ZEG

SUTTAIFAUSTIELCEVIR JALDUS

Typographi
OR TUE a
PRINTERS
INSTRUCTOR
BY
J.JOHNSON
PRINTER
VOL.2 .
1824
COURS
MENTS STRAS HARLEM
NIRE
(BLIOTHECA BODLZI

GLOUCES BODLEY
SVP

SELDEN COVEM
GW HONNASC
 om
Typographia ,
OR THE
Printers Instructor :
INCLUDING AN ACCOUNT
of the
ORIGIN OF PRINTING ,
with
Biographical Notices of the Printers of
England , from Caxton to the close
of the Sixteenth Century :
A Series of
Ancientand Modern Alphabets ,
and
DOMESDAY CHARACTERS :
Together with
An Elucidation of every Subject con
nected with the Art.
BY J. JOHNSON, PRINTER .
Blest Invention , to God alone the praise!
From thee what this
For giftingman benetits possess; ?
mento raise
nobledoArt
Bar, andpageStageall
The Pulpit,Historie
Trace time, :
and viewnowtheconfess
Before the
thou visited ournative clime;
The want of thee kept Arts and Commerce low
Withoutthy aid, bowby little could weknow ?
gain redress,
Our art the means
ThouNation's balvark is, The we
which British Press. SygerSV

Vol. II.
Published byMessrs. Longman, Hurst,
Rees, Orme, Brown & Green , Pater
noster Row , London .
:: 1824 0.0oC
Johnsow . ***
& Typographer
 AAA. DAAAA
CONTENTS....ji
Page . Pag
Syro-Galilean 318 Ancient & Modern black e.
Syro-Hebraic Alphabet 319 letter 464
Egyptian ib Frankic 466
HieroglyphicalWriting . 334 Teutonic & German 469
Hieratic Writing 336 German alphabet, & c 470
Enchorialdo ih German Current hand 471
Egyptian Calendar 342 Wels Celtic Languages.
Phonetico-Hieroglyphical h 472
Gaëlic 473
pollion 347 Irish ib
Ethiopian or Abyssinian 353 Irish alphabet 475
Abyssinian letters, & c 354 CHAP. XIII.
Lord's Prayer in the 359 Duty ofan Overseer 481
Chinese Form ofthe
Table of ChineseRadicals 361368 Do.of Check Press-book
-book . 483
485
Names and Explanations Do. of Job-book
of ditto . 371 Rules observed in a print 486
Table illustrative of the office
Chinese language 386 ForingCompositors.
488
ib
Alphabets of India.
Sanskrita For Pressmen . 489
387 CHAP. XIV .
Sanskritan letters, & c 388
392 The best means of expe
Bengalese
Vowels of do of do 393 diting business 490
Consonants 394 Rules to be observed in
Tamoul 393 companionships 492
Tamoul letters 396 Taking copy ib
Persian 398 Making up of letter 493
Modern Persian alphabet 401 Making up of furniture ib
Persian combinations 405 Imposing
letter & distributing ib
Armenian 406
Armenian. alphabet 409 Corre cting 494
Turkish 410 Transposit ion of pages 495
of Compositors
Phoenician 411 PlanCheck -book 496
Coptic 412
Modern Coptic alphabet 414 CHAP . XV.
Greek 416 On the construction of
Ancient
bet Pelasgian alpha 418 Pressprinting presses 500
invented by Blaew 501
Ancient Etruscan alpha Improved wooden press . 502
bet 420 Engraving . 503
Palmyrenean 438 Parts of do of do 504,515
Illyrian languages 439 Practical directions to
Sclavonian ib pressmen . ib
Dalmatian 440 of putting up a press . 517 ib
Georgian 442 Laying the stone
Bulgarian 443 Setting the rounce 518
Russian ib
Modern Russian alphabet 444 Justifyingthe
446 Hanging theplattin
head . ib
Gothic Languages. Making ready a form 519
Runic 447 Rubbing out ink 523
Gothic 451 Ofbeating . 524
Anglo-Saxon 453 Of pulling 525
Modern Saxon alphabet. 456 Covering the tympans 529
ib
English 463 Ofwetting paper
 406 ....Typographia.
translation of the Hebrew Pentateuch, for thebenefit of the
Jewsin Persia, which was afterwards printed in the fourth
volumeof Bishop Walton's Polyglott Bible; and he also
mentions two Persic versionsof the Psalms, yet in manu
script, one ofwhich was executed by a Portuguese Monk in
the year 1618, and the other by some Jesuits from the Vul.
gate Latin. Brian Walton likewise published an ancient
and valuable Persian translation of the four gospels, from
a manuscript dated A.D. 1314, in the possession of Dr.
Pococke, which wasmade from the Syriac, and in which
were sometimes
Syriac words Another
translation retained, having a Persian
. version , supposed to have been
made from the Greek ,was published in 1652-57. Allthese
however, having becomeobselete, Lieut. Col. Colebrooke
completed and published the four Gospels at Calcutta, in
1804 ; and the Rev. H. Martyn produced an entire and
elegant version of the New Testament at Shiraz, in 1811.
Someof thebest works illustrative of the history of the
Persian language and themodern structure ofthe tongue,
are the following--- Introductory Grammatical Remarks on
the Persian Language, By George Hadley, Esq. Bath , 1776 .
Quarto . A Vocabulary of Persian, Arabic, and English , By
William Kirkpatrick , London , 1785, Quarto. The Persian
Interpreter, By the Rev. Edward Moises, M.A. Newcastle,
1792 , Quarto . Dissertations on the Rhetoric, Prosody, and
Rhyme,of the Persians. By Francis Gladwin , Esq. Calcutta
and London , 1801, Quarto. The Persian Moonshee, By the
same, Calcutta and London, 1801, Quarto. A new Theory
and Prospectus of Persian Verbs, By James Gilchrist, Cal
cutta, 1801, Quarto. A Grammar of the Persian Language,
By Sir William Jones, London, 1804, Quarto ; of which a
new edition is in thepress , and Richardson's Persian , Arabic,
and English Dictionary,Edited by Dr. CharlesWilkins, Lon
don, 1806, Quartu , 2 Vols . A more extended list may be
seen in the Catalogue of Books on OrientalLiterature,pub
lished by Messrs . Kingsbury, Parbury, and Allen .

ARMENIAN .
The tract of land which is denominated Armenia, is situate
in the North Western part of Asia on the borders of the
Black Sea , and it is supposed to have originally received
its name, either from Armenus, one of the companions of
Jason in the Argonautic expedition, who afterwardssettled
in this country , or else from Aram the son of Shem , or
perhaps a King of Armenia bearing the same name. Bo
chart derives thename from the Hebrew Har, a Mountain,
and Mini a province in the country, mentioned by the
 Typographia .....407
Prophet Jeremiah in chap. li. v. 27. “ Set ye up a standard
in the land, blow the trumpet among the nations, prepare
the nations against her, call and together against her thea
kingdoms of Ararat, Minni, Ashchenaz ; appoint
captain against her ; cause the horses to comeup as the
rough caterpillers :" and again by Amos, chap . iv. v. 3 .
which in the Chaldaic version reads, " and they shall
break open upon your walls, and lead you forth together ,
every one at the place which is before him , and carry
you beyond the mountains of Armenia , saith the LORD.”
Vide Biblia Sacri Polyglotta , à Briani Waltoni. Vol. III.
From these it is ascertained, that the place spoken of
by them stood between the mountains Ararat and Ash
chenaz ; and that Har -mini signifies the mountainous
part of Mini, Menni, Mynias, or Mylias, a name given
at first to one Province only, but afterwards becoming
common to thewhole country of Armenia. Bryantin dis
tinguishing betwixt Armenia and Aramea, the land of
supposed
Aram ,which is parted from it by Mount Taurus,mentioned
that the Harmunah , orMouniain of theMoon,
by Amos, gave the country the nameof Armen or Harmen ,
themountain where the Ark rested . Othershowever have
imagined, that its name is more truly derived from Har, a
mountain , and Menni which is formed from a Hebrew
word signifying metals, because the country abounded
with mines. The original inhabitants of Årmenia are
sometimes supposed to have been Phrygians,a neighbouring
nation , as several words of their language are to be found
in the Armenian ; and a colony of Ascanians,which came
from Phrygia,made an early settlement in Armenia. Some
authors have conceived, that Noah resided several years in
Armenia, npon leaving the Ark on the top ofMount Ararat
in that country ; and that on his departure thence he left
several of his descendants residing there , whence Hul, or
Chul theson ofAram , and Mesech the son of Japhet, have
alike been called theprogenitors of theancient Armenians.
The hypothesis however that is most commonly received,
is that they were originally Syrians, or at least were a tribe
of the samenation ; and from these circumstances it can
hardly be doubted , that their most ancient language was a
dialect of the Hebrew , Syro -Hebraic , or Syrian , the charac
ters of which they certainly once used, and between which
latter and their present tongue there are still some points
of resemblance; but as in process of timeboth Phrygians,
Greeks, andPersianssettled in Armenia, the speech became
confused and altered into a mixed phraseology. The in .
vention of their present characters is attributed to several
different persons. The Armenians themselves believe that
Haik , who according to their statements lived before the
 -
APQA
408 ....Typographia .
destruction of Babel, was the founder of the kingdom of
Armenia , and the first who used the Haikian language; the
purity of which they state to have been corrupted by its
mixture with that of the Genthunians a people of Canaan,
the Bagaratides, and the Amatuniens, Jewish tribes, the
Medes, and many others. Until the third century the Ar
menians are said to have used indifferently the letters of
the Greeks, the Arabians, and the Persians ; but at that
period, one Miesrob, PrimeMinister and Secretary of the
Kings Warazdate and Arsace IV ., invented for them the
alphabet which they still retain . Some time after the
Haikian language ceased to be commonly spoken, when
thekingdom of Armenia became the prey of the Hunga
rians, the Saracens, the Egyptian Khalifes, and the Tatars
under Tamerlane. The literal language, as the Haikian is
now called , is to be found only in their sacred manuscripts ;
a knowledge of it is considered a great literary accomplish
ment, and is all that is required of the Vertabiets, or Ar
menian Doctors ,whose province is to preach and instruct
thepeople. Angelus Roccha,George the Patriarch of Alex
andria , Sixtus Senensis, and others, are however in favour
of the claim of St. Chrysostom to the invention of the
Armenian letters. It is certain thatwhen he was banished
from Constantinople by the Emperor, he finished his days
at Comanis in Armenia, in A.D. 467; and there is still extant
an alphabetwhich is known by his name. The truth how
ever seems to be, that upon the decline of the Syriac
tongue in Armenia, the historical records of the country
were written in the Greek language, to which succeeded
the Persian , with the old sacred dialect, with which , Sir
William Jones imagined the Armenian was originally atwin
speech, descending from the same Indian source; and in
conformity with this hypothesis wehave
ceed our account of the Persian. Towardscaused it to suc .
the close of the
fourth,or commencement ofthe followingcentury,Miesrob,
whom we have already mentioned, conceived the idea of
inventing a seriesofletters which should express the sounds
of the Armenian tongue. This ,after many vain attempts
and fruitless journies to procure the assistance of the learn
ed ,was revealed to him in a dream ; and although some
part of this tradition may be questioned, yet it is commonly
believed that if the Armenians did not derive their letters
from the Persian Pehlevi, yet thatthey were invented by
someof the most learned of their own country about the
fifth century .
The Armenians write and read from the left to the right,
and there are thirty -eight letters contained in their Alpha.
bet, the smaller forms ofwhich , used for their fine printing,
are shewn in the following specimen :---
 WEq 3 13
ZEI T 10 20 30

volumes ,when they were of a very large size; but at the

ment. They were formerly used for the writing of entire
which the Armenians anciently writ their letters on parch
L

which Schröder explains to alludeto the style of iron , with

it
Aib Bien Gim Da Jetsch
b d ie orszSa acute.,e B short
Jeth Thue
e th Je
j Liun
1
ut 40 t50 60 70 80 90 100 200 300 46 500 600
Zx
fuum &
Typographia.....409

Chhe Dza Kien Hue Dsa Ghat Tee Mien

ch de h ds gh teh m hi& sh ooe
700 500 900 1000 2000 3000 42 40002 6000 6000 7000 8000 9000
чл E
9 4
r
Tscha Ds
cbe
Po dsch Rra Se Wiev Tian Re Tsue Fekh
Ppiur
Khe
tsch
figures
which The р rr $ w t ts Wor plorP ,1
placed
above
characters
indicate
power are,
the
over
the
they
pus
numerals as.
sess
these
added
similarly
shaped
English
capital
Armenian longTo
is,0a
the
Theto
characters
divided
classes
into
written
different
handstwo
and
are
four
The in.,
class
containsfirst
letters
large
which
kinds
theseare
of
and
two
the
called of
is ,;
Armenian
Zakghachir
flowery
consists
pictorial
blooming
capitals ini,t
as
of
or
wherein
shape
letter
elegantlythe
formed
small
delicately
human ofis
and
drawn
figures
animals
ornaments
flowers
planets
which
books of,&c.
used
are
for
titles
the
and
the
two
initials
line
chapters
letters
These
present
time of.-
at
are
called
Chelh
hachir
Chassanachir
capital
second of.,
or
and
letters
animalsThe
species
larger
characters
Erghathachir
writingthe
called is,
iron
which
supposed
Rivola or
was
because
were
powerfulthey
formed
with
such
lines
resist
injuries as
the
but
time to;
of
 410 ....Typographia .
present time they are confined to ornament the titles and
frontispieces ofbooks,andthe heads and initials of chapters
as they answer chiefly to the English two -line upper- case
letters . They are of a strong butnot inelegant form , and are
always broken at those parts which should be connected
by hair lines. The French have given to them thenameof
Lapidaire or Stony, because they are used for public in
scriptions. The second principal class of the Armenian
writing consists of the Poloverchir, or small round, the
use of which is confined to their less and more delicate
manuscripts, and to the ordinary matter of printed books.
The fourth species of characters is denominated Notrchir,
Cursive, or running-hand, ofwhich there are both large and
small letters, andwhich are appropriated to Commerce and
epistolary correspondence. The Armenian language is used
in Great and Little Armenia , Asia Minor, Syria, Persia,
and Tartary .
The Armenians are also indebted to Miesrob , the author
of their characters, for a translation of the Scriptures into
their own vernacular tongue, which he executed towards
the close of the fourth or early in the fifth century, from
the Alexandrian Septuagint. Üscan, an Armenian Bishop,
who went to Amsterdam to superintend the edition of the
Bible, printed there in 1666 , altered the old translation ,
which is sometimes attributed to St. Chrysostom , from
the Peschito, or old Syriac version. Thetranslation ofthe
New Testament, which proceeded likewise from Miesrob,
or the Patriarch Isaac, about the time above mentioned,
was made twice from the Syriac, and then from the Greek ;
but Haitho, or Hethrom , King of the Lesser Armenia from
A.D.1224-1270, being wellskilled in the Latin , and attached
to the Romish Church , altered it in several instances to
make it accord
best works withsubject
on the the Vulgate
of the translation
Armenian ,Language,
Someofthe
are
Francis Rivola's Dictionarium Armeno- Latinum . Milan ,
1621-1633. Folio ; Grammutica Armena,by thesame,Milan ,
1624. Quarto ; and John Joachim Schröder's Thesaurus
Linguæ Armenicæ , Antiquæ et Hodierne . Amsterdam , 1711.
Quarto.
TURKISH
This language is very far inferior either to the Arabic or
the Persian ; of both of which it is compounded, together
with severalother dialects. The characters used in writing
it are the Arabian , with the five additional ones of the Per
sian ; and the pronunciation of the tongue is somewhat
between those of the two nations, excepting aboutthe City
of Constantinople , where it is spoken with almost asmuch
softness as the Persian itself. The Turks have seven spe