Inorganic Report 4

Salahaddin university
College of science
Chemistry department
Elevation of the
Boiling point
Prepared by: supervised by:

Muhamad jboor Aveen mati
Zanyar Prof.Dr.Mazin
Hiwa
Con
1
 Abstract………………………………………..3
 Introduction…………………………………....4
 Cr2O3 properties………………………………..5
 Cr2O3 Uses……………………………………..6
 Acid or Base …………………………………..7
 Oxidation state ………………………………..8
 Production of Cr2O3………………………….9

2
Definition
Boiling point elevation refers to the increase in the boiling point

of a solvent upon the addition of a solute. When a non-volatile
solute is added to a solvent, the resulting solution has a higher
boiling point than that of the pure solvent. For example, the
boiling point of a solution of sodium chloride (salt) and water is
greater than that of pure water.
Boiling point elevation is a colligative property of matter, i.e. it is
dependent on the solute-to-solvent ratio but not on the solute’s
identity. This implies that the elevation in the boiling point of a
solution depends on the amount of solute added to it. The greater
the concentration of solute in the solution, the greater the boiling
point elevation.
3
Determination
We know that the boiling point of a pure solvent rises when a non-volatile solute is added to it.
This elevation in boiling point is proportional to the molal concentration of the solute in the
solution. Mathematically it is given as:
ΔTb=Kbm
Where,
ΔTb = elevation in boiling point

Kb = Boiling Point Elevation Constant
m = molal concentration of the solution we know that molality is the number of moles of solute
per
Now we know that molality is the number of moles of solute per kilogram of the solvent. Let the
weight of solute be w2 having molar mass M2 dissolved in w1 grams of solvent. Then molality
can be given as:
Then molality can be given as: m=moles of solutemass of solvent in Kg=w2/M2w1/1000

m=moles of solutemass of solvent in Kg=w2/M2w1/1000
⇒m=1000×w2w1×M2So now, elevation of boiling point is given by:
So now, elevation of boiling point is given by:
ΔTb = Kb×1000×w2w1×M2
Now if we rearrange the above equation, we get:
⇒M2 = Kb × 1000 × w2w1 × △Tb
The above equation gives us a relation between molecular weight and the colligative property
that is elevation in boiling point.
4
Cr2O3 propertie
Cr2O3 Chromic oxide
Molecular weight of Cr2O3 151.9904 g/mol
Density of Chromic oxide 5.22 g/cm3
Boiling point of Chromic 4,000 °C

oxide
Melting point of Chromic 2,435 °C

oxide
Electronic configuration Chromium [Ar] 3d54s1

Oxygen [He] 2s2 2p4
Chemical composition Chromium 68.46 %

Oxygen 31.58 %
The exact mass and the monoisotopic mass of Chromium (3+)

oxide is 151.866 g/mol. The number of hydrogen bond acceptors
equals to three and the number of hydrogen bond donors equals
to zero. This compound is canonicalized and has five covalently
bonded unit.
5
Cr2O3 Uses
 Chromic oxide is used in electric semiconductors.

 Used in the colouring glass.
 Used in promoting senescence.
 Used in dyeing polymers.
 Used in the manufacturing of chromium metal.
 Used as a catalyst to prepare butadiene.
 Used in stainless steel polishing.
 Used as an anaesthetic.
 Used to add colours in drugs.
 Used in welding metals.
Chromic Oxide is very useful in the process of stropping knife

edges. It is also used for polishing the surfaces of optical devices
and for the dyeing of polymers.
Chromium(III) oxide is a precursor to the magnetic

pigment chromium dioxide, by the following reaction:
Cr2O3 + 3 CrO3 → 5 CrO2 + O2
6
Acid or Base
Amphoteric Oxides can be either acidic or basic. They can

neutralize acid or base. Chromium(III) oxide is amphoteric.
Although insoluble in water, it dissolves in acid to produce
hydrated chromium ions, [Cr(H2O)6]3+ which react with base to
give salts of [Cr(OH)6]3−. It dissolves in concentrated alkali to yield
chromite ions.
The lower the oxidation state of the metal, the more ionic (basic) it
will be. In case of Cr: Cr+2O, Cr2 +3O3, Cr+6O3; the most ionic is
CrO (lowest ox. state). The most covalent is CrO3 (highest ox.
state) \ CrO is basic, CrO3 is acidic and Cr2O3 is amphoteric.
 As a base, chromium (III) oxide acts as a base in the fol-

lowing reactions (smelting):
 Cr₂O₃ + 3SO₃→ Cr₂(SO₄)₃;
 Cr₂O₃ + 3K₂S₂O₇ →Cr₂(SO₄)₃ + 3K₂SO₄.
7
Oxidation state
Chromium (Cr), chemical element of Group 6 (VIb) of
the periodic table, a hard steel-gray metal that takes a high
polish and is used in alloys to increase strength
and corrosionresistance.
Oxidation states: −4, −2, −1, 0, +1, +2, +3, +4, +5, +6
Chromium exhibits a wide range of possible oxidation states,

where the +3 state is the most stable energetically. The +3 and
+6 states are the most commonly observed in chromium
compounds, whereas the +1, +4 and +5 states are rare.
Chromium (III) oxide can be obtained in the decomposition of

ammonium dichromate and the reduction of potassium dichro-
mate:
(NH₄)₂Cr₂O₇ Cr₂O₃ + N₂ + 4H₂O
8
Production of Cr2O3
4 Cr(s) + 3 O2(g) = 2 Cr2O3(s)
In the year 1838, the Parisians Pannetier and Binet prepared the
transparent hydrated form of Chromium (III) oxide. It is
obtained from the mineral chromite. The conversion of chromite
to chromia is as follows:
Na2Cr2O7 + S → Na2SO4 + Cr2O3
The oxide can also be made by decomposing chromium salts or
by exothermically decomposing ammonium dichromate.
(NH4)2Cr2O7 → Cr2O3 + N2 + 4 H2O
The thermal decomposition of chromium trioxide to produce

chromium(III) oxide and oxygen. This reaction takes place by
heating chromium trioxide over 197°C.
4CrO3 2Cr2O3 + 3O2
 4 K Cr O (aq) → 3 O (g) +2 Cr O (s) + 4 K CrO (aq)

2 2 7 2 2 3 2 4
This is an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction:

4 CrVI + 12 e- → 4 CrIII(reduction)
9
6 O-II - 12 e- → 6 O0(oxidation)
K2Cr2O7 is an oxidizing agent, K2Cr2O7 is a reducingagent.
 4 CrO3 (aq) → 3 O2 (g) +2 Cr2O3 (s)

CrO3 is an oxidizing agent, CrO3 is a reducingagent.
 4 Cr(NO3)3 (aq) → 3 O2 (g) +12 NO2 (l) + 2 Cr2O3 (s)

12 NV + 12 e- → 12 NIV(reduction)
Cr(NO3)3 is an oxidizing agent, Cr(NO3)3 is a reducing agent.
 H2SO4(aq) + K2Cr2O7 (aq) +3 H2O2 (aq) → 4 H2O (l) + 3 O2 (g)+
K2SO4 (aq) + Cr2O3 (s)

6 O-I - 6 e- → 6 O0(oxidation)
H2O2 is a reducing agent, K2Cr2O7 is an oxidizingagent.
 2 Cr2(SO4)3 → 3 O2 + 6 SO2 +2 Cr2O3
10
6 SVI + 12 e- → 6 SIV(reduction)
Cr2(SO4)3 is an oxidizing agent, Cr2(SO4)3 is a reducing agent.
 2 (NH4)2Cr2O7 (aq) → 2 H2O (l)+ 3 O2 (g) + 4 NH3 (aq) +2 C
r2O3 (s)

(NH4)2Cr2O7 is an oxidizing agent, (NH4)2Cr2O7 is a reducing agent.
 3 H2O2 (aq) + 2 K2CrO4 (aq) →H2O (l) + 3 O2 (g) + 4 KOH (aq)
+Cr2O3 (s)

H2O2 is a reducing agent, K2CrO
 K2Cr2O7 (aq) + H2O2 (aq) →2 O2 (g) + 2 KOH (aq) + Cr2O3 (s)

11
K2Cr2O7 is an oxidizing agent, H2O2 is a reducingagent, K2Cr2O7 is
a reducing agent.
 4 Hg2CrO4 → 5 O2 + 2 Cr2O3 +8 Hg

8 HgI + 8 e- → 8 Hg0(reduction)
Hg2CrO4 is an oxidizing agent, Hg2CrO4 is
an oxidizing agent, Hg2CrO4 is a reducing agent.
 4 CrO2 → O2 + 2 Cr2O3

4 CrIV + 4 e- → 4 CrIII(reduction)
CrO2 is an oxidizing agent, CrO2 is a reducingagent.
Reaction of Cr2O3
 As a base, chromium (III) oxide acts as a base in the fol-

lowing reactions (smelting):
 Cr₂O₃ + 3SO₃→ Cr₂(SO₄)₃;
 Cr₂O₃ + 3K₂S₂O₇ →Cr₂(SO₄)₃ + 3K₂SO₄.
12
 As a catalyst in the dehydrogenation of EB with CO2was
investigated.
 4KOH (aq) + 3 KNO3 (aq) +Cr2O3 (s) → 2 H2O (l) +2 K2CrO4 (
aq) + 3 KNO2 (aq)

3 NV + 6 e- → 3 NIII(reduction)
2 CrIII - 6 e- → 2 CrVI(oxidation)
KNO3 is an oxidizing agent, Cr2O3 is a reducingagent.
 2 Al (s) + Cr2O3 (s) → Al2O3 (s) +2 Cr (s)

2 Al0 - 6 e- → 2 AlIII(oxidation)
2 CrIII + 6 e- → 2 Cr0(reduction)
Al is a reducing agent, Cr2O3 is an oxidizing agent.
13
 4 NaOH (aq) + 3 NaNO3 (aq) +Cr2O3 (s) → 2 H2O (l) +2 Na2Cr
O4 (aq) + 3 NaNO2 (aq)

NaNO3 is an oxidizing agent, Cr2O3 is a reducingagent.
 10 NaOH (aq) + 3 Br2 (aq) +Cr2O3 (s) → 5 H2O (l) +6 NaBr (aq
) + 2 Na2CrO4 (aq)

6 Br0 + 6 e- → 6 Br-I(reduction)
Br2 is an oxidizing agent, Cr2O3 is a reducingagent.
 3 KNO3 (aq) + Cr2O3 (s) +2 K2CO3 (aq) → 2 CO2 (g) +2 K2CrO4
(aq) + 3 KNO2 (aq)

 4 KOH (aq) + KClO3 (aq) +Cr2O3 (s) → 2 H2O (l) + KCl (aq)+
2 K2CrO4 (aq)
14
ClV + 6 e- → Cl-I(reduction)
KClO3 is an oxidizing agent, Cr2O3 is a reducingagent.
 4 KOH + KNO3 + Cr2O3 →2 H2O + KNO2 + 2 K2CrO3

NV + 2 e- → NIII(reduction)
2 CrIII - 2 e- → 2 CrIV(oxidation)
 3 NaNO3 (aq) + 2 Na2CO3 (aq) +Cr2O3 (s) → 2 CO2 (g) +2 Na2C
rO4 (aq) + 3 NaNO2 (aq)

 3 O2 (g) + 2 Cr2O3 (s) +4 K2CO3 (aq) → 4 CO2 (g) +4 K2CrO4 (a
q)

6 O0 + 12 e- → 6 O-II(reduction)
O2 is an oxidizing agent, Cr2O3 is a reducing agent.
15
 3 KNO3 (aq) + 2 Na2CO3 (aq) +Cr2O3 (s) → 2 CO2 (g) +3 KNO2
(aq) + 2 Na2CrO4 (aq)

 3 Mg + Cr2O3 → 3 MgO + 2 Cr

3 Mg0 - 6 e- → 3 MgII(oxidation)
Mg is a reducing agent, Cr2O3 is an oxidizingagent.
 3 O2 (g) + 4 Na2CO3 (aq) +2 Cr2O3 (s) → 4 CO2 (g) +4 Na2CrO4
(aq)

6 O0 + 12 e- → 6 O-II(reduction)
O2 is an oxidizing agent, Cr2O3 is a reducing agent.
 4 KOH (aq) + 3 NaNO3 (aq) +Cr2O3 (s) → 2 H2O (l) +2 K2CrO4
(aq) + 3 NaNO2 (aq)
16
 3 H2 (g) + Cr2O3 (s) → 3 H2O (l) +2 Cr (s)

6 H0 - 6 e- → 6 HI(oxidation)
H2 is a reducing agent, Cr2O3 is an oxidizing agent.
 H2O + Cr2O3 + 3 Na2O2 →2 OH- + 2 (CrO4)2- + 6 Na+

6 O-I + 6 e- → 6 O-II(reduction)
Na2O2 is an oxidizing agent, Cr2O3 is a reducingagent.
 10 KOH (aq) + 3 Br2 (aq) +Cr2O3 (s) → 5 H2O (l) +6 KBr (aq) +
2 K2CrO4 (aq)

6 Br0 + 6 e- → 6 Br-I(reduction)
Br2 is an oxidizing agent, Cr2O3 is a reducingagent.
17
 11 KNO3 + 3 Cr2O3 + 4 K3CO3→ 4 CO2 + 6 K2CrO4 +11 KNO2

4 CIII - 4 e- → 4 CIV(oxidation)
K3CO3 is a reducing agent, KNO3 is an oxidizingagent, Cr2O3 is
a reducing agent.
 3 CO (g) + Cr2O3 (s) → 3 CO2 (g)+ 2 Cr (s)

3 CII - 6 e- → 3 CIV(oxidation)
CO is a reducing agent, Cr2O3 is an oxidizing agent.
 3 C (s) + 2 Cr2O3 (s) → 3 CO2 (g)+ 4 Cr (s)

3 C0 - 12 e- → 3 CIV(oxidation)
C is a reducing agent, Cr2O3 is an oxidizing agent.
18
 2 KOH + 2 KNO3 + Cr2O3 →H2O + 2 KNO2 + 2 KCrO3

2 CrIII - 4 e- → 2 CrV(oxidation)
 CO + Cr2O3 → CO2 + 2 CrO

CII - 2 e- → CIV(oxidation)
2 CrIII + 2 e- → 2 CrII(reduction)
CO is a reducing agent, Cr2O3 is an oxidizing agent.
 2 Cr2O3 + 3 Si → 3 SiO2 + 4 Cr

3 Si0 - 12 e- → 3 SiIV(oxidation)
Si is a reducing agent, Cr2O3 is an oxidizing agent.
References
 Abstract at https://europepmc.org/article/med/27483806(23/04)
19
 Properties and uses at https://byjus.com/chemistry/cr2o3/ (23/04)
 Properties at
https://www.google.com/amp/s/www.azonano.com/amp/article.asp
x%3fArticleID=3409 (23/04)
 Acid or base at https://www.toppr.com/ask/question/is-cr2o3-an-
amphoteric-oxide-if-yes-enter-1-else-enter-0/ (23/04)
 Oxidation state at https://melscience.com/US-en/articles/oxidation-
states-chromium/ (23/04)
 Preparation at https://chemiday.com/en/reaction/3-1-0-1358
(23/04)
 Reaction at
https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/2005/GC/b505781g#!
divAbstract (23/04)
 Preparation at
https://en.intl.chemicalaid.com/tools/equationbalancer.php?
equation=Cr+%2B+O2+%3D+Cr2O3 (23/04)
 Reaction and preaching at https://chemequations.com/en/?
s=Cr2O3%20%2B%20Si%20%3D%20SiO2%20%2B
%20Cr&ref=search (23/04)
20

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Salahaddin university

Prepared by: supervised by:

Boiling point elevation refers to the increase in the boiling point

ΔTb = elevation in boiling point

Then molality can be given as: m=moles of solutemass of solvent in Kg=w2/M2w1/1000

Cr2O3 Chromic oxide

Molecular weight of Cr2O3 151.9904 g/mol

Density of Chromic oxide 5.22 g/cm3

Boiling point of Chromic 4,000 °C

Melting point of Chromic 2,435 °C

Electronic configuration Chromium [Ar] 3d54s1

Chemical composition Chromium 68.46 %

The exact mass and the monoisotopic mass of Chromium (3+)

 Chromic oxide is used in electric semiconductors.

Chromic Oxide is very useful in the process of stropping knife

Chromium(III) oxide is a precursor to the magnetic

Amphoteric Oxides can be either acidic or basic. They can

 As a base, chromium (III) oxide acts as a base in the fol-

 Cr₂O₃ + 3SO₃→ Cr₂(SO₄)₃;

 Cr₂O₃ + 3K₂S₂O₇ →Cr₂(SO₄)₃ + 3K₂SO₄.

Chromium exhibits a wide range of possible oxidation states,

Chromium (III) oxide can be obtained in the decomposition of

The thermal decomposition of chromium trioxide to produce

 4 K Cr O (aq) → 3 O (g) +2 Cr O (s) + 4 K CrO (aq)

This is an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction:

This is an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction:

This is an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction:

This is an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction:

This is an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction:

This is an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction:

This is an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction:

This is an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction:

This is an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction:

 As a base, chromium (III) oxide acts as a base in the fol-

 Cr₂O₃ + 3SO₃→ Cr₂(SO₄)₃;

 Cr₂O₃ + 3K₂S₂O₇ →Cr₂(SO₄)₃ + 3K₂SO₄.

This is an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction:

This is an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction:

This is an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction:

This is an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction:

This is an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction:

This is an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction:

This is an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction:

This is an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction:

This is an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction:

This is an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction:

This is an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction:

This is an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction:

This is an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction:

This is an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction:

This is an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction:

This is an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction:

This is an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction:

This is an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction:

This is an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction:

This is an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction:

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