothesis rests ,) cannot be allowed as negative proof
against simpler reasons ; especially when the geographical position of the Riphæan
mountains, save as the tenebrous hyperborean limit of Greek geognosy , is utterly
unknown.
The writer of Xth Genesis must have had some reason , more or less scientific, for
the order in which he mapped out the nations he enumerates. In the present instance,
among the “ affiliations of the Cimmerian," or Crimea, he places Riphath between the
Euxine ( Ashkenaz) and Armenia ( Togarma); confirmed by Latin writers who station the
Rhibië east of the Euxine.
(
“ Riphath , " adds Dubois, from the authentic researches of Potocki, “ is the veritablo
and most ancient name of the people Shlave. Hénètes and Honoriates are but transla
tions of a Sclavonian word which signifies honored, distinguished .” The Latins added
a letter to Enètes ; which, becoming Venetes, Venedes, Vendes, Vinides, and Wends, was
the title of those Wendo - Shlaves from whom descended the ancient Prussians, together
with the present Lithuanians, and whence Venice inherits her name.
Paphlagonia for the country, and Riphaces for its inhabitants, corroborated by the
opinions of Josephus ond Mela, sufficiently define the position of RIPHATH.585

10. 10711 - TTGRMH - TOGARMAH.'

Indo-Germanic, or Scythio ; not, which is all bone ' !
“ They of the house of Togarmah traded,” in the fairs of Tyre, “ with horses, horse
men , and mules,” in the time of Ezekiel xxvii. 14 ; and, based upon this text, Moses
Chorenensis derives the Armenians, Georgians, &c. , from THARGAMOS, grandson of
Noah .
Its classical similitudes are visible in the Trocmi, Trogmi, about Pontus and Cappa
docia ; and, at the Council of Chalcedon, there was a bishop, tpoxHadwv, of the Trog
mades. Josephus makes Aram, Minyas, and Khoul, adjacent to Togarmah.
The name of Armenia now is Arhan, identical with IRAN, Iriana, original cradle
of Persians.
The “ History of Georgia, " compiled in the reign of Vakhtang V., King of Karthli,
in 1703 -'21, is one of the rarest works. Dubois translates some curious extracts of
its commencement :: — “ According to these traditions, the Armenians, the Georgians,
the inhabitants of Rani (Artan ), of Movakani ( Chaki, Chirvan, and Mougan ), of Hérèthi
( Cakheth ), the Lesgians, the Mingrelians, and the Caucasians, all descend from the
same father, who was called TAARGAMOS. This Thargamos was the son of Tarchis, son
of Avanan, son of Japhet, son of Noah, and was a valiant man." Like Moses of Chc
rene, in the fifth century, Vakhtang wished to hitch his lonal traditions on to Biblical
origins. The former historian metamorphosed the names Zrouan , Didan, and Habe ,
476 THE XTI CHAPTER OF GENESIS .

dosth (which he found in an old Chaldæan volume), into “ Shem , Ham , and Japheth ;"
and the race of Habedosth, Merod, Sirath, and Thaklath, became, in his pious hands,
“ Gomer, Thiras, and Thorgomus! ” “ It was thus that he reconciled the sacred with
the profane, and that the Haïk of the ancient Chaldæan volume, son of Thaklath, was
superimposed upon Thorgomus, as a descendant of Japheth. ” History abounds with
similar fraudulent genealogies. Thus, skilfully observes Jardot, “ Rashid -ed -Deen,
Vizir of the Emperor Gazan-Khàn, has left at the commencement of the fourteenth cen
tury, upon the origin of the Mongols, erroneous notions, which Arab, Turkish, and Per
sian historians have copied ; and even Aboo ’l-Ghàzee, Governor of Kharizm , in 1654.
Misguided by a false religious sentiment, Ràshid - ed - Deen attached the antique tradi
tions of the nomad hordes of Asia to those of the Jews, as preserved in the Koràn :
Japhet, son of Noah, transported himself to the East, and it is from him that descend the
people of those countries, afterwards partitioned between two brothers, Tatar -Khan and Mo
goul-Khan. All this recital is fabulous, and does not correspond with any of the
accounts furnished by the Chinese.” Even in our day, the “ Caucasian ” missionary is
stipended to instil into the ill- furnished crania of African Hottentots and Australian
Papuas the fond hope that they are positively and lineally descended from Ham !
The Turks did not approach the Euphrates from their aboriginal hive on the confines
of China until about 1000 A. D. ; and consequently all ascriptions of the name Togar
mah to them seem to be linguistically and historically fallacious. Whether in the
appellative • Turcoman ' there be any demonstrable connexion, we will not aver or
deny. But the Armenians, a primordial people upon their native mountains, call
themselves “the house of Thorgom ; ” and there is no good reason to suppose that
Armenia is not TOGARMAH.586

Gen. x. 4. — 79932 - BeNI-IUN — “ Affiliations of Ionia .”

11. herbx— ALISH — " ELISHAH.'
Indo -Germanic; not, God that gives help. '
Elisa, Elis, ' on the coast of Peloponnesus, one of the earliest historical settlements
of Greece, divides with Hellas the honor of being catalogued in Hebrew geography.
The former, ' Els, or the Elide, would seem supported by Ezek. xxvii. 7— blue and
purple from the isles of Elishah ; ” purple -bearing shells having been abundant, an
ciently, on the Laconian shore . The latter, "Ellas, whence 'Edinyes became the national
name for Greeks, does not appear to have possessed, in the times of Homer (whose
disputed era cannot be much removed from that of the writer of Xth Genesis ), the pan
Hellenic extension it had acquired about the fifth century B. C., when Herodotus and
Thucydides Alourished : having previously been restricted to a district and town of
Thessaly. But, adds Grote, no sooner do we step beyond the “ first Olympiad, 776
B. O., our earliest trustworthy mark of Grecian time, ” than the quicksands of mythical
legend engulph the criteria by which the relationship of facts can alone be decided.
Thus, to the Judaic compiler of Xth Genesis, IUN, Ionia, would seem to have been the
parent of ELiⓇaH, Elis, or Hellas. On the contrary, Grecian tradition reverses the
order ; and Ionia, in Asia Minor, becomes an affiliation of Hellas, about 1050 years B C.
There is no Sh in Greek alphabets, and consequently that articulation was foreign to
the people. The author of Xth Genesis wrote A, L, I, 8, H, in the unknown alphabet
he used . ELISHAH, is not older than the Masora Rabbis. The LXX read 'Elcsá.
Either view , however, establishes a close affinity between Ionians and Hellenes, or
Eleans ; and Greeks in general, as well along the shores of the Morea as on the isles
of the Archipelago, would adequately represent the geography of Alish ; but, in view
of restricted knowledge (and no Sh ), it seems more probable that Æoles and Æolia,
in Asia Minor, were the nation and country intended by the writer of Xth Genesis.587
538 THE XTI CHAPTER OF GENESIS .

Lydia issuing from the “ School of Esdras ” in Palestine (foreign to Lydian blood, lan
guage, and traditions), should the latter contradict him : which, happily, they do not.
The compiler of Xth Genesis, educated, as we now begin to feel assured, amid the
“ learning of the Chaldees," attributes no affiliations to the geographical locality be
designates LUD ; any more than, in his classification of the senior Hamidæ ( ter. 6),
he ascribes descendants to PLUT ; which , we have seen, is Barbary. This engenders
the supposition that he knew little beyond the names of either ; and that just as to
him, composing his ethnic chart in some University of Chaldæa, PhUT appeared to
be the most western geographical range of Hamitic migrations, so LUD probably
seemed to lie among the most northerly of Semitic. As such, then, he duly registered
them in his inestimable chorography.
Some centuries prior to the age of this venerable digest, the Lydians are mentioned
in Egyptian hieroglyphics. In the Asiatic conquests of Sethei-Meneptha, and of
Ramses II., to say nothing of later Pharaohs, associated with Ionians, Riphæans, and
other well-known families of Asia Minor, we find the oft-recurring " Land of Ludenu ,"
or “ land of the upper Luden," and “ of the lower Luden ." This establishes the exist
ence of Lydia and of Lydians at the XVIIIth dynasty, fourteenth - sixteenth centuries
B. C. ; in days anterior to and coeval with Moses ; i. e., much earlier than the compilation
of Xth Genesis. But (to avoid Mosaic conflictions with Egyptian records) it is best
perhaps to ascend a few generations beyond modern disputes upon the era of the He
brew " scholar and statesman ; " when by pointing out LUD and Lydians in chronicles
appertaining to the anterior XVIIth dynasty, we show that Amunoph II. , Thotmeg
III., and Amunoph III. , successors of that “ new king over Egypt which knew Dot
Joseph " ( Ex. i. 8), could not readily have heard of Moses's Lydian geography before
the great lawgiver was born . Posterior in epoch to the former, and anterior to the
latter dignitary, these Pharaohs of the XVIIth dynasty knew nothing about either
Joseph or Moses.
Nor is history wanting to support the early spread of Egyptian arms into Asis
Minor ; for besides a confused aggregation of events of different ages to be met with
in every classical lexicon under the head of “ Sesostris, " we have the authentic ac
count of Tacitus that the Priests of Thebes read to the Emperor Germanicus, from
hieroglyphical inscriptions, how “ Ramses overcame Libya, Ethiopia, the Medes and
the Persians, Bactriana, and Scythia, and held sway over the lands which the Syrians,
Armenians, and neighboring Cappadocians, inhabit from Bithynia up to the Lycian Sea."
We cannot quote authority for the discovery of the name LUD in cuneiform writings ;
unless Ludenu be the same as the “ Rutennu " of the “ Grand Procession of Thotmes
III.” [ supra, p. 159], which Birch fixes, in hieroglyphical geography, “ north of the
Great Sea ," and compares with the Assyrian king Sargina's prisoners at Khorsabad.
However, LUD, being identical with Lydia, enters, like the rest, as a geographical
appellative into the catalogue of Xth Genesis ; and the cyclopædic notion that, from a
man called LUD, “ the Lydians in Asia Minor derived their name,” ranks among the
childish postulates belonging to an age of which science now hopefully discerns " the
beginning of the end.” 634

50. 078— ARM - ' ARAM.'

Orthodox lexicography informs us that Aram means " highness, magnificence ;other
wise, one that deceives, or their curse.” In this instance the erudition of “ N. M." com
pensates for the meagre article by “ J. P. S.” in Kitto's cyclopædia.
It has been shown already that Quatremère doubts Mover's derivation of ARM ;
which the latter considers to mean a high land, in juxtaposition to KNAON, a lov land.
Still, the objection assigned by the former is inconclusive, because RM does actually
signify high ; and with the primeval masculine article aleph, A, prefised, A-RM is
the-high. Certain it is, also, that the geographical brother of Arpha- Kasd, " Orja of the
 HEBREW NOMENCLATURE . 539

Chaldæan,” and of Lydia , must be sought for along the same Tauric uplands of Asia
Minor; where ARM lay among the “ mountains of the east ” (Numb. xxiii, 7). In
Punic, also, the same word means high ; for M. Judas reads on Numidian coins, Juba
BOUM melkat Juba, highness of the realm . ”
Diodorus's Apepa öpn or ArimiMontes, suggest themselves at once ; although authorities
disagree upon their location, in Phrygia, Lydia, Mysia, Cilicia, or Syria : but Strabo
and Josephus inform us that the Greeks called Syrians those people who called them
selves Aramæans : and when Homer and Hesiod wrote, the Apıyor extended to Phrygia,
which they termed Arimaïa. Syria, therefore, in its widest acceptation, seems best
to correspond to ARM, because the latter merges into Mesopotamia ; and in Pliny and
Pomponius Mela the name of Syria is applied to provinces even beyond the Euphrates
and Tigris.
As the grand centre of Shemitish families, Syria still preserves the name of SheM
in its Oriental appellative ; being known to Syrians and the populations around them
by no other title than BÚR-Es-Shàm, land of Shem . Arab geography explains this
coincidence by reasons worthy of attention. Sham means the left hand, and YEMEEN
( Yemen in Arabia ), the right; as, face directed to the East, an Arabian worshipped the
rising sun ; or looked back to ARM as the traditionary birthplace of his ancestry
before, by emigration to Arabia , they had acquired the right to call themselves &RB,
western -men. Damascus, Es- Sham el -kebeer, “ the great Sham , ” may perhaps be the
focus of these ancient radiations : for its identity with ARAM is marked in thepassage
_ “ The ARa Mians of Damascus came to succor Hadadezer king of Sobah, &c. (2 Sam .
viii. 5. 6) — the versions generally substituting Syrians for Aramæans.
So extensive was the range of ARM in ancient geography that, to distinguish its
divisions, a qualifying name was generally appended to it : thus, Sedeh-ARM , the
“ field of Aram ," Padan -ARM , the “ plain of Aram , " and ARM -Naharaïm , “ Aram of
the two rivers, " refer to parts of Mesopotamia : ARM - Damashk was a Damascene
territory ; ARM-Sobah, probably Cilicia ; ARM -Maakah, east of the Jordan ; and
ARM-beth-Rekhub, on which authorities vary. ARMI, an Aramean, is a Syrian in one
scriptural text (2 Kings v. 20). It is a Mesopotamian in another ( Gen. xxv. 20).
Aramean was the speech of the patriarchal Abrahamidæ, when abandoning ARPha
KasD, or its equivalent AUR -KaSDim (Chaldæan Orfa, or Ur of the Chaldees), they
arrived in the land of Kanaan ; where, forgetting their ancestral idiom , they adopted
and misnamed Hebrew “ the language of Kanaan," or Phænician .
Thus, from Arabia Deserta to the confines of Lydia, from Syria, over Mesopotamia,
to Armenia, do we meet with infinite reliquice of Aram : without being able, after four
or five thousand years of migrations, to mark on the quicksands of Aramæan geography
any more specific locality for ARM, than Syria in its most extended sense.
Hieroglyphical researches do not aid us to a more definite ascription of ARM. In
the Vatican Museum, the statue of a priest bears the inscription — “His majesty,
King Darius, ever living, ordered me to go to Egypt, while his majesty was in ARMA ” :
supposed to be Assyria. Nor, in Persepolitan cuneiform records or in those of As
syria, has any more positive identification of ARM been discovered and published than
what may exist in Arm'ina, Arama, &c., considered to be Armenia -- a country in
whose name ARM is also preserved.
The writer of Xth Genesis may or may not have had more precise views upon ARM ;
which he set down with its parallels, Assyria, Orfa, and Lydia, on his invaluable chart,
and then proceeded to tabulate those tribes of the Semitic stock that looked back upon
the land of ARM as their birthplace.635
" And the affiliations of ARM ."

51. gw đUT: — Uz.'

In Gen. x. 23, the four names after ARM are called BeNI-ARM ; i. e., " sons of