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Web : www.moga.gov.np, E-mail: info@moga.gov.np
 PRASHASAN
(The Nepali Journal of Public Administration)
July 2017, 128th Issue

Mohan Krishna Sapkota, Secretary - Chairperson

Editorial Board

Shivaram Neupane, Joint Secretary - Member

Shalik Ram Dahal, Under Secretary - Member
Ganesh Prasad Acharya, Section Officer - Member
Pradeep Pariyar, Section Officer - Member Secretary

Bishnu Pd. Sapkota , Section Officer Cover design and

Page Layout
Publisher

Government of Nepal
Ministry of General Administration
Planning and Human Resource Development Division
Singha Durbar, Kathmandu, Nepal
Phone: 4200187, 4200367, 4200368, 4200369, Fax No.: +977-1-4200187
Web: www.moga.gov.np, E-mail: info@moga.gov.np
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pd]z bfxfn æps'bfÆ

&@ pRr cfly{s j[l4sf nflu k"“hLut vr{ a9fpg] pkfox¿
/fd axfb'/ s]=;L=

77 Right to Water and Its Management in Nepal
Arjun Kumar Khadka
WHY ORGANIZATIONAL CULTURE IS SIGNIFICANT FOR PUBLIC
85 SERVICE OFFICIALS?
Babu Ram Aryal
Emotional Intelligence: Avenue for Building Better
91 Civil Service in Nepal
Kiran Thapa

Contemporary Debates in Land Governance: A
101 Reflection froConstitution of Nepal
Sagar Shahi, Ph.D.

112 Perspective Views on Public Administration
Hari Prasad Adhikari
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2 PRASHASAN The Nepali Journal of Public Administration
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k|b]z dlGqkl/ifb\ u7g x'g] Joj:yf 5 . pRr cbfnt / lhNnf cbfntsf] ;+/rgfnfO{
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@% dGqL_ • sfo{kflnsf -& k|b]zdf – ufpF sfo{kflnsf
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s'g} klg zf;g k|0ffnLnfO{ hLjGt / k|efjsf/L agfpg df3 & ut]leq ;ª\3, k|b]z / :yfgLo txsf] lgjf{rg
;Ifd ;/sf/ / :yfoL sd{rf/L ;+oGqsf] e"ldsf eO;Sg'kg]{ ;+ljwfgn] ;do ;Ldf lgwf{/0f u/]sf] 5 .
dxTjk"0f{ x'G5 . g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgn] cfTd;ft u/]sf] ;jf]{Rr cbfntaf6 ;f] ;do;Ldf ldRg gx'g] lgb]{z
;ª\3Lo k|0ffnLnfO{ nfu" ug{ ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf] ul/;s]sf] 5 . ;/sf/sf] klg To;;DaGwL k|lta4tf
¿kfGt/0f cfjZos 5 . ;+ljwfg hf/L ePsf] klg /x]sf] b]lvG5 . o; ;Gbe{df ;ª\3Lo Joj:yfnfO{
oltsf ;do eO;s]sf] 5 . t/ klg ;ª\qmd0fsfnLg nfu" ubf{ ;f]xLcg'¿k k|zf;lgs k'g/;+/rgfsf]
Joj:yf jfx]s d"n ljifox¿ nfu" x'g ;ls/x]sf cfjZostf 5 .
5}g . ;+ljwfgn] g} ;do;Ldf lglb{i6 u/]\sf sf/0f -s_ ;ª\3Lo 9fFrfdf dGqfno / sfo{If]q
Gofokflnsfdf pRr cbfntx¿ u7g ePsf 5g\ . d'n's ;ª\3Lo Joj:yfdf ¿kfGt/0f x'Fbf k|b]zdf g}
sltko pRr cbfntsf] d'sfdx¿ hgtfsf] kx'Frsf ljleGg dGqfno /xg] / w]/} sfdx¿ k|b]z / :yfgLo
lx;fan] ef}uflns b[li6n] ;'ud gePsf] eGg] klg txdf ;+ljwfgåf/f x:tfGt/0f ePsfn] ;+3df
/x]sf] 5 . h] xf]; pRr cbfntx¿ u7g ePsf 5g\ . dGqfnosf] ;+Vof ;fgf] cfsf/sf] x'g' cfjZos 5 .
/fi6«klt÷pk/fi6«kltsf] rog ePsf] 5 . ;/sf/x¿ pRr:t/Lo k|zf;g ;'wf/sf] k|ltj]bg, @)&) n] !@
km]/abn ePsf 5g\ . t/ ;ª\3Lo Joj:yf nfu" j6f dGqfno k|:tfj u/]sf]df ;+ljwfgsf] cg';"rLdf
ePsf] cg'e"lt x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . ;ª\3Lo Joj:yf tf]lsPsf] ljifox¿sf] cfwf/df b]xfoadf]lhd x'g'
pko'Qm x'g] b]lvG5 –

;ª\3Lo dGqfno ljifox¿

!= k|wfgdGqL tyf dGqfnox¿sf] sfdsf] ;dGjo / cg'udg, zf;g Joj:yf ;'wf/sf] ljifo,
dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfo{fno ;ª\3Lo sfo{kflnsf, ;+j}wflgs lgsfox¿, /fli6«o dxTjsf cfof]ux¿
@= /Iff DfGqfno :f]gf, /fli6«o ;'/Iff, /fli6«o Pstf / ef}uf]lns cv08tfsf] ;+/If0f,
/fli6«o ;'/Iff;DaGwL, o'4 / k|lt/Iff, xftxltof/, v/vhfgf sf/vfgf tyf
pTkfbg;DaGwL
#= cy{ dGqfno s]Gb|Lo of]hgf, s]Gb|Lo a}+s, ljQLo gLlt, d'b|f / a}+lsª\u, df}lb|s gLlt, ljb]zL
cg'bfg, ;xof]u / C0f, cy{tGq, s/, /fh:j, ljQLo Pj+ df}lb|s gLlt / j}b]lzs
;xof]u, eG;f/, cGtMz'Ns, d"No clej[l4 s/, ;+:yfut cfos/, JolQmut
cfos/, kfl/>lds s/, /fxbfgL z'Ns, le;f z'Ns, ko{6g b:t'/, ;]jf z'Ns
b:t'/, b08 hl/jfgf, s]Gb|Lo tYof+s -/fli6«o / cGt/f{li6«o dfgs / u'0f:t/_
aLdf gLlt, lwtf]kq, ;xsf/L lgodg, ;fdflhs ;'/Iff / u/LaL lgjf/0f

4 PRASHASAN The Nepali Journal of Public Administration

 $= sfg'g tyf Gofo /fli6«o Joj:yflksf, ;ª\3Lo sfGf"g, cbfnt, cGt/f{li6«o ;GwL ;Demf}tf,
dGqfno ;'k'b{uL, kf/:kl/s sfg"gL ;xfotf, ;jf]{Rr cbfnt, pRr cbfnt, lhNnf
cbfnt tyf Gofo k|zf;g;DaGwL sfg"g, kmf}hbf/L, b]jfgL sfg"gsf] lgdf{0f
%= k//fi6« dGqfno k//fi6« tyf s"6gLlts dfldnf, cGt/f{li6«o ;DaGw / ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;ª\3;DaGwL,
Jf}b]lzs ;DaGw, s"6gLlts lgof]u, /fxbfgL, le;f
^= :fª\3Lo dfldnf ;ª\3Lo dfldnf, ljjfb ;dfwfg, ;ª\3Lo ;+;b, k|b]z / :yfgLo tx;DaGwL
dGqfno dfldnf, ljz]if ;+/rgf
&= u[x dGqfno s]Gb|Lo k|x/L, ;z:q k|x/L an, /fli6«o u'Ktr/ tyf cg';Gwfg, zflGt ;'/Iff,
gful/stf, /fxbfgL, cWofudg
*= dfgj ;+;fwg lzIff, :jf:Yo, /f]huf/, ;fdflhs Gofo / ljsf;, s]Gb|Lo ljZjljBfno,
ljsf; dGqfno s]Gb|Lo:t/sf k|1f k|lti7fg, ljZjljBfno dfkb08 / lgodg, s]Gb|Lo k':tsfno,
:jf:Yo gLlt, :jf:Yo ;]jf, :jf:Yo dfkb08, u'0f:t/ / cg'udg, /fli6«o jf
ljlzi6 ;]jf k|bfos c:ktfn, k/Dk/fut pkrf/ ;]jf, ;¿jf /f]u lgoGq0f,
;ª\3Lo lghfdtL ;]jf, ;/sf/L ;]jf
(= ko{6g, pBf]u tyf ko{6g ljsf;, /fli6«o pBf]u / jfl0fHo cGt/f{li6«o Jofkf/, af}l4s ;DklQ,
jfl0fHo dGqfno gfktf}n, cGt/f{li6«o Jofkf/, ljlgdo, aGb/ufx, xjfO{ p8\8og, cGt/f{li6«o
ljdfg:yn, af}l4s ;DklQ -k]6]G6, l8hfOg, 6]«8dfs{ / k|ltlnlk clwsf/
;d]t_, gfk–tf}n, k'/ftflTjs dxTjsf :yfg / k|frLg :df/s
!)= hn>f]t tyf s[lif s]Gb|Lo hn pmhf{ ljsf;, l;rfO{, /fli6«o s[lif ljsf; gLlt / vfB ;'/Iff,
dGqfno hn;|f]tsf] ;+/If0f / ax'cfoflds pkof]u;DaGwL gLlt / dfkb08, cGt/b]zLo
tyf cGt/k|b]z ljB't k|;f/0f nfOg, s]Gb|Lo :t/sf 7"nf ljB't, l;FrfO / cGo
cfof]hgf tyf kl/of]hgf, Sjf/]G6fOg
!!= ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ ;"rgf, 5fkfvfgf, ;'/lIft 5fkfvfgf, s]Gb|Lo b"/;~rf/, /]l8of] lk|mSj]G;Lsf]
dGqfno afF8kmfF8, /]l8of], 6]lnlehg / x'nfs
!@= /fli6«o k"jf{wf/ s]Gb|Lo ;8s, /]ndfUf{ ljsf;, lj1fg k|ljlw, ef}lts ljsf;, /fli6«o oftfoft
ljsf; dGqfno gLlt, /]n tyf /fli6«o nf]sdfu{sf] Joj:yfkg, cf0fljs pmhf{, jfo'd08n /
cGtl/If;DaGwL, vfgL pTvgg\, /fli6«o tyf cGt/f{li6«o jftfj/0f Joj:yfkg,
/fli6«o lgs'~h, jGohGt' cf/If tyf l;d;f/ If]q, /fli6«o jg gLlt, sfa{g ;]jf,
e"pkof]u gLlt, a:tL ljsf; gLlt, ko{6g gLlt, jftfj/0f cg's"ng
pRr:t/Lo k|zf;g ;'wf/ ;ldlt ;d]taf6 !@ j6f h:tf] 5nkmn eP klg ;+3df 7"nf] ;+Vofsf] dGqfno
dGqfno ;+3df k|:tfj u/]sf] ;Gbe{ 5 . d'n'ssf] agfOof] eg] s]lGb|s[t ;f]r g} x'g] ePsfn] o:tf]
cfjZostf / ;+ljwfgsf] Joj:yfnfO{ x]/]/ !* ;f]rdf k'glj{rf/ x'g' h¿/L 5 .
dGqfno;Dd /fVg] 5nkmn eO/x]sf] b]lvG5 . h]
g]kfnsf] ;fj{hlgs k|zf;g ;DaGwL klqsf k|zf;g 5
-v_ k|b]z txdf dGqfno / sfo{If]q
;+ljwfgn] ;ª\3Lo Joj:yf cfTd;ft u/L
/fHozlQmsf] ljefhg tLg txdf u/]sf] ;Gbe{df
k|b]z txdf /xg] dGqfnosf] ;+Vofsf] pRrtd
;Ldf lgwf{/0f ug]{ / To;nfO{ a9Ldf !) df ;Lldt
ug]{, ;a} k|b]zdf s]xL dGqfno sfod /xg] / s]xL
dGqfno cfjZostfcg';f/ gfdfs/0f / sfo{If]q
k|b]z dGqfno
!= d'Vo dGqLsf] sfof{no
@= cy{ dGqfno
#= u[x dGqfno
$= sfg'g dGqfno
%= dfgj ;+zfwg dGqfno
^= s[lif tyf kz' ljsf; dGqfno
&= e"ld Joj:yfkg dGqfno
*= k"jf{wf/ ljsf; dGqfno
(= jg tyf jftfj/0f ;+/If0f /
k|fs[lts ;|f]t kl/rfng dGqfno
!)= pBf]u, jfl0fHo tyf cfk"lt{
dGqfno
-u_ :yfgLo txsf ;+/rgfx¿
:yfgLo txsf] clwsf/ ;"rL ;+ljwfgsf]
cg';"rL– * df pNn]v 5 . ;+ljwfgåf/f lglb{i6
6 PRASHASAN The Nepali Journal of Public Administration
tf]Sg] u/L Joj:yf ug{' pko'Qm x'g] b]lvG5 . g]kfnsf]
;+ljwfgn] k|b]z ;efsf ;b:osf] aL; k|ltzt eGbf
a9L gx'g] u/L k|b]z dlGqkl/ifb\sf] u7g ug]{ Joj:yf
u/]sf]n] o; ;+j}wflgs Joj:yf cg';f/ k|b]z ;ef
-;a} k|b]z_ df %%) ;b:o /xg ;Sg] x'Fbf ;f] sf]
aL; k|ltztdf ;Lldt eO{ k|b]z dlGqkl/ifb\ u7g
ubf{ k|b]zdf dGqfnosf] ;+Vof a9Ldf bzdfq sfod
u/L b]xfo adf]lhd ug'{ pko'Qm x'g] b]lvG5 M
sfo{If]qsf ljifox¿
dGqfnosf] sfdsf] ;dGjo, cg'udg, zf;sLo ;'wf/, k|b]z
dlGqkl/ifb\;DaGwL, efiff, lnlk, ;+:s[lt, nlntsnf, wd{sf]
;+/If0f / k|of]u
ljQLo ;+:yfx¿sf] ;~rfng, ;xsf/L ;+:yf, j}b]lzs cg'bfg /
;xof]u, ah]6 / s/
k|b]z k|x/L k|zf;g / zflGt ;'/Iff, k|b]z cg';Gwfg Jo"/f], k|b]z
nf]s;]jf cfof]u,
k|b]zsf] clwsf/ If]qleqsf sfg'g lgdf{0f, k|b]z;ef;DaGwL
hgzlQm Joj:yfkg, k|b]z lghfdtL ;]jf / cGo ;/sf/L ;]jf,
:jf:Yo ;]jf, k|b]z tYofÍ, k|b]z ljZjljBfno, pRrlzIff
k':tsfno, ;+u|xfno,
s[lif tyf kz'ljsf;, dT:okfng, l;FrfO{
e"ld Joj:yfkg, hUufsf] clen]v, u'7L Joj:yfkg
k|b]z:t/sf] ljB't, vfg]kfgL ;]jf, kl/jxg, k|b]z nf]sdfu{,
ef}lts Joj:yfkg, oftfoft
k|b]zleqsf] /fli6«o jg, hn pkof]u tyf jftfj/0f Joj:yfkg,
k|fs[lts ;|f]t kl/rfng
snsf/vfgf, cf}Bf]lusLs/0f, Jofkf/ Joj;fo, vfgL cGj]if0f
/ Joj:yfkg
sfo{;Dkfbg ug{ ;f]xL cg'¿k :yfgLo txdf
;+/rgfsf] lgdf{0f cfjZos 5 . :yfgLo lgsfodf
sfo{/t sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ :yfgLo txdf ;dfof]hg /
Joj:yfkg ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . o; ;Gbe{df ufpFkflnsf
/ gu/kflnsf cGtu{t b]xfosf] Joj:yf ug'{ pko'Qm
x'g] b]lvG5 –
-!_ ufpF sfo{kflnsf÷gu/ sfo{kflnsf
-@_ ufFp÷gu/ e"ld Joj:yfkg tyf ;fj{hlgs
;Dklt ;+/If0f ljefu
-#_ k"jf{wf/ ljsf; ljefu
-$_ ;fj{hlgs ;]jf Joj:yfkg ljefu
-%_ :yfgLo cbfnt
b|i6Jo M ;+ljwfgsf] cg';"rL– * sf] sfo{If]qsf]
cfwf/df cfjZoQmfg';f/ sfo{k|s[lt,
sfo{af]em / k|fyldstfsf cfwf/df cGo
ljefu÷lgsfo :yfkgf ug{ ;lsg] .
$= sd{rf/L ;dfof]hg
;+ljwfgsf] ;ª\qmd0fsfnLg Joj:yfcg'[;f/ wf/f
#)@ n] ljleGg txdf cfjZos ;]jf k|jfx ug{
g]kfn ;/sf/n] cfjZos Joj:yf ug]{ Joj:yf
u/]sf] 5 . ;+ljwfgdf Joj:yf ePg';f/ ;fj{hlgs
k|zf;gsf] k'g/;+/rgf ug]{ qmddf ;ª\qmd0fsfnLg
Joj:yfkgsf] ;Gbe{df ljBdfg sd{rf/LnfO{ ;ª\3,
k|b]z / :yfgLo txdf ;dfof]hg ug'{kg]{ x'G5 .
o;sf lglDt ;dfof]hg;DaGwL ljz]if sfg'g th'{df
ug'{kg]{ / To:tf] sfg'gdf ;dfof]hgsf] :ki6 dfkb08
/ sfo{ljlw lgwf{/0f ug'{kg]{ x'G5 .
;+ljwfgsf] wf/f #)@ adf]lhd sd{rf/L ;dfof]hg
ubf{ ;ª\3, k|b]z / :yfgLo txn] ug]{ sfo{sf] k|s[lt
/ sfo{af]emsf] cfwf/df ;ª\3, k|b]z / :yfgLo
txdf ;dfof]hg ug'{kg]{ sd{rf/L ;+Vofsf] cfFs8f
lgwf{/0f u/L ;f]xLcg'¿k ;dfof]hg ug'{kg]{ x'G5 .
;dfof]hgnfO{ hl6n agfOg' x'Fb}g . ;dfof]hg x'g]
sd{rf/LnfO{ pgLx¿sf] ;]jf zt{ / ;'ljwfsf]
k|Tofe"lt g]kfn ;/sf/n] ug'{kb{5 . k|b]z / :yfgLo
tx ;Ifd x'Fb} uPkl5 cfjZos hgzlQmsf] kl/k"lt{
/ sd{rf/Lx¿sf] ;]jf zt{;DaGwL Joj:yf ToxLaf6
x'g]5 . sd{rf/L ;dfof]hg ug{ tTsfn s]xL k|lqmof
k"/f ug{ l9nf] x'g;Sg] ePdf ;]jf k|jfxsf lglDt
tTsfn} sd{rf/L v6fO{ cfjZos Joj:yfkg g]kfn
;/sf/n] ug'{ kg]{5 .
%= r'gf}tLx¿
;ª\3Lo k|0ffnL cfkm}df dx+uf] / hl6n Joj:yf
ePsfn] o;sf] sfof{Gjog / Joj:yfkgdf cg]sf}+
r'gf}tLx¿ 5g\ . ;ª\3Lotf sfof{Gjogdf ljleGg
r'gf}tLx¿ /x]sf 5g\ . ;+ljwfg;efaf6 g]kfnsf]
;+ljwfg -@)&@_ cTolws ax'dtn] hf/L u/]sf]
eP klg ;+ljwfgk|ltsf] ;j{:jLsfo{tfsf] k|Zgn]
;+ljwfg sfof{Gjogdf r'gf}tLx¿ v8f ePsf
5g\ . ;ª\3Lo Joj:yfnfO{ Jojxf/df ¿kfGt/0f ug{
/fhgLlts ;xdlt aGg g;Sbf ;+ljwfg sfof{Gjog
hl6n eO/x]sf] 5 . ;Djt @)&$ df3 & ut]
leq tLg} txsf] lgjf{rg ;DkGg ug'{kg]{ ;+j}wflgs
bfloTj k"/f ug]{ sfo{ :jod\df r'gf}tLk"0f{ /x]sf] 5 .
;+ljwfgaf6 tf]lsPsf] ;do;Ldf leq lgjf{rg ePg
eg] ;+j}wflgs ;Í6x¿ >[hgf x'g ;Sb5g\ . To;n]
d'n'snfO{ emg\ cl:y/tftkm{ n}hfg] 5 .
;ª\qmd0fsfnaf6 d'n'snfO{ lgsfNg ;+ljwfg
sfof{Gjog ug'{ afx]s csf]{ pkfo b]lvGg . nf]stGq
hgtfsf] dtaf6 rNg] Joj:yf ePsfn] hgfb]z
/ dtfb]zsf] ;Ddfg x'g'kb{5 . lgjf{rg :jtGq /
:jR5, cfjlws, ;dfj]zL / cy{k"0f{ x'g'kb{5 .
;Qf x:tfGt/0fsf] zflGtk"0f{ dfWod eg]s} lgjf{rg
ePsfn] /fhgLlts bnx¿n] lgjf{rgaf6 g} cfkm\gf]
j}wtf k'li6 ug'{ kb{5 . ;ª\3Lo k|0ffnL nfu" ug]{ sfo{
cfkm}df r'gf}tLk"0f{ ePsfn] ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f k|lqmofdf
g]kfnsf] ;fj{hlgs k|zf;g ;DaGwL klqsf k|zf;g 7
;dfj]z ePsf /fhgLlts zlQmx¿ Pp6} lsQfdf
pleP/ ;+ljwfgsf] sfof{Gjogdf h'6\g' cfjZos 5 .
;+ljwfgadf]lhd ;ª\3, k|b]z / :yfgLo tx u7g
x'gf;fy ;]jf k|jfxnfO{ r':t / k|efjsf/L agfpg
;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf cfjZos ;+/rgf, hgzlQm,
;|f]t ;fwg h:tf s'/f cfjZos kg]{ x'Fbf k|zf;lgs
k'g/;+/rgfsf] vfsf ;dod} x'g' h¿/L 5 . of]
sfo{ cfkm}df r'gf}tLk"0f{ 5 . o;nfO{ ;xh¿kdf
Joj:yfkg ug]{ u/L ;f]xLcg'¿k sfg'gsf] lgdf{0f
/ ljj]sk"0f{ tl/sfn] sd{rf/Lsf] ;dfof]hg /
Joj:yfkg ug'{kg]{ x'G5 .
;ª\3Lo k|0ffnL dxFuf] Joj:yf ePsfn] ;|f]t
;fwgsf] aGbf]j:t, k|fs[lts ;|ft] sf] afF8kmfF8, ;ª\3,
k|bz] / :yfgLo txsf] ljQLo Joj:yfkg / ;dGjo
h:tf ljleGg kIfdf cWoog u/L ;ª\3, k|bz ] / :yfgLo
txsf] ;+/rgf :yfkgf x'gf;fy To;sf] sfof{GjognfO{
;xh agfpg] tof/L ;dod} x'g' h¿/L 5 .
;fj{hlgs k|zf;g;Fu ;DalGwt P]g sfg'g
;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !%%, !^!, @@&, @$# / wf/f
@*% df cGtlg{lxt l;4fGt;Fu d]n vfg] u/L ;dfg
cj:yfdf ;a}nfO{ ;dfg Jojxf/ x'g] lsl;dn]
gofF sfg'g agfpg' kg]{ sfo{ klg r'gf}tLk"0f{ g}
/x]sf] 5 . ;]jfsf] ljlzi6Ls/0fsf gfddf cf–
cfkm\gf ;'ljwfx¿sf] :jfy{sf sf/0f lghfdtL
;]jf;Fu ;DalGwt sfg'gsf] th'{df ug]{ sfo{ cfkm}df
hl6n aGg k'u]sf] 5 .
pk;+xf/
g]kfn hl6n kl/l:yltaf6 u'lh|/x]sf] 5 . /fhgLlts
k|0ffnLx¿ km]l/Psf 5g\ . t/ ;f]r / sfo{ Jojxf/df
kl/jt{g x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . g]kfn cd]l/sf eGbf
h]7f] ;fj{ef}d :jtGq d'n's xf] . g]kfn h:t}
cj:yfdf /x]sf blIf0f sf]l/of, dn]l;of, l;+ufk'/
8 PRASHASAN The Nepali Journal of Public Administration
h:tf d'n'sx¿n] cfly{s ljsf;df 7"nf] km8\sf]
dfl/;Sbf klg g]kfn ;Fw} /fhgLlts cl:y/tf
/ ;Qf slrËnd} cNdlnPsf] 5 . h;sf sf/0f
d'n'sdf lbuf] zflGt, ljsf; / ;'zf;g sfod ug{
;lsPsf] 5}g . ljutdf ;+ljwfg jfws ePsf]
eGg] ;DemL ljleGg ;+ljwfgx¿ km]l/of] . hgtfn]
;+ljwfg agfpg] k|of]hgsf lglDt ;+ljwfg;ef
/f]lhof] . ;+ljwfg;efn] ;+ljwfg klg agfof] . t/
;j{:jLsfo{tfsf] k|Zgn] d'n'sdf ;ª\qmd0fsfn
nlDaPs} 5 . ljifox¿ u'h'lN6P/ alNemPsf 5g\ .
o; cj:yfdf ;+ljwfgsf] sfof{Gjog / k|zf;lgs
k'g/;+/rgfsf] sfo{df cg]sf}+ r'gf}tLx¿ /x]sf
5g\ . ca klg d'n'snfO{ ;+qmd0fsfnaf6 glgsfNg]
xf] eg] d'n's c;kmn x'g] cj:yf >[hgf x'g
;Sg]tkm{ dgg\ ub}{ /fhgLlts bnx¿n] lhDd]jf/
9Ën] ;+ljwfg sfof{Gjog ug{ ljj]sk"0f{ lg0f{o
ug{' clxn]sf] cfjZostf xf] . o;sf lglDt :ki6
dfu{lrq;lxt b[9 OR5fzlQm h¿/L 5 . k|zf;lgs
k'g;{+/rgf ubf{ ;+3df dGqfnosf] ;+Vof ;+ljwfgsf]
cg';"rLadf]lhd ;+3nfO{ ;'lDkPsf] sfdsf cfwf/df
;fgf] ;+Vofsf] agfpg], cgfjZos ljefux¿ g/fVg],
r':t ;+/rgfx¿ lgdf{0f ug]{ u/L k|zf;lgs k'g;{+/rgf
ug'{ cfjZos 5 .
;Gbe{–;fdu|L
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Kingston, Queen's University Press, 1999
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Oxford University Press, 1984
bfxfn, sfzL/fh, ;+j}wflgs nf]stGq M ;+ljwfg n]
vg, cEof; / cg'ej -k':ts_, sf7df8f}+, @)&!
pRr:t/Lo k|zf;g ;'wf/sf] k|ltj]bg, @)&)
g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg -@)&@_
k|zf;g ;'wf/ sfof{Gjog cg'udg k|ltj]bg, @)&#
g]kfnsf] ;fj{hlgs k|zf;g ;DaGwL klqsf k|zf;g 9
;'zf;gsf] cj:yf / o;sf nflu
ug'{kg]{ ;'wf/
!= k[i7e"ldM
hgtfnfO{ zf;gsf] cg'e"lt x'g] u/L sfo{sfl/0fL sfd,
st{Jo, clwsf/sf] k|of]u ug'{ jt{dfg ;j{dfGo dfGotf ePsf]
5 . ;fj{hlgs ;]jf k|jfxdf /fHosf ljleGg ;+oGqx¿ ;+nUg x'g]
ePtfklg ;]jf k|jfxsf] ;du| d"Nof+sg / pQ/bfloTj ;/sf/sf]
t:jL/;Fu hf]l8g] ePsf sf/0f ;/sf/n] cfkm\gf] sfo{;~rfngsf]
d'Vo ;fWo ;'zf;gnfO{ g} sfod u/]sf] x'G5 . ;'zf;g sfod
ug{ ;Ifd ;/sf/k|lt hgtfsf] ljZjf; Pj+ e/f];f /xg] sf/0f
;/sf/sf] lbuf]kgfsf nflu ;'zf;gnfO{ d'Vo cfwf/sf ¿kdf
:jLsf/ ul/G5 . ;/sf/sf] lg0f{o, gLlt, of]hgf, /0fgLlt, sfo{qmdnfO{
ck]lIft ¿kdf ;~rfngug{sf nflu ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf] cxd
lzj/fd Gof}kfg] e"ldsf /x]sf] x'G5 . ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gnfO{ :jR5, ;Ifd, lgikIf,
kf/bzL{, e|i6frf/d'Qm, hgpQ/bfoL / ;xeflutfd"ns agfpg;Sbf
;x–;lrj dfq ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf] pTkfbsTj ck]lIft ¿kdf xfl;n
;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfno x'g ;S5 . o;af6 ;'zf;gsf] cleofgdf ;kmntf xfl;n x'g
;Sb5 . o;sf nflu ;/sf/sf] ;jn Pj+ b'/bzL{ g]t[Tjsf ;fy}
sfdofjL k|zf;lgs ;+oGqsf] ;lqmotf h¿/L x'G5 . ;fy,} /fHosf
cGo ;/f]sf/jf/jfnf ;+:yfx¿sf] ;xeflutf ;d]t o;df k'/ssf
¿kdf cfpg] ub{5 . ;du|df ;/sf/sf] s'zn g]t[Tjdf /fHosf
;j} ;/f]sf/jfnf ;+:yfx¿sf] ;xsfo{jf6 ;'zf;gsf] cleofgnfO{
ult k|bfg u/L d'n'ssf] ;du| cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs ;Dj[l4
xfl;n x'g ;Sg] ePsfn] o;tkm{ pGd'v x'g' h¿/L ePsf] 5 .
;fdfGo kl/efiffdf ;'zf;gnfO{ c;n Pj+ /fd|f] zf;gsf ¿kdf
a'em\g ;lsG5 . g]kfnLa[xt zJbsf]ifdf ;'zf;gnfO{ kl/efiff
ubf{ ;'' nfO{ ;'Gb/, jl9of, pQd, >]i7, /fd|/L eGg] zAbn] lrGg
;lsg] cyf{t pQd lsl;dsf] zf;g, c;n /fHo Joj:yf egL
kl/efiff ul/Psf] 5 . zf;gnfO{ ;/sf/n] ug]{ s'g} b]zsf] k|aGw
tyf ;~rfng ;DjGwL sfd cg'zf;g jf dof{bf kfng u/fpg]

10 PRASHASAN The Nepali Journal of Public Administration

sfd, cf1f, cfb]zs'g} s;'/sf lglDt lbOg] b08
jf ;hfo egL kl/efiff ul/Psf] 5 . ;'zf;gsf
;DaGwdf ljZja}+sn] "Good governance is
the manner in which power is exercised in
the management of a country's economic
and social resources for development”
egL kl/efiff u/]sf] 5 .
;'zf;gsf ;DaGwdf UNESCAP, n] "Good
governance is the combination of
participatory, consensus oriented,
accountable, transparent, responsive,
effective and efficient, equitable and
inclusive and follows the rule of law" egL
kl/efiff u/]sf] 5 .
;'zf;gsf ;DaGwdf ljleGg /fhgLlts Pj+
k|zf;lgs ;flxTox¿df of] c;n zf;g jf /fd|f]
zf;g xf] egL kl/efiff ul/Psf] 5 . ;fy} /fHosf]
s'g} lglZrt cËdf eGbf klg ;Dk"0f{ cË tyf
pkcËx¿df dxz'; ul/g] Jofks ljifo, hgtfnfO{
s]Gb|ljGb'df /fv]/ ul/g] zf;g, nf]stGqsf] ;kmntf
jf c;kmntfsf] dfkg ug]{ s8L, /fHo k|0ffnLdf
;j}sf] plrt k|ltlglwTj sfod u/L ;a}sf] ckgTj
lbnfpg] zf;g egL ;du|df ;'zf;gsf] kl/efiff
ul/Psf] 5 .
/fHosf] pTklt;Fu} zf;g ljleGg ¿k Pj+ 9fFrfdf
;~rfng xF'b} cfPsf] ePtfklg zf;gaf6 hgtfn]
ck]lIft ¿kdf cg'e"lt ug{ g;s]sf sf/0f zf;g
ljsNksf] vf]hL x'g yfNof] . ;/sf/sf] sfd
sf/jfxLnfO{ hgtfsf] nfe, ;Dj[l4, Gofo;Fu hf]8]/
ljZn]if0f ug]{ ;Gbe{df zf;gsf] ljsNk :j¿k
;'zf;gsf] ljsf; ;g !(*) sf] bzssf] pQ/fw{df
ePsf] dflgG5 . ljZj j}+sn] clk|msL dxfb]zsf]
;j;fx/fg If]qsf] cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs ljsf;
k|lqmofn] ultzLntf xfl;n ug{ g;Sg'sf] sf/0f
vf]hLsf] qmddf ;'zf;gsf] cjwf/0ff klxrfg ePsf]
:ki6 u/]sf] 5 . ;'zf;gnfO{ d"ntM ljsf;f]Gd'v
/fi6«x¿sf] ljsf;sf] nflu ;xfotf k|bfg ug]{ zt{sf]
¿kdf lnOg'sf ;fy} jt{dfg kl/j]zdf of] ;a} 7fpFdf
cToGt dxTjk"0f{ Pj+ cGt/ ;DalGwt ;jfnsf]
¿kdf Jojxf/df cfPsf] 5 . ;'zf;gnfO{ lbuf]
ljsf;sf] nIo xfl;n ug{sfnflu dxTjk"0f{
cfwf/sf ¿kdf ljZje/ :jLsfl/Psf] 5 . sfg'gsf]
zf;g, pRr cg'zf;g / s'zn Joj:yfkgsf]
;du| ¿k, hgtfsf] rfxgfcg'¿ksf] zf;g k4lt /
k|lqmofdf hf]8, cg'zf;g jf dof{bf kfngf u/fpg]
sfd, OlGb|ox¿sf] ;+od jf lgoGq0f, ljsf;;F+u
cGof]Gofl>t eP/ cfPsf] ;jfn, hgtfn] /fd|f]
cg'e"lt u/]sf] zf;g k|s[ofsf ¿kdf ;'zf;gnfO{
Jofks u/fpb} nluPsf] 5 .
@= ;'zf;gsf ljz]iftfx¿ M
k|hftflGqs Pj+ nf]tflGqs zf;g Joj:yfsf]
d'Vo rl/qsf ¿kdf ;'zf;gnfO{ lng] ul/G5 .
nf]stflGqs d"No, dfGotf, l;4fGt, efjgfcg'¿k
hgtfnfO{ glhssf] ;]jfs]Gb|af6 Gofok"0f{ nfe
Pj+ ;Dj[l4 xfl;n u/fpg] p2]Zo cg'¿k zf;gdf
;'zf;gsf] cjwf/0ff ljsf; ePsf] xf] . ;'zf;gn]
Jofks Pj+ ;du| nfe / Gofosf] kIfdf jsfnt
ug]{ ePsfn] o;sf] ljz]iftfnfO{ tnsf a'Fbfx¿af6
:ki6 ug{ ;lsG5 M
• ;du| ;fdflhs Gofo / ;Dj[l4nfO{ d'Vo ;jfn
agfPsf],
• cfly{s cg'zf;g tyf e|i6frf/ lgoGq0fnfO{
hf]8 lbPsf],
• nf]stflGqs d"No, dfGotfdf cfwfl/t pQ/bfoL
Joj:yf ePsf],
g]kfnsf] ;fj{hlgs k|zf;g ;DaGwL klqsf k|zf;g 11
• /fhgLlts tyf k|zf;lgs pQ/bfloTj ;'lglZrt tTjsf ¿kdf lng] ul/G5 . ljleGg kIfx¿af6
u/]sf], c+lusf/ ul/Psf cfwf/e"t tTjx¿ lgDgfg';f/ 5g\ M
• clwsf/sf] ljs]Gb|Ls/0fnfO{ ;'lglZrt u/]sf], s_ World Bank sf cg';f/
• ax'njfbdf cfwfl/t nf]stflGqs zf;gnfO{ • pQ/bfloTj
ckgfPsf], • kf/blz{tf
• k"0f{ k|]; :jtGqtf / ;"rgfsf] xs ;'lglZrt • hg;xeflutf
u/]sf], • cg'dfgof]Uotf
• :j]R5frf/L zf;g Joj:yfsf] cGTodf hf]8
lbPsf], v_ UNDP sf cg';f/
• dfgjclwsf/sf] k|Tofe"lt u/]sf], • gful/s ;dfh;Fusf] ;xsfo{tf
• ;/sf/, lghL If]q / gful/s ;dfhsf] ;xsfo{df • /fhgLlts j}wflgstf / pQ/bfloTj
hf]8 lbPsf], • lgikIf / e/kbf]{ Gofo k|0ffnL
• :jtGq / cfjlws lgjf{rg k|0ffnLnfO{ • r':t, b'¿:t / k|efjsf/L ;fj{hlgs Joj:yfkg
:jLsf/]sf], • ;"rgfsf] xssf] k|Tofe"lt
• hg;xeflutfd"ns zf;g k|0ffnLnfO{ c+lusf/
u/]sf,] u_ ODA -;d'Gb|kf/ ljsf; ;+:yf_sf cg';f/
• :jtGq / ;Ifd GofokflnsfnfO{ cfTd;ft • hgpQ/bfoL ;/sf/sf] ;'lglZrttf
u/]sf], • k|ltikwL{ ;/sf/
• ;fdflhs Gofo, ;dfj]lzs/0fsf] k|j4{gdf • k|hftflGqs lgjf{rg k|lqmof
h]f8 lbPsf], • hg;xeflutfd"ns zf;g Joj:yf
• kf/blz{tf / pQ/bfloTjsf] k|Tofe"lt u/]sf] • sfg"gsf] zf;g / dfgj clwsf/sf] k|Tofe"lt
• eljiosf] cg'dfg ug{ ;lsg] zf;g k|0ffnL
ePsf], $= ;'zf;gsf cfofdx¿
• sfg"gsf] zf;gsf] k|Tofe"lt u/]sf], ;g\ !(*) sf] bzsotf ;'zf;gsf :j¿k,
k4lt, 9Ffrf, k|s[lt, rl/qdf Jofks kl/jt{g eO
#= ;'zf;gsf cfwf/e"t tTjx¿ M ;s]sf] 5 . gofF ;fj{hlgs Joj:yfkg ;d]tsf
;'zf;gsf] sfo{If]q Jofks / c;Lldt /x]sfn] o;sf] sf/0f ;'zf;gnfO{ ljleGg kIfjf6 cf+sng ug{
cfwf/e"t tTjx¿df ljZjJofkL ;j{ :jLsfo{ wf/0ff yflnPsf] 5 . b]zsf] cfly{s, ;fdflhs, ;f+:s[lt,
olsg x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . kl/jt{gzLn Joj:yfkgsf k|zf;lgs x/]s b[li6sf]0fn] ;'zf;gnfO{ ljZn]if0f
cfwf/x¿nfO{ ;'zf;gsf] d'Vo cfwf/sf ¿kdf ug{ ;lsG5 . d'n'ssf] ljBdfg kl/j]zcg'¿k
lnOG5 . ;fdfGotM kf/blz{tf, pQ/bfloTj, e|i6frf/ ;'zf;gsf cfofdx¿df ;d]t km/s :j¿k b]lvg
lgoGq0f, sfg"gL zf;g, hg;xeflutf cflb ;Sb5–
tTjx¿nfO{ rng rNtLdf ;'zf;gsf cfwf/e"t

12 PRASHASAN The Nepali Journal of Public Administration

s_ ;'zf;gsf] /fhgLlts cfofd
• nf]stflGqs zf;g k|0ffnL
• sfg"gsf] zf;g
• cfjlws, :jtGq tyf :jR5 lgjf{rg k|0ffnL
• dfgj clwsf/sf] k|Tofe"lt
• ljs]lGb|t zf;g k4lt
• :yfgLo :jfoQtf
v_ ;'zf;gsf] cfly{s cfofd
• ljQLo ljs]Gb|Ls/0f
• cfly{s dLtJolotf
• v'nf tyf pbf/ cfly{s gLlt
• cfly{s j[l4 tyf cfly{s ljsf;
• dhj't cfly{s s"6gLlt
• cfly{s lqmofsnfkdf lghLIf]qsf] k|efjsf/L
;+nUgtf
u_ ;'zf;gsf] k|zf;lgs cfofd
• ;]jfd'vL sfo{;+:sf/
• ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf] ;d'lrt k'g{;+/rgf
• ;]jf k|jfxdf k|efjsfl/tf
• hgd'vL, lhDd]jf/ tyf glthfd"ns k|zf;g
• kf/bzL{ / pQ/bfoL k|zf;g
3_ ;'zf;gsf] ;fdflhs cfofd
• ;fdflhs Gofo / ;'/Iffsf] k|j4{g
• lk5l8Psf] ju{sf] zf;g Joj:yfdf plrt
k|ltlglwTj
• ;fdflhs ;+:yfx¿;Fusf] ;xsfo{
• ;fdflhs ;zlQms/0fsf] cleofg
ª_ ;'zf;gsf] ;f+:s[lts cfofd
• ax';f+:s[lt d"No dfGotfnfO{ cfTd;ft
• ;f+:s[lts klxrfg Pj+ ;f+:s[lts ;Ddfg
• unt ;+:s[ltsf] cGTo
• /fd|f] ;+:s[ltnfO{ dfGotf
r_ ;'zf;gsf] g}lts cfofd
• :j+o cg'zfl;t / g}ltsjfg
• e|i6frf/ / clgoldttf lgoGq0f
• cfrf/;+lxtfsf] lgdf{0f tyf kfngf
• :jR5 ;fdflhs Jojxf/ / ;fdflhs ;b\efj
sfod
%= ;'zf;gsf nflu g]kfndf xfn;Dd Joa:yf
ePsf gLltut Pj+ sfg"gL cfwf/x¿ M
s_ g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg -@)&@_ df ePsf]
Joa:yfM
;+ljwfgsf] k|:tfjgfdf pNn]v ePsf s'/fx¿
b]lv cfly{s, ;fdflhs, k|zf;lgs, /fhgLlts
Joj:yfsf ;jfnx¿ k|ToIf Pj+ ck|ToIf ¿kdf
;'zf;g;Fu ;DalGwt b]lvG5g\ . d"ntM ;+ljwfgsf]
wf/f %! sf] -v_ df Joa:yf ePsf /fHosf
gLlt cGtu{t ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gnfO{ :jR5,
lgikIf, kf/bzL{, e|i6frf/d'Qm, hgpQ/bfoL /
;xeflutfd"ns agfpFb} /fHoaf6 k|fKt x'g] ;]jf
;'ljwfdf hgtfsf] ;dfg / ;xh kx'Fr ;'lglZrt u/L
;'zf;gsf] k|Tofe"t ug]{ Joj:yf pNn]Vo /x]sf] 5 .
v_ rf}wf}+ of]hgf -@)&#÷)&$–)&%÷)&^_ n]
lnPsf] /0fgLlt M
• ;fj{hlgs ;]jfx¿nfO{ u'0f:t/Lo /
;j{;fwf/0fsf] kx'Frof]Uo agfpg ;ª\3Lo k|0ffnL
cg'¿k k|zf;g ;+oGqsf] k'g;{+/rgf ug]{
• ;fj{hlgs lgsfosf sfd sf/afxL ;DaGwL
g]kfnsf] ;fj{hlgs k|zf;g ;DaGwL klqsf k|zf;g 13
 ;"rgfdf gful/ssf] kx'Fr a9fpg] .
• /fi6«;]jsx¿nfO{ sfdk|lt kl/0ffdd'vL /
pQ/bfoL agfpg] .
u_ ;'zf;gsf nflu ;/sf/sf] jt{dfg sfo{gLltx¿ M
• ;ª\3Lo k|0ffnLcg'¿k k|zf;g ;+oGqsf]
k'g;{+/rgf ul/g]
• ljB'tLo zf;g k|0ffnLsf] cjnDag u/L
k|zf;lgs sfo{ljlwnfO{ ;/nLs/0f /
;ª\If]kLs/0f ul/g] .
• PsLs[t 3'DtL ;]jfnfO{ Jofks / k|efjsf/L
agfOg] .
• Ifltk"lt{;lxtsf] a8fkq qmdzM sfof{Gjog ul/g] .
• hgu'gf;f]sf] Joj:yfkgnfO{ yk k|efjsf/L
agfOg] .
• ;fj{hlgs lgsfodf /x]sf ;"rgfdf sfg'g
adf]lhd gful/ssf] kx'Fr clej[l4 ul/g] .
• dxTjk"0f{ ;"rgf;lxtsf] ;"rgfkf6L cfof]hgf
:yndf /fVg] Joj:yfnfO{ clgjfo{ agfOg] .
• ;"rs;lxt sfo{;Dkfbg ;Demf}tf ug}{kg]{ sfg'gL
Joj:yfnfO{ yk k|efjsf/L agfOg] .
• e|i6frf/hGo lqmofsnfkx¿sf] cGTo u/L z"Go
;xgzLntfsf] gLlt cª\uLsf/ ul/g] .
• ;/sf/L sd{rf/L tyf pgLx¿sf cfl>t
kl/jf/sf] nflu b'3{6gf / :jf:Yo ladf nfu"
ul/g] .
3_ ;'zf;g P]g @)^$ df ePsf] ;'zf;g;DaGwL
Joj:yf
;'zf;g P]g @)^$ Pj+ lgodfjnLnfO{ g]kfndf
;'zf;g sfod u/fpg] cfwf/e"t sfg"gL k|fjwfgsf
¿kdf lnOG5 . o; P]gn] d"ntM d'n'ssf] ;fj{hlgs
k|zf;gnfO{ hgd'vL, hjfkmb]xL, kf/bzL{, ;dfj]zL
14 PRASHASAN The Nepali Journal of Public Administration
tyf hg;xeflutfd"ns agfO{ To;sf] k|ltkmn
;j{;fwf/0fnfO{ pknAw u/fpg, sfg"gsf] zf;g,
e|i6frf/d'Qm / r':t k|zf;g, ljs]Gb|Ls/0f, cfly{s
cg'zf;gtyf ;fj{hlgs sfo{ / ;|f]tsf] s'zn
Joj:yfkg h:tf c;n zf;gsf cfwf/e"t
dfGotfnfO{ cfTd;ft\ u/L ;j{;fwf/0fn] kfpg'
kg]{ ;]jf l56f], 5l/tf] tyf sd vlr{nf] 9Ëaf6
kfpg] cj:yf ;[hgf ug{ cfjZos cfwf/ tof/
ug]{ ljifoj:t'x¿nfO{ hf]8 lbPsf] 5 . o;df
lgDgfg';f/sf Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 M
• k|wfgdGqLsf] cWoIftfdf pRr:t/Lo lgb]{zg
;ldlt u7g x'g]
• x/]s kbflwsf/Ln] cfkm\gf] lhDdfsf] sfo{
km5\of}{6 ug'{kg]{ ;dofjlw ls6fg /x]sf]
• dlGq, d'Vo ;lrj Pj+ ;lrjx¿sf] lhDd]jf/L
:ki6 /x]sf]
• gfufl/s j8fkqnfO{ clgjfo{ nfu' ug'{kg]{
• u'gf;f] k]l6sfsf] k|of]u ug'{kg]{
• u'gf;f] ;'Gg gf]8n clws[tsf] Joa:yf
• slDtdf rf/ dlxgfdf Ps k6s ;fj{hlgs
;'g'jfO{ ug'{kg]{
• /fd|f] sfd ug]{ sd{rf/LnfO{ gub tyf u|]8 yk
u/L k'/:s[t ug]{
• lgz'Ns 6]lnkmf]g tyf cgnfO{g ;]jf ;~rfng
ug'{kg]{
• k|jQmfsf] dfWodaf6 sfof{nosf ;"rgf ;Dk|]if0f
ug]{
• dGqfnodf zf;sLo ;'wf/ OsfO{ u7g ug]{
• 3'DtL ;]jf ;~rfngsf] Joj:yf cflb
ª_ cGo sfg"gL Joj:yfx¿ M
• d'n'sL P]g, @)@)
• ;DklQ z'4Ls/0f lgjf/0f P]g, @)^$ /
lgodfjnL, @)^^
• e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f P]g, @)%(
• clVtof/ b'¿kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]u P]g,
@)$* / lgodfjnL, @)%(
• ljz]if cbfnt P]g, @)%(
• ;+ul7t ck/fw lgjf/0f P]g, @)&)
• /fhZj r'xfj6 -cg';Gwfg tyf lgoGq0f_ P]g,
@)%@ / lgodfjnL, @)&)
• ;fj{hlgs vl/b P]g, @)^# / lgodfjnL,
@)^$
• g]kfn ;/sf/ sfo{ ljefhg lgodfjnL, @)&@
• ;'zf;g -Joj:yfkg tyf ;~rfng_ P]g,
@)^$ / lgodfjnL, @)^%
• ;"rgfsf] xs;DaGwL P]g, @)^$ / lgodfjnL,
@)^%
• tTsfn ;'wf/sf] sfo{of]hgf @)&@–)&$
• zf;sLo tyf cfly{s ;'wf/sf] tTsfnLg
sfo{of]hgf, @)^(
• k|zf;sLo P]g lgodx¿÷If]qut P]g, lgodx¿
• lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)$( / lgodfjnL, @)%)
• lghfdtL ;]jfsf sd{rf/Lx¿sf] cfr/0f;DaGwL
lgodfjnL, @)^%
• :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g P]g, @)%% / lgodfjnL,
@)%^
• pkef]Qf ;+/If0f P]g, @)^$
• ;]jf ljt/0f cleofg lgb]{lzsf, @)^%
• ;/sf/L lg0f{o ;/nLs/0f lgb]{lzsf, @)^%
• ;/sf/L sfo{ km5\of}{6 lgodx¿, @)@^
• x]nf] ;/sf/ ;~rfng lgb]{lzsf
• PsLs[t ;]jf ;~rfng lgb]{lzsf
• hgu'gf;f] Joj:yfkg lgb]{lzsf, @)^%
• lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)$( / lgodfjnL, @)%)
• lghfdtL ;]jfsf sd{rf/Lx¿sf] cfr/0f
;DaGwL lgodfjnL, @)^%
• :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g P]g, @)%% / lgodfjnL,
@)%^
• pkef]Qf ;+/If0f P]g, @)^$
^= ;'zf;gsf nflu ePsf] ;+:yfut Joj:yf M
d'n'sdf ;'zf;g sfod u/fpgsf nflu th'{df
ePsf gLltut Joj:yfnfO{ k|efjsf/L ¿kdf
Jojxf/df nfu" ug{sf nflu ljleGg ;/sf/L, u}/
;/sf/L, ;+j}wflgs lgsfox¿sf] u7g ePsf] 5 .
d"ntM ;/sf/L gLlt, of]hgf, /0fgLlt, sfo{qmdx¿sf]
sfof{Gjogsf] lhDd]jf/L lnPsf lgsfox¿ ;fy}
;/sf/sf lg0f{o, gLlt, of]hgf, sfo{qmdx¿sf]
clgoldttfx¿sf] lgu/fgL u/L cfjZos ;'wf/ Pj+
sfg'gL sf/jfxLsf nflu lgu/fgL Pj+ lgoGq0fsf]
e"ldsfdf /x]sf ;+fu7lgs ;+/rgfx¿sf] Joj:yf
pNn]vlgo /x]sf] 5 . ;'zf;g sfod u/fpg] sfo{df
;+nUg ePsf ;+:yfx¿ lgDgfg';f/ /x]sf 5g\ M
s_ ;/sf/L Pj+ u}/ ;/sf/L lgsfox¿ M
• dGqfnox¿ Pj+ s]Gb|Lo:t/sf ljefu cGo
lgsfox¿
• ;+j}wflgs lgsfo / dftxtsf sfof{nox¿
• ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgsf sfof{nox¿
• ljz]if cbfnt
• /fli6«o ;ts{tf s]Gb|
• ;fj{hlgs vl/b cg'udg sfof{no
• ;DklQ z'4Ls/0f cg';Gwfg ljefu
• /fhZj cg';Gwfg ljefu
• g]kfn k|x/L
• /fli6«o cg';Gwfg ljefu
• :yfgLo lgsfox¿
• u}/ ;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿
g]kfnsf] ;fj{hlgs k|zf;g ;DaGwL klqsf k|zf;g 15
• pkef]Qmf lxt ;d"xx¿ • ;]jfd"vL /fhgLlts ;+:sf/ ljslzt eO{ g;Sg'
• ;xsf/L ;+:yfx¿ • ;du|tfdf x]g]{ / bL3{sflng ;f]rfO{ /fVg]
k|a[lQsf] sdL
v_ ;'zf;gsf] cleofgsf] sfo{df ;fem]bf/ • :yfgLo lgsfosf] lqmoflzntf gePsf] x'Fbf
lgsfox¿ hg;xeflutf x'g g;Sg'
• ;/sf/ • /fhgLlts ldnf]dtf]df clgoldt
• gf]s/zfxL sfdsf/jfxLsf] j[l4
• bftf ;d"x
• gful/s ;dfh v_ hgtf÷;]jfu|fxL;Fu ;Da4 ;d:ofx¿ M
• /fhgLlts ;dfh • /fHosf lqmofsnfkdf ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿sf]
• cfly{s ;dfh ;xeflutfsf] sdL
• Gofokflnsf • r]tgfsf] sdL÷clwsf/ / st{Jo af]wdf sdL
• cfjZstf eGg'df klg sl7gfO{
&= ;'zf;gsf ;Gb{edf b]lvPsf ;d:ofx¿ M • lghL If]q ;+nUg x'g g;Sg'
;'zf;gnfO{ Jojxf/df k|efjsf/L u/fpg] p2]Zon] • ;fdflhs ;'/Iffdf ;'wf/ / pkof]u
;/sf/sf] g]t[Tjdf /fHosf ljleGg c+ux¿sf] • k[i7kf]if0f lbg] / ;]jfdf ;'wf/ ug]{ tkm{ pbf;Lg
k|of; nfdf] ;dob]lv lg/Gt/ ¿kdf xF'b} cfPsf] 5 . • clwsf/ / st{Jodf ;dGjosf] sdL
;'zf;gsf] k|efjsfl/tfsf nflu /fhgLlts s'zn • :yfgLo lgsfosf] ;jnLs/0f gx'g'
g]t[Tj ;fy} k|zf;lgs ;+oGqsf] ;Ifd lqmoflzntf • ;]jf ;'ljwfnfO{ ahf/Ls/0f gug'{
dxTjk"0f{ cfwf/sf ¿kdf /x]sf] x'G5 . ;fy} • ;]jf z'Ns k4lt cjnDagdf lgis[otf
;/sf/sf sfdsf/jfxLx¿sf] lgu/fgL lgoldt ¿kdf
u/L ;'wf/nfO{ clgjfo{ ug'{ h¿/L x'G5 . g]kfndf oL u_ k|zf;lgs÷Joj:yfksLo kIf;Fu ;Dj4
kIfx¿ sdhf]/ x'g'sf sf/0f ;'zf;gsf] cleofg ;d:ofx¿ M
ultzLn x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . o; ;Gbe{df b]lvPsf • glthfd'vL sfo{ ;+:sf/sf] ljsf; x'g g;s]sf]
ljleGg If]qut ;d:ofx¿ lgDgfg';f/ /x]sf 5g\ M • sd{rf/Lsf] sfo{ pTk|]/0ffsf] sdL
• sfo{df bf]xf]/f]kgf÷af]lemnf] ;+u7g
s_ /fhgLlts If]q;+u ;Dj4 ;d:ofx¿ M • Go"g k|ltj4tf sfod /xg'
• /fhgLlts cl:y/tfsf sf/0f gLlt of]hgfx¿n] • bL3{sfnLg gLlt÷of]hgf sfo{qmddf ;]jfu|fxLsf]
lg/Gt/tf kfpg g;s]sf] k|fyldstf ;d]l6g g;Sg'
• gLltut ;f]rfO{ v'Ng g;s]sf] / tby{jfb • ;+3Lotf sfof{Gjog, ;+qmd0f Joj:yfkg /
• vf; If]q cj:yfsf] klxrfg eO{ tbcg'¿k ;'wf/;Fu} hl6ntf ljBdfg /xg'
lqmoflzntf cfpg g;s]sf] ;]jfk|jfxsf] ;'wf/ • k|lt:kwf{Tds jftfj/0f gx'g'
sd k|fyldstfdf k/]sf]n] ;'zf;gdf Wofg gk'Ug' • c:ki6 / hl6n sfo{ljlw÷k|s[ofd'vL ;f]r
sfod /xg'
16 PRASHASAN The Nepali Journal of Public Administration
• Go"g hjfkmb]xLtf÷k]zfut ;Ifdtf / ljsf;
kof{Kt gx'g'
• gLltdf Ps¿ktf gx'g'
• Psåf/ k|0ffnLsf] cEof; x'g g;Sg'
• ;+/If0fjfbL ;f]r, z}nL / c/fhstf
3_ lgodgsf/L lgsfo;+u ;Dj4 ;d:ofx¿ M
• hgzlQmsf] sdL÷t6:y / lj1tfsf] sd pkof]u
• sfof{Gjogdf lzlyntf / sd Ifdtf
• >f]t ;fwgsf] ckof{Kttf
• sfo{ :jo+ cfsif{s gdflgg', ;Lk / 1fgsf] sdL
• PsLs[t ;'wf/ sfo{of]hgf gx'g' / ;dGjosf]
sdL x'g'
• :yfgLo:t/;Dd /fHosf] >f]t ;fwgsf] pkof]u
af/] x]g]{ 5'§} ;+oGq gx'g'
• ;+3Lotfsf] sfof{Gjog tyf ;+qmd0fsfnLg
Joj:yfsf sf/0f bL3{sfnLg ;'wf/ cl3
ga9fpg'
ª_ u}/ ;/sf/L If]q;+u ;Da4 ;d:ofx¿ M
• /fhgLlts cf:yfaf6 k|efljt
• ;]jf k|ltsf] k|ltj4tfsf] sdL
• kf/blz{tfsf] sdL
• Go"g pQ/bfloTj
• Corporate Social Responsibility
lgjf{xdf pbfl;gtf
• ;'ljwfo'Qm If]qdf clt s]lGb|t
• clgoldttf Pj+ c:jfefljs vr{ k|j[lt
*= g]kfnsf ;Gbe{df ;'zf;gsf r'gf}tLx¿ M
;'zf;gnfO{ Jojxf/df dx;'; u/fpg] sfo{
r'gf}ltk"0f{ /x]sf] 5 . o;sf nflu k|z:t gLltut Pj+
Jojxf/ut cfwf/x¿ tof/ ePsf] ePtfklg o:tf
cfwf/x¿sf jLr tfbfTDotf sfod x'g g;s]sf
sf/0f ck]lIft pknlJw xfl;n x'g ;s]sf] 5}g .
/fhgLlts cl:y/tf, sd{rf/LtGqsf] lgliqmotf Pj+
lgu/fgL ug]{ ;+oGqsf] j]jf:tfsf sf/0f ;'zf;gsf]
cleofgdf ck]lIft pknlJw xfl;n x'g ;s]sf]
5}g . ;Ifd Pj+ kl/jt{gd'vL /fhgLlts g]t[Tj Pj+
lhDd]jf/ / pQ/bfoL sd{rf/LtGqsf] Joj:yfkg ug'{g}
;'zf;gsf] jt{dfg d'Vo r'gf}lt xf] . o;sf cltl/Qm
;'zf;gsf r'gf}ltx¿ lgDgfg';f/ /x]sf 5g\ M
• zf;sLo :j¿k cg's'nsf] k|zf;lgs
k'g;{+/rgfsf sfo{x¿nfO{ k|efjsf/L ¿kdf
;~rfng ug]{
• hgtfsf 3/b}nf]df ;fj{hlgs ;]jfk|jfxsf]
;'lglZrttf k|bfg ug{',
• cGt/ lgsfo ;dGjo ug{'
• cfjZos ;fwg ;|f]tsf] Joj:yf ug'{,
• ;ª\qmd0fsfnsf] k|efjsf/L Joj:yfkg ug]{
• hg;xeflutf, kf/blz{tf tyf hjfkmb]lxtf
a9fpg',
• ;du| ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf] g}ltstfsf]
clej[l4 u/L pTk|]/0ff a9fpg',
• ;/sf/L ;]jfsf] k|jfxNffO{ ;xh / k|efjsf/L
agfpg',
• ;fj{hlgs ;]jfdf /x]sf /fi6«;]jsx¿df
/fi6«k|lt ;dk{0f / hgtfk|ltsf] ;]jfefjsf]
efjgf hufpg'
(= ;'zf;gnfO{ k|efjsf/L u/fpg] ;Gbe{df
ePsf pknlJwx¿ M
@)$^ ;fnsf] /fhgLlts kl/jt{g kZrft d'n'ssf]
/fhgLlts Pj+ k|zf;lgs :j¿k, z}nL, ;+:sf/df
cfd"n kl/jt{g cfPsf] 5 . zf;sLo ;'wf/sf
;fy} k|zf;lgs sfo{z}nLdf ;d]t kl/jlt{t kl/j]z
g]kfnsf] ;fj{hlgs k|zf;g ;DaGwL klqsf k|zf;g 17
cg's'nsf ;'wf/x¿ ePsf] 5 . ljleGg ;dodf
cfpg] k|zf;g ;'wf/sf sfo{qmdx¿n] ;'zf;gsf]
k|Tofe"ltsf nflu dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf lgjf{x u/]sf] 5 .
/fhgLlts g]t[Tjsf ;fy} k|zf;lgs g]t[Tj ;d]tsf]
k|lt:kwf{af6 ;f+u7lgs ;'wf/sf gljg sfo{x¿
k|f/De x'g'sf ;fy} ;+:yfut ub}{ hfg] k|lt:kwf{
;d]t j[l4 x'b} uPsf] 5 . jt{dfgdf ;'zf;gsf]
cleofgjf6 k|fKt pknlJwx¿nfO{ lgDgfg';f/
pNn]v ug{ ;lsG5 M
• hgtfnfO{ glhssf] ;]jfs]Gb|jf6 ;]jf k|jfx
ug{sf nflu PsLs[t Pj+ ljs]Gb|Lt ;]jf k|jfxsf]
yfngL ePsf]
• Ifltk"lt{ ;lxtsf] gful/s j8fkq nfu" ePsf]
• ljB'lto gfu/Ls j8fkq ;d]t /flvPsf]
• x/]s sfof{nodf u'gf;f] ;'Gg] clwsf/L
-Nodal officer_ sf] Joj:Yff ePsf]
• k|jQmf Pj+ ;"rgf clwsf/Lsf] Joj:yf ePsf]
• lgoldt ;fj{hlgs ;'g'jfO{ ug]{ ul/Psf]
• gLlt, of]hgf th'{df Pj+ sfof{Gjogdf
;/f]sf/fjfnf;+u ;xsfo{ x'g] u/]sf]
• ;dtf Pj+ ;dfj]zL gLltsf] cfGtl/sLs/0f x'b}
uPsf]
• ;]jfu|fxLk|lt d}qLk"0f{ Jojxf/sf] ;+:sf/ ljsf;
ePsf]
• b'|t ;]jfsf] cjwf/0ffsf] sfof{Gjog ePsf]
• hgtf;Fu k|wfgdGqL / x]nf] ;/sf/ sfo{qmd
;~rfngdf /x]sf]
• Online ;]jf k|jfx qmdz j[l4 x'b} uPsf]
• ;]jf k|fKt ubf{ k]z ug'{kg]{ sfuhft tyf b:t'/sf]
af/]df df]jfOnaf6 ;d]t ljleGg efiffdf >Jo
(Audio) hfgsf/L k|fKt ug{ ;lsg] Joj:yf
ePsf]
• ;]jfu|fxL ;Gt'li6 ;j]{If0fsf] yfngL ePsf]
18 PRASHASAN The Nepali Journal of Public Administration
• ljefuLo k|d'v / sfof{no k|d'vaLr
sfo{;Dkfbg ;Demf}tf ePsf]
• ;a} sd{rf/Lx¿sf] sfo{ lhDd]jf/L tf]lsPsf]
• ;]jf ;~rfngdf ;km\6j]o/x¿sf] k|of]u
(Integrated Tax System,TSA )ePsf]
• sfof{nodf ;xof]uL sIfsf] :yfkgf / ;~rfng
ul/Psf]
• /]s8{ l8lh6fO{H8 (Digitized form) ¿kdf
/flvPsf]
• ckf+utf d}qL tyf n}+lus d}qL sfof{no ef}lts
;+/rgfsf] Joj:yf ePsf]
• sfof{non] jflif{s sfo{qmd / vr{ ljj/0f
;fj{hlgs ug]{ u/]sf]
!)= ;'zf;gnfO{ k|efjsf/L u/fpg ug'{kg]{ ;'wf/x¿
nf]stflGqs d"No, dfGotf, l;4fGt / Jojxf/nfO{
sfof{Gjogdf NofO{ d'n'ssf] ;du| cfly{s Pj+
;fdflhs ;d'Ggltsf nflu ;'zf;gsf] ckl/xfo{tf
/x]sf] 5 . ;'zf;gnfO{ Jojxf/df k|efjsf/L u/fpg
s]Gb|Lotxsf /fhgLlts g]t[Tj j9L lhDd]jf/ x'g'
h¿/L 5 . ;fy} ;/sf/sf gLlt, lg0f{o, of]hgf,
sfo{qmdx¿sf] sfo{fGjog u/L hgtfnfO{ glhssf]
;]jfs]Gb|af6 ;/n, ;xh ;]jf k|jfx ug]{ sfo{df
d'n'ssf] sfo{sfl/0fL ;+oGq j9L ;Ifd / ;jn x'g'
h¿/L 5 . o; ;Gbe{df ;'zf;gsf nflu ljleGg
If]qdf ug'{kg]{ ;'wf/sf pkfox¿ lgDgfg';f/ /x]sf
5g\ M
s_ /fhgLlts txdf ug'{kg]{ ;'wf/ M
•• ;'zf;gsf nflu bL3{sflng /fhgLlts ;f]r /
•• /fhgLlts ;+:sf/df ;'wf/ ug]{
•• /fli6\o lxtsf /fhgLlts b:tfj]hx?nfO{ ;femf
;jfnsf ?kdf :jLsfg]{
•• hgtfsf] ;r]tgf Pj+ ;zQmLs/0f ug'{kg]{
•• cfjlws lgoldt lgjf{rgnfO{ Jojxf/df
Nofpg' kg]{
•• bL3{sflng ;f]rfO{ /fvL gLlt th'{df /
sfo{GjognfO{ k|efjsf/L u/fpg]
•• gLlt th'{df b]lv sfo{qmd sfof{Gjog;Dd
hgtfsf] ;xeflutf a[l4 ug]{
•• :yfgLo lgsfosf] ;'b[9Ls/0f ug]{
•• clwsf/ ljs]lGb|s/0fdf hf]8 lbg]
•• /fhgLlts I]fqdf kf/bzL{tf÷k|ltj4tf sfod
ug]{
v_ hgtf÷;]jfu|fxLdf ug'{kg]{ ;'wf/
•• r]tgf clej[l4 ug]{
•• ;/sf/L lqmofsnfkdf ;xeflutfdf a[l4 ug]{
•• lghL If]qsf] Ifdtf clea[l4 / hjfkmb]lxtf
j[l4 ug]{
•• k|ljlw pkof]u ug]{ bIftf clea[l4 ug]{
•• ;]jf k|jfx / ;'wf/df hf]8 lbg]
u_ k|zf;lgs÷Joj:yfksLo If]qdf ;'wf/ ug]{
•• ;+3Lotf cg'?k k|zf;lgs k'g;+{/rgfsf] sfo{nfO{
pRr k|fyldstf lbg]
•• sfo{ljlwnfO{ ;/nLs/0f ub}{ hfg]
•• ;]jfd'vL sfo{ ;+:sf/sf] ljsfz ug]{
•• ;]jfsf] Go"gtd dfkb08 / nfut tof/L ug]{
•• ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] clwstd k|of]u ug]{
•• ah]6 k|0ffnL ;'wf/ / ljQLo x:tfGt/0f ug]{
•• sfo{ lhDd]jf/Ldf ;'wf/ ug]{
•• ;+u7g ;'wf/ / tTsfn ;'wf/ sfo{of]hgfsf]
k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjog ug]{
•• :yfgLo txsf] k|efjsf/L Joj:yfkg ug]{
•• g]]t[Tj ljsf; Pj+ pQ/bfloTj k|a4{g ug]{
•• k'/:sf/ / b08sf] Joj:yf / sfof{Gjog ug]{
3_ lgodgsf/L lgsfodf ug'{kg]{ ;'wf/x? M
•• lgoldt cg'udg, lgu/fgLnfO{ k|efjsf/L u/fpg]
•• lgu/fgLsf] lhDd]jf/L kfPsf lgsfox?sf] Ifdtf
clea[l4÷;+:yfut ;'wf/nfO{ k|fyldstf lbg]
•• ;Dj4 lgsfox?sf] b[li6sf]0f ;'wf/ / ;dGjonfO{
hkmfjb]xL u/fpg]
•• >f]t Joj:yfkgnfO{ plrt / j}1flgs u/fpg]
•• ;Da4 lgsfo / kbflwsf/Lsf] ;lqmo ;xof]usf]
jftfj/0f jgfpg]
•• b08xLgtfsf] j9\b]f ;+:sf/nfO{ lg?T;flxt ug]{
•• b08 k'/:sf/sf] Joj:yfnfO{ s8fOsf ;fy nfu"
ug]{
•• ;j} If]qsf e|i6frf/hGo lqmofsnfknfO{
clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]usf] bfo/
fdf Nofpg] .
8_ u}/ ;/sf/L If]qdf ug'{kg]{ ;'wf/x? M
•• u}/ ;/sf/L If]qdf ePsf] /fhgLlts k|efjsf]
sdL / k]zfut wd{ lgjf{xdf hf]8 lbg]
•• /fHosf] cfjZostfnfO{ k|fyldstf lbO{ sfo{If]
q lgwf{/0f ug]{
•• ljleGg u}/ ;/sf/L ;+:yf Pj+ ;/sf/L ;+:yfx?
jLrsf] :yfgLo :t/df ;dGjo sfod ug]{
•• sfo{ k4ltnfO{ kf/bzL{ u/fpg]
•• ;|f]t ;fwg Pj+ hgzlQmsf] k|efjsf/L kl/rfng
ug]{
r_ ;fdflhs If]qdf ug'{kg]{ ;'wf/x? M
•• ;fdflhs r]tgf, g}lts cg'zf;g / ;fdlhs
hfu/0f km}nfpg]
•• clgoldt sdfO{ Pj+ kmh'n vr{sf] ;fdflhs
lj/f]wsf] ;+:sf/ ljsf; ug]{
•• ;fdflhs d"No dfGotfdf ;'wf/ ug]{ .
•• ljsf; cfof]hgfsf] th'{df ubf{ k|fyldstfsf]
cfwf/df ug]{,
•• lglxt :jfy{sf nflu >f]t 5g]{ k|j[lQnfO{
lg?T;flxt ug]{,
g]kfnsf] ;fj{hlgs k|zf;g ;DaGwL klqsf k|zf;g 19
•• sfo{;Dkfbgdf cfwfl/t eO{ ;dfhjf6} b08 /
k'/:sf/ ug]{ Joj:yf yfNg],
•• Goflos pkrf/ l56f] 5l/tf] u/L km};nfsf]
sfof{Gjogdf hf]8 lbg]
•• ;fbf hLjg / pRr ljrf/nfO{ k|f]T;flxt ug]{, g}
ltstf k|j4{g ug]{,
•• ljBfno txb]lv g} g}lts lzIff ljifo kf7\
oqmddf /fvL cWoog u/fO{ ;bfrf/ k4ltsf]
cg'z/0f ug]{ z}lIfs kl/kf6Lsf] z'? ug]{,
•• ;/sf/L Pj+ u}/ ;/sf/L lgsfox?df x'g] e|i6«frf/
sf] sf/jfxL, d'2fx?sf] rfF8f] km};nf / ;hfosf]
Joj:yf ug]{
•• ;bfrf/ k4ltnfO{ k|j4{g / k|f]T;fxg ug]{
;:s[ltsf] ljsf; ug]{
•• ;bfrf/, g}lts ;fdflhs d"No dfGotf k|lt
k|ltj4 x'g] u/L gful/s lzIffsf] k|aGw ldnfpg]
•• b08fTds, lg/f]wfTds / k|a4{gfTds /0fgLlt
cGtu{t ljljw lqmofsnfk ;~rfng ug]{
•• gful/s u'gf;f]nfO{ k|f]T;fxg / ;'g'jfO{df
k|efjsf/Ltf Nofpg]
•• pQ/bfoL / k|efjsf/L ;]jfk|jfxsf nflu bjfjsf]
l;h{gf ug]{ u/fpg]
•• gful/s ;d]tsf] cg'udg d"NofFsgnfO{
k|efjsf/L u/fpg]
•• ;fdflhs sfo{df u}/;/sf/L ;+:yf / lghL If]
qsf] ;+nUgtf j9fpg]
•• k"j{fg'dfgof]Uo ;]jfk|jfxdf hf]8 lbg]
•• ;]jfk|jfxdf sfo{bIftf / sfo{k|efjsfl/tf
sfod ug]{
•• ;bfrf/o'Qm ;+:sf/ / hgd}qL Jojxf/sf] ljsf;
ug]{
•• hgtfsf] glhsdf k'u]/ ;]jfk|jfx ug]{ sfo{nfO{
hf]8 lbg]
•• PsLs[t / ax';Lko'Qm sd{rf/L /xg] ;]jf
20 PRASHASAN The Nepali Journal of Public Administration
ljGb'x?af6 ;]jfk|jfx ug]{
5_ sd{rf/Lsf] e"ldsfdf ug'{kg]{ ;'wf/M
•• gful/ssf] ;]jfsf] efjgf ljsf; ug]{ -;]js
eP/ b]vfpg]_,
•• ;f+u7lgs :jfy{nfO{ k|fyldstf lbg],
•• kbLo lhDd]hf/L k|lt ;hu, ;r]t / ;lhj x'g],
•• ;]jfd}qL :jefj ljsf; ug]{,
•• cg'zf;g, dof{bf / g}lts cfr/0f sfod ug]{,
•• >f]t ;fwgsf] plrt pkof]u ug]{,
•• k]zfk|ltsf] Jofj;flostf ljsf; ub}{ hfg]
•• kf/blz{ / hjfkmb]xL x'g],
•• e|i6frf/, clgoldt sfo{sf] lj/f]w ug]{,
•• lgikIf ;]jf k|jfxdf ;dlk{t x'g],
•• kl/jt{gsf] d'Vo jfxssf ?kdf v8f x'g],
!!= lgisif{ M
zf;gsf] d'Vo ;f/yL ;/sf/ ePtfklg ;'zf;gsf]
uGtJodf k'Ugsf nflu ;/sf/sf] PSnf] k|of;
sfdofjL x'g ;Sb}g . ;/sf/sf] cu|;/tfdf /fHosf
;Dj4 ;a} c+u, lgsfo, If]q, ju{, ;d'bfosf]
;xofqf h¿/L ePsf] x'G5 . ;'zf;gsf] nfdf]
k|of;sf jfjh'b klg o; If]qdf ck]lIft pknlJw
xfl;n x'g g;s]sf] tYo ;j{:jLsfo{ 5 . /fhgLlts
;f]rsf] sdL, cl:y/tf, clgoldttf cflbsf sf/0f
/fhgLlts g]t[TjnfO{ cg'z/0f gug]{ k|j[lt a9]sf] 5 .
sdhf]/ /fhgLlts cj:yfsf sf/0f ;/sf/sf] d'Vo
sfo{sfl/0fL ;+oGq sd{rf/LtGq ;d]t cndlnPsf]
5 . lhDd]jf/L / hkmfjb]xLtf sdhf]/ xF'b} uPsf] 5 .
o; ;Gbe{df sd{rf/LtGqnfO{ :jR5, lgikIf, kf/bzL{,
e|i6frf/d'Qm, pQ/bfoL u/fpg] sfo{ r'gf}ltk"0f{ /x]sf]
5 . ;fy}, ;du| ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf] g}ltstfsf]
clej[l4 u/L pTk|]/0ff a9fpg' Pj+ ;/sf/L ;]jf
k|jfxnfO{ ;xh, ;/n / k|efjsf/L u/fpg' kg]{ r'gf}lt
;d]t /x]sf] 5 . ;+j}wflgs Joa:yfcg'¿ksf] zf;sLo
:j¿k / ;+/rgf ;'xfpFbf] k|zf;lgs ;+/rgf tof/ u/L
;fj{hlgs ;]jfnfO ;/n, ;xh / cg'dfgof]Uo x'g]
u/L k|jfx ug]{ sfo{nfO{ k|fyldstf lbg' kg]{ ePsf] 5 .
;fj{hlgs ;]jf k|jfxnfO{ u'0f:t/Lo, ;dfj]zLk"0f{,
;xh agfpgsf nflu ljB'tLo sfo{ k4ltnfO{
lj:tf/ u/L ;'zf;gsf] cg'e"lt u/fpg' h¿/L ePsf]
5 . ;'zf;gsf] cg'e"ltsf nflu ;/sf/sf] :yfloTj,
bL3{sfnLg ;f]r, /fli6\o :jfy{sf ;jfnx¿nfO{
;Ddfg / ;dfg dxTj lbg] sfo{df /fhgLlts g]t[Tj
a9L lhDd]jf/ x'g'kg]{ x'G5 . ;/sf/sf] ;'zf;gsf]
cleofgdf sd{rf/LtGqsf] d'Vo e"ldsf /xg] sf/0f
sd{rf/LtGq / cGt/utsf u}/ ;/sf/L ;+oGqx¿sf]
cu|;/tf / ;xsfo{ ckl/xfo{ /x]sf] 5 . ;/sf/ tyf
sd{rf/LtGqsf] o:tf sfo{ut e"ldsfsf] lgoldt
lgu/fgL, lgoGq0f, vj/bf/L / ;dGjo Pj+ ;xsfo{df
;+j}wflgs lgsfo, gful/s ;dfh, ;fd'bflos
;+:yfx¿ ;d]t ;+nUg x'g'kg]{ x'G5 . o;af6 d'n'ssf]
;'zf;gnfO{ ult k|bfg u/L ;du| cfly{s Pj+
;fdflhs ;Dj[l4 xfl;n ug{ ;lsg] tkm{ ljZj;lgo
x'g ;lsG5 .
;Gbe{ ;fdfu|Lx¿ M
g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg -@)&@_, sfg"g lstfj Joa:yf
;ldlt
;'zf;g P]g tyf lgodfjnL, sfg"g lstfj Joa:yf
;ldlt
rf}wf} of]hgf -@)&#.@)&^_, /fli6\o of]hgf cfof]u
cfly{s ;j]{If0f @)&@.&#, cy{ dGqfno
lghfdtL ;]jf bk{0fsf ljleGg c+sx¿ , lghfdtL
;]jf lbj; , d"n ;df/f]x ;ldlt
k|zf;g ;'wf/sf ljleGg k|ltj]bgx¿, ;fdfGo
k|zf;g dGqfno .
g]kfnsf] ;fj{hlgs k|zf;g ;DaGwL klqsf k|zf;g 21
 g]kfndf k|zf;g ;'wf/sf
;dsfnLg ljifox¿
;f/f+z
k|zf;g ;'wf/sf] ljifo g slxNo} gofF x'G5 g t of] slxNo} k'/fgf]
x'G5 . of] Pp6f lg/Gt/ k|lqmof xf] . g]kfndf ljutb]lv g} k|zf;g
;'wf/sf nflu ljleGg cfof]ux? ag] . uxlsnf ;'emfjx¿ klg
k|fKt eP t/ sfof{Gjog kIf eg] ;Gtf]ifhgs ePg . k|zf;g
;'wf/n] ult lnPsf] kfOPg . d'n's ;+3Lo ;+/rgfdf hfg] ePkl5
k|zf;g ;'wf/sf] ckl/xfo{tf km]l/ k|s6 ePsf] 5 . o;} ;Gbe{df
k|zf;g ;'wf/sf ;dsfnLg ljifox¿ / oltv]/sf k|fylds
d'2fx¿df s]lGb|t eO{ of] cfn]v tof/ kfl/Psf] 5 . vf; u/L ;+3Lo
zf;g Joj:yfdf k|zf;lgs ;+/rgf / hgzlQm Joj:yfkgnfO{ d"n
cfwf/ agfO{ ;'wf/sf nflu s]xL ;'emfjx¿ k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .
Zofds'df/ e6\6/fO{
;xGofoflwjQmf,
kl/ro
Bureaucracy is a vehicle to deliver democratic values
dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{no
to the people, it should be citizen-centric to provide
enhanced services to the customers, civil servants
must be accountable to the people.
;fj{hlgs k|zf;g s'g}klg d'n'ssf] zf;g Joj:yf ;~rfngsf]
cfwf/ xf] . k|zf;lgs Joj:yfn] ljsl;t ePsf gofF kl/
l:yltnfO{ ;d]t cfTd;ft ug{ ;Sg' kb{5 . zf;g Joj:yf tyf
;/sf/sf] k|efjsfl/tfsf nflu k|zf;gsf] k|efjsfl/tf cfjZos
x'G5 . To;}n], No government can be better than its
administrative mechanism elgG5 . ctM To;}n] zf;g
Joj:yf Pj+ ;/sf/sf] k|efjsfl/tfsf nlfu k|zf;lgs ;+oGqdf
;'wf/ ug'{kg]{ cfjZostf kb{5 . k|zf;g ;'wf/n] k|zf;lgs ;+/rgfdf
kl/jt{gsf] ck]Iff /fVb5 . k|zf;lgs ljlw / k|lqmofdf kl/jt{{gsf]
ck]Iff /fVb5 . k|zf;lgs ;+oGqdf lqmofzLn /xg] hgzlQmsf]
k'g/fjnf]sgsf] ck]Iff ub{5 . k|zf;lgs Jojxf/ / dgf]j[lQdf

22 PRASHASAN The Nepali Journal of Public Administration

kl/jt{gsf] ck]Iff /fVb5 . lxhf]sf] k[i7e"lddf
cfhsf] cj:yfsf] ljZn]if0f / d"Nofª\sg ub}{ efjL
uGtJo to ug]{ cfwf/ xf] ;'wf/sf] k|lqmof . To;}n]
o;nfO{ l;+uf] k4ltsf] ;'wf/sf] ¿kdf lng' kb{5 .
k|zf;g ;'wf/n] hlxn] klg ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gdf
;+nUg /xg] JolQm, ;d"x / ;+:yfsf lqmofsnfkx¿nfO{
;'wf/sf] s]Gb|df /fv]sf] x'G5 . of] gjLgtf k|j4{g ug]{
/ l;h{gzLntf clej[l4 ug]{ k|of; xf] . ;dsfnLg
kl/j]zdf ljsl;t ePsf gJfLg d"No dfGotfnfO{
c+lusf/ ug{sf nflu ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf] ;+/rgf,
Joj:fflos bIftf, sfo{;Dkfbg ug'{kg]{ ljlw /
k|lqmof Pj+ Jojxf/df ;'wf/ ug'{kg]{ cfjZostf
kb{5 . o;sf] cu|efudf gLltut kl/jt{g /x]sf]
x'G5 . of] kl/jt{gnfO{ cfTd;ft ug]{ lg/Gt/ k|lqmof
xf] . t/ uGtJo xf]Og uGtJodf k'Ug] dfWod dfq xf] .
g]kfndf k|zf;g ;'wf/sf] cfjZostf
g]kfndf k|zf;lgs ljsf;;Fu} k|zf;g ;'wf/sf
k|of;x¿klg lg/Gt/?kdf xF'b} cfPsf 5g\ . t/
k|zf;g ;'wf/sf k|of;x¿n] h'g¿kdf ;fy{stf
kfpg' kg]{ xf] Tof] k|fKt ug{ ;s]sf] b]lvb}g . k"j{ d'Vo
;lrj nLnfdl0f kf}8]nn] eg]sf lyP M ...there
is the need of promoting modern culture
of bureaucracy, which put emphasis
on timely monitoring, professionalism,
transparency, accountability and result-
oriented performance. In the old
bureaucracy, there was a tendency to
execute works behind the veil of secrecy
and civil servants have a propensity to be
obedient to the orders of higher-ups, and
as our civil service has inherited such an
old culture, it must change with the pace
1 National seminar organized by Administrative Reform Recommendation Committee on
07 June 2013
of time. We are working our fingers to
the bone to change it.1
k|zf;g ;'wf/nfO{ /fhgLlts kl/jt{gk|lt sl6a4
agfpg] cf}hf/sf] ¿kdf lnOPsf] cf/f]k klg nfUg]
u/]sf] 5 . o;nfO{ /fhgLlts d'4fsf] ¿kdf lng]
ul/Psf] 5 . ;'wf/sf nflu lbOPsf ;'emfjx¿sf]
sfof{Gjogdf k|ltj4tfsf] cefj b]lvPsf]
5 . ;/f]sf/jfnfsf] ;xeflutfnfO{ a]jf:tf ul/Psf]
sf/0f ;'wf/sf lqmofsnfkk|lt ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿n]
ckGfTjsf] af]w ug{ g;s]sf] kfOPsf] 5 . o:tf
bf]ifx¿nfO{ Go"gLs/0f u/L oyfl:yltaf6 ck]lIft
uGtJo;DDf k'Ug ;lsg] dfWodsf] ¿kdf k|zf;g
;'wf/nfO{ lng ;Sg' kb{5 .
kl5Nnf] ;dodf ePsf] /fhgLlts, cfly{s,
;fdflhs kl/jt{g;Fu} k|zf;g Joj:yfnfO{ ¿kfGt/0f
ug{'kg]{ cfjZostf b]lvPsf] 5 . k|zf;g ;'wf/ ;du|
zf;g Joj:yf ;'wf/sf] cleGg c+usf] ¿kdf /x]sf]
x'G5 . d'n's /fhgLlts ¿kfGt/0fsf] qmddf /x]sf]
5 . /fhgLlts ¿kfGt/0f;Fu} cfly{s ;fdflhs
¿kfGt/0f klg x'g nfu]sf] cj:yf 5 . d'n'ssf]
cfly{s, ;fdflhs tyf /fhgLlts ¿kfGt/0fsf]
qmddf To:tf] ¿kfGt/0fnfO{ sfof{Gjog ug]{ jfxs
zlQmsf] ¿kdf /xg] ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gnfO{ klg
;fy;fy} ;'wf/ ug'{ kg]{ cfjZostf kb{5 . To;}n]
;+qmd0fsfnLg cj:yfdf g} k|zf;gnfO{ ;'wf/ u/L
kl/jt{gnfO{ ;+:yfut ug{ ;Sg] agfpg' kg]{ cfjZostf
/x]sf] 5 . plNnlvt k[i7e"lddf g]kfndf b]xfosf
sf/0fn] k|zf;g ;'wf/sf] cfjZostf b]lvPsf] 5 M
s= hgtfsf] ck]IffnfO{ ;Djf]wg ug{ M
nf]stGqdf zf;gsf] s]Gb|ljGb'df hgtf /xg'
kb{5 . hgtfdf cfPsf] /fhgLlts tyf ;fdflhs
g]kfnsf] ;fj{hlgs k|zf;g ;DaGwL klqsf k|zf;g 23
kl/jt{g;Fu} ;/sf/ cyf{t ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gk|ltsf]
ck]Iff klg qmdzM j[l4 xF'b} uO/x]sf] 5 .
ax';+Vos hgtf ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf] sfo{z}nL
/ sfo{k4ltk|lt c;Gt'i6 /x]sf] cj:yf 5 . x/]s
/fhgLlt kl/jt{gkl5 ;/sf/k|lt hgtfsf ck]Iffx¿
a9\g] ub{5g\ . To:tf ck]Iffx¿nfO{ ;Djf]wg ug{sf
nflu ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gdf ;dofg's"n kl/jt{g ug'{
kg]{ cfjZostf /x]sf] 5 .
v= ;/sf/sf] e"ldsfdf cfPsf] kl/jt{gnfO{
cfTd;ft ug{ M
ue{b]lv lrxfg;Dd ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf] sfo{If]q
/x]sf] x'G5 eGg] k/Dk/fut cjwf/0ffdf kl/jt{g
cfO;s]sf] 5 . d'n's ljZjJofkLs/0fsf] d"nk|jfxdf
;fd]n eO;s]sf] cj:yf 5 . v'nf cy{tGq / pbf/
cy{Joj:yfn] ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf] sfo{If]q /
sfo{ ;+:s[ltdf k|ToIf kl/jt{g ug'{kg]{ cfjZostf
b]lvPsf] 5 . ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] ljsf;n] ;/sf/sf]
sfo{ k|lqmofdf kl/jt{g ug'{kg]{ clgjfo{tf /x]sf] 5 .
Joj:yfkgsf] If]qdf ljsl;t ePsf gjLg d"No
dfGotfnfO{ cfTDf;ft ug{sf nflu klg ljBdfg
;+/rgf, sfo{ljlw / sfo{ ;+:s[ltdf kl/jt{g gu/L
gx'g] cj:yf b]lvPsf] 5 . gful/sdf cfPsf] r]tgf,
hfu/0f / :yfgLo :jzf;gsf] cjwf/0ffn] klg
;/sf/sf] e"ldsfnfO{ kl/jt{g ug'{kg]{ cfjZostf
b]lvPsf] 5 .
u= ;+3fTDfs zf;g k|0ffnL cg'¿ksf] Kf|zf;lgs
Joj:yfkg ug{ M
PsfTds 9fFrfsf] zf;g k|0ffnLaf6 ;+3fTds
9Ffrfsf] zf;g k|0ffnLdf ¿kfGt/0f x'Fbf k|zf;g
Joj:yfdf klg lgSs} g} km]/jbn ug'{kg]{ cfjZostf
kb{5 . ;+/rgfut kl/jt{g;Fu} hgzlQm, sfo{k|lqmof
24 PRASHASAN The Nepali Journal of Public Administration
/ sfo{ ;+:s[ltdf ;d]t kl/jt{g ug'{kg]{ cfjZostf
kb{5 . lgZro g} ;+3fTDfs zf;g Joj:yfdf s]Gb|sf
k|zf;lgs ;+/rgfx¿ 36fpg' kb{5 . k|fGtsf nflu
gofF ;+/rgf lgdf{0f ug'{kg]{ cfjZotf kb{5 . s]Gb|
/ k|fGTfsf] sfo{If]q ;+ljwfg4f/f ls6fg geP;DDf
of] sfo{nfO{ clGtd ¿k lbg c;lhnf] x'g] eP klg
ljjfb/lxt¿kdf :yflkt ePsf d"No / dfGotfx¿sf
cfwf/df k|zf;gsf] cfwf/e"t vfsf sf]g'{ kg]{
cfjZostf /x]sf] 5 .
3= gjLg k|zf;lgs tyf Joj:yfksLo d"No
dfGotfx¿nfO{ cjnDjg ug{ M
xfd|f] ;fj{hlgs k|zf;g clxn] klg
k/Dk/fut k|s[ltsf] /x]sf] 5 / j}1flgs Joj:yfkgsf]
cjwf/0ffnfO{ cfTd;ft ug{ g;Sbf o;n] lbg] ;]jf
k|efjsf/L x'g ;ls/x]sf] 5}g . k|zf;gnfO{ pQ/bfoL,
kf/bzL{, glthfd"ns, Jojxfl/s / e|i6frf/d'Qm
agfpgsf nflu gofF gofF l;4fGt / dfGotfx¿
ljsf; eO/x]sf 5g\ . gofF ;fj{Hflgs Joj:yfkg
x'Fb} gofF ;fj{hlgs zf;gsf] cjwf/0ff ljsf;
eO;s]sf] 5 . k|zf;gsf] u'0ffTds ljsf;sf
nflu ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf] If]qdf cfPsf gJfLg
k|zf;lgs tyf Joj:yfksLo d"No dfGotfx¿nfO{
cfTd;ft ug{sf nflu klg ljBdfg k|zf;lgs
Joj:yfdf ;'wf/sf] cfjZostf /x]sf] 5 .
ª= ;"rgf k|ljlw Pj+ k|ljlwn] NofPsf] kl/jt{gnfO{
cfTd;ft ug{M
k|ljlwdf cfPsf] ljsf; vf;u/L ;"rgf k|ljlwsf]
If]qdf cfPsf] kl/jt{gn] ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gdf lgSs}
g} 7"nf] kl/jt{g NofPsf] kfOPsf] 5 . o;n] ;fj{hlgs
k|zf;gsf] sfo{If]q / e"ldsfdf g} kl/jt{g NofPsf]
cj:yf 5 . k|ljlwsf] lj:tf/;Fu} sltko ;+/rgf
lj:tf/ ug'{kg]{ cfjZostf b]lvPsf] 5 eg] sltko
;+/rgfx¿ lj36g ug'{kg]{ cj:yf;d]t b]lvPsf] 5 .
sltkonfO{ Psfk;df ljno u/L PsLs[t ¿kdf
lhDD]fjf/L lbg' kg]{ cfjZostf b]lvPsf] 5 .
r= kl/jlt{t d"No dfGotfcg';f/ k|zf;gnfO{
¿kfGt/0f ug{ M
lj=;+= @)^# ;fnkl5 ;+j}wflgs tyf zf;sLo
dfGotfdf cfwf/e"t¿kdf kl/jt{g cfPsf]
5 . d'n's /fhtGqaf6 u0ftGqdf ¿kfGt/0f ePsf]
5 . PsfTds zf;g Joj:yfaf6 ;+3fTdstftkm{
pGd'v 5 . wd{ ;fk]Ifaf6 wd{ lg/k]If ePsf] 5 .
ax'dtsf] zf;gaf6 ;dfj]zL zf;g Joj:yf sfod
ePsf] 5 . k|ToIf lgjf{rg k4ltaf6 kl/jt{g eO{
;dfg'kflts kl/jt{g;d]tnfO{ cfTd;ft u/]sf] 5 .
zf;g ;~rfngsf] ;Gbe{df cfPsf o:tf d"ne"t
kl/jt{gnfO{ cfTd;ft ug{ ;Sg] u/L ;fj{hlgs
k|zf;gdf gofF vfsf sf]g'{ kg]{ cfjZostf /x]sf]
5.
5= ljutdf ePsf k|zf;g;'wf/sf k|of;x¿sf]
sfof{Gjogsf] cj:yfsf] d"Nofª\sg u/L
;'wf/sf gofF ljlwx¿ cjnDjg ug{ M
g]kfndf x/]s /fhgLlts kl/jt{g k5fl8 k|zf;g
;'wf/sf k|of;x¿ ePsf 5g\ . k|zf;g ;'wf/
cfof]usf k|ltj]bgx¿n] ljutsf] d"Nofª\sg
jt{dfgsf] ;'wf/ / eljiosf] vfsf sf]g]{ u/]sf]
b]lvPsf] 5 . tL k|ltj]bgx¿ ;'wf/tkm{ pGd'v /x]sf
5g\ / s]xL dxTjfsf+Iff klg af]s]sf] cj:yfsf
b]lvG5g\ . t/ k|zf;g ;'wf/ cfof]usf k|ltj]bgx¿sf]
sfof{Gjog kIf k|efjsf/L x'g g;s]sf] egL
lj1x¿af6 af/Djf/ l6Kk0fL eO/x]sf] klg ;'Ggdf
cfpF5 . k|:t't k|ltj]bg tof/Lsf] qmddf ljutdf
ePsf k|of;sf] ;d'lrt d"Nofª\sg u/L ltgsf]
sfof{Gjog cj:yfsf] ljZn]if0f ub}{ ;'wf/sf gofF
pkfox¿sf] vf]hL ug'{ kg]{ cfjZostf b]lvPsf] 5 .
h= ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg M
ljBdfg cj:yfdf ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf] If]qdf
x'g] u/]sf sfdn] cfd hgtfdf c;Gtf]if k}bf u/]sf]
cj:yf b]lvG5 . pQ/bfloTjsf] cefj b]lvPsf]
5 . ;xeflutfsf] cefj b]lvPsf] 5 . ;bfrf/
/ cg'zf;gdf ljrng cfPsf] b]lvPsf] 5 .
kl/jt{gnfO{ cfTd;ft ug{ g;s]sf] cf/f]k nflu/x]sf]
cj:yf 5 . cfly{s l;4fGtdf cfPsf kl/jt{g /
km]/jbnn] klg ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf] ;+/rgf / sfo{
;Dkfbg k|lqmofdf kl/jt{g Nofpg' kg]{ cfjZostf
b]lvPsf] 5 . To:t}, ;dsfnLg kl/j]zdf ljsf;
ePsf gLltut kl/jt{gnfO{ cfTd;ft ug{sf nflu
klg kl/jt{gsf] cfjZostf /x]sf] 5 .
em= ljBdfg k|zf;lgs ;+/rgfsf] k'g/fjnf]sg ug{ M
d'n's PsfTds k|zf;lgs 9Ffrfaf6 ;+3fTds zf;g
Joj:yf tkm{ hfg] ;+j}wflgs lgb]{zg eO;s]sf]
cj:yfdf ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf] ljBdfg ;+/rgf
/ sfo{ k|lqmofdf kl/jt{gsf] cfjZostf b]lvPsf]
5 . ;+3fTds zf;g Joj:yfsf] k|zf;lgs k|jGWf,
;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf ;+/rgfx¿ / sfo{If]q Pj+
sfo{k|lqmofsf] vfsf tof/ ug{ / ;f]xLcg';f/sf]
k|zf;lgs k|jGWf ug{sf nflu ljBdfg k|zf;lgs
;+/rgfsf] k'g/fjnf]sgsf] cfjZostf b]lvPsf] 5 .
~f= ljBdfg k|zf;lgs ljlw / k|lqmofnfO{
k'g/fjnf]sg ug{ M
;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf x/]s If]qdf ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿n]
;'wf/sf] cfjZostf bzf{O/x]sf] cj:yf
5 . ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf] sfo{k|lqmof / lg0f{o
g]kfnsf] ;fj{hlgs k|zf;g ;DaGwL klqsf k|zf;g 25
ug]{ tl/sf k|lt w]/} c;Gt'li6x¿ ;'lgO/x]sf 5g\ .
k|zf;g k|lqmofdfd'vL /x]sf] / of] hgtfsf] ;xh
kxF'rdf g/x]sf] u'gf;f] lg/Gt/ cfO/x]sf] cj:yf
5 . k|ljlwsf] ljsf;, k"jf{wf/sf] ljsf;, ;/sf/sf]
e"ldsfdf cfPsf] kl/jt{g / hgtfdf cfPsf] hfu/0f
tyf ;/sf/af6 ul/Psf] ck]Iff ;d]tnfO{ b[li6ut u/L
ljBdfg k|zf;lgs ljlw / k|lqmofdf k'g/fjnf]sg
ug'{kg]{ cfjZostf b]lvPsf] 5 .
6= ;+3fTds zf;g Joj:yfdf sd{rf/Lsf]
Joj:yfkg ug]{ /0fgLlt tof/ ug{ M
PsfTds zf;g Joj:yf c'g's"nsf] sd{rf/L
;+/rgfnfO{ ;+3fTds Joj:yfcg'?k ¿kfGt/0f
ug{'kg]{ cfjZostf /x]sf] 5 . /0fgLlts ¿kdf
o;sf] tof/L ug{ g;lsPdf of] ljifon] hl6ntf
k}bf ug{ ;SG]f cj:yf 5 . ljBdfg sd{rf/L b/jGbL
/ hgzlQmnfO{ s'g ljlw k|lqmof / cfwf/df ;+3Lo
zf;g Joj:yfsf ;+/rgfdf ?kfGt/0f ug{ ;lsG5
eGg] ljifodf clxn]b]lv g} vfsf ljsf; ug'{kg]{
cfjZostf /x]sf] 5 .
7M ;fj{hlgs ;]jf k|jfxnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg M
;fj{hlgs k|zf;gn] k|bfg u/]sf] ;fj{hlgs
;]jf ljt/0f k|efjsf/L gePsf] egL cfd
;/f]sf/jfnfx¿n] cledt k|s6 ul//x]sf]
cj:yf 5 . k|zf;g ;]jfu|fxL k|lt pQ/bfoL x'g
g;s]sf], hgtfsf cfjZostfdf ;+j]bgzLn x'g
g;s]sf], cfkm\gf] :jfy{df tlNng /x]sf], e|i6frf/df
¿dlnPsf], /fhgLlts :jfYf{sf cfwf/df kl/rfng
ePsf] Hf:tf cf/f]kx¿ nflu/x]sf] cj:yf klg 5 .
o:tf cf/f]kx¿nfO{ v08g ub}{ hgtfnfO{ cyf{t
;]jfu|fxLnfO{ s]Gb|ljGb'df /fvL ;]jf lbg] cj:yfsf]
l;h{gf ug{ ;]jf k|jfxdf ;'wf/ Nofpgsf nflu
26 PRASHASAN The Nepali Journal of Public Administration
k|zf;g ;'wf/sf] qmddf of] ljifon] klg k|fyldstf
kfpg' kg]{ cj:yf /x]sf] 5 .
8= ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gdf ;dfj]zLs/0fnfO{
Jojl:yt ug{ M
lj=;+= @)^# ;fndf ePsf] /fhgLlts kl/jt{gkl5
d'n'sn] zf;g Joj:yfnfO{ ;dfj]zL agfpg]
gLlt c+lusf/ u/]sf] 5 . ;f] gLltnfO{ ;fj{hlgs
k|zf;gsf s]xL If]qdf cjnDjg klg ug{ yflnPsf]
5 . xfn;Dd ul/Psf cEof;x¿sf] k'g/fjnf]sg
ub}{ eljiodf ckgfpg' kg]{ /0fgLltx¿ th"{dfsf
nflu cfwf/ tof/ ug{'kg]{ cfjZostf /x]sf] 5 .
9= ljsf; k|zf;gnfO{ Jojl:yt ug{ M
ljsf;sf] k|zf;g / k|zf;gsf] ljsf; s'g} klg
d'n'ssf] ;jf{uL0f ljsf;sf cfwf/sf] ¿kdf /x]sf
5g\ / oL b'j} ljifo ljsf; k|zf;gsf] l;4fGtsf]
¿kdf /x]sf 5g\ . ljsf; k|zf;gsf] cjwf/0ffdf
cfGtl/s tyf afXo sf/0faf6 k|z:t r'gf}tLx¿
cfPsf 5g\ . o;sf] ;fGble{stfdf klg k|Zg
pl7/x]sf] cj:yf 5 . To:tf r'gf}tLnfO{ ;Djf]wg
ub}{ xfd|f] ;Gbe{df ljsf; k|zf;gsf] ;fGble{stf
cem} plQs} /x]sf] cj:yfdf ljsfz k|zf;gsf]
k|Effsfl/tfsf nflu k|zf;lgs Joj:yfdf klg
;'wf/ ug'{kg]{ cfjZostf b]lvPsf] 5 .
0f= /fhgLlt / k|zf;gsf aLrsf] ;Ldf/]vf sf]/L
cGt;{DjGWf kl/eflift ug{ M
;fj{hlgs k|zf;gdf /fhgLlt / k|zf;gsf] ;Ldf /
;DaGwsf af/]df k|;:t ljj]rgf eO;s]sf] eP klg
o;sf] cEof; hlxn] klg ljjfbsf] 3]/feGbf aflx/
/xg ;s]g . k|zf;gdf /fhgLlts x:tIf]k a9]sf]
eGg] cf/f]k lg/Gt/ nflu/x]sf] cj:yf 5 . ;'zf;g
P]g hf/L ePkl5 klg of] ;d:of /lx/x]sf] b]lvPsf]
5 . k|zf;goGqnfO{ /fhgLlts x:tIf]kaf6 d'Qm ug{
g;SGf] xf] eg] o;n] cfkm\gf] ljlZfi6 rl/q b]vfpg
;Sb}g . To;}n] of] ;DaGwnfO{ yk Jojl:yt ug'{kg]{
cfjZostf b]lvPsf] 5 .
t= ;'zf;gsf] :yfkgf ug{ M
k|hftflGqs zf;g k4ltcg';f/ zf;g Joj:yf
;~rfng ug'{kg]{ dfGotfnfO{ ;+:yfut ug]{ p4]Zon]
;'zf;gsf] cjwf/0ff ljsf; ePsf] xf] . o;n]
e|i6frf/sf] lj/f]w ub{5 . ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gnfO{
pQ/bfoL, kf/bzL{, ;xeflutfd"ns / cg'dfgof]Uo
agfO{ sfg"gL zf;g :yfkgf ug]{ Wo]on] ljsf; ePsf]
of] cjwf/0ffnfO{ Jojxf/df ¿kfGt/0f ug{sf nflu
;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf] ;du| kIfdf k'g/fjnf]sgsf]
cfjZostf b]lvPsf] 5 .
y= ljljwtf Joj:yfkg ug{ M
ljljwtf Joj:yfkg ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf] If]qdf
ljsf; ePsf] kl5Nnf] dfGotf xf] . xfd|f] h:tf]
hftLo, eflifs, ;fF:s[lts, ef}uf]lns, ;fdflhs
ljljwtf ePsf] d'n'sdf o;sf] cjnDjg u/L
zf;g Joj:yfnfO{ ;xeflutfd"ns agfpg' kg]{ /
zf;g Joj:yfdf ckgTjsf] af]w u/fpg' kg]{ r'gf}tL
5 . of] r'gf}tLnfO{ ;Djf]wg ug{ ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf]
ljBdfg k4ltdf k'g/fjnf]sg ug'{ kg]{ cfjZostf
b]lvPsf] 5 .
b= sfg"gsf] zf;g :yfkgf ug{ M
sfg"gsf] zf;gn] sfg"gsf] cufl8 ;dfgtf,
sfg"gsf] ;jf]{kl/tf / :j]R5frf/L zlQmsf] cefj
h:tf rl/qnfO{ cfTd;ft u/]sf] x'G5 . of]
k|hftlGqs zf;g k4ltsf] cfwf/zLnfsf] ¿kdf
/x]sf] x'G5 . sfg"gsf] zf;gsf] cjwf/0ffn]
hgpQ/bfoL / hgs]lGb|t zf;g Joj:yfsf] ck]Iff
/fVb5 . ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gnfO{ sfg"gsf] zf;g
cg's"n agfpgsf nflu ljBdfg cj:yfdf
k'g/fjnf]sg ug'{kg]{ cfjZostf /x]sf] 5 .
w= sd{rf/LtGqnfO{ Joj;flos agfpg M
g]kfnsf] sd{rf/LtGq of]Uotf k|0ffnLdf cfwfl/t eP
klg o;n] Joj;flostf k|bz{g ug{ ;ls/x]sf] 5}g .
kl/jt{g dg gk/fpg], zlQmsf] kl5 nfUg], /fhgLlts
cfj/0fdf /dfpg], e|i6frf/df ;+nUgtf hgfpg], sfd
k|lt a]jf:tf ug]{, ;'ljwfsf] vf]hL ul//xg], k|lqmofdf
hf]8 lbg], clwsf/ s]Gb|Ls/0f ug{ vf]Hg], uf]Kotfdf
/dfpg], ;xeflutf g?rfpg], nfe nfutdf Vofn
gug]{, ;]jfu|fxL k|lt ;+j]bgzLn gx'g] h:tf cf/f]kx¿
g]kfnsf] sd{rf/LtGqnfO{ nfUb} cfPsf] 5 . o:tf
cf/f]kaf6 d'Qm u/L sd{rf/LtGqnfO{ Joj;flos /
glthfd'vL agfpg k|zf;g ;'wf/sf] cfjZostf
b]lvPsf] 5 .
k|zf;g ;'wf/sf b'O{ HjnGt ljifo M ;+/rgf /
;dfof]hg
oltv]/ k|zf;g ;'wf/sf b'O{j6f ljifox¿
HjnGt¿kdf pkl:yt /x]sf 5g\ . tL x'g\ M tLg}
txsf] ;/sf/sf] ;+/rgf lgdf{0f / ljBdfg ;/sf/L
sd{rf/Lx¿sf] ;dfof]hg . oL b'j} ljifo ;'Gbf hlt
;xh 5g\ ltgsf] Joj:yfkg kIf plQ g} hl6n 5 .
;a} lgsfox¿ ;+3Lo ;+/rgfdf cfkm\gf] ;+u7gsf]
ckl/xfo{ cfjZostf b]lv/x]sf 5g\ eg] ;a}
hgzlQm ;+3Lo ;]jfdf ;dfof]hg x'g'kg]{ ck]Iff
af]s]/ a;]sf 5g\ . oL b'j} ;f]rx¿ g t Jojxfl/s
5g\ g t gofF ;+j}wflgs Joj:yfdf ;Dejof]Uo
/x]sf5g\ .
g]kfnsf] ;fj{hlgs k|zf;g ;DaGwL klqsf k|zf;g 27
 k|zf;lgs k'gM ;+/rgf ;ldltn] !* j6f dGqfnosf]
;+/rgf lgwf{/0fsf] ljifo k|:tfj u/]sf] 5 .$ ca s7f]/tfk"j{s of] ljifodf
l;+xb/af/sf] clwsf/ ufpFdf uPsf] 5 eGg]sf] hdft /fhgLlts ;xdlt cfjZos 5 . s;}sf] kbf]Gglt
lgSs} 5 . /fhg]tfn] of] ljifo ;xhtfsf ;fy p7fPsf jf cGo s'g} afxgfdf of] ljifonfO{ pNemgdf
5g\ . t/ of] ;lhnf] ljifo xf]Og . l;+xb/af/n] g} /fVg' x'Fb}g . s]Gb|df dGqfnosf] 7"nf] ;+Vof ca
;|f]t / clVtof/L lbP/ clwsf/ ufpFdf k'Ub}g . ca cfjZos 5}g . k|wfgdGqL sfof{no ;lxt !) b]lv
z}nL kl/jt{g cfjZos 5 . ;f]r kl/jt{g cfjZos !@ dGqfnodf ;+3Lo ;/sf/ ;Lldt x'g' kb{5 .
5 . ;+/rgf kl/jt{g cfjZos 5 . s]Gb| ;fgf], 5l/tf] k|b]znfO{ klg dGqfnosf] ;+Vofsf] ;Ldf cfjZos
/ k|efjsf/L agfpg' kb{5 . plxNo} a'r sld;gsf] 5 . a9Ldf !) j6f dGqfnodf k|b]z ;/sf/ ;Lldt
kfnfb]lv dGqfnosf] ;+Vof 36fpg' kg]{ ;'emfj x'g' kb{5 . s]Gb|df cj ljefux¿ ckjfbsf] ¿kdf
cfPsf] xf] . t/ dGqfno lg/Gt/ al9/x]sf 5g\ . cToGt ;Lldt ;+Vofdf /flvg' kb{5 . k|b]zdf
;+ljwfgn] nufPsf] ;Ldf klg aGwgsf/L ePg .@ ljefusf] kl/sNkgf ul/g' x'Fb}g . lhNnf txsf]
JofVofsf cg]sg ts{n] ;f] ljifo lgis[o /x]sf] ;+/rgf klg :ki6 x'g' cfjZos 5 .% :yfgLo txdf
5 . k|zf;g ;'wf/ ;'emfj ;ldltn] ;+3Lo zf;gdf k|zf;lgs PsfOx¿sf] lj:tf/ ul/g' kb{5 . casf]
s]Gb|df !@ j6f dGqfnosf] l;kmfl/; u/]sf] lyof] . bz jif{df k|To]s :yfgLo txsf] s]Gb| ljutsf]
ev{/} ;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfnon] !^ j6f dGqfnosf] lhNnf ;b/d'sfd h:tf] ¿kdf ljsf; ug{ ;Sg'
cfjZostf bzf{of] .# km]l/ clwsf/ ;DkGg ;+3Lo kb{5 . ;f]xLcg';f/ k"j{fwf/sf] ljsf; ul/g' kb{5 .
@ g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f &^ -(_ df elgPsf] 5 M /fi6«kltn] k|wfgdGqLsf] l;kmfl/;df ;+3Lo ;+;bsf ;b:odWo]af6 ;dfj]zL
l;4fGt adf]lhd k|wfgdGqL ;lxt a9Ldf kRrL; hgf dGqL /x]sf] dlGqkl/ifb u7g ug]{5 . :ki6Ls/0f M o; efusf] k|of]hgsf nflu
ædGqLÆ eGgfn] pkk|wfgdGqL, dGqL, /fHo dGqL / ;xfos dGqL ;Demg' k5{ .
# ;+3df /xg] dGqfno tyf ;f] cGtu{t k|b]z / :yfgLo txdf /xg] lgsfox¿ ;DaGwL l;kmfl/; ug{ ul7t sfo{bnn] !^ j6f
dGqfnosf] l;kmfl/; u/]sf] xf] h;df k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifbsf] sfof{no, cy{ dGqfno, pBf]u jfl0fHo, >d tyf cfk"lt{
dGqfno, s[lif tyf e"ld Joj:yfkg dGqfno, u[x dGqfno, hn;|f]t tyf pmhf{ dGqfno, k//fi6« dGqfno, ef}lts k"jf{wf/ tyf
oftfoft dGqfno, /Iff dGqfno, jg tyf jftfj/0f dGqfno, lzIff, o'jf, v]ns'b tyf lj1fg k|ljlw dGqfno, ;+:s[lt, ko{6g tyf
gful/s p8\8og dGqfno, :yfgLo tx Joj:yfkg, dlxnf tyf ;dfh sNof0f dGqfno, ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ dGqfno, :jf:Yo tyf
;/;kmfO dGqfno /x]sf 5g\ .
$ ;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqLsf] cWoIftfdf /x]sf] ;f] ;ldltn] ;+3df k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{Nfo, cy{ tyf of]hgf dGqfno,
pBf]u, jfl0fHo tyf cfk"lt{ dGqfno, sfg"g, Gofo tyf ;+;bLo dfldnf dGqfno, s[lif, ;xsf/L / e"ld Joj:yf dGqfno, u[x
dGqfno, hn;|f]t tyf pmhf{ dGqfno, k//fi6« dGqfno, ko{6g tyf ;+:s[lt dGqfno, ef}lts k"jf{wf/, oftfoft tyf gful/s
p8\8og dGqfno, dlxnf, ;dfj]zLs/0f tyf ;fdflhs Gofo dGqfno, dfgj ;+zfwg, o'jf, >d tyf /f]huf/ dGqfno, /Iff
dGqfno, jg tyf jftfj/0f dGqfno, lzIff, v]ns'b tyf lj1fg k|ljlw dGqfno, ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ dGqfno, ;+3Lo dfldnf tyf
;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfno / :jf:Yo dGqfno /x]sf 5g\ .
% lhNnf :t/df lhNnf cbfnt, lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{no, lhNnf k|x/L sfof{no, lhNnf ;dGjo ;ldlt, lhNnf x'nfs sfof{no,
sf]if tyf n]vf lgoGqs sfof{no, lhNnf ;/sf/L jsLNf sfof{no h:tf sfof{nox? ;+3Lo PsfOsf] ?kdf /xnfg\ . w]/}h;f]
sfof{nox¿sf] ca cf}lrTotf ;dfKt ePsf] 5 . t/ :yfgLo txdf Ps} k6s dfnkf]t, gfkL sfof{nosf] clen]vsf] Joj:yfkgsf]
sfo{ eg] lgSs} g} hl6n 5 . s]xL jif{sf nflu oL sfof{nox¿ xfnsf] cj:yfdf clen]vsf nflu sfod /xg' kg]{ cfjZostf b]
lvPsf] 5 eg] clen]vnfO{ ljB'tLo k|ljlwdf cfj4 ug{ ;lsPdf of] sfo{sf] ;xh Joj:yfkg x'g ;Sg] cj:yf 5 .

28 PRASHASAN The Nepali Journal of Public Administration

;Gt'lnt ljsf;sf nflu of] ckl/xfo{ b]lvPsf] 5 .
zx/Ls/0fsf] ljutsf] b'/fj:yfaf6 kf7 l;Sb} k|b]z
/ :yfgLo txsf] s]Gb| to ul/g' kb{5 / ;DejeP;Dd
:yfgLo / k|b]z :t/df k"jf{wf/ ljsf;df hf]8
lbg' kb{5 . o;n] k|zf;gsf] :yfgLos/0f x'G5 .
clwsf/sf] jf:tljslgIf]k0f x'G5 . ca :yfgLo
JolQmx¿ cfkm\gf] yftynf] 5f]8]/ ef}lts nfn;fn]
zx/ k:g] dgf]/f]uaf6 dfly p7\g ;Sg] kof{j/0f
lgdf{0f ug'{ kb{5 .
sd{rf/L ;dfof]hg / Joj:yfkg
g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfgn] d'n's ;+3Lo nf]stflGqs
u0ftGq x'g] 3f]if0ff ul/;s]sf] 5 . ;+ljwfgn] sd{rf/L
;dfof]hgsf nflu ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f #)@ n] ;+3Lo
sfg"g th{"df ug'{kg]{ cfjZostf cf}+NofPsf] 5 .^
clxn] PsfTds zf;g Joj:yfaf6 ;+3fTds zf;g
Joj:yftkm{ hfFbfsf] of] ;+qmd0fsfnLg cj:yfdf
sl/a () xhf/eGbf a9L sd{rf/L b/aGbL /x]sf] 5 .
tLdWo] &% xhf/sf] xf/fxf/Ldf ljleGg tx / bhf{sf
lghfdtL sd{rf/Lx¿ ;/sf/L ;]jfdf sfo{/t 5g\ .
olsg ¿kdf ;+Vof lgwf{/0f ug{ g;s] klg To;sf]
7"nf] lx:;f lhNnf:t/df sfo{/t sd{rf/Lx¿s} 5
/ tLdWo] klg sl/a &) k|ltzteGbf a9L /fhkq
cg+lst / >]0fLljxLg sd{rf/Lx¿ g} 5g\ . ;+3Lo
zf;g cjnDag ubf{ kl/kSjtfk"j{s ljrf/
ug'{kg]{ w]/} ljifodWo] Pp6f dxTjk"0f{ kIf sd{rf/L
Joj:yfkg ug'{ klg xf] . of] Pp6f ljjflbt ljifo
aGg k'Ug] ;DefjgfnfO{ ;dod} b[li6ut ug'{k5{ .
sd{rf/L ;dfof]hg / Joj:yfkg ;xh / ;/n Pj+
j:t'ut cfwf/df k|lt:kwL{ ¿kdf ;~rfng ug]{ u/L
^ wf/f #)@= k|b]z / :yfgLo txdf ;/sf/L ;]jfx¿sf] u7g / ;~rfng M -!_ k|b]z / :yfgLo txdf cfjZos ;]jf k|jfx ug{ g]kfn ;/
sf/n] cfjZos Joj:yf ug{]5 . -@_ pkwf/f -!_ adf]lhdsf] Joj:yf ubf{ of] ;+ljwfg k|f/De x'Fbfsf avt ;/sf/L ;]jfdf sfo{/t
/fi6«;]js sd{rf/LnfO{ g]kfn ;/sf/n] sfg"g adf]lhd ;+3, k|b]z / :yfgLo txdf ;dfof]hg u/L ;]jf k|jfxsf] Joj:yf ldnfpg
;Sg]5 .
gLlt lgod aGg' kg]{ cfjZostf b]lvPsf] 5 .
;+3Lo zf;gdf cem} klg w]/} e|d afFsL g} 5g\ .
/fh:j ;d"xsf sd{rf/L cfkm" ;+3Lo ;]jfsf] x'g]df
9'Ss 5g\ . u[x k|zf;gdf a;]sfx¿nfO{ klg bf]xf]/f]
;'ljwf x'g] ;f]rfO 5 . ;a} dGqfnox¿ cfkm\gf]
;+/rgf lhNnf tx;Dd oyfjt /xg' kg]{ jsfnt
ul//x]sf 5g\ . ;dfof]hgsf ;]jf ;d"xsf] pNemgdf
kfg{ ;lsg] bfpdf gLlt d} v]Ng] k|oTg klg b]lv/x]sf]
5 . sfo{If]q w]/} ;Lldt eO;Sbf klg ;]jf ;d"xsf]
;+Vof oyfjt jf cem a9L agfpg] k|oTg klg
b]lvPsf] 5 . sl/j @) xhf/sf] xf/fxf/L sd{rf/L
;+3Lo ;]jfdf /xg] oyfy{tfdf ;a}sf] ck]Iff k"/f x'G5
eGg' Pp6f e|d dfq xf] . pkNnf] txsf sd{rf/Lx¿
/fhgLlt1nfO{ cfkm\gf] j[lQ ljsf;sf] af6f] cj/f]w
gxf];\ egL km/s 9+un] ;Nnfx lbO/x]sf5g\ eGg]
cf/f]k 5 . Oltxf;n] n]vfhf]vf ug]{ ljifo xf]
of] . Ps tx kbf]GgltnfO{ klg ;fdfGoLs/0f u/]/
l6KKf0fLx¿ cfO/x]sf 5g\ . ;femf k|oTgaf6
;d:ofsf] ufF7f] km'sfpg ;a} kIf lqmofzLn x'g'
kb{5 . ;a} sd{rf/Lx¿n] ;dfof]hgsf] ljifodf
v'nf 5nkmn / ;xeflutf hgfpg' kb{5 .
gofF zf;g Joj:yfnfO{ Jojxf/df ¿kfGt/0f ug'{kg]{
lhDd]jf/L k|zf;goGqnfO{ 5 . ;'zf;g sfod ug'{kg]{
r'gf}tL klg 5 . lgikIftf / t6:ytf sfd /fVg'kg]{
/ hgtfnfO{ ljZjf; lbnfpg'kg]{ lhDd]jf/L klg 5 .
kl/jt{gnfO{ ¿kfGt/0f u/L /fhgLlts l:y/tf sfod
/fVg] lgs} 7"nf] bfloTj 5 . k|zf;goGqnfO{ hgd'vL,
kf/bzL{, pQ/bfoL agfpg' klg 5 . lxFl8/x]sf] k'/fgf]
af6f] 5f]8]/ gofF ofqf ug'{ cfk}+mdf lgs} sl7g sfd
xf] . t/ ofqf gyfnL uGtJodf k'luFb}g . k]ml/ k|zf;g
g]kfnsf] ;fj{hlgs k|zf;g ;DaGwL klqsf k|zf;g 29
t lIflthdf k'Ug lxF8\g'kg]{ rl/qsf] ;+u7g xf]– h;n]
gofF ofqfsf nflu ;w}+ tof/ x'g'k5{ . lj8Djgf of]
;w}+ clwsf/ s]lGb|t ug{ / kl/jt{gnfO{ k|lt/f]w
ug{ lqmofzLn /xG5 eGg] cf/f]k Joxf]l//x]sf] 5 .
z}nL, rfnrng / Jojxf/af6 of] v08g ug{ klg
;lsPsf] cj:yf 5}g . lgotdf kl/jt{g geO{
;+:s[lt / ;Eotf lgdf{0f xF'b}g . dflyaf6} ;'wf/sf]
yfngL gu/L glthfdf s'g} kl/jt{g cfpg ;Sb}g .
cfTdcleJo~hgfdf /dfpg]n] s]jn c¿sf] b[li6bf]if
b]Vt5 .
;+3, k|b]z / :yfgLo txsf nflu cnu cnu
sd{rf/L Joj:yfkg;DaGwL sfg"gsf] cfjZostf
/x]sf] 5 eg] ljBdfg hgzlQmnfO{ ;dfof]hg ug{sf
nflu csf]{ sfg"g agfpg' kg]{ cfjZostf /x]sf] 5 .
;+3Lo lghfdtL ;]jfsf] ;Gbe{df klg s]xL hl6ntf
b]lvPsf] klg 5 . sd{rf/L ;dfof]hg / Joj:yfkg
gx'Gh]n;Dd gofF kbk"lt{ ug'{ pko'Qm x'G5 ls x'b}g <
eGg] k|Zg ax;df 5 . ;dfof]hg ubf{ ank"j{s jf
:j]R5f ljk/Lt ;dfof]hg ug{ ldNb}g eGg] ts{ klg
alnof] ¿kdf pkl:yt 5 . ;+3Lo ;]jfdf b/aGbL
/fvL k|b]z tyf :yfgLo txdf sd{rf/L sfhdf
v6fpg' jf lkmtf{ af]nfpg' ;+3Lo zf;g k|0ffnLdf
pko'Qm x'G5 ls x'b}g < eGg] k|Zgsf] hjfkm lbg ;xh
5}g . ;dfof]hgdf k7fOPsf] hgzlQmnfO{ ;DalGwt
;/sf/n] lkmtf{ k7fpg jf c:jLsf/ ug{ ;S5
ls ;Sb}g < eGg] k|Zgsf] pQ/sf] vf]hL eO/x]sf]
5 . sd{rf/L ;dfof]hgn] sd{rf/Lx¿sf] ;?jf /
j[lQ ljsf;df kfg]{ cj/f]ws kIfx¿ klxrfg x'g
;s]sf] 5}g . ;fj{hlgs ;]jfdf Ps¿ktf sfod
ug{ ;a} ;/sf/L ;]jfsf nflu 5'6\6} 5ftf P]g tof/
ug]{ ls lghfdtL ;]jf P]gnfO{ g} 5ftf P]gsf] ¿kdf
tof/ ug]{] eGg] af/]df ;3g 5nkmn cfjZos
5 . ljutb]lv g} txut / >]0fLut stf n}hfg] eGg]
30 PRASHASAN The Nepali Journal of Public Administration
5nkmn eO/x]sf] cj:yfdf cj aGg] lghfdtL ;]jf
>]0fLut g} sfod ug]{ ls txut k|0ffnLdf n}hfg] xf]
cj olsg x'g' kb{5 . xfn lghfdtL ;]jfdf bzj6f
;]jf /x]sf 5g\ . o;sf] cnfjf ;+;b / :Jff:y
;]jfsf 5'6\6} sfg"g /x]sf] ;Gbe{df ;+3Lo lghfdtL
;]jf P]gdf s'g s'g ;]jfx¿ ;dfj]z ug'{ k5{ <
wf/f !%% / !^! sf] sfof{Gjogsf] ;Gbe{ ;d]t
ljrf/ u/L sltj6f sfg"g agfpg] eGg] ljifo 6'+uf]
nufpg' kg]{ cfjZostf 5 . kbk"lt{ / kbf]Ggltsf
cfwf/x¿ af/Djf/ kl/jt{g eO/x]sf] ljutsf]
cEof;af6 kf7 l;Sb} o;sf nflu dfu{bz{g ug'{kg]{
cfjZostf /x]sf] 5 . s]Gb|df dGqfnosf] ;+Vof
sd ug'{kg]{ cfjfh pl7/x]sf] cj:yfdf cj ;fdfGo
k|zf;g dGqfno /xg] jf g/xg] ljifo lgwf] ug'{kg]{
cfjZostf /x]sf] 5 . ;f] ;Gbe{df s]Gb|Lo sd{rf/L
lgsfosf] lhDd]jf/L s:nfO{ lbg] eGg] ljifo klg
lgwf] ug'{ kg]{5 . lj= ;+= @)^$ ;fnb]]lv lghfdtL
;]jfdf cf/If0f ;d]tsf] ;dfj]zL cEof; ul/Psf]
bz jif{ k"/f ePsf] 5 . of] cEof;sf] k'g/fjnf]sg
ug'{kg]{ cfjZostf b]lvg ;S5 . o;sf nflu 5'6\6}
cg';Gwfgd"ns cWoogsf] cfjZostf kb{5 . 6]«8
o'lgog;DaGwLcEof;nfO{ s;/L Joj:yfkg ug]{ xf],
of] ljifodf ;femf wf/0ff cfjZos b]lvPsf] 5 .
lghfdtL ;]jfdf pd]/sf] xb slt /fVg' pko'Qm xf]nf
< s] ;+3, k|b]z / :yfgLo txdf pd]/sf] xb leGg
x'g pko'Qm x'G5 < eGg] k|Zgsf] klg ;Gtf]ifhgs
hjfkmsf] cfjZostf /x]sf] 5 .
;dfof]hg;DaGwL ljw]os
g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f #)@ adf]lhd xfn
sfo{/t sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ ;+3, k|b]z / :yfgLo txdf
;dfof]hg ug{sf nflu k|zf;g ;'wf/ sfof{Gjog
tyf cg'udg ;ldltsf ;+of]hs Pj+ k|zf;sLo
cbfntsf cWoIf >L sfzL/fh bfxfnsf]
cWoIftfdf ul7t ;ldltsf] ;'emfjadf]lhd g]kfn
;/sf/n] sd{rf/L ;dfof]hg P]gsf] d:of}bf ;/sf/L
ljw]ossf] ¿kdf Joj:yflksf ;+;bdf btf{ ePsf]
5 . ;f] ljw]ossf] k|:tfjgfdf ;/sf/L ;]jfdf
sfo{/t /fi6«;]js sd{rf/LnfO{ ;+3, k|b]z / :yfgLo
txdf ;dfof]hg ug]{ ;DaGwdf cfjZos Joj:yf
ug{ jf~5gLo ePsf]n] egL P]g lgdf{0fsf] p2]Zo
kl/eflift ul/Psf] 5 . ;f] ljw]osn] ;/sf/L ;]jfsf]
kl/efiff leq lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)$(, g]kfn
:jf:Yo ;]jf P]g, @)%# / Joj:yflksf–;+;b
;lrjfno;DaGwL P]g, @)^$ adf]lhd u7g ePsf
;]jfnfO{ ;d]6]sf] 5 . ;f] ljw]osdf ;fdfGo k|zf;g
dGqfnon] sd{rf/L ;dfof]hg ug]{ k|of]hgsf] nflu
of] P]g k|f/De ePsf] ldltn] tL; lbgleq ;DalGwt
;]jf ;~rfng ug]{ lgsfo;Fu sd{rf/Lsf] ljj/0f
dfu ug]{5 . ;f]adf]lhd dfluPsf] ljj/0f ;DalGwt
;]jf ;~rfng ug]{ lgsfon] dGqfnon] tf]s]sf]
cjlwleq k7fpg' kg]{ Joj:yf 5 .
;f] ljw]osdf g]kfn ;/sf/n] ;+3, k|b]z / :yfgLo
txdf ;]jf k|jfxsf nflu cfjZos kg]{ ;+u7g ;+/rgf
tyf sd{rf/L b/aGbL lgwf{/0f ug{ tf]lsPadf]lhd
;+u7g tyf Joj:yfkg ;j]{If0f ;ldlt u7g ug]{
Joj:yf 5 . ;f] ljw]osn] ;dfof]hgsf cfwf/x¿
o;k|sf/ k|:tfj u/]sf] 5 <
sd{rf/L ;dfof]hg ubf{ b]xfosf k|fyldstfsf
cfwf/df ul/g]5 M
-s_ sd{rf/Lsf] kb / ;dfof]hg x'g] kbsf] sfo{
ljj/0f / To;sf] ;fGble{stf,
-v_ sd{rf/Ln] /f]h]sf] ;+3, k|b]z jf :yfgLo tx,
-u_ sfo{/t kbsf] Ho]i7tf,
-3_ sfo{/t /x]sf] :yfg,
-ª_ sd{rf/Lsf] gful/stfsf] k|df0fkqdf pNn]v
ePsf] 7]ufgf .
ljw]osn] ;dfof]hg ePsf sd{rf/Lsf] ;dfof]hg
x'Fbfsf avt nfu" /x]sf] tna, eQf, pkbfg, lgj[Qe/0f,
pkrf/ vr{ / cGo ;'ljwf;DaGwL ;]jfsf zt{x¿df
k|lts"n c;/ kg]{u/L sfg"g agfpg gkfOg]
Joj:yf k|:tfj u/]sf] 5 . ljw]ossf Joj:yfk|lt
;/f]sf/jfnfx¿sf] leGg leGg sf]0faf6 k|ltlqmof
cfPsf] b]lvG5 . s;}n] s7f]/ l6Kk0fL u/]sf 5g\ .
s;}sf] z}nL g/d 5 . oBlk dfu{lrq vf]lh/x]sf] 5
cfhsf] k|zf;g . ;'/lIft cjt/0f vf]lh /x]sf 5g\
sd{rf/Lx¿ . hj/hl:t ;dfof]hg ug]{ ljsNknfO{
clGtd k|fyldstfdf /fvL ;dfof]hg x'g pTk|]l/t
ug]{ u/L sfg"g agfpg' kg]{ cfjZostf b]lvPsf] 5 .
tLg} txsf sd{rf/LtGqsf] ;]t' / ;dGjosf] ck]Iff
/flvPsf] 5 oltv]/ . of] ljw]osn] ck]IffnfO{ klg
;Daf]wg ug{ ;Sg' kb{5 . ljw]osn] u/]sf] ;]jf
zt{sf] ;'/Iffsf] ljifo lgSs} g} cfZff nfUbf] ljifo
xf] . nf]stGqdf ;/sf/ alnof] t x'G5 t/ lg/+s'z
/ :j]R5frf/L x'b}g eGg] sfg"gsf] zf;gsf] dd{nfO{
klg of] ;Gbe{df ljrf/ ug'{kg]{ x'G5 .
lgisif{
oltv]/ k|zf;g ;'wf/ xfd|f] cfjZostf xf] . zf;g
k|0ffnLcg';f/sf] ;+/rgfut ;'wf/ / sd{rf/L
Joj:yfkgsf] ljifo ;'wf/sf k|fyldstfsf ljifo
x'g\ . hl6n / e4f ;+/rgf cfhsf] cfjZostf
xf]Og . of] ;'wf/ s'g} bftf jf afXo zlQmsf]
bjfjsf sf/0f xf]Og . To;}n] xfd|f] ;|f]t ;fwg,
ck]Iff / sfo{;F:s[ltsf] ;d'lrt ljZn]if0f u/L
;'wf/sf sfo{qmdx¿ to ul/g' kb{5 . o;nfO{ k|fl1s
ljifodfq agfOg' x'Fb}g . ;+:yfut ug{ ;Sg' kb{5 .
;'wf/sf sfo{qmdx¿ dxTjfsf+IfL klg x'g' x'Fb}g .
g]kfnsf] ;fj{hlgs k|zf;g ;DaGwL klqsf k|zf;g 31
sfof{Gjog of]Uo x'g' kb{5 . ;d:ofsf] ;xL lgbfg ug{
;lsPg eg] ;'wf/sf k|of;n] ck]lIft glthf lbg
;Sb}g . oyfy{tf eGbf aflx/ uP/ ul/g] s'g} klg sfd
sf/jfxLn] ;kmntf xfl;n x'g ;Sb}g . k/Dk/fut
9Ffrfaf6 cjsf] ;'wf/ ;Dej 5}g . kof{Kt u[xsfo{
gu/L ul/g] ;'wf/ s]jn cWoog ;fdu|Lsf] ¿kdf /xg]
tYo :yflkt eO;s]sf] 5 . ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿;Fusf]
;xsfo{ / lg0f{o k|lqmofdf ;xeflutf g} casf]
;'wf/ k|of;sf cfwf/x¿ x'g\ . ;fy ;fy} hf]l8P/
cfpg] d'2fx¿ (cross cutting issues) nfO{
x/]s ;'wf/sf ljifodf ;dflxt ub}{ nfg ;lsPdf
32 PRASHASAN The Nepali Journal of Public Administration
dfq ck]lIft glthf xfl;n x'g ;Sg] cj:yf 5 .
;du| ;kmntfsf] cfwf/sf] ¿kdf ;'wf/sf] lg/Gt/tf
cfjZos x'G5 . ;'wf/k|ltsf] k|ltj2tf cfjZos
x'G5 . stf{x¿sf] cg'zf;g / ;bfrf/ h:tf kIfx¿
cfjZos x'G5g\ . log} dfGotfsf cfwf/df gofF
zf;sLo ;+/rgf lgwf{/0f ul/g' kb{5 / ljBdfg
hgzlQmnfO{ cfjZostf / cf}lRfTosf cfwf/df
;dfof]hg tyf Joj:yfkg ul/g' kb{5 .
g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg / sfg'gdf ;sf/fTds
pkfo tyf ;dfj]zLs/0f M cfnf]rgfTds
;ldIff
;f/f+z
g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgn] ;sf/fTds pkfo tyf ;dfj]zLs/0fsf]
l;4fGtnfO{ :jLsf/ u/]sf] / æ;dfg'kflts ;dfj]zLs/0fÆ g}
k|:tfjgf / df}lns xs efusf] d"ndd{ /x]sf] eP klg ;+ljwfgsf
kl5Nnf efux¿df ePsf Joj:yfx¿ tyf oqtq k|of]u ePsf
æljz]if Joj:yfÆ, æ;s/fTds lje]bÆ, æ;dfg'kflts ;dfj]zLÆ /
æ;dfj]zL l;4fGtÆ h:tf ckl/eflift zAbfjnLx¿n] yk cGof]ntf
l;h{gf u/]sf5g\ . o;n] ;+j}wflgs Joj:yfsf] ckJofVof x'g
;Sg] tyf ;+ljwfgsf] sfof{Gjog / sfg'g tyf gLlt lgdf{0fdf ;d]t
hl6ntf cfpg ;Sg] b]lvG5 . To:t}, ljBdfg sfg'gx¿n] t emg
8f= ofdaxfb'/ ls;fg nlIft ;d"x÷;d'bfox¿n] ;dfg'kfltssf] PsltxfO{ klg k|fKt gug]{
clwjQmf tyf ;fdflhs Joj:yf u/]sf 5g\ . o;af6 g]kfnsf] ljBdfg ;+j}wflgs / sfg'gL
;dfj]zLs/0f lj1 Joj:yfx¿ æ¿kdf ;dfg'kflts ;dfj]zLs/0fÆ h:tf] b]lvP
klg æ;f/df ;fdfGo cf/If0f jf sf]6fÆ s} ;]/f]km]/f]df uf]nrSs/
nufO/xsf] / sfof{Gjogsf] ljlw tyf kl/0fltn] /fHon] lnPsf]
p2]Zo kl/k"lt{df r'r]sf] b]lvG5 .

!= ljifo k|j]z
;sf/fTds pkfo tyf ;dfj]zLs/0f ljBdfg nf]ssNof0fsf/L
/fHosf] cfwf/e"t tTj xf] . t/ ;LdfGts[t, alxis[t / jl~rtLs[t
;d"x÷;d'bfosf] /fHosf c+u, ;+/rgf / lgsfox¿df ;xeflutf,
k|ltlglwTj jf ;dfj]zLs/0fsf] cjwf/0ffsf k|f/lDes lrGts tyf
kl/sNkgfsf/ o'/f]ksf dWoo'uLg sfNklgs ;dfjhjfbLx¿ lyP,
h;n]sfnfGt/df ;dfhjfbL / nf]ssNof0fsf/L /fHosf] :yfkgfsf
cfwf/x¿ k|bfg u/] -cfkmfgf:o]km, !(*^_, -u|flT;ofG:sL,
!(*%_ . ToxL kl/sNkgfsf cfwf/df hd{g bfz{lgs sfn{ dfS;{
/ k|]m8l/v PGu]N;n] ;g\ !*$* df æsDo'lgi6 kf6L{sf] 3f]if0ffkqÆ

g]kfnsf] ;fj{hlgs k|zf;g ;DaGwL klqsf k|zf;g 33

dfkm{t j}1flgs ;dfhjfbL /fHosf] pb\3f]if u/]sf
lyP -dfS;{, PGu]N;, !(*^_ . /, ToxL 3f]if0ffkqsf]
;}4flGts hu-dfS;{jfb_df 6]s]/ pGgfO;f}+
ztfAbLsf] pQ/fw{df ljZjJofkL¿kdf dhb"/
cfGbf]ngx¿ p7] . To;} l;nl;nfdf @! dfr{ !*&!
sf lbg k]l/;sf dhb"/x¿n] a'h'{jf zf;sx¿nfO{
zx/af6 wkfP/ ;Qf cfˆgf] xftdf lnP eg] aL;f}+
ztfAbLdf ;DkGg ePsf ¿;sf] cS6f]a/ ;dfhjfbL
qmflGt, rLgsf] /fli6«o d'lQm tyfhgjfbL qmflGt,
sf]l/of, So"jf nufot k"jL{ o"/f]k, blIf0f k"jL{ Pl;of,
Nofl6g cd]l/sf / clk|msL dxfb]zdf cfPsf
;dfhjfbL qmflGtsf nx/x¿ / ef/tnufot ljZjsf
clwsf+z cf}klgj]lzs d'n'sx¿sf :j/fHo nflu
ePsf /fli6«o :jflwgtfsf ;+3if{x¿n] ;+;f/ e/s}
;fd|fHojfbL–pklgj]zjfbL tyf 3/]n' k'FhLjfbL–
;fdGtjfbL zf;sx¿nfO{ ;d]t nf]ssNof0fsf/L
/fHosf] af/]df ;f]+Rg afWo agfof] .
o;/L ljZje/ pl7/x]sf] s7f]/ hgjfbL–;dfhjfbL
qmflGtx¿, dhb"/ cfGbf]ngx¿ / pklgj]zjfb
lj/f]wL /fli6«o d'lQm cfGbf]ngx¿ tyf o;aLrdf
ePsf b'O{j6f ljZjo'4x¿sf] k|xf/af6 ;fdGtjfbL,
kF'hLjfbL, ;fd|fHojfbL / pklgj]zjfbL /fHo tyf
/fHo;QfnfO{ hf]ufpg pGgfO{;f}+ ztfAbLsf] cGTo
tyf aL;f}+ ztfAbLsf] k|f/De / pQ/fw{lt/ a]nfot,
ef/t, cd]l/sf / clk|msfdf nf]ssNof0fsf/L /fHo
/ ;sf/fTds pkfosf] cjwf/0ff cufl8 cfPsf]
xf] . o;sf] leqL ds;b k/Dk/fut k'FhLjfbL tyf
;fdGtjfbL /fHonfO{ nf]ssNof0fsf/Ldf ¿kfGt/
u/L ljZjJofkL aGb} uO/x]sf] ;dfhjfbL cfGbf]ngsf]
e]nnfO{ /f]Sg' /x]sf] eP klg of] ;LdfGts[t tyf
jl~rtLs[t ;d"x÷;d'bfosf] lxtdf rflnPsf] yf]/}
eP klg k|ultzLn sbd lyof] .
To;kl5 ;g\ !(^) sf] bzssf] k"jf{4{df blIf0f
34 PRASHASAN The Nepali Journal of Public Administration
clk|msf, gfldlaof / blIf0fL /f]8]l;of h:tf
cf}klgj]lzs d'n'sx¿df ePsf hflte]b, /Ëe]b
lj¿4 hg–;+3if{x¿ / ltgsf lj¿4 ul/Psf r/d
bdgsf] kl/0ffd:j¿ @) gf]e]Da/ !(^# df
;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3Lo dxf;efn] ;a} k|sf/sf hftLo
lje]b pGd"ng;DaGwL cGt/f{li6«o 3f]if0ff / To;}sf
hudf @! l8;]Da/ !(^% df hf/L ul/Psf] ;a}
k|sf/sf hftLo lje]b pGd"ng ;DaGwL cGt/f{li6«o
dxf;lGwn] clje]b / ;sf/fTds pkfosf] kIfdf
cGt/f{li6o sfg'gL cfwf/x¿ tof/ u/] . o;sf ;fy}
;fdflhs, cfly{s tyf ;fF:s[lts clwsf/;DaGwL
cGt/f{li6o dxf;lGw !(^^, gful/s tyf /fhgLlts
clwsf/;DaGwL cGt/f{li6o dxf;lGw !(^^, dlxnf
la¿4 x'g] ;a} k|sf/sf] e]befj pGd"ng ;DaGwL
dxf;lGw, !(&(, /fli6«otf, hflt, wfld{s tyf
cNk;+Vos efiff;Da4 JolQmsf] clwsf/;DaGwL
3f]if0ffkq !((@ / cflbjf;Lsf clwsf/;DaGwL
;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3Lo 3f]if0ffkq, @))&h:tf ;+o'Qm
/fi6«;+3Lo dxf;lGwx¿, 3f]if0ffx¿, sfo{of]hgfx¿,
/fi6«;+3Lo ljlzli6s[t cËx¿sf b:tfj]hx¿,
;lGwhlgt lgsfosf ;'emfjx¿, o'lkcf/sf
;'emfjx¿n] o;sf] cGt/f{li6o sfg'gL cfwf/x¿
k|bfg ub}}{ cfPsf 5g\ . h'g /fi6«x¿sf ;+ljwfg,
sfg'g / gLltx¿n] :jljj]sLo tyf jfWofTds
¿kdf cjnDag ub}{ cfPsf 5g\ .
@= g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgdf ;sf/fTds pkfo
tyf ;dfj]zLs/0f
;+ljwfg;efaf6 @)&@ c;f]h # ut]
hf/Lg]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgn] ;+3Lotf, u0ftGq, nf]stGq
/ wd{lg/k]Iftfsf ;fy} ;dfg'kflts ;dfj]zLs/0f,
PstfTdstf / s]Gb|Ls/0f zf;gk|0ffnLsf] cGTo, ;a}
k|sf/sf lje]b tyf 5'jf5'tsf] cGTo, ljljwtfsf]
cfTd;ftLs/0f / cfwf/e"t dfgjclwsf/sf]
dfGotfnfO{ cfTd;ft u/]sf] 5 . pbfx/0fsf ¿kdf M
;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !*÷# -;dfgtfsf] xs_, wf/f #*
-dlxnfsf] xs_, wf/f #( -afnaflnsfsf] xs_,
wf/f $) -blntsf] xs_, wf/f $! -h]i7 gful/ssf]
xs_, wf/f $@ -;fdflhs Gofosf] xs_ / wf/f $#
-;fdflhs ;'/Iffsf] xs_ n] ;dfj]zLs/0f;DaGwL
Joj:yf u/]sf 5g\ . To;}u/L ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f &)
-/fi6klt / pk/fi6klt km/s km/s ln+u / ;d'bfosf]
x'g'kg]{_, wf/f &^÷( -;+3Lo dlGqkl/ifbsf]
u7g_, wf/f !^*÷( -k|b]z dlGqkl/ifbsf] u7g_,
wf/f @!%÷$, % -ufpF sfo{kflnsfsf] cWoIf /
pkfWoIf ;DaGwL Joj:yf_, wf/f @!^÷$, %
-gu/ sfo{kflnsfsf] k|d'v / pkk|d'v ;DaGwL
Joj:yf_ / wf/f @@)÷#-lhNnf ;ef / lhNnf
;dGjo ;ldlt_ n] zf;sLo ;+/rgfx¿df
;dfj]zLs/0f;DaGwL Joj:yf u/]sf 5g\ eg] wf/f
*$÷@ / *$÷* -k|ltlglw;efsf] u7g_, wf/f
*^÷@ s / v -/fli6o ;efsf] u7g / kbfjlw_, wf/f
(!÷@ -k|ltlglw;efsf] ;efd'v / pk;efd'v_,
wf/f (@÷@ -/fli6o;efsf] cWoIf / pkfWoIf_,
wf/f (&÷@ -;ldltsf] u7g_, wf/f !&^÷^ / (
-k|b]z ;efsf] u7g_, wf/f !*@÷@ -k|b]z ;efsf]
;efd'v / pk;efd'v_, @@@÷@ / # -ufpF ;efsf]
u7g_, / wf/f @@#÷@ / # -gu/ ;efsf] u7g_ n]
Joj:yflksfdf ;dfj]zLs/0f;DaGwL Joj:yf /x]sf
5g\ . To;}u/L wf/f @^&÷# -g]kfnL ;]gf ;DaGwL
Joj:yf_, wf/f @^(÷$-u_ -/fhgLlts bnsf]
u7g, btf{ / ;~rfng_, wf/f @*@÷! -/fhb"t /
ljz]if k|ltlglw_, wf/f @*# -;+j}wflgs c+u /
lgsfosf kbdf ;dfj]zL l;4fGt adf]lhd lgo'Qm
ug'{kg]{_ / wf/f @*%÷@ -;/sf/L ;]jfsf] u7g_ df
klg ;dfj]zLs/0f;DaGwL Joj:yf /x]sf 5g\ .
o;sf ;fy} ;+ljwfgsf] efu @& cGtu{t wf/f @%@
-/fli6o dlxnf cfof]u_, wf/f @%%-/fli6o blnt
cfof]u_, wf/f @%* -/fli6o ;dfj]zL cfof]u_,
wf/f @^! -cflbjf;L hghflt cfof]u_, wf/f
@^@ -dw]zL cfof]u_, wf/f @^# -yf¿ cfof]u_
/ wf/f @^$ -d'lZnd cfof]u_ sf] Joj:yf u/]/
;+:yfut ;dfj]zLs/0fsf] 9f]sf vf]n]sf] 5 . o;/L
alxis[t tyf al~rtLs[t ;d'bfo÷;d"xsf nflu
;+:yfut ;dfj]zLs/0f ul/g' cfkm}df of] ;+ljwfgsf]
;sf/fTds kIf xf] . t/ oL cfof]ux¿nfO{ /fli6o
dfgjclwsf/ cfof]u ;/xsf] lgb]{zfTds jf
cleof]hgfTds clwsf/ ePsf] cfof]u gagfP/
l;kmfl/;hGo clwsf/dfq lbOg' / k|To]s bz
bz jif{df k'g/fjnf]sg ug]{ -wf/f @^%_ Joj:yf
ul/g'n] oL cfof]ux¿nfO{ ;+j}wflgs lgsfodWo]
bf];|f] bhf{sf] cfof]u agfpg] ;+ljwfg lgdf{tfx¿sf]
dg;fo b]lvG5 . h;n] ubf{ pk/f]Qm cfof]ux¿ ;du|
dfgjclwsf/sf] /Iff / zflGtsf] nflu ;f]Fr]h:tf]
k|efjsf/L x'g ;Sg]df z+sf ug{ yflnPsf] 5 .
pk/f]Qm efu, wf/f, pkwf/f / v08x¿df ePsf
;dfj]zLs/0f;DaGwL Joj:yfn] g]kfnsf] ljljwtf,
al~rtLs/0f tyf alxis/0fdf k/]sf ;d'bfosf]
klxrfg, ;dfj]zLs/0f ul/g'kg]{ /fHosf ;+/rgf, tx,
lgsfo, If]q / c+ux¿sf] klxrfg / ;dfj]zLs/0fsf]
ljlw k|lqmofx¿ ;dfj]z ePsf 5g\ . /, of] ;+ljwfgsf
;a} efux¿, wf/f÷pkwf/fx¿ / v08x¿n]
of] k|:tfjgfsf] ds;b cg'¿k ;dfg'kflts
;dfj]zLs/0fsf] Joj:yf gu/] klg cf+lzs
;dfj]zLs/0fsf] dfGotfnfO{ ;d]6]sf 5g\ .
#= ;sf/fTds pkfo tyf ;dfj]zLs/0fsf]
;}4flGts a'emfOdf ;d:of
of] ;+ljwfgsf] k|:tfjgfn] cfufdL g]kfnL /fHo
g]kfnsf] ;fj{hlgs k|zf;g ;DaGwL klqsf k|zf;g 35
cfwf/e"t ¿kdf ;dfg'kflts ;dfj]zL x'g] kl/sNkgf
u/]sf] 5 . h'g cfwf/e"t ¿kdf ;xL 5 .olb
;+ljwfgsf] JofVof ug]{ lgsfo tyf clwsf/Lx¿
cfkm}+df ;sf/fTds k|j[lQsf] ePdf cfufdL lbgdf
;+ljwfgsf] JofVof ug]{ qmddf of] k|:tfjgfn] k"0f{
;dfg'kflts ;dfj]zL /fHo lgdf{0fdf dfu{ bz{ssf]
sfd ug{ ;S5 .
#=! cj}1flgs ;"rLs/0f / juL{s/0f
;sf/fTds pkfo tyf ;dfj]zLs/0fsf] sfof{Gjogsf]
klxnf] kfOnf] eg]sf] o; gLltsf] nlIft jf
nfebfoL ;d"x÷;d'bfosf] klxrfg, ;"lrs/0f /
juL{s/0f xf] . h;sf cfwf/df /fHosf ;|f]t, ;]jf /
cj;/sf] ljt/0fdf k|fyldsLs/0f ug{] ul/G5 / Tof]
;"rLdWo] ;a}eGbf lkFwdf /x]sf];d"x÷;d'bfonfO{
klxnf] k|fyldstfdf /fVg] ul/G5 . cyf{t\,
;a}eGbf lkFwdf /x]sf]nfO{ klxnf] k|fyldstfdf
/fVg' ;s/fTds pkfosf] cfwf/e"t dfGotf xf] .
o;}sf cfwf/dfnlIft ;d"xsf nflu k|bfg ul/Psf]
clwsf/, cj;/, :yfg / lhDd]jf/L k"/f ug{ of]Uo
agfpgsf nflu pkrf/fTds ljlwsf] cjnDag
ug]{, / lglZrt ;do;Ldfleq clwsf/, cj;/ /
nfedf ;a}sf] ;dfg kx'Fr :yflkt ug{ clgjfo{,
;dfg'kflts, If]ltk"lt{ jf b|'tdfu{sf ljlw ;d]t
cjnDag ug]{ ul/G5 . ;s/fTds pkfosf] l;4fGtn]
d"ntM /fHo4f/f k|bfg ul/g] cj;/ / ;|f]t;fwg pk/
clwsf/ :yflkt ug]{ ;jfn, Tof] k|fKt ug]{ jf ljt/0f
ug]{ k|lqmof jf ljlw lgwf{/0fsf] ;jfn / To;nfO{
pkef]u ug{sf nflu Ifdtfclej[l4sf] ;jfndf
a9L dxTj lbG5 . o;sf nflu ;sf/fTds pkfo
gLltsf] k"0f{ sfof{Gjogsf nflu ;f}ljWofTds ljlw,
pkrf/fTds ljlw, If]ltk"lt{sf] ljlw / b|'tdfu{sf]
ljlw cjnDag ug]{ ul/G5 . t/ ;+ljwfgsf]
36 PRASHASAN The Nepali Journal of Public Administration
wf/f !*-#_df /x]sf] Joj:yfsf] k|ltaGwfTds
jfSof+zn] ;sf/fTds pkfosf] pk/f]Qm cfwf/e"t
dfGotfsf] v08g u/]sf] 5 . ljz]ifu/L æhf] ;a}eGbf
k'5f/df /x]sf] 5, To;nfO{ klxnf] k|fyldstf lbg'k5{Æ
eGg] ;sf/fTds pkfosf] klxnf] ljlw tyf dfGotfnfO{
of] jfSof+zn] k"0f{¿kdfv08g u/]sf] 5 . lsgeg] o;n]
cfly{s, ;fdflhs, ;fF:s[lts jf cGo ;a} lx;fan]
g]kfnL ;dfhsf] lkFwdf /x]sf] blnt / ;a}eGbf dfly
/x]sf]-v;cfo{ ;d'bfonfO{ Pp6} jf:s]6df xfn]sf], Pp6}
;"lrdf pg]sf] / Pp6} ljlwn] afFws
] f] 5 . of] ;"rLs/0f /
ljt/0fsf] ANof+s6] Pk|fr
] xf] .
o;y{df, of] ;+ljwfg ;sf/fTds pkfosf] cfwf/e"t
dfGotfnfO{ c+uLsf/ ug{af6 r'ss ] f] 5 . j}1flgs /
Jojxfl/s juL{s/0f / ;"rLs/0f ug{af6 r'ss ] f] 5 .
k|dv' / qm;sl6+u nlIft ;d"x÷;d'bfox¿ aLrsf] e]b
5'6o\ fpg r'ss
] f] 5 . h;n] cfufdL lbg ;+ljwfgsf]
sfof{Gjogdf cGof]ntf / hl6ntf yKg] b]lvG5 .
#=@ ¿kdf ;dfg'kfltsM ;f/df cf/If0f÷sf]6f
;dfg'kflts ;dfj]zL l;4fGtsf] dfGotf k|To]s
;d"x÷;d'bfox¿sf] hg;+Vofsf] cg'kftdf /fHosf
lgsfo, ;+/rgf, tx / If]qdf ;dfg k|ltlglwTj
eGg] xf] . t/ of] ;+ljwfgn] ;dfg'kflts ;dfj]zL
l;4fGtnfO{ zAb jf ¿kdfdfq :jLsf/ u/]sf] 5,
;f/df xf]Og . pbfx/0fsf ¿kdf, ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f #*-
$_, wf/f $)-!_, wf/f $@-!_, wf/f *$-@_, wf/f
!&^-^_ / wf/f @*%-@_ df ;dfg'kflts ;dfj]zL
l;4fGtsf cfwf/df / hg;+Vofsf] cfwf/df h:tf
zAbfjnLx¿ k|of]u ePsf eP klg ;+ljwfgsf] cGo
efu tyf wf/fx¿df ePsf Joj:yfx¿n] cfwf/e"t
¿kdf ;dfg'kflts k|ltlglwTj t stf xf] stf
dlxnf afx]s cGo ;DalGwt ;d"x÷;d'bfox¿sf
hg;+Vofsf] ;dfg'kfltstfsf] cfwf klg k|ltlglwTj
u/fpFb}gg\ . o;y{, of] ;+ljwfgn] ¿kdf ;dfg'kflts
;dfj]zL l;4fGtsf] jsfnt u/] klg ;f/df ;fdfGot
sf]6fdf ;Lldt /fVg] dg;fo /fv]sf] 5 .
#=$ ;dfj]zL l;4fGtsf] ckJofVofsf] ;Defjgf
ljz]if Joj:yf, ;s/fTds sbd, ;dfg'kflts
;dfj]zL / ;dfj]zL l;4fGt h:tf zAbfjnLx¿
;+ljwfgsf] ljleGg efu, wf/f, pkwf/f / v08x¿df
au|]N6L pNn]v ePsf 5g\ . 7fpF s'7fpF k|of]u
ePsf o:tf kbfjnLx¿n] /fHon] ;dfj]zLs/0fsf]
l;4fGtnfO{ :jLsfg{ vf]h]sf] t/ o;sf] cfwf/
e"t l;4fGtnfO{ ga'em]sf] jf a'em]/ klg ;xL
¿kdf kS8g g;s]sf]b]lvG5 . Toltdfq xf]Og, oL
zAbfjnLx¿sf] ;+ljwfgdf kl/efiffklg ul/Psf] 5}g
/ :kli6s/0f klg lbOPsf] 5}g . oL zAbfjnLx¿nfO{
kl/eflift ug{} g;lsPsf] xf] jf lgotj; gul/Psf]
xf] eGg] tYo cfufdL lbgdf v'Nb} hfnfg\ . h] eP
klg, ;+ljwfgn] o;sf] kl/efiff gul/lbFbf cfufdL
lbgdf sfg'g agfpFbf / sfof{Gjog ubf{ cfcfkm\g}
a'emfO{ jf cfkm" cg's"nsf] JofVof jf ckJofVof
x'g;Sg] ;DefjgfnfO{ a9fPsf] 5 . cyf{t\, oL
zAbfjnLx¿sf] Jofks b'¿kof]u x'g;Sg] ;Defjgf
a9]sf]5 . h;n] ;+ljwfg sfof{Gjog / ;fDk|bflos
;b\efjsf] :yfkgfdf gs/fTds c;/ kfg{ ;S5 .
$= ;dfj]zLs/0f gLltn] g;d]6]sf] If]q
of] ;+ljwfgn] Gofofkflnsfdf;dfj]zLs/0f Joj:yf
u/]sf] 5}g . a¿ lgo'lQmnfO{ ljutsf] eGbf klg a9L
hl6n agfOPsf] 5 . /fHosf] k|d'v Ps c+usf] ¿kdf
/x]sf] Goflos If]qdf ;dfj]zLs/0fsf] Joj:yf gul/
g'n] ;+ljwfg lgdf{tfx¿df g]kfnsf] ;Dk"0f{ Goflos
If]q ;Lldt ;d"x÷;d'bfosf] xftdf /fVg] lgot
b]lvG5 . o;n] Gofo eg]sf] k/Dk/fut zf;s ju{ /
hfthfltx¿sf] k]jfsf] ¿kdf :yflkt ug{ vf]lhPsf]
b]lvG5 . o;sf cnfjf wf/f @*% -;/sf/L ;]jfsf]
u7g_, wf/f !%# -Gofo kl/ifb_, wf/f !%$ -Gofo
;]jf cfof]u_, wf/f !^# -k|b]z k|d'v ;DaGwL
Joj:yf_, wf/f @(@ -;+;bLo ;'g'jfO{;DaGwL
Joj:yf_, wf/f @(% -;+3Lo cfof]usf] u7g, wf/f
@(* -dlGqkl/ifbsf] u7g;DaGwL Joj:yf_, wf/f
#)@ -k|b]z / :yfgLo txdf ;/sf/L ;]jfx¿sf]
u7g / ;~rfng_, wf/f @*^ -lgjf{rg If]q lgwf{/0f
cfof]u_, wf/f @*& -efiff cfof]u_, wf/f @*$
-;+j}wflgs kl/ifb ;DaGwL Joj:yf_, wf/f @^^
-/fli6«o ;'/Iff kl/ifb_ / wf/f @#$ -cGt/ k|b]z
kl/ifb_ h:tf lgsfo / ;+oGqx¿df ;sf/fTds pkfo
/ ;dfj]zLs/0f ;DaGwL Joj:yf 5}g .o;n] cfufdL
lbgdf ;sf/fTds pkfo tyf ;dfj]zLs/0f;DaGwL
l;4fGt tyf gLltsf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjogdf
gsf/fTds c;/ kfg]{ b]lvG5 .
%= sfg'gL Joj:yf M cw'/f] / sf]6fdf ;Lldt
g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg @)^# sf] wf/f !#-
#_ / wf/f @! sf cfwf/df lghfdtL ;]jf P]g,
@)$( sf] bf];|f] ;+zf]wg -@)^$_ u/L /f]huf/L
tyf ;fj{hlgs ;]jfsf] If]qdf ;sf/fTds pkfo
/ ;dfj]zLs/0fsf] cjwf/0ffsf] k|j]z u/fPsf]
lyof], h;n]g]kfndf lghfdtL ;]jf nufot cGo
;]jfx¿df ;d]t ;sf/fTds pkfo / ;dfj]zLs/0fsf]
9f]sf vf]n]sf] lyof] . kl5 o;}nfO{ 5ftf P]g dfgL
cyf{t\ d"n 9f]sf dfgL cGo ;]jf ;DaGwL P]g tyf
lgodfjnLx¿df ;+zf]wg u/L ;sf/fTds pkfo /
;dfj]zLs/0f;DaGwL Joj:yf ul/Psf] xf] . h;sf
cfwf/df xfn lghfdtL ;]jf dflgPsf]df xfn of]
;]jfleq 5j6f -g]kfn OlGhlgol/Ë ;]jf, g]kfn s[lif
;]jf, g]kfn Gofo ;]jf, g]kfn k//fi6 ;]jf, g]kfn
g]kfnsf] ;fj{hlgs k|zf;g ;DaGwL klqsf k|zf;g 37
k|zf;g ;]jf / g]kfn n]vfk/LIf0f ;]jf_ ;]jfx¿
/ ;'/Iff ;]jfsf rf/j6f -;}lgs ;]jf, g]kfn k|x/L
;]jf, ;z:q k|x/L an / ljz]if ;]jf_ ;]jfx¿nufot
:jf:Yo ;]jf, lzIff ;]jf, ljZjljBfno ;]jf, ;+;b
;]jf, :yfgLo ;]jf / ;+:yfg ;]jfx¿df of] gLlt nfu"
ul/Psf] 5 . o;y{, g]kfndf ;/sf/L /f]huf/Lsf
nueu ;a} If]q tyf ;]jfdf of] gLlt sfg'gadf]lhd
nfu" ul/Psf] 5 .
%=! ;dfg'kflts e;]{;\ cf/If0f
g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgdf ;dfg'kflts ;dfj]zLs/0fsf]
Joj:yf u/]sf] eP klg lghfdtL P]g cGo ;]jf;DaGwL
P]gx¿n] cf/If0f ;DaGwL gLlt tyf Joj:yfnfO{
c+lusf/ u/]sf] b]lvG5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu, lghfdtL
P]gsf] bkmf &-&_ n] lghfdtL ;]jfnfO{ ;dfj]zL agfpg
v'Nnf k|ltof]lutfåf/f kbk"lt{ x'g] kbdWo] k}t+ fnL;
k|ltzt kb 5'§ofO{ ;f] k|ltztnfO{ ztk|ltzt dfgL
dlxnfnfO{ t]QL;, cflbjf;L hghfltnfO{ ;QfO;,
dw]zLnfO{ afO;, blntnfO{ gf}, ckf+utf ePsf
JolQmx¿nfO{ kfFr / lk5l8Psf] If]qnfO{ rf/k|ltzt
ljt/0f ug]{ Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 .
pk/f]Qm Joj:yf /fHonfO{ cfjZos hDdf ;+Vofsf]
v'Nnftkm{sf] ;+VofnfO{ ;tk|ltzt dfgL To;nfO{
k'gM v'Nnf k|lt:kwf{sf nflu krkGg k|ltzt 5'§ofO{
afFsL /x]sf] k}+tfln; k|ltztnfO{ k'gM ;tk|ltzt
dfgL k|bfg ul/Psf] :yfgsf] sf]6f xf] . o;af6
v'Nnf ul/Psf] hDdf :yfgnfO{ g} ;tk|ltzt dfGbf
;DalGwt ;d"x÷;d'bfonfO{{ dfly k|bfg ul/Psf]
:yfg sf]6fsf] cfwfeGbf klg sd kg]{ :jtM :ki6
x'G5 . cem tTsflng ;dodf /fHonfO{ cfjZos
hDdf :yfgnfO{ g} ;tk|ltzt dfgL x]bf{ slt v'Nnf
ul/g] / slt cfGtl/s k|lt:kwf{ / sfo{Ifdtfsf]
cfwf/df ul/g] xf] To;df e/ k5{ .
38 PRASHASAN The Nepali Journal of Public Administration
;a}eGbf a9L ;Q/L k|ltzt v'Nnf ul/g] /fhkqfl°t
t[tLo >]0fLsf] clws[tsf] kbdf s'g} jif{ gofF
egf{ v'n]df Tof] dWo] tL; k|ltzt cfGtl/s
a9'jfsf nflu /fVbf hDdf ;+Vofdf ;DalGwt
;d"x÷;d'bfosf] #) k|ltzt :jtM 36\5 . afFsL
;Q/L k|ltztnfO{ k'gM ;tk|ltzt dfgL krkGg
k|ltzt v'Nnfdf /fVbf hDdf ;+Vofdf yk #*=%
k|ltzt 36\5 . cyf{t\ hDdf u/L ^*=% k|ltzt
36\5 . afFsL /x]sf] #!=% k|ltzt :yfgnfO{ k'gM
;tk|ltzt dfgL dfly tf]lsPcg';f/ ljt/0f ubf{
Tof] jif{ egf{ ul/g] hDdf :yfgdWo] dlxnfsf]
efudf !) k|ltzt, cflbjf;L hghfltsf] efudf
* k|ltzt, dw]zLsf] efudf & k|ltzt, blntsf]
efudf # k|ltzt ckfËtf ePsf JolQmsf] efudf
@ k|ltzt / lk5l8Psf] If]qsf] efudf ! k|ltzt
kg{hfG5 . sfg'gdf em6\6 x]bf{ dlxnfnfO{ ## k|ltzt
:yfgcf/lIft ul/Psf] b]lvP klg cGttM To;jif{
v'Ng] hDdf :yfgsf] !) k|ltztdfq dlxnf ;]jfdf
k|j]z ub{5g\ . o;df ljleGg ;d"x÷;d'bfox¿sf]
efusf h] hlt k|ltzt :yfg k|bfg ul/Psf] eP klg
oyfy{df tf]lsPsf] k|ltztsf] PsltxfO{eGbf klg
sd k|fKt ug]{ / sltko cj:yfdf tTsfn cfjZos
:yfgsf] ;+Vof / v'Nnf ul/g] >]0fLsf] cfwf/df
sltko ;d"x÷;d'bfox¿nfO{ z'Go k|ltzt sf]6f
/xg] b]lvG5 . o;af6 ;f] P]gsf] bkmf &-&_ n]
ljt/0f u/]sf] sf]6f k|ltzt oyfy{eGbf tLgu'0ff a9L
k|rf/d"vL 5 . cyf{t\, ;+ljwfgadf]lhd ;dfg'kflts
;dfj]zLtf ;'lglZrt ug]{ sfg'gL Joj:yf t 5}g g},
nlIft ;d"x÷;d'bfox¿n] sfg'gn] tf]s]sf] cf/lIft
:yfg klg b'OltxfO{ 36fP/ k|fKt u5{g\ .
%=@ Sof/Lkmjf{8sf] l;4fGtsf] ljk/Lt Joj:yf
g]kfnsf] sfg'gadf]lhd ;/sf/L ;]jfdf Psk6s
k|j]z ul/;s]kl5 ;]jfcg';f/ ;]jfcjlw a9Ldf
aQL; jif{ / pd]/ a9Ldf k}F;6\7Ljif{;Dd ;]jf/t
/xg kfpg] Joj:yf 5 . cyf{t\, Ps k6s ;]jfdf
k|j]z u/]sf JolQmnfO{ sfg'gadf]lhd afx]s t'¿Gt}
x6fpg jf ;f] kb vfnL ug{ ;lsFb}g . To;}n]
;sf/fTds pkfo tyf ;dfj]zLs/0fsf nflu s'g} klg
;d"x÷;d'bfox¿nfO{ 5'§ofOPsf]] :yfg s'g} g s'g}
ljlwdfkm{t hf]ufO/fVg'kg]{ x'G5 . lsgeg] ;sf/fTds
pkfo tyf ;dfj]zLs/0fsf] gLlt nfu" ePsf]
b]zdf s'g} jif{ s'g} lglZrt ;d"x÷;d'bfox¿nfO{
5'§ofOPsf]] :yfg ;]jfsf] k|s[ltadf]lhd clwstd
;]jfcjlw;Ddsf nflu xf] . o;y{, g]kfndf ;f] :yfg
a9Ldf aQL; jif{;Ddsf nflu xf] eGg] :ki6 x'G5 .
t/ P]gsf] bkmf &-!)_ df pkbkmf -&_ adf]lhd
5'§ofOPsf]] kbdf h'g jif{sf nflu lj1fkg ePsf] xf],
;f] jif{ x'g] lj1fkgdf pko'Qm pDd]bjf/ pknAw x'g
g;s]df To:tf] kb csf]{ jif{ x'g] lj1fkgdf ;dfj]z
ug'{kg]{ / To;/L lj1fkg ubf{ klg pko'Qm pDd]bjf/
pknAw x'g g;s]df To:tf] kb csf]{ -lghfdtL ;]jf
-t];|f] ;+zf]wg_ P]g @)&) åf/f ;+zf]lwt_ jif{ v'Nnf
k|ltof]lutfåf/f kbk"lt{ x'g] kbdf ;dfj]z ug'{kg]{
Joj:yf 5 . o;n] /fHonfO{ cfjZos dfgj;|f]tsf]
kbk"lt{ tTsfn ug'{kg]{ cfjZostfnfO{ t ;Daf]wg
u5{ t/ o; gLltsf] nfebfoL ;d"x÷;d'bfox¿nfO{{
eg] Iflt x'G5 . of] sdhf]/LnfO{ Go"lgs/0f ug{sf
nflu ef/tdf h:tf] xftnfUg] Joj:yf -Sof/Lkmjf{8{_
/ ;fk6L lng]lbg] -;L6 PSr]~h_ Joj:yf ug'{kb{5 .
^= lgisif{ / ;'emfj
^=! lgisif{
;+ljwfgn] l;4fGttM ;+3Lotf, u0ftGq, ;s/fTds
pkfo, ;dfg'kflts ;dfj]zLs/0f / wd{ lg/k]IftfnfO{
:jLsf/]sf] 5 . /, cf+lzs¿kd} eP klg ;s/fTds pkfo
tyf ;dfj]zLs/0f;DaGwL Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . o;sf]
cfwf/df gofF sfg'gx¿sf] lgdf{0f, k'/fgf sfg'gx¿sf]
vf/]hL jf ;+zf]wg, k'/fgf tyf k/Dk/fut gLlt, of]hgf,
sfo{qmd, /0fgLlt tyf sfo{ljlwx¿sf] kl/dfh{g
ug]{ ;do z'¿ ePsf] 5 . of] ;Fu} ;+ljwfg ;+zf]wgsf]
dfWodaf6 ;+ljwfgdf /x]sf sldsdhf]/Lx¿nfO{
;Rofpg] ;do klg z'¿ ePsf] 5 .
cufl8sf lbgx¿df /fhgLlts bnsf g]t[Tjju{,
gLlt tyf sfg'g lgdf{tfx¿, gLlt tyf sfg'g
sfof{Gjog ug]{ lgsfo tyf clwsf/Lx¿, Gofofno
/ ;du| /fHo tyf ;+/rgf ;sf/fTds ePsf]
v08df ;sf/fTds pkfo tyf ;dfj]zLs/0f
;DaGwL sfg'g aGg], sfof{Gjogdf cfpg ;Sg] /
pTkLl8t tyf ;LdfGts[t ;d'bfosf gful/sx¿sf]
/fhgLlts, cfly{s, ;fdflhs / ;fF:s[lts
hLjgdf s]xL kl/jt{g cfpg ;Sg] ;Defjgfx¿
b]lvPsf 5g\ . ljz]ifu/L, ;+ljwfg / sfg'gsf] clGtd
JofVoftfsf] ¿kdf /x]sf] xfd|f] Gofofnon] cfufdL
lbgdf ljBdfg g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgdf oqtq k|of]u
ePsf æcfjZostfg';f/Ææsfg'g adf]lhdÆ, æljz]if
Joj:yfÆ, æ;s/fTds lje]bÆ,æ;dfg'kflts ;dfj]zLÆ,
/ æ;dfj]zL l;4fGtÆ h:tf ckl/eflift zAbx¿sf]
s;/L JofVof unf{ To;df of] ;+ljwfgsf] sfof{Gjog
lge{/ /xg] 5 . /, ;f] sfof{Gjogsf] cj:yfn] cfd
gful/ssf] hLjgdf kl/jt{g jf ;+ljwfg g} kl/jt{g eGg]
s'/fsf] lgSof]n
{ ug]{ 5 . t/ ljutsf cg'ejn] pTkLl8t
tyf ;LdfGts[t ;d'bfod'vL JofVof xf]nf eg]/ 9'Ss
x'g] cj:ytf eg] 5}g .
hxfF;Dd sfg'gL Joj:yfsf] ;jfn 5, g]kfnsf ;a}
/f]huf/d"ns lgsfo tyf If]qx¿df ;dfg'kflts
;dfj]zLs/0fsf] sfg'gL Joj:yf 5}g / o;
;DaGwdf cf+lzs jf ;f+s]lts Joj:yfx¿ 5g\ . /,
tL klg k|efjsf/L ¿kdf sfof{Gjog ePsf 5}gg\ .
dfly g} pNn]v ul/;lsPsf] 5 ls, sfg'gdf ePsf
g]kfnsf] ;fj{hlgs k|zf;g ;DaGwL klqsf k|zf;g 39
Joj:yfx¿sf] PsltxfO{ dfq nlIft ;d"xn] kfpg]
cj:yf 5 . o;y{, Psflt/ ;sf/fTds pkfo tyf
;dfj]zLs/0f ;DaGwL Joj:yfsf] ¿k / ;f/df
w]/} cGt/ 5 eg] csf]{lt/ ahf/df ;/sf/fTds
pkfo tyf ;dfj]zLs/0fsf cfwf/e"t nlIft
;d"x÷;d'bfox¿sf k|ltlglwx¿sf sfo{Ifdtf,
pgLx¿n] ;Dkfbg ug]{ sfo{sf] k|efjsfl/tf /
d]l/6sf] ;jfn p7fP/ xf]Rofpg], lvzL ug]{ / p8fpg]
ug{ yflnPsf] 5 . hals, ;sf/fTds pkfo tyf
;dfj]zLs/0fsf] gLltadf]lhd ul7t ;]jfx¿ a9L
k|efjsf/L /xg] u/]sf] tYo cGo b]zsf cg'ej /
cWoogx¿n] b]vfPsf 5g\ .
^=@ ;'emfj
g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgn] cjnDag u/]sf] ;dfg'kflts
;dfj]zLs/0fsf] l;4fGtsf] sfof{Gjogsf nflu
;j{k|yd ;f]sf] dd{ tyf ds;badf]lhdsf]
/0fgLlt, sfo{ljlw / sfo{of]hgfsf] h¿/L kb{5 .
/, ;f] adf]lhd ;+ljwfgsf kl5Nnf efudf /x]sf
wf/f÷pkwf/f / v08x¿df ePsf ;sf/fTds pkfo
tyf ;dfj]zLs/0f ;DaGwL Joj:yfnfO{
;dfg'kfltsdf ¿kfGt/0f ug{ ;+ljwfg ;+zf]wg /
;f] adf]lhd gofF sfg'gx¿sf] lgdf{0f tyf ljBdfg
sfg'gx¿df ;+zf]wg ul/g'kb{5 . To;kl5 k|efjsf/L
sfof{Gjogsf nflu lgDg sfo{x¿ ug{ cfjZos 5 M
-!_ blnt, cflbjf;L hghflt, dw]zL, yf¿,
v; cfo{ / d'lZndnfO{ k|fylds nfebfoL
;d"x÷;d'bfo / dlxnf nufot ;+ljwfgsf]
wf/f !*-#_n] ;"rLts[t u/]sf cGo
;d"xx¿nfO{ l4tLo jf qmzsl6+u ;d"xsf
¿kdf ;"lrs/0f ug]{ .
-@_ pk/f]Qm ;d"xx¿dWo] s'g ;d"x÷;d'bfo
;a}eGbf lkFwdf /x]sf] 5 / To;kl5 qmdzM
s'g s'g ;d"x÷;d'bfox¿ /x]sf 5g\ eGg]
40 PRASHASAN The Nepali Journal of Public Administration
klxrfg ug]{ / ;f]xL cfwf/df klxnf], bf];|f],
t];|f] ub}{ k|fyldstf tf]Sg] .
-#_ g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f #*-$_, wf/f $)-
!_, wf/f $@-!_ / wf/f @*%-@_ sf cfwf/df
clgjfo{ / ;dfg'kflts ;xeflutfsf nflu
cfjZostfg';f/ gofF P]g sfg'gx¿sf] th'{df
/ ljBdfg sfg'gx¿sf] ;+zf]wg ug]{ .
-$_ /fHosf gLlt lgdf{0fb]lv sfof{Gjogtx;Dddf
tyf /fHosf ;Dk"0f{ c+u, tx, lgsfo
/ ;+/rgfx¿df ;sf/fTds pkfo tyf
;dfj]zLs/0fsf nflu cfjZostfg';f/
clgjfo{ k|ltlglwTj, ;dfg'kflts
;dfj]zLs/0f / cf/If0fsf] gLlt nfu" ug]{ .
-%_ k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjogsf nflu ;f}ljWofTds,
pkrf/fTds / If]ltk"lt{sf nflu b'|tdfu{
ljlwnfO{ cjnDag ug]{ .
;Gbe{ ;fdfu|L
cfkmfgf:o]e, leS6/ . !(*^ . j}1flgs ;fDojfbsf]
k|f/lDes 1fg . d:sf]M k|ult k|sfzg .
dfS;{, sfn{{ / PGu]N;, k|m]8l/v . !(*^ . sDo"lgi6
kf6L{sf] 3f]if0ffkq . d:sf]M k|ult k|sfzg .
k=;= u|flT;ofG:sL ;d]t . !(*% . /fhgLlts
l;4fGtf]+sf Oltxf; -efu–!_ . d:sf]M k|ult
k|sfzg .
g]kfn ;/sf/ . @)&@ . g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg .
sf7df8f}+ M g]kfn ;/sf/, sfg'g, Gofo tyf ;+;bLo
dfldnf dGqfno, sfg'g lstfa Joj:yf ;ldlt .
g]kfn ;/sf/ . @)&@ . P]g ;+u|x -efu !–!&_ .
sf7df8f}+ M g]kfn ;/sf/, sfg'g, Gofo tyf ;+;bLo
dfldnf dGqfno, sfg'g lstfa Joj:yf ;ldlt .
 jftf{ ug{] tl/sf tyf ;Lkaf/]
;}4flGts 1fg / g]kfndf o;sf] k|of]u
l;4/fh hf]zL
lgb{]zs, ;'b'/ klZrdf~rn
If]lqo x'nfs lgb{]zgfno, 8f]6L
;f/f+z M
s'g} klg ljifosf ;DaGwdf lg0f{o lng ul/g] 5nkmn jf ljrf/ljdz{
g} jftf{ xf] . h'g låkIfLo jf ax'kIfLo ;d:ofsf] lg/fs/0f ug{ jf
b'O{ jf ax'kIfsf] rf;f]sf ljifodf /x]sf ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfg ug{sf
nflu ul/G5 . jftf{ ;"rgf / clwsf/sf] k|of]u xf], jftf{ afWotf /
cfjZostfsf] pkh xf], cfkm\gf] lgwf{l/t p2]Zo xfl;n ug{ ul/g]
k|oTg xf], jftf{sf] k|d'v p2]Zo d'7e]8, lx+;f, o'4, lt/:sf/x¿nfO{
/f]sL zlQmnfO{ l;h{gf ljsf;, ;b\efj / ;zQmLs/0fdf kl/jt{g ug'{
xf], jftf{ lng] lbg], lbg]–lng] k|lqmof xf] . nf]stflGqs÷k|hftflGqs
d"No dfGotfcg'¿k zf;g ;~rfng ug{, d'7e]8, lx+;f åGåsf]
;§f l;h{gfTds s'/fdf pmhf{ lbg, ljZjJofkLs/0fnfO{ cfTd;ft\
ug{, j}b]lzs ;xof]usf] pkof]u ug{, /fli6«o, If]qLo / cGt/f{li6«o
:jfy{ /Iff ug{, åGå ¿kfGt/0f ug{, cfk;L ljZjf; clej[l4 ug{
/ ;xof]ufTds ;DaGw clej[l4 ug{sf nflu ul/G5 . jftf{ tyf
;Demf}tf hLjgsf]÷Joj;fosf] cleGg c+u xf] . o;a]u/ ;+;f/
7Kk g} x'G5 eGbf km/s kb}{g . ctM jftf{df ;kmntf Nofpgsf
nflu ;femf ;dembf/L, lnlkj4 clen]v Pj+ sfof{Gjog of]hgf
pNn]lvt ;"qcg';f/ h¿/L kb{5 . ;fy}, g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg
-@)&@_ hf/L eO{ ;s]kl5 g]kfn ;+3Lotfdf k|j]z u/]sf]n] ;+3,
k|b]z / :yfgLo tx aLrsf] cGt/;DaGw ;xsfl/tf, ;xcl:tTj
/ ;dGjosf] l;4fGtdf cfwfl/t x'g'sf ;fy} k|b]z—k|b]z aLrsf]
;DaGw ;'dw'/ sfod /fVgsf nflu cGt/ k|b]z kl/ifb\sf] u7g
ul/g'n] jftf{sf] dxTj cem} a9]/ uPsf] 5 .
kl/efiff M
"Negotation is the delicate art of give and take some
needs to be careful never to make a concession
without getting something in return."
g]kfnsf] ;fj{hlgs k|zf;g ;DaGwL klqsf k|zf;g 41
"Negotiation is an art and like every art it
has its own techniques. Negotiators are
not born they are made." Pro.Yadu Nath
Khanal."
jftf{ s] xf] <
• låkIfLo jf ax'kIfLo ;d:ofsf] lg/fs/0f ug{
jf b'O{ jf ax'kIfsf] rf;f] (Interest) /x]sf
s'g} klg ljifosf ;DaGwdf lg0f{o lng ul/g]
5nkmn jf ljrf/ ljdz{ g} jftf{ xf] .
• b'O{ jf ;f] eGbf a9L kIfaLr j:t', ;]jf tyf
;'ljwfx¿ cfbfg k|bfgsf] b/ lgwf{/0fsf nflu
;Demf}tfdf k'Ug' jftf{sf] p2]Zo xf] .
• jftf{ / ;Demf}tfcGtu{t lgDg s'/fx¿ kb{5g\M
– jftf{ ;"rgf / clwsf/sf] k|of]u xf] .
– jftf{ afWotf / cfjZostfsf] pkh xf] .
– cfkm\gf] lgwf{l/t p2]Zo xfl;n ug{ ul/g] k|oTg
jftf{ xf] .
– jftf{sf] k|d'v p2]Zo d'7e]8, lx+;f, o'4,
lt/:sf/x¿nfO{ /f]sL zlQmnfO{ l;h{gf ljsf;,
;b\efj / ;zlQms/0fdf kl/jt{g ug'{ xf] .
– jftf{ lng] lbg], lbg]–lng] k|lqmof xf] .
– jftf{ cfk;L c7f]6 / s7f]/tfdf cfPsf] pbf/tf
xf] .
jftf{ lsg <
• nf]stflGqs÷k|hftflGqs d"No dfGotfcg'¿k
zf;g ;~rfng ug{
• d'7e]8, lx+;f åGåsf] ;§f l;h{gfTds s'/fdf
pmhf{ lbg
• ;xeflutfd"ns ljsf; k|s[ofnfO{ cl3 a9fpg
• cj;/x¿nfO{ ;fd"lxs lxtsf nflu pkof]u ug{
• ljZjJofkLs/0fnfO{ cfTd;ft\ ug{
42 PRASHASAN The Nepali Journal of Public Administration
• j}b]lzs ;xof]usf] pkof]u ug{
• /fli6«o, If]qLo / cGt/f{li6«o :jfy{ /Iff ug{
• åGå ¿kfGt/0f ug{
• cfk;L ljZjf; clej[l4 ug{
• ;xof]ufTds ;DaGw clej[l4 ug{ .
jftf{sf k|sf/x¿
;}4flGts ¿kdf jftf{sf] k|lqmof, o;df ;+nUg
/xg] kfq, tf}/tl/sf tyf p2]Zo;d]tsf cfwf/df
jftf{nfO{ b'O{ k|sf/af6 ljZn]if0f ug{ ;lsG5 M
1. Positional Bargaining Negotiation:
bIf Pj+ l;kfn' jftf{sf/n] cfkm\gf] clgjfo{ lhtsf]
dfGotfdf /xL ul/g] jftf{nfO{ g} Positional
Bargaining Negotiation elgG5 . of] ljjfb/t
csf]{ kIfnfO{ ;xefuL ug{ afWo Go"gtd\ laGb' lgwf{/0f
u/L ;f]sf cfwf/df cfkm\gf dfux¿nfO{ ;dfof]hg
ug]{ tl/sf xf] . o;nfO{ ljjfb/t kIfdfly xfjL eO{
jftf{ ;kmn t'Nofpg] /0fgLltsf ¿kdf lnOG5 .
of] k/Dk/fut dfGotf (Win-lose) sf] l;4fGtdf
cfwfl/t 5 . o;nfO{ Zero-sum come sf]
k|efjo'Qm dflgG5 . s8f z}nLn] jftf{sf kIfx¿nfO{
k|ltåGåLsf] Jojxf/ lhtsf] nIoaf6 k|]l/t u/L
jftf{sf] ;kmntf lhtdf cfwfl/t x'G5 . o;nfO{
g/dz}nL– jftf{sf kIfw/x¿nfO{ ;fyLsf] Jojxf/,
;Demf}tfGd'v sfo{z}nLdf lnOG5 . o;nfO{ The
Advocates Approach klg elgG5 .
2. Principle Negotiation:
Getting yes gfds k|Voft jftf{;DaGwL k':tssf
n]vs Roger Fisher åf/f ljsl;t l;4fGt xf] .
jftf{ lht / xf/sf nflu geO{ lht lhtsf nflu
s]lGb|t /xG5 . jftf{sf ;xefuLx¿sf] e"ldsf
;d:of ;dfwfgdf s]lGb|t x'G5 . p2]Zok|lt k|lta4 txdf juL{s/0f u/L rrf{ ug{ ;lsG5 M
t/ JolQmk|lt g/d b[li6sf]0f ckgfOG5 . of] xfnsf]
k|rlnt jftf{sf] tl/sf xf] . of] lgDgfg';f/sf] != tof/L r/0f (Preparation)
dfGotfdf cfwfl/t sfo{z}nLcg';f/ x'G5 – – cfkm\gf] p2]Zo, nIo / uGtJosf] klxrfg /
- Separate the people form problem k|fyldsLs/0f
- Distinguish between interest and
– k|fKt ug{ vf]h]sf] p2]Zo lgwf{/0f
positions
- Silence is golden – k|fKt ug{ ;lsg] p2]Zo olsg
- Pursue fairness – sDtLdf k|fKt ug{ ;Sg'kg]{ p2]Zo
– To;sf nflu cfkm\gf ts{ tYo / ;|f]tsf] ;"Id
ljZn]if0f
jftf{sf tl/sfx¿
– kIf ljkIfsf] ;an tyf b'a{n kIfaf/] cWoog
ljjfbsf] k|s[lt, ljjfbdf ;+nUg kIfx¿sf] l:ylt
tyf cg'dfg
tyf o;sf] j}wtf ;d]tsf cfwf/df jftf{sf
– 6f]nL u7g
tl/sfx¿nfO{ lgDgfg';f/ juL{s/0f u/L ljZn]if0f
– 6f]nL ;b:ox¿sf] e"ldsf lgwf{/0f
ug{ ;lsG5 –
– dWo:ystf{sf] -cfjZostf 5, 5}g_ 6'+uf]
!= k|ToIf / ck|ToIf jftf{
nufpg]
@= låkIfLo / ax'kIfLo jftf{
– ;femf ldng laGb'sf] klxrfg
#= ;t{;lxt / ;t{/lxt
– ljkIfn] rfx]sf s'/f tyf k|fKt ug{ vf]h]sf
$= cf}krfl/s / cgf}krfl/s
p2]Zox¿ cg'dfg ug]{
%= lgoldt / cfsl:ds
– ljkIfn] p7fpg ;Sg] ;DefJo s'/fx¿ (Issues)
tyf k|of]u ug{ ;Sg] tYof+s tyf ;"rgfx¿
jftf{ ug]{ tl/sf, k|lqmof / r/0f ljZn]if0f ug]{,
jftf{ Ps snf Pj+ v]n ePsfn] o;nfO{ cf–cfkm\gf]
– ljkIfsf hfgsf/Ldf gcfPsf -n's]sf_ Ph]08f
:jfy{ / kmfObfdf kl/0ft ug{ o;sf ;a} ;xefuLx¿df
(Hidden agenda) eP, gePsf] cg'dfg ug]{
ljz]if u[xsfo{, ;r]tgf / xf]l;of/L cfjZos x'G5 .
– ljkIfsf] ;"Id ljZn]if0f ug]{ .
t/ of] cfk;L n]gb]gsf] k|lqmof (Give and take
process) ePsf] sf/0f ;a} kIfn] æd]/f] uf]¿sf] afx|}
6SsfÆ eGg] c8fg TofuL ;a} kIf ;xdt x'g ;Sg]
@= /0fgLlt tof/ ug]{ r/0f (Developing
Strategies)
u/L uf]¿sf] lglZrt df]n lgwf{/0f ug]{ k|lqmofnfO{
jftf{sf] p2]Zo / cfkm\gf] ck]lIft kl/0ffd k|lt k|:6
;xh kfg{ tof/ x'g'kb{5 . jftf{ ug]{ tl/sf, o;df
eO;s]kl5 /0fgLltsf] tof/Lsf ¿kdf jftf{sf]
;+nUg JolQm, k|ljlw, ljifo, ;+:yf, /fi6« cflbsf
k|f/lDes u[xsfo{ ul/g'kb{5 h'g lgDg k|Zgx¿sf]
cf–cfkm\g} k|s[lt, l;4fGt / ljlwcg';f/ ljleGg
hjfkm vf]Hgdf s]lGb|t x'g'k5{ M–
eP klg o;sf] ;du| k|lqmofnfO{ ;fdfGotof lgDg
– s] s:tf k|Zgx¿ ;f]Wg] <

g]kfnsf] ;fj{hlgs k|zf;g ;DaGwL klqsf k|zf;g 43

– s] s:tf k|Zgx¿ ljkIfn] ug{ ;Snfg\ < – ;donfO{ b[li6ut u/L aLraLrdf
– ;DefJo k|Zgx¿sf] pQ/ s;/L lbg] < Adjournment (Break) ug]{
– k|:tfj s] s:tf] x'g] tyf s;/L k|:t'lt ug]{ < – a9L ;'Gg] sd af]Ng]
– k|:tfjx¿nfO{ k'li6 ug{ s] s:tf tYof+s tyf – k|Zgx¿ a9L ug]{
;"rgf x'g'kg]{ tyf tL pknAw 5g\ jf 5}gg\ < – cfkm\gf d'Vo p2]Zox¿ gla;{g]
– ;Demf}tf jftf{nfkdf s] s:tf] z}nL cyjf – af/Daf/ 5nkmnsf ;f/f+zx¿ k|:t't ug]{
/0fgLlt ckgfpg] < lgDgdWo]– – p2]Zocg';f/ ;f}bf ug]{
*Collaborating - Win-Win – sdhf]/ efiff k|of]u gug]{ ;fy} a9L efj's gaGg]
*Compromise - Medium-Win-Win JolQmut cfIf]k x'g] vfnsf] efiff k|of]u gug]{
(Both Win-Both Lose)
– klxnf] k|:tfj slxNo} :jLsf/ gug]{ .
*Accommodating - Lose-Win
*Controlling - Win-Lose
*Avoiding - Lose-Lose %= ;f}bf ug]{ r/0f (Bargaining)
– ;Demf}tf jftf{nfk sxfF, slxn] / s;/L klxnf] – nlrnf] / Jofks ;f]r /fvL ;dembf/L sfod
a}7s ug]{ < ug]{
– ;dfwfgsf ljsNkx¿dWo]sf] ;femf ljsNkdf
#= jftf{nfk z'¿ ug]{ r/0f (Starting ;xdt x'g]
Negotiation) – lng]–lbg], lbg]–lng] ljifodf ;dembf/L u/L
– jftf{sf] cf}krfl/s z'¿jft ;Demf}tfkq tof/ ug]{
– kl/ro cfbfgk|bfg
– ;d:ofk|ltsf] ;+j]bgzLntf JoQm ^= jftf{nfk cGTo ug]{ r/0f (Closing)
– cf–cfkm\gf dfu / c8fgx¿sf] ljlgdo – ;Demf}tfkqdf x:tfIf/ ug]{
– cf–cfkm\gf Go"gtd\ laGb' / ;xdt x'g g;Sg] – cfjZos ePdf ;Demf}tfkqsf] cg'df]bg ug]{
dfux¿sf] klxrfg
– Ps–csf{nfO{ k|efj kfg]{ / ;f}bfafhL ug]{ &= ;Demf}tf sfof{Gjog
– ljkIfnfO{ d~h'/ u/fpg oy]i6 tYof+s / – sfof{Gjog of]hgfcg';f/ ;xdltsf] sfof{Gjog
hfgsf/L Pj+ k|df0fx¿ ;fy ts{k"0f{ 9+un] ug]{
k|:t't x'g] . – ;Demf}tfcg';f/ sfof{Gjog eO/x]sf] 5, 5}g
cg'udg ug]{
$= ;dembf/L ljsf; ug]{ r/0f (Building – sfof{Gjogsf qmddf ;Demf}tfsf s'g} klg
Understanding) k|fjwfgdf ljjfb pTkGg eP b'j} kIfkl5 cfk;L
– ;"rgf lng] 5nkmnaf6 ;dfwfg ug]{
– ljkIfaf6 k|:t't s'/fx¿ a'em], ga'em]sf] :ki6 – sfof{Gjog pknlAwsf] d"NofÍg ug]{ .
ug]{

44 PRASHASAN The Nepali Journal of Public Administration

;kmn jftf{sf/sf cfjZos u'0fx¿
jftf{ ubf{ b'j} kIfsf aLr 5nkmn hf/L /xg] ePsfn]
jftf{sf/x¿ Hofb} ;+odL, lzi6, gd|, d[b'dfifL /
s"6gLlt1 x'g' h¿/L 5 . qmf]w cfj]z, cxd\,
7"nf] :j/, s'zn jftf{sf/sf nflu u|fx\o x'Fb}gg\ .
lzi6frf/ sfod /fVg]af/] ljz]if Wofg k'¥ofpg' h¿/L
5 . ;do;fk]If ;femf ;xdlt laGb'sf] klxrfg u/L
lg0f{odf k'Ug' jftf{sf] clGtd p2]Zo xf] . o; p2]Zo
xfl;n ug{ jftf{sf/df lgDg of]Uotf u'0f cfjZos
7flgG5 M
!= ;DalGwt ljifoj:t'sf] kof{Kt 1fg tyf
hfgsf/L,
@= sf/0f;lxtsf] ts{k"0f{ cleJolQm k|:t't ug]{
Ifdtf,
#= ;xL ljifoj:t'sf] :ki6 :jLsf/ / unt wf/0ffsf]
t'¿Gt / :ki6 ¿kdf c:jLsf/ ug]{ Ifdtf,
$= cfkm\gf] egfOdf ts{;lxt cl8u /xg] v'jL,
%= dfgl;s tyf zf/Ll/s tGb'¿:tL,
^= jftf{sf] qmddf ablnb} uPsf] kl/l:ylt /
ljsf; x'Fb} uPsf] jftfj/0fsf] d"NofÍg u/L
;f]xLcg'¿k rNg ;Sg] v"aL,
&= cfkm\gf] p2]Zo k|fKt ug{ x/ s'g} rt'¥ofO{ k|of]u
ug{ ;Sg] b[li6sf]0f,
*= ljkIfLsf] sdhf]/L kQf nufO{ To;dfly k|xf/
ug{ ;Sg] Ifdtf,
(= OdfGbf/ / rl/qjfg\ JolQmTj ePsf],
!)= l;h{gzLn / ;~rf/ ;Lk ePsf],
!!= åGå tyf tgfjsf] ;fdgf ug{ ;Sg] .
jftf{df k|efj kfg]{ tTjx¿
jftf{df w]/} tTjx¿n] k|efj kfb{5g\ . vf;u/L ;kmn
jftf{sf/n] w]/} tTjx¿nfO{ Wofg glbO{ s'g} klg
jftf{ ;kmn x'g ;Sb}g . To;}u/L jftf{sf] ;kmntf
o;sf] ljifoj:t'sf] k|s[lt, ;+j]bgzLntf, ljjfbsf]
ljifoj:t' jftf{sf/sf] clwsf/ / k|]/0ff tyf kl/
l:ylthGo kl/j]z cflbn] jftf{nfO{ k|efj kf/]sf]
x'G5 . ;du|df jftf{nfO{ k|efj kfg]{ j}olQms tyf
kl/l:ylthGo tTjx¿nfO{ a'Fbfut ¿kdf lgDgfg';f/
pNn]v ug{ ;lsG5M
!= Personality -JolQmTj_
– jftf{sf/sf] 1fg, ;Lk, bIftf, Ifdtf tyf
JolQmTj
@= Resources -;|f]t ;fwg_
– jftf{ Joj:yfkgsf nflu pknAw cfly{s,
dfgjLo, k|fljlws tyf ef}lts ;|f]t ;fwg Pj+
;'ljwfx¿
#= Authority -clwsf/_
– jftf{df cfjZos lg0f{o ug]{, jftf{ hf/L /fVg]
6'+Uofpg], k/ ;fg]{ tyf kG5fpg], ;dembf/L tyf
;Demf}tf sfod ug]{ cflb ;DaGwL clwsf/
$= Concern -rf;f]_
– jftf{sf] ljifoj:t'sf] dxTj tyf ufDeLo{tfsf]
l:ylt, jftf{k|lt ;DalGwt kIfsf] b[li6sf]0f tyf
rf;f], jftf{sf] tof/L
%= Time -;do_
– jftf{ Joj:yfkgsf nflu pknAw ;do;Ldf
^= Intelligence and information -1fg
tyf ;"rgf_
– jftf{sf] ljifoj:t', P]ltxfl;s k[i7e"ld tyf
jftf{;DaGwL ljutsf] l:yltaf/]sf] 1fg
tyf ;"rgf, cfkm\gf] tyf csf]{ kIfsf] SWOT
Analysis sf] cj:yf
&= Relationship -;DaGw_
– jftf{sf/x¿ aLrsf] cfk;L ;DaGw tyf
;dGjo Pj+ lrgfhfgL, ljZjf; Pj+ e/f];fsf]
l:ylt
g]kfnsf] ;fj{hlgs k|zf;g ;DaGwL klqsf k|zf;g 45
*= Context -;Gbe{_
– jftf{;DaGwL ljifosf] ;fGble{stf, jftf{k|lt
:yfgLo, /fli6«o, If]qLo tyf cGt/f{li6«o kl/j]z
Pj+ b[li6sf]0f
(= Legality and legitimacy -sfg'gL tyf
j}wflgstfsf] cj:yf_
– jftf{ k|lqmof;DaGwL sfg'gL Joj:yf, jftf{sf]
Ph]08f, jftf{sf kIfx¿ jftf{sf ;t{ tyf ;Demf}tf
/ ;f]sf] sfof{Gjog Pj+ kl/kfngf;DaGwL sfg'gL
cyf{t\ j}wflgs afWotf Pj+ clwsf/sf] l:ylt
!)= Power, information time/ approach n]
klg jftf{df k|efj kfb{5g\ .
;fj{hlgs k|zf;gdf jftf{sf] dxTj÷
cfjZostf
;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf ultljlwx¿ ;~rfng
ug]{ ;DaGwdf cfGtl/s tyf afx\o kIfx¿sf]
aLr ljleGg sfo{sf] l;nl;nfdf jftf{ h¿/L
eO/xG5 . ;fdfGotof ;+u7gleqsf sd{rf/Lx¿
hg;fwf/0f, :jfy{ ;d"x Jofj;flos ;d"x tyf
/fhgLlts kf6L{x¿sf] aLrdf cfGtl/s ¿kdf jftf{
eO/x]sf x'G5g\ eg] afx\o ¿kdf ljb]zL /fi6«x¿, bft[
;d'bfox¿, cGt/f{li6«o tyf If]qLo ;+3 ;+u7gx¿;Fu
klg ;do–;dodf jftf{ eO/x]s} x'G5g\ . ;fj{hlgs
gLlt th'{df ug]{, To;sf] sfof{Gjog ug]{, cg'udg
tyf d"Nof+sg ug]{, k[i7kf]if0f tyf cu|kf]if0f lng]
jf lbg], ljleGg ljsf; cfof]hgf tyf sfo{qmdsf]
th'{Dff tyf sfof{Gjog ug]{, lgoldt tyf cfsl:ds
sfo{x¿ ;~rfng ug]{ ;DaGwdf ;/f]sf/ kIfx¿ /
;fj{hlgs k|zf;gaLr cfjZostfcg';f/ jftf{
u/L ;xL lgisif{df k'Ug'kg]{ x'G5 . t;y{ ;fj{hlgs
k|zf;gsf] If]qdf lgDg cg';f/sf sf/0fn] jftf{sf]
;Lk / hfgsf/L cfjZos kb{5 M
– ljBdfg c;xdlt tyf c;dembf/L x6fO{
46 PRASHASAN The Nepali Journal of Public Administration
;xdlt tyf ;dembf/L sfod ug{
– d'7e]8 lx+;f, åGåsf] ;§f l;h{gfTds s'/fx¿df
pmhf{ k|bfg ug{
– ;xeflutfd"ns ljsf; / ;d:of ;dfwfg
k|0ffnLsf] ljsf; u/L To;nfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbg
– nf]stflGqs d"No / dfGotfcg'¿k zf;g
Joj:yf ;~rfng ug{
– ;fj{hlgs hjfkmb]lxtf k"0f{¿kdf axg ug{
– cGt/f{li6«o kl/j]zdf jftf{ ug]{ x}l;ot /fVg
– hg;xeflutf k|j4{g ug{
– e"kl/j]li6t d'n'ssf] cfjfhnfO{ alnof] agfpg
– ;dfj]zLs/0fsf] gLltnfO{ Jojxf/df
sfof{Gjogdf Nofpg
– ljZjJofkLs/0fnfO{ cfTd;ft\ ug{
– cj;/x¿nfO{ ;fd"lxs lxtsf nflu pkof]u ug{
– j}b]lzs ;xof]usf] k|flKt tyf pkof]u ug{
– :yfgLo, /fli6«o, If]qLo / cGt/f{li6«o :jfy{ /Iff
ug{ .
jftf{ ug]{ ;Lk (Negotiation Skills)
jftf{ eg]sf] bf]xf]/f] ;+jfbsf] dfWodaf6 csf]{
kIfnfO{ k|efljt u/L cfkm\gf] kIfdf a9LeGbf a9L
kmfObf xfl;n ug'{ klg xf] . o:tf] kmfObf k|fKt ug{sf
nflu jftf{ ug]{ ;Lksf] ljz]if dxTj 5 . jftf{ ug]{
;Lk eGgfn] dflg;nfO{ a'em\g], k|efjsf/L ;~rf/ ug{
;Sg], lxtk|lt hf]8 lbg], ;femf pknlAwsf pkfo
kQf nufpg], kl/l:yltsf] pkof]u ug]{ / ;Demf}tf
pGd'v x'g] cflb h:tf ;Lkx¿nfO{ lng] ul/G5 . s'g}
klg jftf{nfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg jftf{sf/df x'g'kg]{
;Lkx¿nfO{ lgDglnlvt a'Fbfdf pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 M
!= cjwf/0ffTds ;Lk (Conceptual Skill)
• ljifoj:t'sf] 1fg,
• cfkm\gf] / csf]{ kIfsf] SWOT Analysis
 ;DaGwL 1fg
• plrt / cfjZos s'/f a'em\g] / :d/0f ug]{ 1fg
tyf ;Lk x'g cfjZos dflgG5 .
@= ;~rf/ ;Lk (Communicating Skill)
• w}o{tfk"j{s ;'Gg]
• a'em]/ dfq af]Ng]
• sfo{;DaGw lgdf{0f ug]{
• c;fGble{s k|;+unfO{ cnu ug]{
• ;Ifd / ;6Ls k|:t'lt
• plrt ;+jfb tyf k|ltjfb
• ;fGble{s ljifo tyf k|;+usf] k|:t'lt h:tf ;Lk
cflb .
#= dfgjLo ;Lk (Human Skill)
• ;d:ofk|lt s7f]/ tyf dfG5]k|lt g/d Jojxf/
ug]{
• pQ/ lbg'eGbf klxn] ;d:of k|:t't ug]{
• ;femf lxtx¿sf] JofVof ug]{
• cfkm\gf] lxtdf c¿nfO{ ;xdt u/fpg] cflb .
$= kl/l:ylthGo ;Lk (Situational Skill)
• wDsLsf] k|of]u ug]{
• ;dosf] pkof]u ug]{
• csf]{ kIfsf] sdhf]/L dfly k|xf/ ug]{
• c¿nfO{ cfjZos >]o lbg]
• c¿nfO{ efjfj]zdf cfpg glbg] cflb .
%= /0fgLlts ;Lk (Strategic Skill)
• ckl/kSj lg0f{ox¿ Tofu ug]{
• kf/:kl/s lxtx¿sf] vf]hL ug]{
• csf]{ kIfnfO{ klg lg0f{o ug{ ;lhnf] kg]{ dfu{sf]
vf]hL ug]{
• csf]{ kIf oyfl:yltjfbL eO{ ;}4flGts ¿kdf
s'g} jftf{ ug{ clgR5's ePdf t];|f] kIfnfO{
;fd]n u/fpg]
• Rule of the game sf] k|of]u ug]{
• csf]{ kIfsf] cg'lrt h'lQmpk/ cfsif{0f ug]{ .
^= ;Demf}tf ;Lk (Agreement Skill)
• d:of}bf ;ldlt u7g ug]{
• ;Demf}tfdf ;dfg lsl;dsf dflg; ;+nUg
u/fpg]
• cfk;df :jLsfl/Psf aF'bfx¿ /fVg]
• ;/n / a'em\g] efiffsf] k|of]u
• dxTjk"0f{ s'/fnfO{ cl3 /fVg]
• dWo:ytfsf] Provision /fVg]
• sfof{Gjog tflnsf agfpg] / ;dolaGb' ls6fg
ug]{ .
jftf{df cfOkg]{ cj/f]w÷;d:of
!= jftf{sf kIfdf cxd\ efjgf l;h{gf x'g',
@= Ps kIfn] csf]{ kIfnfO{ bafadf /fv]/ dfu k"/f
u/fpg] k|of; ug'{,
#= k"/f ug{ g;Sg] dfux¿df c8\8L lng',
$= dfux¿ yKb} hfg',
%= ljkIfsf] Ifdtfsf] cjd"Nog\ ug'{,
^= jftf{sf/df ljjflbt ljifodf lg0f{o ug{ ;Sg]
clwsf/ gx'g',
&= ;Ifd g]t[Tjsf] cefj,
(= ;"rgf Pj+ tYof+ssf] cefj cflb .
cj/f]w x6fpg] pkfo
!= ;f]Rgsf nflu lj>fd lng],
@= jftf{nfksf] ult dGb ug]{,
#= csf]{ kIfsf] u'gf;f] /fd|/L ;'Gg],
g]kfnsf] ;fj{hlgs k|zf;g ;DaGwL klqsf k|zf;g 47
$= ljifonfO{ kl/jt{g ug{],
%= 5nkmnnfO{ df]8\g],
^= clGtd k|lta4tf t'¿Gt gvf]Hg],
&= cfkm\gf] zlQm b]vfpg],
*= csf]{ kIfsf] zlQm lg:t]h ug]{,
(= csf]{ kIfnfO{ ;Demf}tfdf gk'Ubfsf] d"No
;Demfpg] cflb .
g]kfndf jftf{ / ;Lk ;DaGwdf b]lvPsf
;d:of / ;dfwfgsf pkfox¿
g]kfnsf] xfnsf] ;+qmd0fsfnLg cj:yfdf
b]vfk/]sf s}of}+ hftLo, n}lª\us, If]qLo, juL{o tyf
eflifs cfwf/df l;h{gf ePsf åGåx¿nfO{ ;dfwfg
u/L o:tf ;Dk"0f{ ljljwtfx¿nfO{ /fli6«otfsf]
Pp6} efjgfdf Pstfa4 u/L ;'Gb/ zfGt / ;d[4
gofF g]kfnsf] lgdf{0f ug]{ k|of;df g]kfndf 5f]6f]
cjlwdf g} w]/} kIfx¿;Fu jftf{ eO{ ;xdltx¿
sfod eO;s]sf 5g\ . tL ;a} k|zf;lgs sf}zn /
ljz]if1tfsf] pkof]u / ;xof]uaf6 dfq ;Dej ePsf
x'g\ eGg] s'/fnfO{ s;}n] gsfg{ klg ;Sb}g . ca
g]kfndf @)&@ ;fndf hf/L ;+ljwfgnfO{ ;a}sf]
:jfldTj af]w x'g] u/L ;+3Lotf sfof{Gjog ug{sf
nflu ;d]t jftf{sf] dxTj plQs} a9]/ uPsf] 5 .
cfGtl/s /fhgLlts ;d:ofx¿sf] ;dfwfgdf xfdL
ljZj;fd' pbfx/0fLo ag] klg cGo cfGtl/s tyf
afx\o ;d:ofsf] jftf{åf/f ;dfwfg ug{df g]kfnsf]
;fj{hlgs k|zf;g cem} klg vf;} kl/kSj /
k|efjsf/L aGg ;s]sf] b]lvb}g . o;f] x'gfsf] sf/0fdf
g]kfnL k|zf;sx¿df /x]sf sdhf]/ jftf{ ;LknfO{
lnOG5 . g]kfnL k|zf;gsf] sdhf]/ jftf{ ;Lksf]
kl/0ffd:j¿k g]kfnn] lgDgadf]lhdsf kl/0ffdx¿
em]Ng'k/]sf egL s]xL lj1x¿n] eGg] u/]sf 5g\M
– e'6fgL z/0ffyL{ ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfg cem} x'g
;s]sf] 5}g .
48 PRASHASAN The Nepali Journal of Public Administration
– dxfsfnL ;GwL cg'df]bgn] /fhgLlts xnrn
dRrfof] .
– ef/t;Fu k'/fgf c;dfg ;lGwx¿sf] gjLs/0f
x'g ;s]sf] 5}g .
– x/]s dxTjk"0f{ lg0f{o ug'{cl3 jftf{åf/f
cfd;xdlt sfod ug{ g;Sbf x/]s To:tf
lg0f{on] cfGbf]ng / lj/f]w hufpg] u/]sf
5g\ . h:tf]– pv'sf] d"No ;dod} lgwf{/0f gubf{
ls;fg cfGbf]ng / hgtfsf] bafa a9]sf] .
;j{k|yd jftf{nfO{ xf/–lhtsf ¿kdf lng] k|j[lQ
h'g gsf/fTds z}nL xf] To;nfO{ kl/Tofu u/L
jftf{ Accomodate Style / Compromise
Style ckgfpg' kb{5 . lagfcWoog / tof/L
g} jftf{df hfg] k|rng 5 . h;n] ubf{ jftf{df
sf] hfg] < s] ug]{ < cfkm\gf] :jfy{ s] xf] <
s'g ljifoj:t'df jftf{ ug]{ xf] < h:tf ljljw
kIfx¿sf] cWoog / tof/L geO{ jftf{df k7fpg'
x'Fb}g . o; kIfdf ljrf/ gk'¥ofpgfn] hlxn]
klg g]kfnn] s]xL g s]xL u'dfpg' kl//x]sf]
5 . o;sf] k|ToIf pbfx/0f 6gsk'/ kl/of]hgf
xf] . To;}n] o; ljifodf ljz]if Wofgs]lGb|t
ug'{kb{5 . jftf{nfO{ cf}krfl/stfdf dfq ;Lldt
ug]{ rng 5 . jftf{ ug{ tNnf] :t/sf] dfG5]
k7fOG5 h;n] ubf{ w]/} u'dfpg' kb{5 . t;y{,
jftf{nfO{ cf}krfl/stfdf dfq ;Lldt g/fvL
a9LeGbf a9L kmfObf lng] u/L ;Demf}tfdf
6'+Uofpg' kb{5 . xfd|f /fhgLlt1, k|zf;sx¿df
jftf{ ug]{ Ifdtf cyf{t\ s"6gLlts Ifdtfsf] sdL
ePsfn] xfdLn] hlxn] klg /fli6«o Iflt Joxf]g'{
kl//x]sf] 5 . To;}n] jftf{ ug]{ Ifdtfsf] ljsf;
ug{ Ifdtf ljsf; k|lzIf0f b'j} kIfnfO{ h¿/L
b]lvG5 . jftf{ ug{ hfg]nfO{ cfjZos clwsf/
(Clear mandade and authority)
lbO{b}g . h;n] ubf{ ljkIfLnfO{ cfkm\gf] lxtdf
;xdt u/fP klg lagf;Demf}tf lkmtf{ x'g'kg]{
l:ylt 5 . h;nfO{ jftf{ ug{ k7fOG5 p;nfO{
Clear mandate/authority lbP/ k7fpg'
kb{5 . k|zf;sx¿nfO{ jftf{ ug]{, ;Demf}tf
ug]{af/]df k|lzIf0f lbO{b}g .. k|lzIf0fsf] cefjdf
k|zf;sx¿ xf/sf] dgl:yltdf /xG5g\ . ctM
jftf{ tyf ;Demf}tf ug]{ h:tf] dxTjk"0f{ ljifodf
;a} k|zf;sx¿nfO{ jftf{ ug]{ ;Lksf af/]df
kof{Kt k|lzIf0f lbOg'kb{5 . vf;u/L dxTjk"0f{
ljifodf Negotiation ug{ hfg] JolQmnfO{ To;
ljifodf ^ dlxgfb]lv g} k|lzIf0fsf] cfjZostf
kb{5 t/ xfdLsxfF clGtd ;dodf cfP/
jftf{df sf] hfg] eGg] lg0f{o x'g] / ;f];{kmf];{sf]
e/df JolQm rog x'g] x'gfn] k|lzIf0fsf] t s] <
ljifoj:t'sf] 1fg;d]t gePsf JolQmn] jftf{df
efu lnP/ Agreement df ;xL u/]/ cfpg]
k|rng 5 . To;}n], jftf{sf nflu ;dod} /fd|f]
dfG5] rog u/L ;dod} Situation create ug{
sDtLdf ^ dlxgfsf] Homework u/fpg'kb{5 .
xfdLsxfF o; ljifodf Institutional Level /
Personal Level b'j}sf sdL sdhf]/Lx¿ 5g\ .
lgisif{M
jftf{ tyf ;Demf}tf hLjgsf]÷k|zf;gsf]÷Joj;fosf]
cleGg c+u xf] . of] lagf ;+;f/ 7Kk g} x'G5 eGbf
km/s kb}{g . ctM jftf{df ;kmntf k|fKt ug{sf nflu
o;df ;femf ;dembf/L, lnlka4 clen]v Pj+
sfof{Gjog of]hgf pNn]lvt ;"q cg';f/ x'g h¿/L
kb{5 .
g]kfnsf] ;fj{hlgs k|zf;g ;DaGwL klqsf k|zf;g 49
;fj{hlgs ;]jf k|jfxdf ;fdflhs
;~hfn pkof]usf] ;fGble{stf
;f/
;fj{hlgs ;]jfnfO{ u'0f:t/Lo, ldtJooL k|efjsf/L /
;]jfu|fxLd}qL agfpg km];a's, u'un, 6'O6/, efOj/, OGi6fu|fd, o'6\o'j
h:tf ;fdflhs ;~hfnx¿n] dxTjk"0f{ of]ubfg ug{ ;S5g\ . xfn
ljZjsf] emG8} ^@ k|ltzt ao:s dflg;x¿ ;fdflhs ;~hfn;Fu
hf]l8Psf 5g\ . ;a} k|sf/sf ;]jf k|bfosx¿n] ;fdflhs
;~hfnsf] ;]/f]km]/f]df cfˆgf ;a} ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿nfO{ ;lhn} e]6\g
;Sg] x'gfn] ljsl;t b]zx¿df ljz]iftM ;"rgf ;Dk|]if0f, k[i7kf]if0f,
cg'ej / cfljisf/sf] cfbfg k|bfg / ;fj{hlgs rf;f]sf ljifodf
ax; / 5nkmn ug]{ ;Gbe{df ;fdflhs ;~hfnx¿sf] k|r"/ k|of]u
x'Fb} cfPsf] kfOG5 . ;fj{hlgs ;]jf k|jfxsf] If]qdf ;fdflhs
lji0f' k|= ;fksf]6f ;~hfnsf] k|of]un] ;'zf;g clej[l4 ug{ 6]jf k'of{Psf] 5 . g]kfndf
;]jf k|bfos lgsfosf sd{rf/Ln] JolQmut ¿kdf ;fdflhs
zfvf clws[t ;~hfnsf] e/k'/ k|of]u ub}{ cfP klg ;fj{hlgs ;]jf k|jfxsf]
;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfno If]qdf o;sf] pNn]vgLo ¿kn] k|of]u ePsf] kfOFb}g . g]kfndf
;"rgf k|ljlwsf] k"jf{wf/df ›'tt/ ljsf; ePsf] / cfd gful/ssf]
;fdflhs ;~hfndf kx'Fr lj:tf/ x'Fb} uPsf]n] g]kfnsf] ;fj{hlgs
;]jf k|jfxdf ;"rgf / 1fgsf] k|jfx ug{, ;fj{hlgs ;]jf k|jfxsf]
If]qdf kf/blz{tf j[l4 ug{, u'gf;f] Joj:yfkg ug{, hjfkmb]lxtf
clej[l4 ug{, ;]jf k|bfos / ;]jfu|fxLaLrsf] ;DaGw ;'wf/ ug{,
e|i6frf/ lgoGq0f ug{, ;]jfk|bfosx¿ aLr cg'ej / 1fg cfbfg
k|bfg ug{ ;fdflhs ;~hfnsf] k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 . g]kfnn] klg
l8lh6n ;fIf/tf a9fpFb}, l8lh6n l8efO8 36fpg] r'gf}ltsf]
;fdgf ug{ ;s]df, ;fdflhs ;~hfnnfO{ ;fj{hlgs ;]jf k|jfx
;'wf/sf] cf}hf/sf] ¿kdf k|of]u ug{ ;lsg] b]lvG5 .

!= k[i7e"ld
ljZjsf w]/} b]zx¿n] ljB'tLo zf;gsf] If]qdf 5nfª df/]sf 5g.
g]kfndf klg ljB'tLo zf;gsf] cjnDag ug]{ lbzfdf ljleGg

50 PRASHASAN The Nepali Journal of Public Administration

k|of;x¿ gePsf eg] xf]Ogg\ . t/ tL k|of;x¿n]
ck]Iffs[t glthf eg] lbg ;s]sf] kfOFb}g . ;"rgf
k|ljlwsf] k"jf{wf/df ›'tt/ ljsf; x'Fbfx'Fb} klg
kl/jt{gnfO{ c+uLsf/ ug]{ / Joj:yfkg ug{ ;Sg]
g]t[Tj gx'g', sd{rf/Ldf k|fljlws 1fgsf] sdL x'g',
ulx/f] l8lh6n l8efO8 sfod} /xg' / lgoldt
ljB't cfk"lt{sf] cefj x'g' h:tf sf/0fn] g]kfndf
ljB'tLo zf;gsf] cEof; / ljsf; ck]Iffs[t x'g
;s]sf] 5}g .
jt{dfg ljZjdf ;fdflhs ;~hfn cfw'lgs
hLjgsf] cleGg c+usf] ¿kdf ljsl;t ePsf]
5.ljZjsf sl/j b'O{ ltxfO{ jo:s hg;+Vof
;fdflhs ;+hfnx¿sf ;b:o ag]sf 5g . w]/}
ljsl;t b]zdf ;fj{hlgs ;]jf k|jfxsf] ljleGg
r/0fdf ;fdflhs ;~hfnsf] k|of]u x'Fb} cfPsf] 5.
d'Vot ;fj{hlgs ;]jfk|jfxsf] If]qdf ;fdflhs
;~hfnnfO{ hgtfsf] ;'emfj ;+sng ug{, gofF
gLltsf] af/]df 5nkmn ug{, 1fg tyf cg'ejsf] cfbfg
k|bfg ug{, ;fj{hlgs ;"rgf k|jfx ug{, ;/sf/ / cfd
gful/s aLrsf] cGt/ ;Djfbsf] jftfj/0f agfpg
;fdflhs ;~hfnfsf] k|of]u u/]sf] kfOG5 . sltko
b]zsf ;/sf/n] t cfˆg} ;fdflhs ;~hfnsf] ljsf;
;d]t u/]sf 5g .
;fdflhs ;~hfnnfO{ gLlt th{'df / lgwf{/0f, hgtf
/ ;/sf/aLrsf] ;Djfb ;]t' / ;fj{hlgs ;]jfsf]
;'wf/sf] ;fwg Pj+ nf]stGqsf] k}/jL ug]{, cEof; ug]{
cZqsf] ¿kdf k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 . a]nfot, Sofg8f
tyf cd]l/sfsf] ;/sf/n] ;fdflhs ;~hfndf
p7]sf ljifonfO{ ;s];Dd rf8f] ;'g'jfO{ ug]{ u/]sf
5g\ . ;g @))* df a]nfotL ;/sf/n] ;d'bfo
;zlQms/0f of]hgfdf :yfgLo ;/sf/nfO{ ;d'bfo;Fu
;Djfb ug{ ;fdflhs ;~hfnsf] k|of]u ug]{ sfo{qmd
Nofof] . kl5Nnf jif{x¿df a]nfotsf ;fj{hlgs
lgsfox¿n] ;fd'bflos ;Djfb, ;"rgf cfbfg k|bfg
/ k[i7kf]if0fsf nflu km];a's, 6'O6/, o'6o\ j' h:tf
;fdflhs ;~hfnsf] k|of]u ug{ yfn]sf 5g\ .
g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{nfO{ x]g]{ xf] eg] klg sl/j ^)
nfv eGbf a9L g]kfnLx¿ ;fdflhs ;~hfn;Fu
hf]l8Psf 5g . g]kfnLn] g} z'¿jft u/]sf s]xL
;fdflhs ;~hfnx¿ klg 5g\ h:tf] ;u'g 86 sd,
g]kfn 6]lnsdn] z'¿jft u/]sf] dL6 86sd . tyflk
oL ;~hfndf ljZjJofkL ;~hfnx¿df h:tf]
g]kfnLx¿s} afSnf] pkl:ylt 5}g . cn]S;f 86sdn]
;'rLs[t u/]sf] g]kfnLn] k|of]u ug]{ !) nf]slk|o j]j
;fO6dWo] km];a's, u'un / o'6'j qmd; klxnf] bf];|f] /
t];|f] gDa/df 5g\ eg] 6'O6/ ;ftf}+ nf]slk|o ;fdflhs
;~hfn cGt/ut kb{5 . o;}n] ;]jfu|fxLsf]
b}nf]df k'Ug ;fj{hlgs ;]jf k|bfosx¿n] ;fdflhs
;~hfnsf] k|of]u ug}{ kg]{ cj:yf cfPsf] 5 .
;fdflhs ;~hfnn] ;]jf k|bfosnfO{ ;]jfu|fxL;Fu
;Djfb ug]{ 7fpF pknAw u/fpF5g\ . ;]jfu|fxLn] cfˆgf]
cg'ej tyf u'gf;f]x¿ ;lhn} ;~hfndf cleJoQm
ug{ ;Sg] x'gfn] ;]jfu|fxLsf u'gf;f l6Kk0fLn] ;]jf
k|bfosnfO{ lhDd]jf/, hjfkmb]xL / kf/bzL{ x'g k|l] /t ug{
;S5g\ . ;a}eGbf dxQ\jk'0f{ kIf ;fdflhs ;~hfnn]
;]jf k|bfos / ;]jfu|fxLsf] aLrsf] b"/L 36fpg ;xof]u
ub{5g\ . To;}n,] g]kfndf ;fj{hlgs ;]jf k|jfxsf] If]qdf
;fdflhs ;~hfnsf] k|of]usf af/]df Jofks jx; /
5nkmn x'g cfjZos ePsf] 5 .
@= g]kfndf ;fj{hlgs ;]jf k|jfxdf ;fdflhs
;~hfnsf] k|of]usf] cj:yf
n]vs a]/6f]6n] ;fdflhs ;~hfnsf d'Vo rf/
;jn kIfsf af/]df pNn]v u/]sf 5g\ . tL x'g
;xsfo{, ;xeflutf, ;zlQms/0f / ;do. ;fdflhs
;~hfn ;xsfof{Tds tyf ;xeflutfd'ns x'G5 .
g]kfnsf] ;fj{hlgs k|zf;g ;DaGwL klqsf k|zf;g 51
o;n] ;fdflhs ;Djfbsf] cj;/ ;[hgf ub{5. o;n]
k|of]ustf{nnfO{ Ps csf{;Fu ;"rgf / 1fg cfbfg
k|bfg ug{ ;xof]u k'of{p5 .
;fj{hlgs ;]jf k|jfxsf] If]qdf ;fdflhs ;~hfnsf]
ax'cfoflds k|efj eP klg g]kfnsf] ;fj{hlgs
k|zf;gdf v'nf Åbon] o;nfO{ :jfut ul/Psf]
5}g. cfly{s ;j]I{ f0f @)&#÷@)&$ df pNn]v eP
cg';f/ g]kfnsf] s'n hg;+Vofsf] %*=)* k|ltztdf
OG6/g]6sf] kx'rF lj:tf/ ePsf] 5 . To:t} 6]nLkmf]g
k|of]ustf{sf] 3gTj !!*=&% k|ltzt k'us] f] cj:yf 5
. ;fy}, ;fdflhs ;~hfnsf] k|of]ustf{sf] ;+Vof klg
lbgfg'lbg a9\b} uPsf] 5 . o;n] ubf{ ;fj{hlgs ;]jf
k|jfxdf ;fdflhs ;~hfnsf] k|of]unfO{ v'Nnf Åbon]
:jfut ub}{ o;sf nfex¿ lng l9nf] ug{' x'bF g} .
ljut s]xL ;do otf g]kfndf klg w]/} ;fj{hlgs
;+:yfx¿n] ;fdflhs ;~hfndf cfˆgf] PsfpG6
vf]n]sf] kfO{G5 . cfˆgf] sfof{nosf] 5'§} j]j ;fO6
lgdf{0f u/]sf x/]s ;fj{hlgs lgsfosf] j]j ;fO6sf]
xf]dk]hdf km];a's, 6'O6/ h:tf ;dflhs ;~hfnsf]
ln+s /flvP klg lgs} yf]/} ;fj{hlgs lgsfox¿n]
;fdflhs ;~hfndf /x]sf cfˆgf PsfpG6nfO{
lgoldt cBfjlws u/]sf] kfOG5 . To:t}, w]/} h;f]
;fj{hlgs lgsfox¿n] cfˆgf ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿nfO{
lgoldt ¿kdf ;fdflhs ;~hfnx¿sf] k|of]u ug{
k|f]T;flxt u/]sf] klg kfOFb}g .
g]kfn k|x/Ln] 6'O6/df vftf vf]nL hgtfsf]
;'emfjnfO{ sfof{Goog ub}{ cfPsf] 5 .
g]kfn 6]lnsdn] ;d]t km];a's k]h vf]nL cfˆgf
u|fxsx¿sf] u'gf;f] ;'Gg] ;fdflhs ;~hfndf cfPsf
u'gf;f]x¿sf] ;'g'jfO{ ug]{ sfo{sf] yfngL u/]sf]
5 . nf]s ;]jf cfof]un] klg cfˆgf] km];a's k]hdf
cfof]usf s[ofsnfknfO{ lgoldt ¿kdf cBfjlws
ub}{ cfPsf] kfOG5. k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\
52 PRASHASAN The Nepali Journal of Public Administration
sfof{non] ;~rfng ub}{ cfPsf] 6'O{6/ PsfpG6 x]nf]
;/sf/ lgs} k|efjsf/L ePsf] 5 . of] PsfpG6n]
s]jn k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifbsf] sfof{no
;DaGwL dfq x}g ;du| /fhgLlts tyf k|zf;lgs
If]qsf u'gf;fx¿sf] lgoldt ;'g'jfO{ ub}{ cfPsf] 5
. oL / o:t} s]xL pbfx/0fLo sfo{sf afjh'b ;du|df
;]jf k|bfosn] JolQmut ¿kdf ;fdflhs ;~hfnsf]
e/k'/ k|of]u u/]klg ;fj{hlgs ;]jf k|jfxsf] If]qdf
o;sf] guGo k|of]u ePsf] kfOG5 . g]kfndf w]/} h;f]
;fj{hlgs ;]jf k|bfosn] ;]jf k|jfx;Fu hf]8]/
;fdflhs ;~hfnsf] k|of]u u/]sf] kfOb}g . o;sf
;fy} ;fj{hlgs lgsfosf s:tf ;fdflu| < s;/L <
s:n] < slt a]nf < ;fdflhs ;~hfndf /fVg]
eGg] :ki6 sfo{ljlwsf] cefjn] ;d]t ;fj{hlgs
lgsfodf ;fdflhs ;~hfnsf] k|efjsf/L k|of]udf
s]xL ;d:of ;[hgf u/]sf] 5 . xfn k|wfgdGqL tyf
dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{non] hf/L u/]sf x]nf] ;/sf/
km];a's k]h ;~rfngsf] sfo{k4lt / kl/kq g}
;fj{hlgs lgsfodf ;fdflhs ;~hfn ;+rfngsf]
cfwf/ ePsf 5g\ .
#= ;fj{hlgs ;]jf k|jfxdf ;fdflhs
;~hfnsf] k|of]usf] ;DefJotf
g]kfn ef}uf]lns ljs6tf ePsf] b]z xf] . ef}uf]lns
ljs6tfsf] r'gf}ltnfO{ kf/ ub}{ ;"rgf / 1fgsf]
k|;f/0f, k|sfzg / ljt/0f ug{ ;fdflhs ;~hfnx¿
;xfos l;2 ePsf 5g\ . em08} $) nfv o'jfx¿
kl;gf aufpg b]z aflx/ /x]sf] of] cj:yfdf b]z
leq / aflx/sf hgtf dfem ;fj{hlgs If]qsf ;"rgf
k|jfx ug{ ;fdflhs ;~hfnx¿ lgs} pkof]uL x'g
;S5g\ .
@)&@ ;fnsf] dxfe"sDksf] a]nf km];a'sn] NofPsf]
;]km dfls{ª / u'unn] NofPsf] u'un k;{g kmfOG8/
;'ljwf lgs} nf]slk|o ePsf lyP . o;n] ljkt
Joj:yfkgsf] If]qdf ;d]t ;fdflhs ;~hfnx¿n]
of]ubfg ug{ ;S5g\ eGg] k|dfl0ft u/]sf] 5 .
clxn] ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] ljsf;n] hgtf ;/sf/af6
s]jn Ps lSns dfq} 6f9f 5g . ;/sf/sf sfo{ /
lg0f{o tyf ;]jf k|bfossf] Jojxf/sf] af/]df tTsfn
k|ltlqmof cfpg] cj:yf 5 . o;n] ;]jfu|fxL / ;]jf
k|bfos aLrsf] ;DaGw ;'wf/ ug{ / ;]jf k|bfosnfO{
lhDd]jf/ eP/ kf/bzL{ tj/n] sfo{ ;Dkfbg ug{
;xof]u k'Ug ;S5 . ;fy}, ;]jfu|fxLn] lg/Gt/
;fdflhs ;~hfnsf] dfWodaf6 vj/bf/L ul//xg]
x'gfn] To:tf] vj/bf/Ln] hjfkmb]lxtf clej[l4 ug{
/ e|i6frf/ lgoGq0f ug{ ;xof]u ug{ ;Sg] b]lvG5 .
g]kfn ;+3Lotf sfof{Gjogsf] r/0fdf 5 . gofF
Joj:yfsf] sfof{Gjogsf] r/0fdf ljleGg sl7gfO
/ r'gf}tLx¿ cfpg ;S5g . To:tf r'gf}ltsf] ;fdgf
ub}{ ;d:ofsf] xn ug{ ;+3Lo, k|fb]lzs / :yfgLo
txsf ;]jf k|bfosx¿aLr cg'ej / 1fg cfbfg
k|bfg dxTjk"0f{ x'G5 . o:tf] 1fgsf] cfbfg k|bfg ug]{
dfWodsf] ¿kdf ;fdflhs ;~hfnx¿ lgs} pkof]uL
x'g ;S5g\ .
To;}u/L ;fdflhs ;~hfn dfkm{t ;"rgf /
;r]tgfsf ;fdu|Lx¿ lgdf{0f / ljt/0f ug]{ sfo{ lgs}
ldtJooL x'g ;S5 . ;fy} ;fdflhs ;~hfnsf
k|of]ustf{x¿ ;fj{hlgs gLlt lg0f{o / sfo{sf]
af/]df lgoldt ¿kdf l6sf l6Kk0fL ug]{ x'Fbf o;n]
hg;xeflutf / ;xsfo{nfO{ 6]jf lbG5 . h:t}
km];a's k]h jf u'|k dfkm{t ;]jf k|bfosn] cfFkm'n]
k|bfg ug]{ ;]jfsf] tl/sf, d'No, ;do / u'0f:t/sf]
af/]df hfgsf/L k|bfg ug{ ;S5g\ . ;fy}, lgoldt
¿kdf ;]jfk|bfossf s[ofsnfksf] ljj/0f tl:j/
tyf lel8of] cknf]8 ugf{n] ;]jfu|fxLx¿ nfeflGjt
x'g ;Sb5g . o;n] ;]jf k|bfos / ;]jfu|fxL aLrsf]
;DaGw ;'dw'/ agfpg / ;]jfu|fxLk|lt ;Ddfgefj
a9fpg ;d]t pNn]vgLo of]ubfg k'Ug ;Sg] b]lvG5 .
csf]{tkm{ ;]jf k|bfosn] ;fdflhs ;~hfndf
vftf vf]n] kl5 hgtfn] cfˆgf] u'gf;f] ;fdflhs
;~hfndf kf]Vg kfpF5g . o;n] ;fj{hlgs ;]jfsf
sld sdhf]/L ;'wfg{sf nflu d4t ug{ ;S5 .
;]jfu|fxLsf ltg} l6sf l6Kk0fL gLlt lgdf{0fdf
;xof]uL ;fdu|L x'g ;S5g . ;fj{hlgs ;]jf k|bfos
/ ;]jfu|fxLsf] jLrsf] b"/Lsd ug{ ;d]t ;fdflhs
;~hfn pkof]uL x'g ;Sg] b]lvG5 . kf/blz{tf
clej[l4 ug{ tyf e|i6frf/nfO{ lg¿T;flxt ug{ ;d]t
;fdflhs ;~hfn pkof]uL x'g ;S5 . ;fdflhs
;~hfnn] ;fj{hlgs ;]jf k|jfx rqmsf ljleGg
cfofddf ;xof]u ug{ ;Sb5 . ;]jfu|fxLsf] klxrfg,
;]jfu|fxLsf] cfjZostf klxrfg, ;]jfsf] u'0f:t/
lgwf{/0f, ;]jfk|jfxsf] cfwf/ :yfkgf, cg'udg
d"NofÍg, sdL sdhf]/L klxrfg, k[i7kf]if0f tyf
k'g/fjnf]sgsf] If]qdf ;d]t ;fdflhs ;~hfnsf]
k|of]u x'g ;Sg] b]lvG5 . :jf:Yo tyf lzIff /
gful/s r]tgfsf] If]qdf ;d]t ;fdflhs ;~hfnn]
pNn]vgLo sfo{ u/]sf] 5 .
$= g]kfndf ;fj{hlgs ;]jf k|jfxdf ;fdflhs
;~hfnsf] k|of]usf r'gf}tLx¿
Dofls;g/L Unf]jn OG;LRo'6n] u/]sf] Ps cWoogn]
;fdflhs ;~hfnsf gsf/fTds kIfx¿nfO{
cf}nfPsf] kfOG5 . pQ cWoogn] ;fdflhs
;~hfndf Jo}lQmstfsf] rf]/L x'g], af}l4s ;Dkltsf]
gf; x'g], h:tf ;d:ofsf klxrfg u/]sf] 5 .
jt{dfg ljZjdf ;fdflhs ;~hfnx¿ lgs} ;xh,
;/n, l56f], 5l/tf], ldtJooL / nf]slk|o dfWod eP
klg ;fj{hlgs ;]jf k|jfxdf ;fdflhs ;~hfnsf]
k|of]u lgs} r'gf}tLk"0f{ 5 . ;fdflhs ;~hfnsf lgs}
g]kfnsf] ;fj{hlgs k|zf;g ;DaGwL klqsf k|zf;g 53
w]/} ;jn kIf x'Fbfx'Fb} klg ;fj{hlgs ;]jf vf;df
;fdflhs ;~hfnsf] dfWodaf6 ljt/0f ug{ ;Dej
x'b}g.;fdflhs ;~hfndf /fVg] ;fdu|Lx¿ yf]/}dfq
klg unt ePdf o;sf] k|efj csNkgLo x'g ;S5.
;]jf k|bfosn] ;fdflhs ;~hfndf w]/} ;do
ljtfPsf] v08df ;]jf k|jfx g} k|efljt x'g ;S5.
To;}n] ;]jf k|jfxsf] k|efjsfl/tf a9fpFb} ;fdflhs
;~hfnsf] pkof]u ug{'kg]{ cj:yf 5 .
;"rgf k|jfx ubf{ r':t b'¿:t ;a}n] a'‰g ;Sg]
agfpg', ;a}n] a'‰g] ;/n ;xh efiffdf cfsif{s
¿kdf ;fdu|L lgdf{0f / k|sflzt ug{', ;/f]sf/jfnfsf]
u'gf;f]nfO{ ;s];Dd rfF8f] ;Daf]wg ug{' h:tf
r'gf}ltnfO{ kf/ ug{' kg]{5 .
;a}eGbf 7"nf] r'gf}lt dgf]j}1flgs qf; s;/L
x6fpg] eGg] 5 . w]/} h;f] pRr txsf /fhgLlt1
tyf k|zf;s ;fdflhs ;~hfn k|of]unfO{
;dosf] aaf{lbsf] ¿kdf x]b{5g\ . l8lh6n ;fIf/tf
a9fpg], l8lh6n l8efO8 36fpg], lgoldt ljB't
cfk"lt{sf] Joj:yf ug]{, ;"rgf k|ljlw;DaGwL gLlt
tyf sfg"gsf] ;d;fdlos kl/jt{g ug]{ r'gf}tL
g]kfnsf] ;fd' plePsf 5g\ . ;a}eGbf d'Vo ;d:of
cflwsf/Lstfdf 5 . hf] ;'s}n] h] ;'s} gfddf klg
;fdflhs ;~hfndf vftf vf]Ng ldNg] ePsfn] s'g
PsfpG6 ;To xf] / s'g em'7 5'§fpg lgs} sl7g 5 .
oL ofjt\ r'gf}ltsf] ;fdgf ub}{ ;fdflhs ;~hfnnfO{
;fj{hlgs ;]jf k|jfx;Fu hf]8\g cfjZos 5 .
%= lgisif{
g]kfndf cem};Dd klg ;fdflhs ;~hfnnfO{
;fj{hlgs ;]jf k|jfx;+u s;/L hf]8g]< ;fdflhs
;~hfnsf ;sf/fTds kIfaf6 s;/L kmfObf lng]<
eGg] ljifodf vf;} ax; ePsf] kfOb}g . tyflk, s]lx
;f{jhlgs ;+u7gn] o;sf] k|of]unfO{ k|fyldstf
54 PRASHASAN The Nepali Journal of Public Administration
lbPsf 5g\.;fdflhs ;~hfn cfw'lgs hLjgsf]
cleGg c+u eO;s]sf] cj:yfdf ;fj{hlgs ;]jf
k|jfxdf o;sf] k|of]u ug{' clgjfo{ h:t} ePsf]
5 . g]kfndf ;fj{hlgs ;]jf k|jfxdf ;fdflhs
;~hfnsf] k|of]u ug{ xfd|f] cufl8 r'gf}tLnfO{ qmdzM
sd ub}{ x/]s sfof{nodf /x]sf ;"rgf clwsf/LnfO{
;fdflhs ;~hfn dfkm{t ;]jfu|fxL;Fu ;Djfb
ug]{ lhDdf lbg'k5{ . ;fj{hlgs ;]jf k|jfxnfO{
l56f] 5l/tf], kf/bzL{, hjfkmb]xL, k|efjsf/L /
ldtJooL agfpg, ;]jf k|bfosnfO{ ;]jfu|flx /
cGo ;+3 ;+:yf;Fu cGt/s[ofsf] Kn]6kmd tof/
ug{, ;"rgf ;Dk|]if0fnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg / hgtf
/ ;/sf/aLr l;wf / bf]xf]/f] ;Djfbsf] cj;/
;[hgf ug{ ;d]t ;fj{hlgs ;]jf k|jfxdf ;fdflhs
;~hfnsf] k|of]unfO{ :jfut ug{' clt cfjZos
b]lvG5 . ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] ›'t ultdf eO/x]sf] ljsf;,
a9b} uO/x]sf] l8lh6n ;fIf/tfsf] sf/0f ;fj{hlgs
;]jf k|jfxsf] If]qdf ;fdflhs ;~hfnx¿sf] k|of]u
ug{' plrt x'g] b]lvG5 . pbfx/0fsf] nflu s'g} klg
sfof{non] ;fdflhs ;~hfnsf] ljleGg dfWoddf
cfˆgf] vftf vf]n]kl5 sfof{nodf tf]lsPsf] ;"rgf
clwsf/Ln] sfof{non] k|bfg ug]{ ;]jf ;'ljwfsf]
af/]df, sfof{nosf] sfd sf/jflx, ;]jf k|s[ofsf]
af/]df ;fdflhs ;~hfnsf] dfWodaf6 hfgsf/L
u/fpg] sfd ug{ ;lsG5 . em08} ^) nfv g]kfnL
;fdflhs ;~hfndf hf]l8Psf] cj:yfdf ;fj{hlgs
;]jf k|bfosx¿n] o;sf] k|of]u ug]{ ls gug]{
eGbf klg s}n]af6 < s;/L ;fdflhs ;~hfnsf]
k|of]u ug]{ < eGg] ljifodf ax; x'g' h¿/L 5 .
j}b]lzs /f]huf/df /x]sf emG8} $) nfv g]kfnLnfO{
;/sf/;+u k|ToIf hf]8\g, j}lblzs /f]huf/Lsf
;d:ofnfO{ ;/f]sf/jfnf;Dd k'of{pgsf nflu ;d]t
;fdlhs ;~hfnx¿ pkof]uL x'g ;Sg] b]lvG5 .
cGtdf, cem} klg g]kfnsf] s'n hg;+Vofsf] 7"nf]
lx:;f OG6/g]6sf] ljZjJofkL kx'Fraf6 aflx/ 5 .
OG6/g]6 ;DaGwL k"jf{wf/x¿sf] ljsf; k|ofKt x'g
;s]sf] 5}g\ . To;}n], g]kfndf ;"rgf k|ljlwsf]
k"jf{wf/sf] ljsf; / ;fj{hlgs ;]jf k|jfxdf
;fdflhs ;~hfnsf] k|of]unfO{ ;dfgfGt/ ¿kdf
cl3 a9fpg' kg]{ a]nf cfPsf] 5 .
;Gbe{ ;fdu|L
Bertot, J.C.; Jaeger, P.T.; Grimes, J.M. Using SOCIAL
MEDIAs to create a culture of transparency:
E-government and social media as openness and
anti-corruption tools for societies. Gov. Inf. Q.
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Dadashzadeh, M. Social media in government:
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Res. 2010, 8, 81–86.
Economic Survey, Government of Nepal, Ministry
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essential element. Center for Technology
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e d u / p u b l i cat i o n s /g u i d e s /s o c i a l _ m e d i a _
policy/social_media policy.pdf (accessed on 28
November 2011).
Ferro, E.; Molinari, F. Framing Web 2.0 in the
process of public sector innovation: Going down
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Tools Supporting Constructive Involvement
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University, Krems, Austria, 7 May 2010.
Rai, S. K. & Moktan, S. (2014). Use of social
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Shakya, R. (March 22, 2007). Cyber Law –
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Implementation of legal measures need for IT
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g]kfnsf] ;fj{hlgs k|zf;g ;DaGwL klqsf k|zf;g 55
;/sf/L ;]jfdf /0fgLlts dfgj;|ft]
Joj:yfkgsf] cj:yf
;f/f+z M
x/]s ;+u7gsf nflu To; ;+u7gdf sfo{/t hgzlQm g} ;a}eGbf
dxTjk"0f{ k"FhL xf] . ;+u7gsf] k|efjsf/Ltf eg]s} ;+u7gdf sfo{/t
hgzlQmsf] k|efjsfl/tf xf] . o;/L x]bf{ ;/sf/x¿n] hgtfsf
nflu k|bfg ug{ rfx]sf ;]jf ;'ljwfx¿sf] k|efjsf/Ltf ;/sf/L
;]jfdf sfo{/t sd{rf/Ldf e/ k5{ . g]kfndf ;/sf/L If]qsf] ;]jf
k|jfxaf6 ;/sf/x¿ :jo+ / hgtf b'j} ;Gt'i6 ePsf] kfOFb}g . o;sf
sf/0fx¿ ;of}F x'g ;S5g\ t/ ;/sf/L ;]jfdf sfo{/t sd{rf/Lsf]
Joj:yfksLo kIf Pp6f lhDd]jf/ tTj xf] . ;/sf/L ;]jfdf k|j]z
ug]{ cj:yfb]lv cjsfz;Dd Pp6f sd{rf/Lsf cfjZostf, ¿lr,
rfxgf / ;]jfk|ltsf] ;dk{0f kl/jt{g eO/xG5 . To;}u/L Pp6f
b]jL/fd cfrfo{ sd{rf/Lsf] ;/sf/L ;]jfdf /xg] @% / #) jif{sf] cjlwdf ;/sf/sf
;]jf k|jfxsf If]q klg kl/jt{g x'g ;S5g\ . t;y{ ;/sf/n] cfˆgf]
========== k|fyldstfcg';f/ sd{rf/Lsf] k|fyldstfnfO{ ldnfg u/L /0fgLlts
dfgj;|f]t Joj:yfkgsf kIfaf6 ;/sf/L ;]jfsf sd{rf/Lsf]
Joj:yfkg ug{' h¿/L b]lvG5 . u7g x'Fb} u/]sf :yfgLo ;/sf/
/ ;+ljwfgcg';f/ :yfgLo ;/sf/n] u7g ug]{ ;/sf/L ;]jfdf
/0fgLlts dfgj;|f]t Joj:yfkgsf kIfx¿nfO{ ;dflji6 ug{ ;s]df
hgtfx¿n] ;/sf/ ;flRrs} 3/b}nf]df k'u]sf] cg'e"t ug]{ 5g\ .

k[i7e"ld M
dfgj;|f]t Joj:yfkgsf] s]G›ljGb' ;+u7gsf] sfo{;Dkfbgsf] nflu
of]Uo, bIf, ;Ifd, k];fk|lt pTk|]l/t dfgj;|f]t k|flKt, ljsf;, ;Def/
/ k|of]u x'g\ . ;/sf/n] hgtfsf nflu pknAw u/fpg] ;]jf, ;'ljwf
k|bfg ug{ Joj:yf u/]sf ljleGg ;+u7gdf sfo{/t hgzlQmsf]
Plss[t ¿k g} lghfdtL ;]jf xf] . lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)$( n]
b]zsf] k|zf;g ;~rfng ug{ lghfdtL ;]jfsf] u7g x'g] s'/f pNn]v
u/]sf] 5 . o;/L u7g x'g] lghfdtL ;]jfdf ljleGg !) j6f ;]jfx¿

56 PRASHASAN The Nepali Journal of Public Administration

/x]sf 5g\ -lg= ;]= P]= @)$(_ . sfo{ k|s[ltsf
cfwf/df ;]jf ;d"x cnu cnu ul/Psf] 5 . ;fy}
x/]s ;]jfsf nflu cfjZos kg]{ of]Uotf km/s km/s
/x]sf] 5 . ;]jfcg';f/ k|zf;g / ljljw ;]jfsf
sd{rf/Lx¿sf] b/aGbL k|fo ;a} sfof{nodf /x]sf] 5
eg] cGo ;]jfsf] ljlzi6Ls/0fsf b[li6n] s'g} Ps jf
b'O{ tLgcf]6f dGqfno cGtut{sf sfof{nodf dfq
/xg] u/]sf] cj:yf 5 .
dfgj ;|f]t Joj:yfkgsf] k/Dk/fut cjwf/0ffn]
egf{b]lv cjsfz;Ddsf] kIfdf dfq Wofg lbg]
u/]sf]df kl5Nnf ;dodf egf{ k"j{ b]lv cjsfz
kZrft;Ddsf kIfx¿ dfgj;|f]t Joj:yfkgsf]
sfo{If]qdf b]lvPsf 5g\ . x/]s ;+u7gsf ;a}
;fwg ;|f]tnfO{ kl/rfng ug]{ Psdfq rnfodfg
;fwg dfgj;|f]t xf] . o;}n] eGg] ul/G5 ls ;+:yfdf
sfo{/t dfgj;|f]tsf] k|efjsfl/tf g} Tof] ;+u7gsf]
k|efjsf/Ltf xf]. csf]{ zAbdf eGbf ;+u7gsf]
dfgj;|f]t eGbf ;+u7g k|efjsf/L x'g ;Sb}g .
of]Uotf k|0ffnLnfO{ lghfdtL ;]jfsf] ljz]iftfsf]
¿kdf lng] ul/G5 . nf]s;]jf cfof]un] lghfdtL
;]jfsf] of]Uotf k|0ffnLnfO{ ;+/If0f ul//x]sf] klg
5 . t/ nf]s;]jf cfof]usf] s8f dfGg] ul/Psf]
k|lt:kwf{af6 5gf}6 eO cfPsf lghfdtL ;]jfdf
sfo{/t hgzlQmaf6 tNnf] txsf ;]jfu|fxLx¿sf]
t s] s'/f k|wfgdGqL tyf dGqLx¿ klg ;Gt'i6
gePsf] cj:yf 5 . v'nf tyf cfGtl/s k/LIffsf]
dfWodaf6 #%÷$) jif{d} pk;lrj/;x;lrj
ePsfx¿sf] sfo{;Dkfbg klg pbfx/0fLo / $%/%)
jif{df a9'jf dfkm{t x'g] ;x;lrj/pk;lrjsf] eGbf
km/s kfOPsf] 5}g\ .
Pp6} lj1fkgaf6 &)÷*) hgf;Dd Ps}k6s 5gf}6
u/L of]Uotfqmd lgwf{/0f u/L -! b]lv *) ;Dd_
ljleGg sfof{nodf kb:yfkg ul/G5 . of]Uotfqmdsf]
Ps gDa/sf] JolQmsf] sfo{;Dkfbg / *) gDa/sf]
JolQmsf] sfo{;Dkfbgdf klg :kif6 leGgtf kfOPsf]
5}g . lghfdtL ;]jfdf ;dfj]zLsf] Joj:yf x'Fbf
o;sf] of]Uotf k|0ffnL lju|G5 eg]/ lrGtf ug]{
lj4fgx¿ w]/} g} lyP t/ of] Joj:yfsf] bz jif{ k'Ub}
ubf{ lghfdtL ;]jfsf] sfo{;Dkfbgdf o;n] klg
vf;} k|efj kf/]sf] 5}g . o;/L x]bf{ lghfdtL ;]jfsf]
sfo{;Dkfbg of]Uotfn] lgwf{/0f u5{ ls ub}{g eGg]
jx;sf] Pp6f kf6f] 5 eg], of]Uotf / sfo{;Dkfbg
aLrdf s] ;DaGw 5 eg]/ vf]hL ug{' klg cfjZos
b]lvPsf] 5 . sfo{;Dkfbgdf s] s] s'/fx¿ ;DalGwt
x'G5g\ / ;a}eGbf a9L k|efj s] sf] k5{ eGg] csf]{
xf]nf .
dfgj;|f]t Joj:yfkgsf ljleGg kIfdf
b]vfkg]{ ljZjJofkL cEof; / k|efjsf] ;Gbe{af6
x]bf{ ;/sf/L If]qeGbf gLlh tyf u}/;/sf/L
If]q cufl8 b]lvG5g\ . gLlh tyf u}/;/sf/L If]qsf
;/sf/sf h:tf dfgj;|f]t Joj:yfkgsf :yflkt
k|0ffnL gePtf klg cfˆgf] ;+u7gdf sfo{/t
hgzlQmsf] kl/rfng u/L ;+u7gfTds nIo tyf
p2]Zo xfl;n ug{ ;kmn /x]sf] kfOG5 . x/]s b]zdf
;/sf/ Pp6f gful/ssf nflu /f]huf/L k|bfg ug]{ If]q
klg xf] . t/ w]/}h;f] cljsl;t b]zsf ;/sf/x¿
;/sf/L sd{rf/Laf6 ;/sf/sf] k|efjsf/Ltf
hgtf;dIf k'of{ pg c;kmn ePsf] b]lvG5 . o;sf
sf/0f w]/} xf]nfg t/ To;dWo] dfgj;|f]t Joj:yfkg
cGtu{ts} Ps kIf /0fgLlts dfgj;|f]t Joj:yfkg
sdhf]/ /x]sf] b]lvG5 .
/0fgLlts dfgj;|f]t Joj:yfkg M
dfgj;|f]t Joj:yfkgsf] gofF cjwf/0ffsf] ¿kdf
;g\ !(&) b]lv () sf] bzsdf ljsf; ePsf]
cjwf/0ff /0fgLlts dfgj;|f]t Joj:yfkg xf] . o;n]
g]kfnsf] ;fj{hlgs k|zf;g ;DaGwL klqsf k|zf;g 57
;+u7gx¿df dfgj;|f]t Joj:yfkg ubf{ ;+u7gsf]
nIo tyf p2]Zo / tL nIo p2]Zo k|flKt7sf
/0fgLlt;Fu} tfnd]n u/]/ ug]{ s'/fdf hf]8 lbG5
-Storey, Wright, & Ulrich, 2009_. /0fgLlts
dfgj;|f]t Joj:yfkgsf] d'Vo p2]Zo JolQmsf]
JolQmut ;Ifdtf / ;+u7gsf] ;+u7gfTds ;Ifdtf
-individual and organizational capability_
nfO{ PsLs[t 9+uaf6 kl/rfng u/L ;+u7gfTds
nIo k|flKt ug]{ xf] .
s'g} klg ;+u7gsf] sfo{ k|efjsfl/tf Pshgf
sd{rf/Lsf] sfo{;Dkfbgaf6 ;'wf/ x'g ;Sb}g . ;+u7gdf
sfo{/t ;Dk"0f{ sd{rf/Lx¿sf] ;fd"lxs k|oTgaf6 dfq
of] ;Dej x'G5 . ;fy} ;+u7gdf sfo{/t sd{rf/Lsf]
Ps cfk;sf] ;DaGw, ljZjf;, ;+u7gn] ug]{ lgikIf
Jojxf/, pTk|]/0ff, k];fut ljsf;, glthfdf cfwfl/t
k'/:sf/ h:tf kIfn] JolQmsf] sfo{;Dkfbgdf k|efj
k5{ . ;+u7gdf sfo{/t sd{rf/Ln] ;+u7gsf] ljsf;,
k|efjsf/Ltf / ;fdflhs k|lti7f;Fu cfˆgf] JolQmut
ljsf;, sfo{;Dkfbgdf ;'wf/ / cfˆgf] ;fdflhs
OHht hf]8\g ;Sg'k5{ . o;sf nflu ;+u7gdf
sfo{/t JolQmx¿sf] / ;+u7gsf] ;DaGw ;+j]ufTds
klg x'g' cfjZos k5{ -Winne & Sels, 2003_ .
g]kfnsf] lghfdtL ;]jfdf sfo{/t sd{rf/Lsf] eO/xg]
cGt/dGqfnout tyf cGt/sfof{nout ;¿jfn]
;+u7gk|ltsf] ;+j]ufTds ljsf; gx'g] cj:yf
Psflt/ 5 eg] csf{lt/ ;¿jf k|0ffnL g} cj}1flgs
/ cfnf]lrt 5 .
/0fgLlts dfgj;|f]t Joj:yfkgn] vf;u/L ;+u7gn]
lgwf{/0f u/]sf ;+u7gfTds nIo k|fKt ug{sf nflu
cfjZos kg]{ dfgj;|f]t egf{ ug]{, ;+u7gsf] nIo
p2]Zocg';f/ dfgj;|f]t ljsf; tyf kl/rfng ug]{ /
;+u7gsf] nIo k|fKt ug]{ s'/fdf hf]8 lbG5 . ;/sf/L
;+u7gx¿dWo] () k|ltzteGbf a9L ;+u7gsf]
58 PRASHASAN The Nepali Journal of Public Administration
-sfof{no_ cfˆgf] 5'§} s'g} nIo p2]Zo lgwf{l/t
x'Fb}g / ePsfx¿sf] klg To;sf] k|flKtsf nflu sfd
ug]{ k|0ffnL ljsf; ePsf] 5}g . o; cy{df ;/sf/s}
txaf6 u'0f:t/Lo ;]jf k|jfxsf nflu /0fgLlts
dfgj;|f]t Joj:yfkgsf lqmofsnfk ;~rfng
ug{'kg]{ b]lvG5 .
dfgj;|f]t Joj:yfkg Ps h6Ln sfo{ klg xf] .
;+u7gdf ljleGg km/s km/s ;fdflhs, ;fF:s[lts,
kf/Ljfl/s, ef}uf]lns, hftLo, wfld{s, cfly{s,
/fhgLlts k[i7e"ldsf JolQmx¿ sfo{/t x'G5g\ . x/]s
JolQmsf] sfd ug]{ tl/sf, ;+u7gk|ltsf] b[li6sf]0f,
ljrf/ / a'emfO km/s km/s x'G5 . oL ;a} k|sf/sf
dflg;x¿sf] ;fd"lxs k|of;af6 ;+u7gn] nIo k|fKt
u5{g\ . To;}n] x/]s ;+u7gn] cfˆgf] nIo k|fKtLsf
nflu ljleGg ljljwtf ePsf JolQmx¿sf] ¿lr,
rfxgf, b[li6sf]0f;Fu ldnfg ub}{ /0fgLlts tj/n]
dfgj ;|f]tsf] Joj:yfkg ug{'k5{ -Greer, 2001_ .
/0fgLlts dfgj;|f]t Joj:yfkgdf JolQmsf] Jojxf/
/ ;+u7gsf] Jojxf/aLr -individual and
organizational behavior_ tfnd]n u/L
;+u7gn] cfˆgf] nIo k|fKt ug{ ;Sg'k5{ elgG5 .
dGqfnoaf6 tf]s]/ k7fOPsf] ah]6 / sfo{qmdsf]
cwLgdf /x]/ lhNnfdf sfd ug]{ sfof{nox¿n]
;+u7gsf] nIo tyf p2]Zo lgwf{/0f ug]{ / ;f]cg';f/sf]
dfgj;|f]t Joj:yfkg ug]{ eGg] t ;Dej b]lvb}g . t/
sDtLdf ljifout ;]jf ;d"x ;~rfng ug]{ dGqfnon]
cfkm" dftxtsf sfof{nosf] sfo{;Dkfbgaf6
dGqfno:t/df nIo tyf p2]Zo lgwf{/0f u/L
;f]xLcg';f/ dfgj;|f]t Joj:yfkg ug{ ;S5g\ . t/
of] kIfdf xfn;Dd s'g} cEof; ePsf] kfFOb}g .
;/sf/L ;]jfdf /x]sf] 7"nf] ;ª\Vofsf] dfgj;|f]t tyf
o;sf] k|efjsf/L Joj:yfkg ug]{ k|0ffnLsf] cefjdf
lghfdtL ;]jfdf /0fgLlts dfgj;|f]t Joj:yfkgsf]
cjwf/0ff sfof{Gjogdf h6Lntf /x]sf] b]lvG5 .
;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfno;Fu o;sf] lhDd]jf/L eP
tfklg of] k|efjsf/L x'g ;s]sf] 5}g\ . k];fut
ljsf;sf cj;/ :ki6 ePsf] / s'g} klg sfof{nodf
s'g} sd{rf/Ln] slt ;do sfd u5{ eGg] dfq
:ki6 ug{ ;lsof] eg] x/]s ;+u7gx¿n] dfgj ;|f]t
Joj:yfkgsf nflu tyf ;+u7gfTds k|efjsfl/tfsf
nflu of]hgf tof/ ug{ ;S5g\ .
;d:ofx¿ M
-s_ ;a}sf nflu tflnd elgPsf] 5, t/ To;sf]
sfo{;Dkfbg, sd{rf/L sfo{/t ;+:yfsf] nIo
/ p2]Zo;Fusf] ;DaGwsf] :yflkt ug{ ;lsPsf]
5}g . ;a} ;]jf ;d"xsf sd{rf/Lsf nflu of]
nfu" x'g ;s]sf] klg 5}g\ . ;]jf ;d"x ;~rfng
ug]{ dGqfno;Fu cfˆgf] ;]jfsf] sd{rf/Lsf]
Ifdtf ljsf;eGbf g]t[Tj txdf cfˆgf] Ifdtf
ljsf;df a9L Wofg lbPsf] b]lvG5 .
-v_ s'g} klg ;/sf/n] sd{rf/Lx¿sf] Ifdtf ljsf;
/ pTk|]/0ffsf nflu jflif{s ah]6dfkm{t nufgL
ug{ rfx]sf] b]lvb}g . ;]jf ;d"x ;~rfng ug]{
dGqfno dftxtsf tflnd s]G› tyf k|zf;lgs
k|lzIf0f k|lti7fg / :6fkm sn]hn] jflif{s
¿kdf sfo{;Dkfbgsf nflu k|:tfj u/]sf s]xL
k/Dk/fut tflnd dfq ;~rfngdf 5g\ .
-u_ tflnd cfjZostf klxrfg eGg] cEof; t 5}g
g} eGbf klg x'G5 . k|efjsf/L sfo{;Dkfbgsf
nflu s'g} 1fg, ;Lksf] sdL ePsf] kfOPdf Tof]
k"/f ug{ tflnd lbg'k5{ elgG5 t/ ;/sf/L ;]jfsf
tflnd tL; sfol{\bg, k|yd >]0fLsf] k|df0fkqdf
dfq s]lG›t /x]sf] b]lvG5 . ;]jfk|j]z tflndx¿
klg ;]jf ;d"xcg';f/ km/s km/s lbg / k4ltdf
;~rfngdf 5g\ .
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sd{rf/L egf{ x'g] t/ sfd gk'Ug] cj:yf st}
5 eg] st} sd{rf/Ln] sfd} gEofpg] cj:yf
klg 5 . b/aGbLx¿sf] k'g/fjnf]sg ubf{ x/]s
lgsfon] cfˆgf] cGt/utsf] b/aGbL x6fpg
grfxg] k|j[lt 5 .
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ug]{ u5{ t/ ;]jfu|fxL;Fusf] Jojxf/ / k|efjsf/L
;]jf k|jfxsf nflu Jojxf/sf] kIf klg
dxQ\jk"0f{ x'G5 .
-r_ lghfdtL ;]jfdf ;'k/efOh/ / dftxtsf]
sd{rf/LaLrsf] ;DaGw / e"ldsf cToGt}
sdhf]/ cj:yfdf 5 . cfˆgf] dftxtsf]
sd{rf/Lsf] sd{sf08L sfo{;Dkfbg d"NofÍgdf
s]xL e"ldsf /x]sf] 5. t/ s'g} klg sd{rf/LnfO{
sfo{;Dkfbgsf cfwf/df k'/:s[t ug]{, b08Lt
ug]{, pTk|]/Lt ug]{ / ;r]t u/fpg] s'g} klg sfd
xfn sfof{no/ljefuLo/zfvf k|d'vn] ug{
;Sb}gg\ . /fhgLlts kl/jt{g / nf]stGqsf]
Joj:yfn] v'nf u/]sf] 6«]8 o'lgog clwsf/n]
o;nfO{ k|efljt u/]sf] 5 . ;/sf/n] lghfdtL
;]jf lbj;df k'/:sf/ k|bfg ubf{ ;DalGwt
sd{rf/Lsf] ;'k/efOh/nfO{ yfxf gx'g] cj:yf
klg 5 .
-5_ lghfdtL ;]jfdf pTk|]/0ffsf] Go"g cj:yf
ePsf] ;DaGwdf ljleGg cWoogx¿n] pNn]v
u/]sf 5g\ . ;+u7gfTds nIo k|flKtsf nflu
sfo{/t sd{rf/Lsf] pTk|]/0ff cToGt} dxTjk"0f{
dflgG5 . x/]s JolQmdf pTk|]/0ffsf tQ\jx¿
km/s km/s x'G5g\ . Pp6f JolQm pTk|]l/t x'g]
s'/fn] c¿ ;a} pTk|]l/t x'G5g\ eGg ;lsb}Fg .
sfd ug]{ jftfj/0f, ;+u7gfTds sfo{;+:s[lt,
k];fut ;'/Iff, ;+u7gsf] lgZkIf Jojxf/h:tf
g]kfnsf] ;fj{hlgs k|zf;g ;DaGwL klqsf k|zf;g 59
 bh{gf} tQ\j o;sf nflu lhDd]jf/ dflgG5g\ .
lghfdtL ;]jfdf o;sf] s'g} :yflkt dfGotf
ljsf; x'g ;s]sf] 5}g\ . 3/af6 ljxfg sfof{no
hfFbf cToGt} pTk|]l/t eP/ uPsf] sd{rf/L ;fFem
kms{bf hfFlu/ 5f]8\g] dgl:yltdf k'U5 . o;
k|sf/sf] ptf/r9fjk"0f{ pTk|]/0ffsf] cj:yfn]
lghfdtL ;]jfn] ;/sf/sf] ck]Iff k"/f ug{ ;Sg]
b]lvb}Fg\ .
eflj :j¿k M
b]zsf] /fhgLlts tyf k|zf;lgs k'g{;+/rgf;Fu}
lghfdtL ;]jfsf] klg k'g{;+/rgf x'Fb} u/]sf] cj:yf
Psflt/ 5 eg] csfl{\t/ ;+ljwfgcg';f/ ;+3Lo
lghfdtL ;]jf, cGo ;+3Lo ;/sf/L ;]jf tyf
k|b]z dlGqkl/ifb\ / ufpF/gu/ sfo{kflnsfn] ;/sf/L
;]jfsf] u7g / ;~rfng ug{ ;Sg] Joj:yf 5 . ;+3Lo
Prcf/ k|efjsfl/tf
p4]Zo k|flKtsf
;+u7gfTds /0fgLlt
Prcf/
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lgZsif{ M
;/sf/n] hgtfsf nflu pknAw u/fpg rfx]sf]
;]jf ;'ljwf tyf hgtfn] ;/sf/af6 k|fKt ug]{ ;]jf
;'ljwfsf] ;Djfxssf ¿kdf lghfdtL ;]jf tyf cGo
;/sf/L ;]jfn] sfd ul//x]sf 5g\ . ;/sf/L ;]jfdf
60 PRASHASAN The Nepali Journal of Public Administration
lghfdtL ;]jf xfnsf] lghfdtL ;]jfaf6} ¿kfGt/0f
x'g] / cGo ;+3Lo ;/sf/L ;]jf /xg] 5g\ . /0fgLlts
dfgj;|f]t Joj:yfkgsf b[li6n] ;+3Lo lghfdtL
;]jfdf s'g xb;Dd k|efjsf/L xf]nf, To;sf] eflj
:j¿kn] lgwf{/0f u5{ . :yfgLo ;/sf/sf nflu eg]
;/sf/L ;]jfdf /0fgLlts dfgj;|f]t Joj:yfkg
cjnDag ug{ ;lsg] cj;/ b]lvG5 . x/]s :yfgLo
;/sf/n] cfˆgf] gu//ufpFkflnsfsf] ljsf; tyf
cGo k|fyldstf lgwf{/0f u/]sf] x'G5 . :yfgLo
lgsfox¿n] ;]jf k|jfxsf] :ki6 dful{\rq ljsf;
ug{ ;S5g\ . ;fy} :yfgLo txd} egf{ ul/Psf
sd{rf/Lsf] ;¿jf klg gx'g] ePsfn] /0fgLlts
dfgj;|f]t Joj:yfkgsf] kIf :yfgLo lgsfox¿df
cjnDag x'g ;Sg] / :yfgLo ;/sf/ k|efjsf/L tyf
;Ifd x'g] cj;/ /x]sf] 5 . o;nfO{ Armstrong
(2006) n] lgDgfg';f/ k|:t't u/]sf 5g\ .
;]jf k|jfxsf] u'0f:t/ /
;]jfu|fxL ;Gt'i6L
Prcf/ k|ltkmn M
sd{rf/Lsf] bIftf ;+u7gfTds
;+:yfut k|ltj4tf, k|efjsfl/tf
pTk|]/0ff ultzLntf
;]jf k|jfxsf]
k|efjsfl/tf -;do
/ ;fwg ;|f]t_
sfo{/t sd{rf/Laf6 ;/sf/ :jo+ / hgtf b'j} kIf
;Gt'i6 ePsf] kfOFb}g / ;/sf/L ;]jfsf sd{rf/LnfO{
x]g]{ ;/sf/ ;~rfns tyf hgtf b'j}sf] b[li6sf]0f
;sf/fTds 5}g . ;/sf/n] cfˆgf] hgtfk|ltsf]
bfloTjnfO{ sd{rf/L dfkm{t k"/f ug]{ ePsfn] ;/sf/L
;]jfnfO{ ;'b[9 agfpg], ljsf; ug]{, kl/rfng ug]{
/ ;du| ;'wf/sf] bfloTj ;/sf/s} x'G5 . u7g x'Fb}
u/]sf :yfgLo ;/sf/x¿n] of] kIfdf cem ljz]if
Wofg lbg' cfjZos 5 . dfgj;|f]t Joj:yfkgsf]
k/Dk/fut cjwf/0ffn] ;/sf/ tyf hgtf b'j}sf
cfsf+Iff k"/f x'g sl7g x'g] x'Fbf ;/sf/x¿n] cfˆgf]
nIo / p2]Zo cg's"n x'g] u/L /0fgLlts dfgj;|f]t
Joj:yfkgsf lqmofsnfkdf Wofg lbg'k5{ .
;Gbe{ ;fdu|L M
Armstrong, M. (2006). Strategic human
resource management: A guide to action.
3th edition. Thomson-Shore, Inc.
Greer, R.C. (2001). Strategic Human
Resource Management. Pearson Inc:
Boston.
Storey, J., Wright, P.M., & Ulrich, D.
(2009). The Routledge Companion to
Strategic Human Resource Management.
Routledge Taylors and Francis Group:
London.
Winne, D., & Sels, L. (2003). HRM and
Performance, Research without Theory.
Katholieke Universiteit Leuven.
g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg -@)&@_, sfg"g lstfa Joj:yf
;ldlt, sf7df8f}F .
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sfg"g lstfa Joj:yf ;ldlt, sf7df8f}F .
g]kfnsf] ;fj{hlgs k|zf;g ;DaGwL klqsf k|zf;g 61
 ;fdlos cfaZostfM /fhgLlt /
k|zf;gaLr ;dk"/stf
;f/f+zM
:yfgLo txsf] lgjf{rgsf] ;dflKt;Fu} hg:t/df hgk|ltlglwsf]
pkl:ylt x'G5.;+3Lo ;+/rgfcg';f/ lghfdlt sd{rf/Lx¿ klg
:yfgLo txdf hgk|ltlglw;Fu} hg;]jfdf ;'zf;g sfod u/fpg
vl6g'kb{5 . k|zf;g :jtGq/t6:y x'g'kb{5 / /fhgLltn] lgoGq0f
ug{'kb{5. k|zf;lgs ;+oGqsf] :jtGqsf] cfofd / hgk|ltlglwn]
ug]{ lgoGq0ftfsf] cfofdb'a}sf] :t/ clws x'g'kb{5 tyfkL
gePsf] v08df ljleGg lsl;dsf c;/x¿ h:tf] ls /fhlglts
k|efj,sfo{;Dkfbgdf ult/f]w, sd{rf/LtGq :j/fh h:tf c;/x¿
b]vf kb{5g. hg:t/df ;'zf;g sfod u/fpg] lhDd]jf/L kfPsf
hgk|ltlglw / sd{rf/LaLr ;dk"/s ;DaGw sfod ePdf dfq
cflzif cof{n pTs[i6 ;]jf k|bfg u/L ;'zf;g sfod u/fpg ;lsG5 h'g g]kfnsf]
;Gbe{df ;d;fdlos cfaZostf xf] .
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k|0ffnL xf]. g]kfndf gFof ;ljwfg,@)&@ sf] ;kmn sfo{Gjog
ug{ / hgtfsf clwsf/ / Ph]G8fx¿nfO{ ;'/lIft ug]{ nf]stlGqs
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klxnf] r/0fdf hDdf &^^ :yfgLo txdf hgk|ltlglw r'lgb} 5g.
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;dofalw ;lsPkl5 :yfgLo tx k|zf;lgs ;+oGqsf] cfwf/df
rn]sf] lyof] . g]kfnsf] lghfdlt k|zf;g sdhf]/ / c;Ifd 5
eGg] Jofks u'gf;f] 5 . ;+3Lo zf;g k|0ffnL cGt/utsf] lghfdlt

62 PRASHASAN The Nepali Journal of Public Administration

k|zf;g cem} a9L k|efjsf/L kf/bzL{ kl/0ffdd'vL
/ t6:y x'g' cfjZos 5 . o;} ;Gbe{df /fhgLlt /
k|zf;gsf] cGt/;DaGwsf af/]df ;dod} :ki6 x'g'
h¿/L 5 .
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cledt / rfxgfnfO{ sfo{¿kdf kl/jt{g ug{
;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf] dxQ\jk"0f{ e"ldsf /x]sf]
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b'O{ lhDd]jf/Ldf ljeflht /fhgLlt / sd{rf/LtGqsf]
sfd eg] Pp6} zf;sLo k|0ffnL / lgsfodf kb{5.
oL b'j} kIfsf km/skm/s lhDd]jf/L tyf :jfy{ /
;fd'lxs pQ/bfloTj 5 . /fhgLlt / k|zf;gsf]
cGt/;DaGwnfO{ leGg ;dodf ljleGg lj1x¿n]
ljleGg b[li6sf]0faf6 x]/]sf 5g .
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kIf eg]sf] rfFlx gLlt lgdf{0fdf pgLx¿sf] e"ldsf
xf] . s;}n] /fhgLlt / k|zf;gnfO{ b'O{ k[ys ljifo
x'g klg eg]sf 5g\ . To;} u/L sltko laåfgx¿n]
/fhgLlt / k|zf;gnfO{ Ps} l;Ssfsf b'O{ kf6fsf]
¿kdf lnPsf 5g\ / pgLx¿n] d'n'ssf] ;jf{ËL0f{
ljsf;sf nflu b'a}sf] ;xsfo{ h¿/L 5 eg]sf
5g\ .c7f/f} ztfAbLdf lj8«f] ljN;gn] /fhgLltnfO{
6fpsf] / k|zf;gnfO{ xftv'§fsf ¿kdf x]/]sf lyP
eg] aL;f}+ ztfAbLsf] ;'¿lt/ j]a/ /fhgLlt1x¿nfO{
k|zf;sx¿eGbf sdhf]/ dfGby] / k];fut bIftf
xfl;n u/]sf ;'of]Uo sd{rf/Lx¿n] …cbIfÚ
/fhgLlt1x¿sf] k|efjaf6 d'Qm /xL lgikIftf sfod
/fVg'kb{5 eGg] dfGotf /fVy] .
/fhgLlt1x¿df /fi6« lgdf{0f ug]{ cfbz{ OR5f
zlQm;lxtsf] b"/b[li6 / sd{rf/LtGqdf gjLgtd\
;f]r, ljj]s, g}ltstf, tyf lj1fg k|ljlw /
snf;DaGwL Joj;flostf ePdf oL b'a} zlQmsf]
k|efjsf/L ;+of]hg / hgpQ/bfoL sfo{lbzf;lxt
k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjog ug{ ;s]df dfq d'n's lgdf{0f
ug{' ;Dej x'G5 . To;}n] d'n'sdf ljlwsf] zf;g
/ ;'zf;gnfO{ ;fsf/, ;Ifd agfpg, /fhgLlt1
/ sd{rf/LtGqaLr ;f}xf›k"0f{ ;DaGw / lglZrt
nId0f /]vf;lxt Ps–cfk;df e/kbf]{ ljZjfl;nf]
jftfj/0f x'g' kb{5 . k|zf;gsf] ;+rfng Aofj;flos
l;4fGtcg'¿k x'g' kg]{ egL JofVof ul/Psf] gofF
;fj{hlgs Joj:yfkgn] k|efjsf/L gLlt lgdf0f{sf
nflu /fhgLlts If]qn] afXo lj1, /fhgLlts
;Nnfxsf/x¿, bafa ;d"x Pj+ cGo gfkmfd"ns
;+:yfx¿sf] ;xof]u lng ;Sg] s'/f :jLsf/ u/]sf]
5 . lhDd]jf/ ;/sf/sf nflu /fhgLlt / k|zf;g
b'a}n] hgtfnfO{ s]G› laGb'df /fvL zf;gsf x/]s
kIf / If]qdf hgtfsf] kx'Fr a9fpg'kb{5 .
/fhgLlt / k|zf;gaLrsf] ;dk"/stf
;fj{ef}d hgtfsf] b[li6sf]0faf6 /fhgLlt / k|zf;g
b'a}sf] nIo p4]Zo ;fa{ef}d hgtfsf] ;]jf, ;'lawf,
pGglt / k|ultsf nflu sfo{ ug]{ xf] . ;fj{ef}d hgtfsf]
;Ddfg ug]{ hgd'vL zf;g Joj:yf / k|efjsf/L /
bIftfk"0f{ ;fa{hlgs ;]jfk|jfxsf nflu /fhgLlt
/ k|zf;g b'a}sf] k|ltj4tf ;fdlos cfjZostf
xf] . /fhgLlts / k|zf;gaLr ;fdfGotM ljZjel/ g}
Pscsf{sf] kl/k"/ssf] ;DaGw :yflkt eO{ cfPsf]
5 . d'n'ssf] rf}tkmL{ ljsf;sf nflu Psflt/
hgtfsf] dgf]efjgf a'‰g h¿/L 5 eg] csf]{lt/
s'g} klg sfdsf] sfo{ljlw cyf{t\ k4lt lgdf{0f
u/L To;sf] cg'z/0f ug{ h¿/L x'G5 . t/ sf]lx
/fhgLlts l;2fGt af]s]/ r'lgPsf hgk|ltlglwn]
g]kfnsf] ;fj{hlgs k|zf;g ;DaGwL klqsf k|zf;g 63
k|zf;gnfO{ /fhgLlts ;fWo k"lt{sf] ;fwg dfGb5g\
/ k|of]u ug{ vf]Hb5g\ h'g unt k|of; xf] .
hgk|ltlglw / k|zf;lgs ;+oGq ;an ;'zf;g
lgdf{0fsf] ;femf nIodf s]lG›t /xg'kb{5,h;sf]
nflu oL b'O{aLr ;dk"/s ;DaGw sfod x'g' h¿/L
x'G5 . ;dk"/s ;DaGw/cj:yfdf b'O{ jf ;f]eGbf a9L
kIf Ps csf{sf] u'0f:t/ ;'wf/df nfUb5g.casf]
/fhgLlt / k|zf;lgs ;+oGq s'g} ;DalGwt sfo{
;DkGg ug{ Pscsf{aLr cToflws lge{//;dk"/s
/xg'kb{5 . ;dk"/stf s'g cy{df eg] hgtf2f/f
r'lgPsf hgk|ltlglwn] lgoGq0f ug]{ xb / k|zf;lgs
;+oGqsf] :jtGqtfsf] :t/df. oL b'O{lar Pp6f
;Gt'lnt ;Gt'ng sfod x'g'kb{5 .lgoGq0f cfofdn]
s] hgfFpb5 eg] g]t[Tj lbg] / lg/LIf0f /ko{j]If0f
sfod /fVg ;Sg] /fhg}lts IfdtfnfO{ hgfFpb5 eg]
:jtGqtfsf] cfofdn] gLlt th{'df / sfof{Gjogdf
t6:y sd{rf/LtGqn] b]vfpg] Jofj;flos
bIftf/IfdtfnfO{ O+lut ub{5 .hgk|ltlglw /
sd{rf/LtGq cf–cfˆgf] cf}krfl/s :yfg
d"No/dfGotf / b[li6sf]0fdf cfwfl/t /x]/ leGg
e"ldsf lgjf{x ub{5g . plgx¿sf] Jojxf//cfr/0f
h¿/ ¿kdf ldNbfh'Nbf -Overlap_ x'G5g .
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hjfkmb]xL /x]/ sfo{;Dkfbg ug]{ sd{rf/LtGqsf]
:jtGqtfsf] s;/L ;Ddfg ug]{ eGg] dxQ\jk"0f{ x'G5 .
o:tf] lsl;dsf] lj/f]wfefifnfO{ h]D; Pr :jf/f
-JamesH.Svara_n] ;g\ @))! df b'O{ ;"rs Ps
k|zf;ssf] :jtGqtfsf] :t/ -Administrators:
Level of Independence_ / csf]{ hgk|ltlglwsf]
lgoGq0fsf] xb -Elected officials: Degree of
Control_ nfO{ lnP/ JofVof u/]sf lyP . pRr
hgk|ltlglwsf] lgoGq0f / Go"g k|zf;lgs :jtGqtf
64 PRASHASAN The Nepali Journal of Public Administration
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t;y{, cfb{z cj:yfdf ;dk"/s ;DaGw sfod
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/ hgk|ltlglwsf] lgoGq0fsf] xb b'a} clws
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u/]sf 5g\ .
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k|zf;g ;+oGqaLr kf/:kl/s k|efa / cfkl; ;Ddfg
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ug]{ / sd{rf/LtGqsf] IfdtfnfO{ lgog|0fdf /fVg]
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x'g ;S5 . l;2fGtt M /fhgLltsf s]lx ju{ k|zf;lgs
sfdsf/aflxdf k|efj /fVg vf]H5g\ . t/ plgx¿
sd{rf/LtGqsf] of]Uotf Ifdtf / k|ltj4tfnfO{ ;Ddfg
ug{'kg]{df l;dfa2 x'G5g\ . To:t} sd{rf/LtGqsf s]xL
ju{ pknAw ;|f]tx¿sf] k|of]u ul/ :jlgb]{lzt aGg
;S5g\ t/ pQ/bfloTjk|ltsf] k|ltj4tfn] pgLx¿nfO{
nfrf/ agfFpb5 . sd{rf/LtGq :yfoL x'gfn] pgLx¿
dha't x'G5g, ;"rgfdf al9 kFx'r /fVb5g\ / zf;g
ug]{ ljz]iftf / cg'ea xfl;n u/]sf x'G5g eg]
hgk|ltlglw hgtfb\af/f lgjfl{\rt x'G5g\ . t;y{
b'a}sf] lgoGq0f h¿/L x'G5 .
g]kfnL ;Gbe{
g]kfnsf] kl/k|]Iodf /fhgLlt / k|zf;gsf]
cGt/;DaGwsf] cg'ej Tolt kmnbfoL /x]sf] kfOb}g .
sfg'gL lx;fan] oL b'O{ If]q larsf] ;DaGwnfO{ ;'dw'/
/ ;dGjosf/L agfpg s]xL Aoj:yf ul/Psf] eP
klg Aojxf/df eg] b'a}n] cfˆgf] uGtAo / e"ldsf
klxNofpg ;s]sf] kfOb}g . g]kfndf alnof] /
k|lta4 k|zf;g ;+oGq 5}g . ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf]
cy{ ;a}sf] ;femf, t6:y jf lgikIf x'G5 . t/
g]kfndf gftfjfb, s[kfjfb, hfltjfb, If]qLotfjfb,
wgjfb / /fhgLltjfbn] h/f uf8]sf] 5 . clxn]
;+3Lo ;+/rgfdf hfFb} u/]sf] ;d;fdlos cj:yfdf
¿kfGt/0f gul/P ef]ln klg ToxL /lx/xg] b]lvG5.
Joj;flos Ifdtf j[l2 eGbf /fhgLlts kx'Fr j[l4
‰ofFlËb} uPdf, sd{rf/LtGqdf Joj;flostf x/fFpb}
hfG5 sd{rf/L ;+oGq /fhgLlt1sf ;xof]uL xf]Og
u'nfd aGg k'U5g\ .
e|i6rf/ ;]jfk|jfxsf] Pp6f /f]u ag]sf] 5 sd{rf/LtGqsf]
ck|efjsfl/tf / lgl:qmotf/csd{0otf ;+/rgfut
;d:of / ;F:s[lt ag]sf] 5 . ;+/rgfut ;d:of
o; ¿kdf ls g]kfnsf] ;fdflGos[t ax'p2]lZoo
sd{rf/LtGq jt{dfg zf;gsf hl6n r'gf}ltx¿;Fu
le8\g] vfnsf] u/L tof/ ul/Ps} 5}g. sd{rf/Ln]
cfkm"nfO{ cnUu} ju{sf] 7fGg] / cfTds]G›Lt cledfg
;fj{hlgs ;]jfdf ;F:s[lt g} ag]sf] 5. l;4fGtt\ M
k|zf;lgs t6:ytfnfO{ cfTd;ft ug{'kg]{ g]kfnsf]
;fj{hlgs k|zf;g klg Aojxf/df /fhgLlts bn
/ JolQmut :jfy{k|lt k|ltj4 b]lvG5 . /fhgLlts /
k|zf;lgs ;+:sf/ kl/:s[t geO{ ;s]sf] xfd|f] h:tf]
;dfhdf ;dfh h:tf] 5 To:t}, zf;g / k|zf;g
x'G5 eGg] dfGotf TofUg ;Sg' kb{5 .
lgisif{
;fa{ef}d hgtfsf] enfO /fhgLlt / k|zf;g b'a}sf]
clei6 xf] . logLx¿aLr ;dk"/s ;DaGw :yfkgf
x'g' eg]sf] gË / df;'sf] h:t} ;DaGw :yflkt ug{'
xf] . ;Ifd / :jtGq k|zf;gsf] cefjdf /fhgLltn]
;'zf;g sfod u/fpg ;Sb}g eg] lgoGq0f ug{
g;Sg] sdhf]/ hgk|ltlglw ePdf k|zf;gsf] s'g}
uGtAo x'Fb}g . b'j}sf bIftf / Ifdtfsf] clwstd
Pj+ ;dGjofTds k|of]uaf6 ck]lIft glthf lgsfNg
;lsG5 . lgjf{rgkZrft\ :yfgLo:t/d} ljleGg
/fhgLlts ljrf/wf/f af]s]sf hgk|ltlglw / ljleGg
lgod sfg'gdf afFlwPsf sd{rf/LtGqsf aLrdf
;dk"/stfsf] ;DaGw ckl/xfo{ 5 . :yfgLo txdf
hfg] k|zf;g ;+oGqn] ljleGg u'0fx¿ / Jofj;flos
Ifdtfx¿ ljsf; ug{'kb{5 eg] hgk|ltlglwx¿n]
klg k|zf;g ;+oGqsf] Joj;flostfnfO{ ;Ddfg
ub}{ k|efjsf/L ;]jf k|jfxdf hgtfnfO{ s]G›ljGb'df
g]kfnsf] ;fj{hlgs k|zf;g ;DaGwL klqsf k|zf;g 65
/fv]/ cfˆgf lqmofsnfkx¿ ;~rf;ng ug{' sfod x'g ;S5 h'g ;'zf;g sfod u/fpgsf nflu
kb{5 . jiff}{b]lv rNb} cfPsf] ;xdltsf] /fhgLltn] ;d;fdlos cfjZostf xf] .
k|zf;g;Fu klg ;xdlt /fVgs ;Sg'kb{5 .
/fhgLlt1x¿df ;fj{hlgs gLlt lg0f{o ug{ ;Gbe{ ;fdfu|L
;Sg] kof{Kt 1fg, sd{rf/LtGqsf] ;~rf.ng / SVARA, J.H., 1999, “Complementarity of politics
and administration as a legitimate alternative
Joj:yfkgsf] ;Lk ckl/xfo{ 5 . k|zf;gsf] j}wtf, to the dichotomy model”. Administration and
l:y/tf / Ifdtf j[l4sf nflu /fhgLlts If]q k|ltj4 Society, Volume 30:676-705. 28.
x'g' kb{5 . To;} u/L k|zf;sx¿df Joj;flostf / SVARA, J.H., 2001, “The myth of the dichotomy:
t6:ytfsf] clej[l4 x'g' h¿/L b]lvG5 . /fhgLlt Complementarity of politics and administration
in the past and future of public administration”.
/ k|zf;gaLrsf] ;xsfo{nfO{ lz/f]wfo{ ub}{ d'n'ssf] Public Administration Review, Volume 61:176-
/fhgLlts, cfly{s, ;fdflhs–;f+:s[lts p4]Zo 184
k|fKt ug{ k|zf;sx¿ Tolts} lhDd]jf/ / pQ/bfoL
z/bs'df/ clwsf/L, /fhgLlt / k|zf;gsf]
x'g' jf~5gLo b]lvG5 .
cGt/;DaGw, https://necsue.wordpress.
s'g} klg b]zsf] ;/sf/ ToxfFsf] k|zf;goGq com/2011/08/30/
eGbf /fd|f] x'g ;Sb}g . ;+3Lo :j¿kdf lghfdtL
d]3/fh z+s/, /fhgLlt / k|zf;gaLrsf]
k|zf;gsf] e"ldsf ;]jf k|jfxsf] b[li6n] hlt
;DaGw, http://archive.nagariknews.
dxQ\jk"0f{ 5, t6:ytf / lgioIftfsf] b[li6n]
com/opinion/story/28324.html
cem} r'gf}tLk"0f{ 5 . r'gf}ltnfO{ cj;/df kl/jt{g
ug{ k|zf;lgs ;+oGqn] x/]s txdf /fhgLlts /]UdL bfdf]b/-@)&@_, k|ltj4, t6:yPj+ hgd'vL
t6:ytf k|bz{g/:jtGq aGg ;Sof] / hgk|ltlglwn] lghfdtL ;]jfsf] cjwf/0ff tyf ;+3Lo ;+/rgfdf
;+odtfk"j{s lgoGq0f ug{ ;s]df ;dk"/s ;DaGw lghfdtL ;]jfsf] :j¿k,g]uf] cy{ ;Gb]z .

66 PRASHASAN The Nepali Journal of Public Administration

;fj{hlgs ;]jf a8fkq M cfjZostf
/ o;sf] k|of]usf] cj:yf
ljifo k|j]z
;fj{hlgs lgsfox¿af6 ;Dkfbg x'g] sfo{x¿ k|efjsf/L,
ldtJooL, u'0f:t/Lo, kf/bzL{ tyf pQ/bfoL 9+un] x'g'kg]{ ckl/xfo{
5 . gful/snfO{ k|bfg ul/g] ;]jfdf s'g} klg kIfaf6 sdL gxf];,
pTs[i6 Pj+ lgikIf tj/n] ;]jf k|bfg ug{ ;lsof]; eGg] x]t'n] ;a}
sfof{no tyf lgsfox¿df ;a}n] b]lvg] u/L /flvg] ;fjj{hlgs
;]jf a8fkqdf ;j{;fwf/0fn] k|fKt ug]{ ;]jfsf] k|s[lt, nfut, ;do,
tf]lsPsf] kbflwsf/L, :yfg, u'gf;f] Joj:yfkg, Ifltk"lt{ h:tf
kIfx¿nfO{ ;d]l6Psf] x'G5 . k|ljlwsf] k|r'/ pkof]uaf6 ljZj Ps
ufpF -Global One Village_ df ¿kfGtl/t eO/x]sf] cj:yfdf
gful/sn] k|fKt ug]{ ;]jf klg k|ljlwd}qL x'g' cfjZos 5 .
pd]z bfxfn æps'bfÆ To;}n], gful/s a8fkq klg elgg] ;fj{hlgs ;]jf a8fkqnfO{ klg
;dofg's"n Digital Base df cfwfl/t agfP/ kl/jlt{t :j¿kdf
cWofudg clws[t th{'df u/L sfof{Gjogof]Uo t'Nofpg' kg]{ cj:yf l;h{gf ePsf] 5 .
cWofudg laefu
gful/s a8fkqsf] k|of]unfO{ Aofkstf t'NofO{ o;af6 s'g s'g
lgsfoaf6 ;Dkfbg x'g] ;]jfx¿ s], s:tf] / s;/L k|jfx x'G5 <
eGg] s'/fnfO{ t'¿Gt cjut x'g] cj:yf l;h{gf u/fpg gful/s
a8fkqn] k|efjsf/L e"ldsf v]n]sf] x'G5 . t;y{, g]kfndf gful/s
a8fkqsf] k|of]u, cfjZostf, sfof{Gjog:t/df ePsf r'gf}tLx¿
h:tf s'/fnfO{ hfgsf/Ld"ns 9+un] oxfF k|:t't u/]sf] 5' .

kl/ro
;fj{hlgs lgsfox¿n] gful/sx¿df k|jfx ug{'kg]{ ;]jf ;'ljwfnfO{
l56f]5l/tf], ;/n, ldtAooL, kf/bzL{ t'Nofpgsf nflu ckgfO{g]
3f]if0ffkq cyf{t k|lt1fkq -commitment Letter_ nfO{
;fj{hlgs ;]jf a8fkq elgG5 . ;fj{hlgs ;]jf a8fkq -Service
Charter_nfO{ gful/s a8fkq -Citizen Charter_klg elgG5 .
;fj{hlgs lgsfox¿n] ;]jf k|jfxsf l;nl;nfdf gful/sx¿;Fu

g]kfnsf] ;fj{hlgs k|zf;g ;DaGwL klqsf k|zf;g 67

ug]{ afrf g} gful/s a8fkq xf] . o;n] gful/s
/ ;/sf/aLrdf cGt/;DaGw sfod u/L zf;sLo
lqmofsnfk / ultljlwx¿sf] j}wtf phfu/ ug]{
dfWodsf] ¿kdf sfo{ ub{5 . s'g} klg ;fj{hlgs
lgsfox¿af6 k|bfg ul/g] ;]jfx¿ s] s] x'g, ;]jf
k|bfg ug]{ lhDd]jf/ zfvf, OsfO{ / kbflwsf/L sf]–
sf] x'g, tL ;]jf k|fKt ug{ slt z'Ns / ;do nfU5,
lgwfl{|t ;do, z'Ns / tf]lsPsf AolQmaf6 ;]jf
gkfO{Pdf ;f] sf] u'gf;f] ;'Gg] clwsf/L sf] x'g,
tf]lsPadf]lhd ;]jf gkfP s] s:tf] Ifltk"lt{sf]
Joj:yf x'G5 h:tf s'/fx¿ ;d]6]/ ;a} ;]jfu|fxLn]
b]Vg] u/L sfof{nosf] cu|efu cf;kf;df /flvg]
;]jfx¿sf] ljj/0fsf] hfgsf/Ld"ns ;"rgf kf6L
gful/s a8fkq xf] . hgtfdf k|bfg ul/g] ;]jfsf]
k|efjsfl/tfsf nflu cjnDjg ul/Psf] ljlw g}
gful/s a8fkq xf] . /fHo zlQmsf ;jf]{Rr >f]t
hgtf g} x'gfn] pgLx¿nfO{ ;]jfsf] ;";'lrt u/fpg]
dfu{bz{s -Guideline_ klg Service Charter
xf] . s;} s;}n] Pp6} zAbdf k|of]u u/]sf] kfO{Ptfklg
s]xL ;+:yf / AolQmx¿sf] egfOdf Service
Charter leq Citizen Charter nfO{ /fv]/
x]g]{ ul/Psf] kfOG5 . oBlk Citizen Charter sf]
k|of]u ;/sf/L sfof{nox¿n] k|of]u ug]{ efiff xf]
eg] Service Charter lghL If]qn] ;d]t k|of]u
ub{5g\ . ljleGg ;]jf k|bfos lgsfox¿n] ;]jfsf]
k|s[lt cg';f/ leGgleGg tj/af6 a8fkq th{'df
u/L k|of]udf NofPsf] kfOG5 . h:t}M c:ktfndf
la/fdL a8fkq, k;ndf d"No;"rL, cbfnt / k|x/Ldf
lelS6d rf6{/, ljBfnodf cleefjs rf6{/ cflb .
gful/s a8fkqsf] cjwf/0ff ;g\ !(*) sf] bzsdf
a]nfotaf6 z'¿ ePsf] xf] . ;g\ !((! df klxnf]
k6s o;sf] Aofjxfl/s k|of]usf] z'¿jft a]nfotsf
k|wfgdGqL John Major n] u'0f, 5gf]6, :t/, d"No,
68 PRASHASAN The Nepali Journal of Public Administration
pQ/bfloTj / kf/blz{tf h:tf l;4fGtaf6 kl/eflift
u/L a]nfotsf] lghfdtL ;]jfaf6 u/fPsf x'g.
To;j]nf k|ToIf gful/s pQ/bfloTjsf] :yfkgf ug{
gful/s a8fkqsf] z'¿jft ePsf] lyof] . g]kfndf
la=;+= @)%^ ;fndf k|wfgdGqL s[i0fk|;fb e§/fO{sf
kfnfdf æljkGgnfO{ cfo, lgd'vfnfO{ GofoÆ gfds
sfo{qmdsf] dfWodaf6 ;/sf/L lgsfox¿n] ug{'kg]{
sfo{ / ;f]sf] cg'udg k4ltsf] ljsf; u/L gful/s
a8fkqsf] cg'z/0f ul/of] eg] lj= ;+= @)^!
;fndf gful/s a8fkq sfof{Gjogdf NofO{of] .
;'zf;g -Aoj:yfkg tyf ;~rfng_ P]g, @)^$ n]
;a} ;/sf/L lgsfodf gful/s a8fkq nfu' ug]{ /
To;nfO{ kfngf ug{'kg]{ sfg"gL Joj:yf uof]{ . lj= ;+=
@)&) ;fn a}zfv b]lv g]kfndf Ifltk"lt{ ;lxtsf]
gful/s a8fkq nfu" ul/Psf] xf] .
;]jf cleofg ;~rfng lgb]{lzsf, @)^% cg';f/
;]jfsf lsl;d, ;]jf k|fKt ubf{ nfUg] z'Ns, tyf
b:t'/ ;]jf k|bfg ug]{ lhDd]jf/ AolQm, ;]jfsf] u'0f:t/,
;]jf k|bfg ubf{ nfUg] ;dofjlw, ;]jf k|jfxsf] zt{
/ sfo{ljlw, ;]jf pknAw x'g g;s]sf] cj:yfdf
pkrf/sf] ljlwh:tf s'/f v'nfO{ ;]jfu|fxLsf]
hfgsf/Lsf nflu ;]jf k|bfos lgsfodf 6fFluPsf]
;fj{hlgs ;"rgfnfO{ gful/s a8fkq hgfpF5 egL
pNn]v ePsf] 5 .
;fj{hlgs ;]jf j8fkqnfO{ sxfF s] elgG5 <
United Kindom :- Citizen's Charter
Malaysia :- Client's Charter
Australia :- Service Charter
Canada :- Quality Service
Nepal :- Citizen Charter\Price Index
Australian Public Service Commission sf
cg';f/
"A Service Charter is a short publication
that informs the client about the agency's
services outlines relevant avenues of
communication, details relevant service ;fj{hlgs a8fkqdf pNn]v ul/g]
standards and outlines client rights and
s'/fx¿÷ljz]iftfx¿
responsibilities including feedback and
available complaint mechanisms." • ;+u7gsf] b[li6sf]0f -Vision_
• nIox¿ -Goals_
• sfo{qmdx¿ -Programs_
p2]Zox¿
• ;]jfsf lsl;dx¿ -Details of Services_
/fHon] gful/sx¿nfO{ k'¥ofpg'kg]{ ;]jfdf
• ;]jf k|flKtsf k|lqmofx¿ -Process_
s'g} sdL gxf];\ / ;]jf lbg] /fHosf clwsf/L
• ;]jf lng nfUg] ;do -Time Frame_
ju{x¿ hjfkmb]xL aGg ;s"g\ eGg] clek|fon]
• ;]jf afktsf] b:t'/, of]ubfg -Contribution
gful/s a8fkqsf] cjwf/0ff cufl8 cfPsf]
to Service_
xf] . gful/s a8fkqaf6 ;+u7g tyf lgsfonfO{
• lhDd]jf/ kbflwsf/L -Responsible
pQ/bfoL, hjfkmb]xL / gful/sd}qL agfO{ ;fj{hlgs
Authority_
;]jf k|jfxdf k|efjsfl/tf, u'0f:t/Lotf, ldtJooLtf
• ph'/L jf u'gf;f] ;'Gg] AolQm -Noodle
sfod u/L ;]jfdf pTs[i6tf xf;Ln ug{' d'Vo p2]Zo
Person_
xf] . o;sf cltl/Qm cGo p2]Zox¿nfO{ lgDgfg';f/
• Ifltk"lt{sf] Joj:yf -Compensation_
pNn]v ug{ ;lsG5 .
• kf/bzL{ sfo{k|0ffnLsf] ljsf; ug{' .
• Quality, Quantity, Cost / Time aLrdf ;fj{hlgs j8fkqn] lgDg kfFr -%_ kIfx?nfO{
tfbfDotf ldnfpg' ;fy} hfgsf/L lbg' . ;d]6]sf] x'G5 –
• sfddf tyf k|lqmofut lx;fadf k|efjsf/L, s_ u|fxs (Customer)
ldtJooL, bIftf xfl;n ug{' . v_ nfut (Cost)
• sfg'gL zf;gnfO{ k|Tofe't ug{' . u_ k|lqmof (Coverage)
• sd{rf/Lx¿sf] sfd, st{Jo / lhDd]jf/L :ki6 ug{' . 3_ u'gf;f] (Complain)
• ;]jfsf] ;'lglZrttf sfod ug{' . ª_ Ifltk"lt{ (Compensation)
• ;]jfsf k|lqmofx¿ :ki6, ;/n / Jojl:yt ug{' .
dxŒj / cfjZostf
• ;]jf k|bfos / ;]jfu|fxL aLrsf] ;DaGw /fd|f]
h'g;'s} ;+:yfx¿af6 ;Dkflbt sfo{df Efficiency
agfpg' .
/ Effectiveness df hf]8 lbg' cfjZos 5 . ;]jf
• ;+:yfut Ifdtfsf] clej[l4 ug{' .
k|jfx ug]{ lgsfo / ;]jfu|fxLaLrdf cGt/;DaGw
• k|zf;lgs lgikIftf sfod ug{' .
sfod u/L ;]jf ;'ljwfnfO{ kf/bzL{, pTs[i6, pQ/bfoL
• clgoldttf / e|i6frf/ Go"gLs/0f u/L kf/blz{tf
/ lhDd]jf/ t'Nofpg ;fj{hlgs ;]jf a8fkqsf]
sfod ug{' .
e"ldsf cxd /x]sf] dflgG5 . o;af6 ;Dk"0f{ ;]jfu|fxL
• ;]jf ;dod} gx'Fbfsf cj:yfdf Ifltk"lt{
tyf u|fxs, ;+u7g/;+:yf / lgsfonfO{ :j¿k, k|s[lt
Aoj:yfaf/] :ki6tf k|bfg ug{' .

g]kfnsf] ;fj{hlgs k|zf;g ;DaGwL klqsf k|zf;g 69

/ cj:yfcg';f/sf] kmfO{bf k'Ug] b]lvG5 . ;fj{hlgs
a8fkqsf] dxTj / cfjZostfnfO{ lgDgfg';f/
pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .
s_ u|fxs tyf ;]jfu|fxLsf] nfluM
• ;]jf k|jfxsf] ;"rgf pknAw x'g] .
• l56f] 5l/tf] kf/bzL{ / k|efjsf/L ;]jf k|fKt x'g] .
• Quantity, Quality / Time af/] hfgs/L
eO{ ;xhtf cfpg] .
• ;dfg'kflts nfesf] Gofof]lrt ljt/0f x'g] .
• u'gf;f] ;'g'jfO{ x'g] .
• ;/ntf / ;xh 9+un] ;dfg ¿kdf ;]jf k|fKt
x'g] .
v_ ;+:yfsf] nfluM
• ;]jfsf] u'0f:t/df ;'wf/ u/L To;nfO{ Maintain
ug{ .
• sd{rf/Lsf] lhDd]jf/L / pQ/bfloTj lglZrt u/L
hjfkmb]xLtf / pQ/bfloTj k|jb{\wg ug{ .
• sd{rf/Lsf] sfo{;Dkfbg dfkg ug{ .
• ;+u7gfTds Good will df clej[l4 ug{ .
• ;]jfsf] juL{s/0f u/L 5gf}6 / k/fdz{sf] cj;/
pknAw u/fpg .
• ;]jfu|fxL / ;+:yfaLr cGt/;DaGw sfod ug{ .
• Record Management df ;xhtf Nofpg .
u_ Regulators sf] nfluM
• u'gf;f] ;'g'jfO{ ub}{ oy]i6 d"Nofª\sg u/L Ifltk"lt{
k|bfg ug{ .
• u|fxs/;]jfu|fxLnfO{ kf/bzL{¿kdf j:t' tyf
;]jf k|bfg u/L ;'lglZrttf sfod ug{ .
g]kfnsf] Joj:yf / k|of]usf] cj:yfM
g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg -@)&@_ sf] wf/f @& adf]lhd
70 PRASHASAN The Nepali Journal of Public Administration
k|To]s gful/snfO{ cfˆgf] jf ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf]
s'g} klg ljifosf] ;"rgf dfUg] / kfpg] xs x'g]5
eGg] pNn]v 5 . lj=;+= @)^! ;fnb]lv g]kfndf
gful/s a8fkqsf] k|of]u ePsf] xf] . lj=;+= @)%^
;fndf ljkGgnfO{ cfo / lgd'vfnfO{ Gofosf]
gfdaf6 ;/sf/L ;]jf k|efjsf/L agfpg] lgb]{lzsf
kfl/t ePsf] xf] . To;kl5 ;]jf k|jfxdf ;fj{hlgs
pQ/bfloTj k|j4{g ug]{ qmddf @)^@ ;fndf 3'lDt
;]jf, ;fj{hlgs ;'g'jfO{ h:tf sfo{qmd;DaGwL
sfo{ljlwsf] k|of]u ul/Pkl5 ;'zf;g;DaGwL P]g,
lgod th{'df u/L gful/s a8fkqnfO{ sfg"gL ¿kd}
/fHon] c+uLsf/ u/]sf] xf] .
To;}u/L ;/sf/n] Ifltk"lt{ ;lxtsf] gful/s a8fkq
Joj:yfkg lgb]{lzsf, @)^( klg nfu' u/]sf] lyof] .
z'¿df cWofudg ljefu, j}b]lzs /f]huf/ ljefu,
oftfoft Joj:yf ljefu, e"ld;'wf/ Joj:yfkg
ljefu, gfkL ljefu, vfB tyf u'0f lgoGq0f
ljefudf Ifltk"lt{;lxtsf] gful/s a8fkq nfu"
ePsf] lyof] .sfof{nodf cfpg] u|fxs jf ;]jfu|fxLn]
sfd gePdf jf tf]lsPsf] ;doleq sfd gePdf
:ki6 sf/0f ;lxt ;]jfu|fxLnfO{ ¿= @%) b]lv ¿=
%))) ;Dd Ifltk"lt{ lbg'kg]{ Aoj:yf pNn]v ePsf]
5 . ;]jfu|fxLn] sfd l9nf ePsf] ph'/L lgj]bg ltg
-#_ lbgleq ;DalGwt sfof{nodf lbPdf sfof{no
cGtu{t ;DalGwt kmfF6af6 Ifltk"lt{ lbg] k|fjwfg
/x]sf] 5 . ;]jf cleofg ;~rfng lgb]{lzsf,
@)^% n] ;]jf k|jfxsf] k|efjsfl/tf, ;fj{hlgs
hjfkmb]lxtf / kf/bzL{tfnfO{ hf]8 lbPsf] 5 . ;]jf
cleofg ;~rfng lgb]{lzsf @)^% sfof{Gjgdf
cfO{ ;]jf k|jfxsf] k|efjsfl/tf, ;fj{hlgs
hjfkmb]lxtf / kf/blz{tfnfO{ hf]8 lbPsf] 5 .
;'zf;g -Joj:yfkg tyf ;~rfng_ P]]g, @)^$ sf]
bkmf @% df gful/s a8fkq /fVg'kg]{ Joj:yf u/]sf]
5 . h;df lgDgfg';f/ s'/fx¿ pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .
!_ ;j{;fwf/0fnfO{ ;]jf k|bfg ug]{ jf hg;Dks{
sfod ug]{ k|To]s ;/sf/L sfof{non] ;a}n]
b]Vg]f 7fpFdf tf]lsPadf]lhd gful/s a8fkq
/fVg' kg]{5 .
@_ ;f] adf]lhdsf] gful/s a8fkqdf cGo s'/fsf]
cltl/Qm b]xfosf s'/fx¿ pNn]v ePsf] x'g'
kg]{5M
s_ ;DalGwt sfof{non] lbg] ;]jf / To;sf] k|s[lt,
v_ ;]jfu|fxLn] ;]jf k|fKt ug{ k"/f ug{'kg]{ sfo{ljlw,
u_ ;]jf k|bfg ug{ nfUg] ;dofjlw,
3_ ;]jf k|bfg ug]{ kbflwsf/L / lghsf] sfo{sIfsf]
ljj/0f,
ª_ ;]jf k|fKt ug{ s'g} b:t'/ tyf cGo /sd nfUg]
eP ;f]sf] ljj/0f,
r_ tf]lsPadf]lhdsf cGo s'/fx¿ .
#_ dfly pNn]v ePsf s'/fx¿ ;DalGwt
sfof{nonfO{ afWofTds x'g]5g\ / ;f] adf]lhd
sfo{ ;Dkfbg u/L ;j{;fwf/0fnfO{ ;]jf k|bfg ug{'
;DalGwt sfof{no k|d'v tyf cGo sd{rf/Lsf]
st{Jo x'g]5 .
$_ dgfl;a sf/0flagf;f] adf]lhdsf] gful/s
a8fkq adf]lhd sfo{ ;Dkfbg geO{ ;]jfu|fxLn]
;]jf k|fKt ug{ g;s]df ;DalGwt sfof{nosf]
k|d'v tyf ;f]sf] lhDd]jf/ sd{rf/Lpk/ ljefuLo
sf/afxL x'g ;Sg]5.
%_ dgfl;a sf/0f lagf ;f] adf]lhdsf] gful/s
a8fkq adf]lhd sfo{ ;Dkfbg geO{ ;]jfu|fxLn]
;]jf k|fKt ug{ g;sL ;]jfu|fxLnfO{ s'g} xfgL
gf]S;fgL x'g uPsf]df ;f] xfgL gf]S;fgL afktsf]
Ifltk"lt{ ;DaGwL Joj:yf tf]lsP adf]lhd
x'g]5 .
^_ gful/s a8fkq;DaGwL cGo Joj:yf tf]lsP
adf]lhd x'g]5 .
;'zf;g -Joj:yfkg tyf ;~rfng_ lgodfjnL,
@)^% sf] lgod !$ df gful/s a8fkq;DaGwL
Aoj:yf 5 . h;df lgDgfg';f/ pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .
!_ ;j{;fwf/0fnfO{ ;]jf k|bfg ug]{ jf hg;Dks{
sfod ug]{ k|To]s ;/sf/L sfof{non] To:tf]
sfof{nosf] kl/;/leq ;j}n] b]Vg]j pko'Qm
7fpFdf gful/s a8fkq /fVg';kg]{5 .
@_ ;f] adf]lhd /flvg] gful/s a8fkqdf dfly
pNn]v ePcg';f/ P]gsf] bkmf @% df plNnlvt
s'/fsf cltl/Qm b]xfosf s'/fx¿ pNn]v ePsf]
x'g'kg]{5M–
s_ ;]jf k|fKt ug{ ;]jfu|fxLn] k]z ug{'kg]{ sfuhft,
v_ ;]jfu|fxLn] ;]jf ;DaGwdf u/]sf u'gf;f] ;'Gg]
clwsf/Lsf] kb / gfd,
u_ ;]jf k|bfos lgsfosf] tfn's sfof{no /
6]lnkmf]g gDj/,
3_ ;]jf k|jfxsf] k|fyldstf,
ª_ Ifltk"lt{ k|fKt x'g] / gx'g] ;]jfx¿ .
#_ P]gdf pNn]v eP adf]lhd Ifltk"lt{sf] bfjL
ug{sf nfuL ;]jf k|bfos lhNnf:t/Lo
sfof{no eP k|d'v lhNnf clwsf/L;dIf,
lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{no eP If]qLo k|zf;g
sfof{no;dIf, sf7df8f}+ pkTosfleqsf] s'g}
sfof{no eP ;DalGwt ljefu;dIf, ljefu
jf ljefuLo :t/sf] sfof{no eP ;DalGwt
dGqfno;dIf / dGqfno eP k|wfgdGqL tyf
dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no;dIf tf]lsP adf]lhdsf]
9fFrfdf lgj]bg k]z ug{'kg]{5 .
$_ lhNnf:t/Lo sfof{no jf lhNnf k|zf;g
g]kfnsf] ;fj{hlgs k|zf;g ;DaGwL klqsf k|zf;g 71
 sfof{no ;]jf k|bfos ePsf] cj:yfdf
o; lgod adf]lhd Ifltk"lt{sf] lgwf{/0f ug{
b]xfoadf]lhdsf] Ps ;ldlt /xg]5M
s_ lhNnf ljsf; ;ldltsf] ;efklt –cWoIf
v_ k|d'v lhNnf clwsf/L –;b:o
u_ ;]jf k|bfos sfof{nosf] k|d'v –;b:o
t/ lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{no / lhNnf ljsf;
;ldltsf] sfof{nosf] xsdf Ifltk"lt{ lgwf{/0f ug{
If]qLo k|zf;sn] tf]s]sf] a9Ldf tLg ;b:oLo
Ifltk"lt{ ;ldlt /xg]5 . ljefu jf ljefuLo :t/sf]
sfof{no, dGqfno jf k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf]
sfof{nosf] xsdf ;DalGwt dGqfno jf lgsfon]
a9Ldf tLg ;b:o;Ddsf] Ifltk"lt{ lgwf{/0f ;ldlt
u7g ug{ ;Sg]5 .
%_ ;f] adf]lhd kg{ cfPsf] lgj]bg hfFra'em
ubf{ lgj]bgsf] Joxf]/f dgfl;j b]lvPdf
;]jfu|fxLnfO{ k'Ug uPsf] jf:tljs xfgL
gf]S;fgLsf] kl/df0fsf] ljrf/ u/L To:tf] ;]jf
k'gM k|bfg ubf{ lgz'Ns ¿kdf lbg jf j9Ldf
kfFr xhf/ ¿k}ofF;Dd Ifltk"lt{ lbg ;DalGwt
;ldltn] ;DalGwt lgsfosf kbflwsf/Lsf
gfddf cfb]z lbg ;Sg]5 .
^_ ;f] adf]lhd kfpg] Ifltk"lt{ ;DalGwt lgsfosf
k|d'v kbflwsf/Ln] tTsfn ;]jf k|bfg
gug]{ lhDd]jf/ sd{rf/Laf6 c;'npk/ u/L
;]jfu|fxLnfO{ pknAw u/fpg' kg]{5 .
sfof{Gjogsf r'gf}tLx¿ xf]. gful/sx¿nfO{ ;zQm t'NofO{ ;]jfsf] kx'Frdf
;fj{hlgs ;]jf Gofof]lrt ¿kdf ;dfg'kflts tj/n]
ljt/0f x'g h¿/L 5.;]jfnfO{ kf/bzL{, ;/n, ;xh,
k|efjsf/L / u'0f:t/Lo t'Nofpgdf gful/s a8fkqn]
v]Ng] e"ldsfnfO{ uxg¿kdf dgg ul/g' h¿/L 5.
gful/s a8fkqnfO{ w]/}h;f] lgsfo / ;+:yfx¿n]
72 PRASHASAN The Nepali Journal of Public Administration
Pp6f k|lqmof k"/f ug]{ ¿kdfdfq lnPsf 5g\ .
a8fkqsf] k"0f{ sfof{Gjog u/L gful/s/;]jfu|fxLsf]
ljZjf; cfh{g ug{;Sg] ljZjfl;nf] jftfj/0f sfod
ug{' k|d'v r'gf}lt b]lvG5 . o;sf cltl/Qm cGo
sfof{Gjogsf r/0fdf ;fdgf ug{'kg]{ r'gf}tLx¿nfO{
lgDgfg';f/ pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .
• gful/s a8fkq;DaGwL gLlt lgodsf]
sfof{Gjog ug{' .
• ;]jf k|bfos lgsfosf] Aojxf/nfO{ ;]jfd'vL
agfpg' .
• j:t' tyf ;]jf k|bfos AolQmx¿sf] dgf]an
clej[l4 u/L pTk|]/0ff hufpg' .
• hgrfxgfjdf]lhdsf] ;]jf k|bfg ug{' .
• k|s[ofd'vL ;]jfsf] cGTo u/L l56f]5l/tf] ;]jf
k|bfg ug{' .
• ;]jfu|fxLsf] kx'Fr k'of{pg', ldtJooL ;]jf k|bfg
ug{' .
• ;]jfu|fxLsf] clwsf/ ;DGwL sfg"g agfpg' .
• Ifltk"lt{ ;lxtsf] gful/s a8fkqsf nflu
Ifltsf] cf+sng / dfkb08 tf]lsg] cj:yfsf]
hl6ntf ;fdgf ug{' .
cGTodf,
h'g;'s} j:t' tyf ;]jfsf] k|jfx l56f]5l/tf], ldtJooL,
kf/bzL{, u'0f:t/Lo, hjfkmb]xL / pQ/bfoL 9+un]
ug{sf nflu ;]jf k|bfos ;+3, ;+:yf tyf lgsfosf]
nflu ;fj{hlgs ;]jf a8fkq ;a}eGbf pko'Qm Tool
k"0f{tf lbnfpg / ;'zf;gsf] cjwf/0ffnfO{ cg'e"tL
t'Nofpg a8fkq /fdjf0f ;fljt x'G5 . a8fkqn]
c+lusf/ ug]{ l;4fGtx¿ -u'0f:t/, ljsNk, d"Nosf]
klxrfg, Ifltk"lt{, pQ/bfloTj / kf/blz{tf_ sf]
k|Tofe"lt sfod ug{ ;lsPdf pTs[i6 ;fj{hlgs
;]jfaf6 ljd'v /xg'kg]{ b]lv+b}g . g]kfnsf] ;fj{hlgs
;]jfnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfO{ pQ/bfoL / lhDd]jf/Ld"ns
zf;sLo Joj:yf cjnDag ug{ ;fj{hlgs ;]jf
a8fkqsf] cfjZos clgjfo{ 7fgL o;sf] k|efjsf/L
sfof{gjogsf nflu ljleGg P]g, lgod, lgb]{lzsf /
sfo{ljlw th{'df u/L sfof{Gjogdf NofOPsf] 5 .
olt x'Fbfx'Fb} klg a8fkqsf] pkof]u k|efjxLg b]lvg
uPsf] 5 . a8fkqsf] ;]jf k|jfxdf d'Vo e"ldsf /xg]
/ ;]jfdf ;du| ;'wf/ x'g hfg] s'/fnfO{ ulDe/tfsf
;fy lng ;lsPsf] 5}g . t;y{, a9LeGbf a9L
hg;/f]sf/ x'g] lgsfodf pko'Qm Joj:yf ul/g'kg]{,
;a}sf] kx'Fr k'Ug] / ;a}n] b]lvg] u/L :yfg 5gf}6
u/L /flvg'kg]{, >Jo gful/s a8fkqsf] ;d]t
Joj:yf u/L k|ljlwd}qL jftfj/0fnfO{ cjnDjg
ug{ Digital Based Service Charter nfO{
cljnDa sfof{Gjog ul/g'kg]{ cfjZostf b]lvG5 .
o;sf ;fy} a8fkq sfof{Gjog lgb]{lzsf th{'df u/L
sfof{Gjogof]Uo t'NofO{Pdf r'gf}tLx¿sf] ;fdgf ug{
;lsG5 . /fHosf] >f]t ;fwgsf] k"0f{ pkof]u / kl/rfng
u/L gful/sx¿sf] xslxt ;+/If0f / ;+jb{\wg ub}{
pgLx¿sf] hLjg:t/ psf:g / ;dtfd"ns ;dfhsf]
:yfkgf u/L ;d[4 d'n'ssf] :yfkgf ug{ ;fj{hlgs
;]jf k|jfxsf] :t/ psfl;g' cfjZos 5 . To;sf
nflu a8fkqnfO{ cf}krfl/stfsf] ¿kdf dfq glnO{
;fj{hlgs a8fkqsf] :yfg / e"ldsfnfO{ Vofn
ub}{ kl/jlt{t :j¿kdf ¿kfGtl/t agfOg' clxn]sf]
cfjZostf xf] .
;Gbe{ ;fdu|L
g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg, -@)&@_ .
;'zf;g -Joj:yfkg tyf ;~rfng_ P]g, @)^$ Pj+
lgodfjnL, @)^%.
x'nfs k|lzIf0f s]G›4f/f k|sflzt x'nfs klqsf .
eQmk'/ lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{noaf6 k|sflzt
gful/s a8fkqsf] ;+ufnf], @)&@ .
zf;g k|0ffnL, ;'/]z clwsf/L, sl/o/ sfplG;lnË
;]G6/ k|f=ln= 4f/f k|sflzt k':ts .
cWoogsf] qmddf pknAw ;f]kfg, k|zf;g,
k|zf;lgs ;'wf/ nufot b}lgs, ;fKtflxs, kflIfs,
dfl;s, / jflif{s ¿kdf k|sflzt kqklqsfdf
;dfj]z n]v /rgf tyf ljrf/ nufotsf k|sflzt
/ ck|sflzt ;fdu|Lx¿ .
Website : www.opmcm.gov.np, www.
undp.org.np, www.google.com nufot.
g]kfnsf] ;fj{hlgs k|zf;g ;DaGwL klqsf k|zf;g 73
 pRr cfly{s j[l4sf nflu k"h
“ Lut
vr{ a9fpg] pkfox¿
;f/f+z
cfly{s l:y/tf, tLa| cfly{s j[l4 tyf cfDbfgL / ;DklQsf]
Gofof]lrt ljt/0f ug]{ cy{tGqsf] s]G›Lo s8Lsf] ¿kdf ah]6nfO{
lnOG5 . sfo{sfl/0fLsf] lhDd]jf/L tf]Sg], /fli6«o cfo clej[l4
ug]{, ljQLo gLltnfO{ sfof{Gjog ug]{, /f]huf/Lsf cj;/x¿ j[l4
ug]{, cfly{s l:y/tf sfod ug]{, hgtf/gful/snfO{ b]zsf] cfly{s
l:yltaf/] hfgsf/L lbg], ;|f]t ;fwgsf] clwstd kl/rfng ug]{,
cfjlws of]hgf sfof{Gjog ug]{ sfo{kflnsf pk/ Joj:yflksfsf]
lgoGq0f ug]{ nufotsf p2]Zox¿ ah]6n] /fv]sf] x'G5 .ah]6
sfof{Gjog / cfly{s j[l4 kl/k"/s / cy{tGqdf ;dfgfGt/ rNg]
cfly{s cjojx¿ x'g\. s'g} c;fdfGo cfly{s jif{df d'n'ssf]
/fd axfb'/ s]=;L= pTkfbg 36]/ kl5Nnf] cfly{s jif{df ;fdfGo cj:yfdf dfq} kms{g]
xf] eg] klg cy{tGqsf] pTkfbg j[l4b/ prf] x'G5 . oxL k|s[ofnfO{
zfvf clws[t,
cy{ dGqfno cy{zf:qdf 6]lSgsn l/afp08 Okm]S6sf] ;+1f lbG5g\ .o;sf] lbuf]
:yfoLTjsf] nflu k'FhLut vr{sf] ljsNk 5}g .

ljifo k|j]zM
/fHo/;/sf/sf] ljut / jt{dfg cfly{s cj:yfsf] d"Nofsgsf]
cfwf/df cfufdL cfly{s jif{sf] nflu ul/g] sfo{qmdsf] nflu
nfUg] cg'dflgt vr{ / ;f] vr{ h'6fpg] ;|f]tx¿sf] cg'dfg ug]{ cy{
/fhgLlts b:tfj]h ah]6 xf] . d'n'ssf] /fhg}lts l:ylt, cfly{s
cj:yf, ef}uf]lns agfj6, hg;+Vof, k|flsts ;|f]t ;fwgsf]
pknJwtf, dfgjLo ;+zfwgsf] l:ylt cflb tTjx¿n] ah]6sf]
cfsf/ / cfotgnfO{ k|efj kfb{5 . nf]stGq cjnDag ePsf
d'n'sx¿df ah]6sf] th{'df sfo{sfl/0fLaf6 eO{ o;nfO{ hgtfsf
cfjZostf / cfsf+Iff cg'¿k ;dtfd"ns 9+un] cflwsfl/stf
lbg] sfd Joj:yflksfaf6 x'G5 .

74 PRASHASAN The Nepali Journal of Public Administration

rfn' cfly{s jif{df bz vj{ c7\rflnt cj{
aofgAa] s/f]8 13 nfvsf] ah]6 sfof{Gjogdf 5
h;df rfn' vr{ tkm{ 5 ;o ;q cj{ 16 s/f]8 41
nfv, k'FhLut vr{ tkm{ ¿= tLg;o P3f/ cj{ 94
s/f]8 63 nfv / ljQLo Joj:yf tkm{ Ps;o pGgL;
cj{ 81 s/f]8 9 nfv ljlgof]hg ul/Psf] 5 . ljut
cfly{s jif{sf] t'ngfdf rfn" cfly{s jif{df k'FhLut
vr{ sl/j 33.04 k|ltztn] j[l4 ePsf] b]lvG5 .
k'FhLut vr{ zLif{s tkm{sf] ljlgof]lht /sd a9\g'n]
cy{tGqsf cjojx¿ s[lif, pBf]u, jfl0fHo, cfk"lt{,
a}+s tyf ljQLo ;+:yf, ko{6g, lbuf] jftfj/0f,
If]qLo ;Gt'ng, l;FrfO, pmhf{, vfg]kfgL, oftfoft,
;"rgf tyf ;+rf/, ef}lts k"jf{wf/ tyf k'glg{df{0f
nufotsf ;f];n cf]e/x]8 Soflk6nsf If]qx¿df
nufgL j[l4 eO{ /f]huf/L ;[hgf, cfo cfh{g j[l4,
ul/jL Go"gLs/0fsf ;fy ;fdflhs ;f+:s[lts
ljsf; dfkm{t ;sf/fTds ;fdflhs kl/jt{g eO{
cfly{s ;+j[l4 xfl;n ug]{ tkm{ d'n's cu|;/ x'G5 .
rfn' vr{sf] cf}lrTo k'li6 / k'FhLut vr{sf] cfsf/
a9fpg' o;sf] k"j{ zt{ g} xf] .
ah]6 :jLs[t eO;s]kl5 ljifout dGqfnox¿nfO{
cy{ dGqfno dfkm{t clVtof/L uP kZrft
sfof{Gjogdf cfpF5 . o;/L x]bf{ ah]6 sfof{Gjogdf
k|ToIf ¿kdf ljifout dGqfno / cy{ dGqfno
;+nUg /xG5g\ . ah]6 sfof{GjognfO{ cfly{s, ljQ
/ If]qut gLltx¿ sfof{Gjog ug]{, tL gLltx¿n]
lnPsf nIo, p2]Zo / /0fgLltx¿nfO{ d"t{ ¿k lbg],
xfl;n ug]{ cZqsf] ¿kdf :jLsf/ ul/G5 . k'FhLut
vr{tkm{ x'g] ljlgof]hg /sdtkm{ ;a} ljsf; k|]dL,
cy{zf:qsf lj1, cfd hgtf/gful/s, ljsf;
;fem]bf/ nufotsf] lrof]rrf]{ / rf;f] x'g' :jefljs}
xf] . o; lx;fjdf x]bf{ s"n ah]6sf] slt lx:;f
rfn'tkm{, k'FhLut tkm{ / ljQLo Joj:yf tkm{
s;/L ljlgof]hg ePsf] 5 egL a9f] rgfvf] k"j{s
lh1f;f /fVg]b ul/G5 . xfnsf lbgx¿df k'FhLut
vr{tkm{sf] c+z lj:tf/} a9\b} uPsf] ljut cfly{s
jif{sf tYofÍx¿sf] t'ngfaf6 b]lvG5 . pNn]lvt
k'FhLut lzif{s tkm{sf] ztk|ltzt /sd vr{ x'g
;s]df ah]6 aQmJodf cleJoQm 6.5 k|ltztsf]
cfly{s j[l4 / sfnf]ahf/L lgoGq0f, cg'udg
d"Nof+sg ePdf nufotsf /fi6« a}+sn] k|:t't u/]sf
zt{ ;lxtsf OlG8s]6/ k"/f ePdf d'›f:kmLlt b/ 7.5
k|ltztsf] jflG5t ;Ldfleq /xg]5 . t/ lj8Dagf
xfdLsxfF nIoadf]lhdsf] k'FhLut vr{ x'g ;s]sf]
5}g . g]kfnsf] df}h'bf ;+ljwfgdf k|:t't ;+a}wflgs
Joj:yf cg';f/ cfly{s jif{ @)&#÷)&$ sf] ah]6
lj=;+= @)&# h]7 !% ut] Joj:yflksf ;+;bdf
k|:t't eO{ @)&# c;f/ d;fGtdf g} ljlgof]hg P]g
:jLs[t eO{ ;f]xL lbg cy{ dGqfnoaf6 clVtof/L
uO{ cfly{s aif{ z'¿ x'g' eGbf $% lbg cufl8 ah]6
cfPtfklg vr{sf] cj:yf x]bf{ cnL{ ah]6sf] k|efj
ah]6 sfo{Gjogdf gk/]sf] tYofÍx¿af6 b]lvG5 .
d xfn]vf lgoGqs sfof{noaf6 k|fKt tYofÍ x]bf{
2074 j}zfv 15 ut] ;Dddf k'FhLut vr{ 28.25
k|ltzt, rfn" vr{ 55 k|ltzt / ljQLo Joj:yf
tkm{ 35.81 k|ltzt vr{ ePsf] 5 . s"n ah]6sf]
cfsf/sf] t'ngfdf k'FhLut vr{ k|ltzt sd
b]lvPtfklg rfn" cfly{s jif{sf] r}q d;fGt;Ddsf]
;dofjlwdf s"n u|fx:y pTkfbgsf] 3.56 k|ltzt
vr{ ePsf] b]lvG5 h'g ljut 10 jif{sf] ;f]xL
cjlwsf] t'ngfdf bf]Aa/ a9L xf] . ut cfly{s
jif{sf] j}zfv 15 df k'FhLut vr{ ¿= 39 cj{ vr{
ePsf]df rfn" cfly{s jif{sf] ;f]xL cjlwdf ¿=
88 cj{ k'FhLut vr{ x'g' g]kfnsf] cy{tGqsf] nflu
;'vb kIf ePtfklg lgk"0f{ xf]Og .
g]kfnsf] ;fj{hlgs k|zf;g ;DaGwL klqsf k|zf;g 75
k'FhLut vr{ a9fpg] pkfox¿: x'g] x'Fbf ;¿jf Joj:yfkgnfO{ r}q jf j}zfv
-s_k'FhLut vr{ a9fpg ah]6 th{'dfsf] qmddf dlxgfdf ug{ ;'¿jft ug]{ . aGb, x8tfn,
zLif{sut ¿kdf kof{Kt 5nkmn, ;+rf/ / rSsfhfd tyf o:t} hah{:t vfnsf dfgj
;dGjosf ;fy cfof]hgfsf] nfut nfe clwsf/ ;d]t s'lG7t x'g], lx+;f / czflGt
ljZn]if0fsf cfwf/df o'lg6 d"Nosf cfwf/df a9\g], cf}Bf]lusLs/0f / cfly{s ljsf;df
oyfy{ ¿kdf x'g] vr{sf] k"jf{g'dfg u/L g]kfn ;+s'rg ug]{ ePsf]n] o:tf lqmofsnfkx¿nfO{
;/sf/sf] >f]t jf j}b]lzs >f]t, e"QmfgLsf] /fhgLlts ;xdlt u/L lg:t]h ug]{ .
tl/sf Plsg u/L bIftfk"j{s ah]6 ljlgof]hg -ª_ gbL tyf jgIf]qdf cfwfl/t lgdf{0f ;fdfu|Lx¿
ug{'kb{5. -9'Ëf, lu§L, afn'jf_ sf] pknAwtfdf b]lvPsf]
-v_ah]6sf] clVtof/L / :jLs[t sfo{qmd ;dodf sl7gfO{, cfof]hgfsf] nflu cfjZos kg]{ hUuf
ljifout dGqfnox¿af6 vr{ ug]{ O{sfOdf k|flKt / ¿v s6fgsf] ;d:of / sfo{df x'g]
k'of{spg] / lgwf{l/t ;dodf sfof{Gjog sfo{ l9nfO{nfO{ ;dfwfg ug{ ;Da4 ;a} lgsfox¿sf]
of]hgf Pj+ vl/b of]hgf tof/ u/L ah]6 vr{ k/fdz{df PsLs[t gLlt hf/L u/L sfof{Gjogdf
Joj:yfkg ug]{ . clVtof/Lcg';f/ >fj0f Nofpg] .
dzfGtleq cfof]hgf / sfo{qmdx¿sf] lj:t[t -r_ j}b]lzs ;xfotfdf ;~rfolnt cfof]hgfx¿sf]
l8hfOg / nfut cg'dfg tof/ u/L ef› dzfGt n]vfk/LIf0f / k|ult k|ltj]bg ;dod} ;DkGg
leq af]nkq cfJxfg / sflt{s/d+l;/ leq 7]Ssf u/L lgsf;f ;dodf k|flKt / ;f]em} e'QmfgLsf]
k§fsf] sfd ;DkGg kZrft ;"rgf tyf tYofÍsf] ;DaGwdf n]vfÍg/ljj/0f lgoldt ¿kdf
oyf]lrt pkof]u u/L cfof]hgf/sfo{qmdx¿sf] sf]if tyf n]vf lgoGqs sfof{nodf
ax'cfoflds ljZn]if0f u/L ;"Id txsf] k|ljli6 u/fpg] Joj:yf cfof]hgf k|d'vn]
sfof{Gjog sfo{of]hgf tof/ u/L sfof{Gjogdf ug]{ . cfof]hgf/sfo{qmdsf] nflu ljlgof]lht
hfg] . /sd vr{ gug]{ t/ yk /sd lgsf;f dfu ug]{
-u_ lj:t[t ;j]{ l8hfOg, jftfj/0fLo k|efj d"Nof+sg k|j[lQnfO{ lgoGq0f ug{'kg]{ .
tyf cfof]hgfsf] nfut cg'dfg Pj+ ;DefJotf -5_ ljsf; ;ldltx¿ nufot cGo cg'udg ug]{
cWoog gePsf cfof]hgf/ sfo{qmddf ah]6 lgsfox¿n] b]lvPsf s}lkmotx¿ pk/ 5fgljg
ljlgof]hg gug]{ . cfof]hgfsf] cjlwe/ ubf{ cfof]hgf/sfo{qmd g} /f]Sg] k|j[lQ aGb ug]{,
of]Uo, bIf hgzlQm kl/rfng ug]{, cfof]hgf ljifoj:t' cWoog u/L zL3| lg0f{o lng] .
k|d'vnfO{ cfof]hgf ;DkGg geP;Dd ;¿jf -h_lgdf{0f Joj;foL Pj+ sG6\of{S6/nfO{ /fli6«o
gug]{ Joj:yf ldnfpg] . cfof]hgf k|d'vnfO{ gLlt, ;d;fdlos sfg"g, cfly{s k|fljlws
;Dk"0f{ lhDd]jf/L Pj+ clwsf/ k|bfg ug]{ . kIf, lgwf{l/t ;do, nfut, u'0f:t/Lotfk|lt
-3_ clZjg dlxgfdf sd{rf/L ;¿jf, To;kl5sf] hjfkmb]xL nufotsf ljifodf ;do ;dodf
a8f bz}F, ltxf/, 57 nufotsf dxfg kj{x¿n] k|lzIf0f k|bfg u/L cfof]hgfdf pNn]lvt
gofF sd{rf/Lx¿sf] l6d sfo{:yndf k'Ug l9nfO ;"rs k"/f ug]{ pTs[i6 lgdf{0f Joj;foLnfO{

76 PRASHASAN The Nepali Journal of Public Administration

 /fHo/;/sf/n] ;Ddfg Pj+ k'/:s[t u/L
sfo{;Dkfbg tf]lsPsf] ;dodf ;DkGg gug]{,
;Demf}tf kZrft ;Dks{df g/xg], u'0f:t/Lotf
sfod gug]{, sfo{ lhDd]jf/LnfO{ kG5fpg]x¿nfO{
sfnf] ;"rLdf /fVg], b08 / ;hfosf] Joj:yf
ug]{, eljiodf To; k|sf/sf] xs{t ug]{nfO{ 7]Ssf
k|s[ofdf ;xefuL gu/fpg] Joj:yf ldnfpg] .
-em_cfof]hgfdf ;+emf}tf eP kZrft x'g]
df]ljnfO{h]zg /sd e'QmfgL ug]{ Joj:yf x6fO{
sfo{ k|ultsf cfwf/df /sd e'QmfgL ug]{
Joj:yf ldnfpg' kg]{ . rfn' vr{ tkm{ ljlgof]lht
ah]6nfO{ cg'Tkfbs If]qdf vr{ gug]{ ldtJooL
9+un] vr{ ug]{ / ;do tflnsf;lxt k'FhLut
ah]6 vr{df hf]8 lbg] .
-`_;+jw} flgs k|ltj4tfadf]lhd :yfgLo txsf]
lgjf{rg dfkm{t :yfgLo txsf] ;/sf/x¿ u7g eO{ kl5Nnf] cfly{s jif{df ;fdfGo cj:yfdf dfq}
sfof{/De ug]{ . ;fj{hlgs ljbfsf] lbgx¿ 36fpFb}
n}hfg] . xf}l;o/ ;fj{hlgs ljbf 3f]if0ff gug]{ .
-6_ glthfd"ns cg'udg tyf d"NofÍgsf] Joj:yf
ldnfO{ b]lvPsf cfly{s, k|fljlws Pj+ cGo
;d:ofx¿nfO{ ;dGjofTds tl/sfn] ;dfwfg
ug]{ .
g]kfndf ah]6 sfof{Gjog / cfly{s j[l4sf]
cj:yfM
pRr /fhgLlts Pj+ Joj:yfksLo ;dGjosf
;fy ah]6 sfof{Gjog ug{ ;lsPdf cfof]hgf
/ sfo{qmdx¿sf] Jojxfl/s sfof{Gjog eO{ ;/sf/L,
lghL, ;xsf/L / ;fd'bflos If]qaf6 x'g] nufgL
tkm{sf] k'FhLut vr{df a9f]Q/L cfO{ pRr, lbuf] /
km/flsnf] cfly{s j[l4 x'g]df ljZjf; ug{ ;lsG5 .
rfn" cfly{s jif{df ^=( k|ltztsf] cfly{s j[l4
x'g] k"jf{g'dfg /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]un] u/]sf] 5 eg]
s]xL ljsf;sf ;fem]bf/x¿ &=% k|ltztsf] cfly{s
j[l4 xfl;n x'g]df cfzfjfbL 5g\ . 2072 ;fnsf]
dxfe"sDks, ;f] kZrftsf lg/Gt/ k/fsDkg, To;
nuQ} nfdf] ;do;Dd ;Ldfgfsfdf b]lvPsf] cj/f]w
nufotn] ;+s'rg ePsf] g]kfnsf] cy{tGqsf] nflu
jt{dfg ;dodf b]lvPsf] cfly{s j[l4 ;d]t Ps
;'vbsf] If0fdfq xf] . cl3Nnf] cfly{s jif{df
ePsf] Go"g cfly{s j[l4 ;fy} o; cfly{s jif{df
df};d, pmhf{, /fhgLlts / cf}Bf]lus >d ;DaGwn]
;d]t ;fy lb+bf s[lif pTkfbgdf ef/L j[l4 ePsf] 5 .
xfd|f] kl/l:yltdf pRr cfly{s j[l4df cl3Nnf]
jif{sf] c;fdfGo kl/l:ylt k|d'v sf/s eO{
6]lSgsn l/afp08 O{km]S6n] cfly{s j[l4b/ pRr
agfpgdf dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf v]n]sf] k|i6 b]lvG5 .
s'g} c;fdfGo cfly{s jif{df d'n'ssf] pTkfbg 36]/
kms{g] xf] eg] klg cy{tGqsf] pTkfbg j[l4b/ prf]
x'G5 . oxL k|s[ofnfO{ cy{zf:qsf lxdfotLx¿
6]lSgsn l/afp08 Okm]S6sf] ;+1f lbG5g\ . ut
cfly{s jif{df cfwf/e"t s'n ufx{:Yo pTkfbgsf]
j[l4b/ 0.11 k|ltzt ePsf] cy{tGqdf rfn"
cfly{s jif{sf] cfly{s j[l4 ;"o{sf] pHofnf] ls/0f
P]gfdf k/fsif{ eP h:t} xf] . o;} b'O{ cfly{s jif{sf]
cf}ift x]bf{ g} jf:tljs j[l4 kQf nfUb5 . df};ddf
cfPsf] ;'wf/nfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbg l;FrfO ;'ljwfdf
j[l4, aGb x8\tfndf cfPsf] ;'wf/nfO{ lg/Gt/tf
lbg /fhgLlts :yfoLTjdf hf]8, pmhf{df b]lvPsf]
;'wf/nfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbg cfGtl/s pTkfbg Pj+ ;f]sf]
s'zn Joj:yfkgdf hf]8 / k'FhLut vr{ j[l4nfO{
lg/Gt/tf lbg dfly k|:t't ul/Psf cfwf/x¿sf]
cIf/; sfof{Gjog x'g ;s]df lbuf], e/kbf]{ / :yfoL
cfly{s j[l4 cfufdL cfly{s jif{x¿df ;d]t k|fKt
ug{ ;lsg]5 . o;sf] l:kn cf]e/ Okm]S6 :j¿k k|lt
g]kfnsf] ;fj{hlgs k|zf;g ;DaGwL klqsf k|zf;g 77
JolQm cfo, ul/jL Go"gLs/0f nufot cy{tGqsf
cGo cjojx¿df ;sf/fTds kl/jt{g b]lvg]5 . ;Gbe{ ;fdfu|LM
Dale, Raider (2004), Development
lgisif{M Planning, London Zed Books.
g]kfnsf] cy{tGqsf] cfwf/ w]/} ;fgf] ePsf] tyf ut Sharma S(2005), Monitoring and
jif{ cy{tGqsf] j[l4b/ klg Ps k|ltzteGbf Go"g Evaluation of development Project
Issues facing Nepal in the Economic
ePsfn] o; jif{sf] cg'dflgt cfly{s j[l4b/ pRr
Journal of Nepal, Central Department of
h:tf] b]lvPsf] dfq xf] . o;df w]/} e/ ug]{ c¿ Economics, TU
k|:6 cfly{s cfwf/ 5}g . cfufdL jif{ klg ;f]xL
Todaro, M.P. and stephen, C.S (2004),
k|ltztsf] xf/fxf/Ldf jf a9L c+ssf] j[l4b/ xfl;n
Economic Development, New Delhi,
ug{ ;lsof] eg] oyfy{ cfly{s j[l4 ePsf] :jLsf/ Pearson Education.
ug}{kb{5. s[lif pTkfbg j[l4 ug{ cfjZos kg]{ ;]jf tyf
Paul R. R, Monetary Economics, Kalyani
;'ljwfx¿ ;dof]lrt ¿kdf pknAw x'g] ;'lglZrttf, Publication, India.
vr{ ;'zf;g, pmhf{ cfk'lt{df yk ;'wf/, cf}wf]lus
Paudyal, Keshab Pd., Monetary
jftfj/0fdf ;'dw'/ >d ;DaGw, /fli6«o k'glgdf{0fsf]
Economics, New Hira Books Enterprises,
ultdf j[l4, /fhgLlts :yfoLTj, ;+ljwfg k|bQ Kirtipur.
:yfgLo txsf] ;/sf/ u7g eO{ k'FhLut vr{ j[l4
Pj+ cGo ;+/rgfut tyf gLltut ;'wf/ u/L ;/sf/L, k/fu, /fli6«o sd{rf/L ;+u7g,lghfdtL ljefuLo
;xsf/L, lghL / ;fd'bflos If]qsf] ;xsfo{df o; ;ldlt, cy{ dGqfno, ljleGg c+sx¿
cfly{s jif{df k|fKt pRr j[lb b/nfO{ sfod /fVg]' g]kfn /fi6« a}+s ;dfrf/, ^@ cf}+ jflif{sf]T;j
jftfj/0f ;[hgf / :yfgLo txsf] Ifdtf clej[l4sf ljz]iffÍ @)&$, g]kfn /fi6« a}+s
;fy u'0f:t/Lo k'FhLut vr{sf] cfsf/ Pj+ k|ltzt
;fna;fnL a9fpg] tkm{ hf]8 lbg} kb{5 .

78 PRASHASAN The Nepali Journal of Public Administration

 Right to Water and
Its Management in Nepal
Abstract:
A water right is a legal permission to use a specified
amount of water for a beneficial purpose such as
drinking, fishing, irrigation, farming and hydro-
electricity generation. In the past, ownership and
rights issues concerning about water has never
been viewed seriously. Neither much regulatory
framework specific to the rights on water by its user
as well as the stakeholder existed in many countries
including in Nepal. In reality, a water right usually
constitutes the right to use for individual needs, but
not the ownership of the water itself.
After 1980s, water became an important item on
Arjun Kumar Khadka the international agenda because water problem/
scarcity is increasing globally. The causes of water
Joint Secretary scarcity are poor management of water resources,
(Law), increasing population, rapid urbanization, and
Parliament of Nepal deforestation. For these reasons, many countries
including Nepal have been facing shortages of safe
drinking water and/or water used for agricultural
and industrial purposes. In addition, the increasingly
deteriorating global position in term of access to
a clean water supply and inefficient sanitation
was raised during the UN Conference on Human
Settlements, held in Vancouver, Canada, in 1976. This
conference established water rights as burning issue.
Along with the international water related policy
initiatives, Nepal has also developed a consumer co-
operation movement to manage water problem in
many rural and urban areas.

g]kfnsf] ;fj{hlgs k|zf;g ;DaGwL klqsf k|zf;g 79

1. Introduction:
Human rights are basic fundamental
rights concerning issues such as life,
liberty, food, shelter, and health. These
are equal rights for both men and
women, which encourage social progress
and better standards of living and also
the foundation of freedom, justice,
and peace. Human rights recognize the
inherent dignity and inalienable rights of
all members of the human family.1
The term “water right” is actually used
in different contexts and different
jurisdiction to mean quite different
things. In principle, “water right” is
defined as the “right to take and use water
subject to the terms and conditions of
the grant”.2 However, rights to water are
accompanied by duties on the State and
on the Citizen to conserve and maintain
water resources and not to pollute.3 The
cause is that water is a basic human need,
and fundamental right to life.4 It focuses
on the adequate availability and quality
of drinking water which is an essential
human needs because without water,
human beings cannot survive.
2. Perception on Water Rights
(Drinking Water):
In the decade of 1980s, human rights
perspectives brought in the idea of water
1. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights, United Nations, New York (1948).
2. Asian Development Bank (ADB). 2001. Water for All: The Water Policy of the Asian Development Bank.
Manila pp.1.
3. Aryal R. S,The Law on Ownership and Right to Water in Nepal Final Report -2011.
4. Biswas, A. K. (2007a) Water as a human right in the MENA Region: International Journal of Water Resource
5. Ibid.
6. Ibid.
80 PRASHASAN The Nepali Journal of Public Administration
rights. For instance, the Committee on
Economic, Social and Cultural Rights
(CESCR), established in order to oversee
the implementation of the International
Covenant on Economic, Social and
Cultural Rights (ICESCR), presented a
document titled the General Comment
No. 15 at the UN 29th session in Geneva.
The comment reinterpreted Articles 11
and 12 of the ICESCR and concluded that
‘water’ can be considered to be a human
right under this covenant.5
In practice, the importance of a
clean water supply and waste water
management became prominent in
the international agenda during the
UN Water Conference in 1977. The
conference proposed that the 1980s be
declared the International Water Supply
and Sanitation Decade (IWSSD), with the
very ambitious objective of providing
clean water and sanitation to every
human being by the end of the 1990s.
Such international efforts have been
increasing in the water sector. Thus, the
time has come to recognize that people’s
access to safe drinking water and to
sustainable sanitation is a human right
globally. In the context of Nepal, as an
active member of UN, Nepal observed
IWSSD. Also, Nepal is a party of CESCR
and other water relating convention.6
In the international forum, the idea
of a right to water has been widely
discussed in the human rights context.
However, right to water is not fully
defined by existing international law. It
is implicitly and explicitly supported by
many human rights instruments.7 For
example, the International Covenant
on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR),
the core international law instrument
that guarantees some civil and political
rights for all human beings. However,
it is possible to infer the right to water
from the context within which the
text of the ICCPR is framed. Similarly,
implicit recognition of a right to water is
strengthened by the ICCPR’s preamble,
which emphasizes the inter-related
nature of civil, political, economic,
social and cultural rights. The preamble
proclaims that the ideal of free human
beings enjoying civil and political freedom
can only be achieved if conditions are
created whereby everyone enjoys civil
and political rights, as well as economic,
social and cultural rights. This affirms
that right to water is implicitly enshrined
in these inter-related rights.
The human rights to water may also
be read into some of the explicitly
enumerated rights in the ICCPR. For
example, the right to water can be
inferred from the right to life. The ICCPR
recognizes that, ‘every human being
has the inherent right to life. The right
shall be protected by law. No one shall
be arbitrarily deprived of his/ her life.
7. Gleick, Peter, 1999, “The human right to water,” Water Policy, 1(5): 487-503.
Likewise, the right to water is explicitly
provided in some international human
rights instruments as the Convention
on the Elimination of All Forms of
Discrimination againstWomen (CEDAW),
Convention on the Rights of the Child
(CRC) and the Disability Convention. It is
also implicitly provided in the provisions
of the Universal Declaration of Human
Right (UDHR), which also shows that
the right of access to water for personal
and domestic uses is an indispensable
component to an adequate standard of
living for human beings
3. Historical Basis of Water
Management:
The history of water management
emerged from the personal ownership of
the land bordering the banks of a water
course or from a person’s actual use of
a water course or ground water. Initially,
water rights were conferred and regulated
by customary values and practices, which
are known as common laws in many
countries including in America. Basically,
water rights were previously created by
contract, as when one person transfers
his/her water right to another by selling
the land or water body. Such a system
still exists in many countries including in
South East Asia also in Nepal and India.
In Nepalese context, the landowner
has first rights to use the watercourse
for irrigation if the water course starts
from private land as Country Code Act,
1963. Moreover, in the eighteenth
g]kfnsf] ;fj{hlgs k|zf;g ;DaGwL klqsf k|zf;g 81
century in America, water was primarily
governed by custom and social values.
However, rapid population growth and
the increasing trend of water use for
agricultural and domestic purposes
have had an impact on traditional water
management. For these reasons, water
was increasingly considered to be a
finite and frequently a "scarce resource".
Therefore, laws were adapted to manage
and establish guidelines for the equal
distribution of the natural resource with
reasonable ground.
4. Individual Life and Water:
Human can survive without food, but
survival is not possible without water.
Globally, water became an important
item of the international agenda. The
cause is that it is an essential good for
all, and also due to direct link between
the livelihood and well-being of human
life. Water problem/crisis, however, is
increasing for long time due to various
reasons including global warming
and climate change. According to the
Organization for Economic Cooperation
and Development (OECD), the number
of persons in water stressed countries
is expected to increase to nearly billion,
almost half the World's projected
population by the year 2030.8 Currently,
oil is the key geopolitical resource but
chance is that water will be as much
important compared to oil in near future
because water related challenges are
8. Gleick, Peter, 1999, “The human right to water,” Water Policy, 1(5): 487-503.
9. Asian Development Bank- 2010,6 ADB Avenue, Mandaluyong City 1550, Metro Manila, Philippines.
82 PRASHASAN The Nepali Journal of Public Administration
surfacing everywhere, including here
in Nepal. Across the world, rivers are
running dry, water tables are falling and
communities are suffering from flood and
droughts. In Many regions, these types
of predicaments take place chronically,
with a devastating impact on long term
human and economic development. In
addition, a quarter of the World's people
don't have sufficient access to clean
drinking water such as in Nepal about
50% water is unsafe, and more people
die especially children under with the
age of five are the most affected with an
estimated 44,000 children dying every
year in Nepal from waterborne illnesses
such as diarrhea, dysentery, cholera and
typhoid fever compare to other forms of
disease.9
Water management of the world is
neither homogenous, nor constant or
consistent over time. They often vary
very significantly from one region to
another, even within a single country,
from one season to another, and also
from one year to another. Solutions to
water challenge depend not only on
water availability, but also on many other
factors, among which are the processes
through which water is managed,
competence and capacities of the
institutions that manage them, prevailing
socio-political, cultural conditions that
dictate water planning, development and
management processes and practices,
appropriateness and implementation
statuses of the existing legal frameworks,
availability of investment funds, social
and environmental conditions of the
countries concerned, levels of available
and practical technology, national,
regional and international perceptions,
modes of governance including issues
like political interferences, transparency,
corruption, governance educational and
development conditions, and status,
quality and relevance of research that
are being conducted on the national, sub
national even in local water problem.
5. Right to Water in Nepal:
Throughout history, all societies in
which water is used have had their own
approaches to regulate access to water,
their own conceptions of right to water.
Such influences are still found in so-called
customary or local law/ practices as well
as influences from religious and social
practice. For example, customary or local
law continues to play an important role
in water allocation decisions in Nepal
and other countries particularly in rural
areas.
Moreover, right to water is administered
in Nepal by the following ways,10
o Natural rights for which license is
not required, but only for limited
proposes,
o Rights acquired by licensing, such
rights are limited to the purpose
for which the licenseis awarded.
But by acquiring the license, the
10. Aryal R. S, The Law on Ownership and Right to Water in Nepal Final Report -2011.
licensee gets right over the use of
water as property, which he/she may
sell (license) to others, collect fees
from users of the water or product
thereof, and end the service upon
non- payment of the charge/fee,
o Riparian rights have been recognized,
under which the upper riparian
has prior right to irrigate his land in
comparison to the lower riparian,
o Customary use right and prior
appropriation rights have been
recognized in two senses. Firstly,
no other irrigation canal may be
constructed above the existing one
if water supply to the existing canalis
decreased. Secondly, the water share
of a person who has been getting it
traditionally should not be stopped
and he should not be compelled let
his/ her land follow.
Water Resources Act, 2049 has
established a need to water right which is
based on right to use the available water,
as a means to reduce interference, avoid
counterproductive conflicts and resolve
emerging disputes among neighboring
users. It seems to provide a sound
foundation for the development and
conservation of water resources and
the protection of aquatic ecosystem.
However, some provisions are to be
activated through legislation and some
conflicting provisions are to be revised.
g]kfnsf] ;fj{hlgs k|zf;g ;DaGwL klqsf k|zf;g 83
6. Water Management System service to its customers at an affordable
(Water Supply) in Nepal: price.
In practice, inefficient management is one These things show that water
of the causes in term of drinking water management has started many years
problem/crisis in Nepal. For example, the back in Nepal. However, water supply
first Bir Dhara system (1891-1893) was is not perfectly manage in the country
commissioned many years back,11 and consequently many people still have been
the water supply received a fair priority facing drinking water problems (scarcity)
in the first five years Development Plan despite abundance of water resource
from 1956 A.D.12 Established in 1972 and long history of water management
A.D., the Water Supply and Sewerage practices.
Department has been providing lead
inputs in the development of water 7. Water Management and
supply management throughout the Privatization:
country.13 In addition, Nepal Water Supply During the past two decades, privatization
Corporation (NWSC) is a public utility has been deemed as the solution to state
organization has formed under Nepal failure to provide basic services as the
Water Supply Corporation Act 2046 BS as private sector was deemed more efficient
an autonomous government body, and and cost effective.15 Peter Drucker
is concerned about providing drinking famously argued nearly half a century
water supply in Kathmandu and other ago that government should spend more
core cities throughout the country with time governing and fewer time providing.
a reasonable price. In this connection, Instead, the State should simply stop
Kathmandu Upatyaka Khanepani producing and purchase services from
Limited (KUKL) is also registered as a the private sector.16 Therefore to fulfill
public company under the Company a demand of water, privatization/ trade
Act, 2063 BS and operates under the of water has emerged widely in many
PPP modality.14In fact, the company has countries especially Latin American and
the objective to undertake and manage African countries such as South Africa
mainly the water supply management has introduced such system through
of the Kathmandu Valley and to provide international donor agencies as World
a quantitative, qualitative and reliable Bank assisted support for private water
11. Government of Nepal, Department of Water Supply and Sewerage, Kathmandu, Nepal.
12. I bid.
13. I bid.
14. I bid.
15. S Grusky & M Fiil-Flynn Will the World Bank Back Down? Water Privatization in a Climate of Global
Protest (2004) 7.
16. PF Druckerthe Age of Discontinuity (1968) 233-234.

84 PRASHASAN The Nepali Journal of Public Administration

management.
Therefore, water privatization is one
of the solutions in recent year, which
is mounting internationally through
donors. For example, the World Bank
group pushes privatization as a key
solution to minimize water crisis. Thus,
it is the largest founder management
in the developing countries with loans
and financing channeled through
the groups'International Finance
Corporation (IFC). Since 1980s, the IFC
has been promoting these water projects
as part of broader set of privatization
policies, through loans and financing tied
in many countries such as in Argentina,
Bolivia, Ecuador, the Philippines and
South Africa. These countries have
already started to privatize water supply
management, and also close to 20%
of municipal water management in
Mexico are now privatized.17 In fact, in
collaboration with donor agencies and
regional development banks, vigorously
pushing for privatization of water
supply resources, which promoted in
involvement of multinational water
corporation in particular as the panacea
to the global water crisis, and believed
that the private sector has better
management, technology and leadership
skills thus privatization/trade water
service is best solution to decrease water
problem.
17. Stephen Hodgson,Modern Water Rights Theory and PracticeFood and Agriculture Organization of the United
Nations Rome, 2006.
18. Winkler the Human Right to Water 2 ―Judicial Enforcement of the Right to Water‖ (2008) 1 Law, Social
Justice & Global Development Journal 1 – 10.
In fact, there are two main models of
privatization in the water sector, the
French and the British model for example.
Divestiture, euphemistically referred to
as the British model, was a privatization
model adopted in the Britain under the
conservative government of Margaret
Thatcher in late 1980s. The British model
involves the outright sale of assets to a
private sector operator. McDonald and
Ruiters point out that monitoring and
regulatory oversight in this model of
privatization remains the responsibility
of the state despite the disposal of the
facilities.18 On the other hand, the French
model, the most common around the
world, takes a variety of forms of private
sector participation. These include
management contracts, leases and/
or subcontracting specific activities to
private actors. The other, fewerpopular
privatization model is the BOOT.
Considering these two models, Nepal
has not confirmed yet, which model is
followed for water management. But
recent years, in Nepal a consumer co-
operation organization has formed in
many places for water management.
8. Challenges:
The need for water is widely accepted.
It is present everywhere, and without
water, life, as we know it, will simply
cease to exist. Water is constantly
g]kfnsf] ;fj{hlgs k|zf;g ;DaGwL klqsf k|zf;g 85
in motion, passing from one state
to another, and from one location
to another, which makes its rational
planning and management (Biswas,
2007a). Water may be everywhere, but
its use has always been constrained in
terms of availability, quantity and quality.
Take for example, in some countries like
in Saudi Arabia and Qatar; there is less
availability of drinking water within their
own countries compared to other Asian
countries like Nepal, Bhutan or Thailand.
Indeed, it is hard to run livelihood and
well being of human life without water.
Apart from personal and domestic uses,
water is required for a range of different
purposes; agriculture, sanitation, health
and for securing livelihoods and the
enjoying of certain cultural.
In Nepal, regardless of a huge water
resource, demand is mounting every year
i.e. drinking water demand of Kathmandu
valley at present is about more than 170
million liter per day, whereas the supply
of drinking water is merely less than 140
million liter per day during rainy season
and in dry season it is not more than 90
million liter per day. Moreover, according
to the public health department of Nepal,
many children die per year due to water
borne diseases.
Conclusion:
Practically, it is no doubt that access
to basic supplies of safe and adequate
water is essential widely, but there is an
ongoing water crisis globally including
Nepal due to inefficiency in management.
Water management is basically the
86 PRASHASAN The Nepali Journal of Public Administration
wisdom to manage water effectively and
efficiently. Moreover, as a member of UN
and States Parties of many International
Covenants, Nepal should respect
and ensure the Covenant rights to all
individuals within its jurisdiction and to
take legislative or any other measures
necessary to give effect to the Covenant
rights. Considering such international
human rights approach right to water
entitles everyone with sufficient, safe,
acceptable, physically accessible and
affordable water for personal and
domestic uses. Thus, government has a
core duty to fulfill its obligation through
amicable management of water.
References:
Asian Development Bank. (ADB). 2001. Water for
All: The Water Policy of the Asian Development
Bank. Manila, pp.1.
Asian Development Bank. (1998). The Bank’s
Policy on Gender and Development (Manila:
Asian Development Bank).
Asian Development Bank (2010) Asian Water
Development Outlook (Manila: ADB).
Atlantic Council (2005) A Marshall Plan for Energy
and Water Supply in Developing Countries.
Available at http://www.acus.org/program-
energy_projects-Marshall.asp/
Aryal R. S. (2011). The Law on Ownership and
Right to Water in Nepal Final Report .
Birnie, P. & Boyle, A. (2002) International Law and
the Environment (Oxford: Oxford University Press).
Bruns, B. R., C. Ringler, and R. Meinzen-Dick,
eds. 2005. Water Rights Reform: Lessons
for Institutional Design. Washington, DC:
International Food Policy Research Institute.
Biswas, A.K. 2001.Water Policies in the Developing
World. International Journal of Water Resources
Development 17, No. 4: 489-499. Oxford University Press.
Biswas, A.K. and C. Tortajada, eds. 2004. Appraising Tortajada, C., O. Varis, and A. K. Biswas, eds.
the Concept of Sustainable Development: 2004. Integrated Water Resources Management
Water Management and Related Environmental in South and Water Resources Management in
Challenges. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. South and Southeast Asia. Oxford, UK: Oxford
FAO, 2005. Land and water – the rights interface University Press.
by Hodgson, S. Legislative Study No. 84, FAO,
Rome. Thomas M. Franck (1982)“Human Rights in Third
World Perspectives”, Oceana Published Inc/
Global Water Partnership. 2003. Integrated Water London, Rome: New York.
Resources Management Toolbox, Version 2. The Constitution of Nepal, Nepal Law Book
Stockholm: GWP Secretariat. Management Committee, Babar Mahal,
Global Water Partnership. 2000. Integrated Water Kathmandu.
Resources Management TAC Background Papers United Nations (1959), the United Nations
No. 4. Stockholm: GWP Secretariat. Declaration on the Rights of the Child, Geneva:
Khadka, Arjun Kumar (2010): The Emergence of United Nations.
Water as a ‘Human Right’ on the World Stage: WHO & UNICEF (2006) Meeting the MDG Drinking
Challenges and Opportunities, International Water and Sanitation Target: The Urban and Rural
Journal of Water Resources Development, Challenge of the Decade (Geneva: WHO).
26:1, 37-49, Published Routledge, Taylor
and Francis Groups, London. (This article Wolfensohn, J. (2005) some reflections on human
could be accessedthrough:http://dx.doi. rights and development, in: P. Alston & M.
org/10.1080/07900620903391838). Robinson (Eds) Human Rights and Development:
Towards Mutual Reinforcement, pp. 19–24
P.W. Birnie and A. E. Boyle (2002) “International (Oxford: Oxford University Press).
Law and the Environment” (2nd ed.),

g]kfnsf] ;fj{hlgs k|zf;g ;DaGwL klqsf k|zf;g 87

 WHY ORGANIZATIONAL
CULTURE IS SIGNIFICANT FOR
PUBLIC SERVICE OFFICIALS?
Babu Ram Aryal
Under Secretary
ABSTRACT
How the behaviours and decisions made by employers
are influenced by a variety of factors and the values
and/or ethics that influence the morale standard
of individuals are discussed in this article. How
organisations and individuals shape the employment
relationship is based on their values, the legal context
and its restraints upon their actions; and the general
social and political mores which would guide their
behaviour and decision making. In this article, some
of the determinants of behaviour and decisions
related to the employment relationship has been
examined. The Nepalese context is used as a context
to discuss various issues relating to culture.
The article establishes a link between national culture,
organisational culture, and values that determine
behaviour and decisions in organisations. Moreover,
it describes the management of culture and its
significance in civil service of Nepal. Additionally,
it identifies the ethical and legal obligations of
employees and employers in maintaining a safe and
healthy workplace from the cultural point of view in
the context of establishing public offices in federal
structure. Finally, it recommends achieving the
challenges of administrative restructuring through
establishing new values in Nepalese Civil service in
forthcoming days.

The Cultural Context

Dowling, Welch and Schuler (1999, p. 10) define
culture as a process, ‘members of a group of societies

88 PRASHASAN The Nepali Journal of Public Administration

share a distinct way of life with common
values, attitudes, and behaviours that are
transmitted over time in a gradual, yet
dynamic, process’. Moreover, it can be
defined as the ways in which people eat,
dress, greet one another as well as teach
their children. We are not born with a
pre-determined culture, but rather are
born into a society that teaches us its
culture. (Kramar et al. 2014).
Culture is indeed something that public
service officials should pay attention
to. Managing culture is important to
effectively enhance both organizational
performance and, in macro terms, the
public service modernisation program.
Knowing that culture is vital in shaping
organizational practice and performance
in public sector organizations; the civil
officials pay attention to the people’s
negative perception on this service (for
instance, the service is corrupted, and
officials are ruler than the servant).
Organizational Culture
Organizational culture is a general
collection of beliefs, mores, customs,
value systems, behavioural norms, and
ways of doing business that is unique
to each corporation. In addition, it sets
a pattern for corporate activities and
actions, and that describe the implicit
and emergent patterns of behaviour
and emotions characterizing life in the
organisation (Tunstall 1983, p. 15). It is
imperative for the civil service officials;
especially for the secretaries of the
ministries in Nepal. However, service
delivery has become ineffective due
to two separate instructions from the
minister and secretary in the same case
(Mainali, 2015).
At present, the country is undergoing
significant transformation and
introducing major reforms in its civil
service structure and culture. Like
country's shambolic politics, our
bureaucracy seems to have also creaked
under the strain. Stuck in a time warp, it
has been unable to embrace the values
of modern civil service - accountability,
transparency, sincerity, efficiency and
result-oriented performance (Subedi,
2013).Moreover, it is a momentous time
for the planning of major organizational
change from central, provincial, and local
level civil service in Nepal. Likewise, it is
high time to establish some different and
new cultural values by learning from the
past authoritative bureaucratic culture.
Managing Culture
The civil administration of Nepal seems
that 'announcements of qualities, sets
of accepted rules, standards of public
service management and direction
are just talked - or what we now call
optimistic articulations. In short, an
organisation's culture captures what it
has been good at and what has worked
in the past. Furthermore, these practices
are generally accepted by long serving
members without question.
However, a subsequent issue is the
extent to which managers can shape
or influence culture. On the one hand,
examples can be identified where
interventions can influence culture. On
g]kfnsf] ;fj{hlgs k|zf;g ;DaGwL klqsf k|zf;g 89
the other hand, some academics warn
of the danger of attempting to influence
the more superficial aspects of culture
such as symbols and ceremonies, while
ignoring the more pervasive and deep-
seated aspects of culture such as values
and beliefs. These deeper-seated aspects
of culture are much more difficult to
influence. Thus, the officials should focus
on these aspects currently.
In addition, all the public service
providers’ structure, values, norms, and
behaviours should be reformed within
a new cultural context. For example,
if government employees are too lazy
to work and slow in performance as
in the last decades; the productivity
of an organization will be minimal and
people in federal structure will also not
feel ‘the change’. The US Environmental
Protection Agency and the Broadcasting
Commission of Ireland (BCI) suggest
that attention paid to culture influences
performance in a positive manner. Thus,
this is the chance to be a real leader in
civil service by managing the traditional
culture and initiating to establish new
culture.
Why Culture is Significant for
Public Service Officials?
Academic literature and the findings
set out a framework which identify
six key issues that managers need to
address to contribute in creating a
more developmental and performance
oriented culture in their organisation.
Why culture is a critical issue for public
service leaders/officials in Nepal; in
90 PRASHASAN The Nepali Journal of Public Administration
the context of federal structure can be
summarized in the following points.
1. To Create a Climate for Change
The first and most important is to create
a climate for change. It is the time for
the bureaucratic leaders to generate a
positive environment for the change in
their long traditional ideals; for example,
the general ideal of ‘the permanent
government function as lazy and dizzy
work’ in Nepal should be altered. The
Nepalese bureaucracy has often drawn
flak because of its unreceptive culture,
slow working style and unfriendly
conduct it has developed over the years.
Such a criticism levelled against it is not
unnatural given that it must work with
different interest groups. Politicians
say that the civil servants infringe upon
their domain; the businessmen gripe
that they exercise more control; the
intellectuals chastise them for having
little intelligence; citizens accuse them
of restricting their freedom and service-
recipient grouse that they promote red
tape. These anomalies have grown within
the bureaucracy owing to the internal
weaknesses and lack of external favour.
As a result, they have no longer become
'people's darling'. The strength of civil
service lies in its expertise, experience,
knowledge and access to secrecy
(Mainali, 2013).They should develop
suitable organizational policy which can
work in the three levels of government
and exertion as a driver for developing
the organisation’s culture in the desired
direction.

2. Leaders as Champions
The second significant opinion is leaders
should work as ‘champions’. Leadership
is clearly important in determining the
effectiveness of culture change. The
leaders of organisations are champions
of understanding and managing culture
in the organisation and of rewarding
or punishing subcultures depending
on whether they align or not with
the corporate culture adopted by the
leaders. The influence of leaders in terms
of rewarding the sub-culture groups that
promote the dominant beliefs, values
and underlying assumptions of the
organisation cannot be underestimated.
For example, a clear strategic leadership
should ensure the language, customs,
religion and other fundamentals of the
society. In other words, they should
be aware of culturally competent civil
service.
3. Employee engagement and
empowerment
Employee engagement and
empowerment is third crucial fact to
ensure that the culture is effectively
managed and aligned. Demonstration
projects in the UK civil service, which
promoted the desired managerial
thinking and at the same time engaged
staff in the change process, were a
principal element in cultural change.
Local partnership committees and
projects could be used to engage and
empower staff, though each recognises
that partnership arrangements need
careful management if they are to be
successful.
4. Team Orientation
Fourthly, team orientation is significant.
Team working is a common feature in
most organisations, in terms of crossing
existing barriers and as a useful means
of promoting and disseminating new
cultural traits. In terms of individual and
organisational development, teams are a
way of investing in talent development.
For instance, emphasis on team projects
for the promotion of core values of the
organization, team orientation and
development of joint team working
with individuals and businesses outside
the organisation will help to shift the
traditional general constellation of
beliefs, mores, customs, value systems,
behavioural norms, and ways of
doing business. Moreover, a culture
of cross-agency and cross-functional
collaboration and teamwork with public
bodies and agencies in developing the
more effective provision of services at a
local level will also assist to establish an
organized culture.
5. Tracking cultural change
Tracking cultural change is a fifth
critical point that the public officials
should know for better performance
management. Assessing whether the
culture has become misaligned in
terms of sub group cultures’ practices,
or there are issues or challenges to be
addressed should be tracked. Therefore,
the element which could undermine
g]kfnsf] ;fj{hlgs k|zf;g ;DaGwL klqsf k|zf;g 91
the cultural ethos and underlying
assumptions of the organisation must
be traced for the benefit of people.
In the US, the Organisational Culture
Assessment Instrument (OCAI) has
been used to beneficial effect in some
federal agencies. Schein (2004) suggests
that the ten-step Culture Awareness
Programme is a helpful instrument in
most situations in which leaders need to
manage some element of their culture.
An organisational culture mapping
exercise or ten-step Culture Awareness
program will be a helpful instrument in
most situations in which leaders need to
manage some element of their culture.
6. Training, rewards and
recognition
The final is training, rewards and
recognition. Training in terms of culture
awareness is viewed differently in various
organisations. The organizations can
give much emphasis on non-monetary
rewards such as honours and recognition
programmes. Equally, public officials can
enhance monetary rewards.
Thus, the importance of managing
and manipulating culture in public
sector organisations cannot be
underestimated in terms of its impact on
the modernisation agenda. Developing
appropriate measures to address culture
issues in organisations in terms of
increasing organisational capability and
performance should be studied. While
the implications of such approaches
are wide-ranging, fundamentally the
92 PRASHASAN The Nepali Journal of Public Administration
key to effective culture management
is leadership. Leadership must be
committed to managing culture in
terms of developing and sustaining
organisational performance, while
managers throughout the organisation
are responsible for its effective
development.
Conclusion and Recommendation
There is much that remains to be done
to address the evident gap between
the impact of cultural issues and the
approaches adopted by managers,
approaches which are quite rudimentary
in many public-sector organisations.
The civil service of Nepal can effectively
manage its federal structures with
organizational culture as an integral
part of both corporate strategies and
organizational changes measures to
enhance performance and innovation.
But, the challenge is to translate this
understanding into practical measures
in public sector organisations to
further bolster modernisation and
deliver the ‘performance culture
where indicators inform policy choices,
budgetary allocations and the day to
day management of operations (Cowen,
2008).Finally, civil servants should adopt
modern culture of bureaucracy, with
the preparation of ready to adopt risk-
culture. Secretaries should not suck up to
chief secretary and people's participation
is necessary to design services. Political
interference and highhandedness of
trade unions need to be discouraged in
the federal structure. The civil service of
Nepal is a vehicle to deliver democratic
values to the people, so it should be
citizen-centric to provide enhanced
services to the customers, and finally
civil servants must be accountable to the
people.
References
Berenbeim, (2010). ‘Utilizing HR and ethics and
compliance collaboration to promote an ethical
culture’, Employment Relations Today, Wiley, vol.
37, no. 1, p. 10.
Caldwell, Truong, Linh, & Tuan, (2011). ‘Strategic
Human Resource Management as Ethical
Stewardship’, Journal of Business Ethics, 98(1) p.
12.
Dowling, PJ &Welch, (2004).International human
resources management, 4th edn, Thomson,
Australia.
Dowling, PJ, Welch, DE & Schuler, (1999).
International human resource management:
managing people in a multinational context, 3rd
edn, SouthWestern, Cincinnati, OH.
Dunham, RB & Pierce, (1989).Management,
Scott Foresman& Co., Glenview, Illinois. Kramar,
Et.al. (2014)Human Resources Management,
McGraw-Hill, Sydney, Australia. Schein, (1985).
Organizational culture and leadership, Jossey-
Bass, San Francisco.
Mainali, U. (2013). Administrative Reform &
Good Governance, National seminar organized
by Administrative Reform Recommendation
Committee, FES Nepal.
Orla O’Donnell and Richard Boyle
(2008)Understanding and Managing
Organisational CultureInstitute of Public
Administration,Lansdowne Road Dublin, Ireland,
57-61.
SubediR. R. (2013). Administrative Reform &
Good Governance, National seminar organized
by Administrative Reform Recommendation
Committee, FES Nepal.
The Himalayan Times (2015) Act needed to make
civil servants liable, Published: July 21, 2015
Kathmandu
Tunstall, WB (1983). ‘Cultural transition at AT&T’,
Sloan Management Review, 25(1) 15–26.
g]kfnsf] ;fj{hlgs k|zf;g ;DaGwL klqsf k|zf;g 93
 Emotional Intelligence: Avenue
for Building Better Civil Service in
Nepal
Abstract
Emotional intelligence is competency of individual
which creates awareness and understanding that
attunes individuals to the feelings, needs and
behaviors of others. It is associated with a broad range
of intrapersonal skills such as adaptability, emotional
self-control, initiative, optimism, and transparency.
Distinct from intelligent quotient, it is an ability of
being sharp, empathetic and smart; key to success
in individual, social as well as professional lives. In
this article, attempts have been made to venture
Kiran Thapa into the avenues towards applying it for addressing
behavioral issues in Nepalese Civil Service. Indeed,
Section Officer human factor is both; means and ends of any reform
Ministary of General initiatives in an organization in that emotional
Administration intelligence can be a newer approach to ensure
improved human relations. In Nepalese civil service,
emotional intelligence can be proven instrumental
in solving the behavioral problems. Its application
can be productive in areas like recruitment, job
satisfaction, work-life stress management, diversity
management, leadership as well as in service delivery.

Introduction:
Emotional intelligence (EI or EQ) is understood as
the capability of a person to recognize his or her own
and other people's emotions. The term, “emotional
intelligence” was fist coined by two researchers
Peter Salavoy and John Mayer and popularized by
the author, psychologist, and science journalist
Dan Goleman in his 1996 book of the same name.

94 PRASHASAN The Nepali Journal of Public Administration

These pioneers explain that it as a type
of 'social intelligence' that involves the
ability to monitor one's own and others'
emotion, to discriminate among them,
and to use the information to guide
one's thinking and actions (Salovey&
Mayer, 1990). In everyday life, this means
being aware that emotions can drive our
behavior and impact people (positively
and negatively), and learning how to
manage those emotions – both our own
and others.
Reuven Bar-On called it, an array of
non-cognitive (emotional and social)
capabilities, competencies and skills
that influence one’s ability to succeed
in coping with environmental demands
and pressures. The five domains of
Daniel Goleman’s EI represent personal
competence and social competence
which includes set of basic skills namely
self - awareness, self - management,
social awareness as well as relationship
management. Herein, self- awareness
entails the ability to experience core
feelings like anger, sadness, fear, and
joy; to understand and value them and
to transform them into valuable assets.
Similarly, self-management is being
able to control impulsive feelings and
behaviors, manage emotions in healthy
ways, take initiative, follow through on
EI/ EQ Traits
Identify, evaluate, control and express Abilities
one’s own emotions; perceive,
and assess others' emotions; use
emotions to facilitate thinking,
understand emotional meanings.
commitments, and adapt to changing
circumstances. On the other hand,
social awareness indicates ability of
emotionally intelligent to accurately
pick up on emotions in other people
and understand the social environment.
Likewise, relationship management hints
for the ability to use awareness of our
emotions and the others’ emotions to
manage interactions successfully.
Emotional Intelligence vs.
Intelligent Quotient
Emotional intelligent refers to an
individual's ability to perceive, control,
evaluate, and express emotions. In
other words, it is individual’s capacity
to validly reason with emotions and to
use emotions to enhance thought and
insight. Contrarily, intelligence quotient
(IQ) is a score received from standardized
assessments designed to test intelligence.
Moreover, IQ is used to determine
academic abilities and identify individuals
with mental challenges whereas EI
is a better indicator of success in the
workplace and, interestingly, it is used to
identify leaders, good team players, and
people who perform best. Moreover,
basic differences between them can be
condensed into the following table:
IQ
Ability to learn, understand and
apply information to skills, logical
reasoning, word comprehension,
math skills, abstract and spatial
thinking, filter irrelevant information.
g]kfnsf] ;fj{hlgs k|zf;g ;DaGwL klqsf k|zf;g 95
Teamwork, leadership, successful In the
relations, service orientation, workplace ability to analyze and connect,
initiative, collaboration.
Leaders, team-players, individuals Identifies
who best work alone, individuals
with social challenges.
In his seminal work, Emotional
Intelligence: Why It Can’t Matter More
than IQ, Daniel Goleman suggests that
a higher IQ does not guarantee personal
and/or professional success. Happiness
and virtue are not both linked to IQ.
Instead, they are linked to the individual
who pursues both using two minds—the
rational and the emotional. Goleman
believes that these two minds shape
one’s success. In this regard, our view
of human intelligence is far too narrow,
and that our emotions play major role in
thought, decision making and individual
success. Self-awareness, impulse control,
persistence, motivation, empathy and
social deftness are all qualities that mark
people who excel: whose relationships
flourish, who are stars in the workplace
(Goleman, 1996).
Model of Emotional intelligence
Many psychologists have proposed
stipulated values so as to develop
framework or model for Emotional
Intelligence. Reuven Bar-On, one of
the leading pioneers, theorists and
researchers in emotional intelligence,
introduced the concept of an “EQ”
(“Emotional Quotient”) to measure
96 PRASHASAN The Nepali Journal of Public Administration
Success with challenging tasks,
research and development.
Highly capable or gifted individuals,
individuals with mental challenges
and special needs.
Table 1: Comparison Chart
emotional and social competence.
His well-known model of intelligence
is illustration of five meta-factorial
components, or factorial clusters,
namely; intra-personal, inter-personal,
stress management, adaptability and
general mood which comprise of a
number of closely related competencies,
skills and behaviors, fifteen factors in all.
Firstly, the intrapersonal realm is
about our ability to know and manage
ourselves. It embraces self-awareness,
assertiveness, independence, self regard
and self-actualization. Secondly, the
interpersonal realm concerns our “people
BARON MODEL OF
EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE
Intra-personal Intra-personal
Stress
Management Adaptability
EFFECTIVE PERFORMANCE
skills”— the ability to interact and get
along with others. It is comprised of three
scales; empathy, social responsibility
and interpersonal relationships. Thirdly,
adaptability realm entails our ability to
be flexible and realistic, and to solve a
range of problems as they arise. Its three
scales are reality testing, flexibility and
problem solving. In the fourth realm lies
stress management which consists of
our ability to tolerate stress and control
impulses. Stress tolerance and impulse
control are two scales of this real. Finally,
the general mood realm concerns the
ability to generate positive mood and
be self-motivated which has two scales;
optimism and happiness. BarOn declares
that all these factors lead to effective
performance in personal as well as
professional life.
Why Emotional Intelligence?
Emotional intelligence is primarily about
managing ourselves well and enhancing
our relationships with others in order
to be happier, healthier and more
successful. It is a plain fact that human
beings struggle to achieve happiness,
stay healthy and attain personal success
as per their environment (Stein and
Howard, 2006). So what has brought
emotional intelligence to the forefront
in recent years, and why is it important
to recognize and use the power of
emotional intelligence today?
In a changing world, uncertainty and
turbulence is nothing new. Consequently,
individuals require higher levels of self-
awareness, self-belief, self-control and
self-motivation to cope with and accept
continual change, respond flexibly and
manage anxieties and stress. People also
need to develop a deep understanding of
how to effectively relate and successfully
interact with others. Furthermore, its
significances can be articulated in terms
of:
• Resolving interpersonal conflicts
• Reducing procrastination and
enhancing responsive and proactive
traits
• Working cross-culturally and multi-
functionally
• Building effective leadership skill
• Developing team spirit / promoting
cooperation for organizational
cohesiveness
• Creating a positive work culture
(where service-seekers and staff feel
proactive, safe, trusted, included,
respected, valued, cared)
• Promoting clientele relationships
(making people feel heard, helped,
served and respected )
• Dealing with situational pressures
(uncertainty, irrationality, injustice,
inconsistence) with tolerance and
optimism
• Dealing with people resorting to
agitation / aggression, negativity and
disruption
• Building positive mindsets (positive
belief, optimism, desire, thinking,
feeling, coping with cynicism)
• Promoting ethical values and setting
desired examples in organization
g]kfnsf] ;fj{hlgs k|zf;g ;DaGwL klqsf k|zf;g 97
Nepalese Civil Service and
Emotional Intelligence
The civil service is an institutional
mechanism to support the government
in executing its tasks and realizing the
goals of the nation state which have
been defined under the Directive
Principles and Policies of the State in
the constitution. In Civil Service Act,
1993, civil service has been envisaged to
become competent, vigorous, service-
oriented and responsible. However, the
deteriorating values and ethics reveal low
morale and productivity in civil servants.
Inadvertently, Nepalese civil service has
been characterized by one of weakest
and non-performing systems in the world
because of the lengthy decision-making
process, sluggish implementation and
inefficient service delivery system
(Ministry of Finance, 2010). Dedication,
trustworthiness and competence in
civil servants are also blamed to have
been compromised. Nepalese civil
services sector has increasingly become
dysfunctional, fragmented, poorly
organized, and incapable of performing
at a level acceptable to the public
(Shakya, 2010). Additionally, moral &
ethical values in civil services are in the
state of deterioration, causing services
delivery to suffer.
The above-mentioned issues in the
Nepalese civil service should be
promptly resolved because with the
passage of time these problems will be
deep rooted, more intense and incurably
pervasive. Herein, emotional intelligence
can be proven instrumental in solving
98 PRASHASAN The Nepali Journal of Public Administration
the problems as EI positively triggers the
motivation of public servants, which in
turn increases the level of their affective
commitment. In addition, public service
motivation positively affects the service
quality of highly emotionally intelligent
public sector employees (Ghuman,
2011). Therefore, while making attempts
of reforms in civil service, the insight
laden with emotional intelligence can
provide following avenues towards
building better civil service in Nepal:
a) Emotional intelligence in
selecting/hiring right people
Hiring or selecting the right people is
crucial for the success of any organization.
One of the best and most objective ways
of selecting people is through proper
job profiling and testing (Stein, 2007).
Finding people, through job profiling,
who are capable, at a technical or ability
level, to carry out the job is the first step.
But, probably more importantly, is to
go beyond these skills. In Nepal, Public
Service Commission (PSC) is involved
in selecting meritorious candidates
required by Government of Nepal for Civil
Service vacancy. As per the Public Service
Commission (Procedure) Guideline,
2067 BS, PSC conducts open competitive
written examination, followed by open
competitive practical examination and
interview to select the candidate for
the government position. However, this
selection system may pick people only
with the right technical skills or academic
excellence, but not with the right attitude,
the right emotional skills, and the right fit
with the organizational culture.
Highly praiseworthy is the fact that
assessment center method is being
introduced for practical evaluation in
order to select right candidates for civil
service. The evaluation apparatus of
this method is based on candidates’
assessment in individual, group and
psychological level. Integrity, respect
for diversity, inclination towards
service, decision making/analytical skill,
planning/organization/ coordination
skills, result-oriented attitude, emotional
intelligence and leadership skills are eight
arenas which are evaluated through case
study, pragmatic interview and role play (
Koirala and Subedi, 2017). In the currently
held competitive examination of First
Class Non-Technical positions (2074),
Public Service Commission incorporated
case study and presentation modules as
an initiative for introducing assessment
center method. Besides this, the
personality and emotional characteristics
should also be considered in the selection
procedure of all civil service positions.
Such method will be equally imperative in
promotion and placement of civil servants.
Furthermore, PSC should expedite in
bringing up similar innovative concepts so
as to attract and select emotionally smart
people in civil service.
b) Job satisfaction and
productivity
Hulin and Judge (2003) have noted that job
satisfaction includes multidimensional
psychological responses to an
individual's job, and that these personal
responses have cognitive (evaluative),
affective (or emotional), and behavioral
components. Job satisfaction can be
understood in terms of its relationships
with other key factors, such as general
well-being, stress at work, control at
work, home-work interface, and working
conditions. Better job satisfaction would
lead to higher performance, improved
processes, increased productivity and
enhanced commitment whereas low
level of job satisfaction would create
counterproductive behaviors, such as
withdrawal, burnout or absenteeism
(Brayfield& Crockett, 1955; Laschinger,
2001; Petty et al., 1 984, Muchinsky&
Tuttle, 1979; Porter & Steers, 1973 as
cited in Subedi and Chaudhary, 2014).
The civil servants of Nepal have low
level of job satisfaction concerning given
salary and facilities but they have average
satisfaction level in others dimension of
satisfaction as supervisor, promotion,
work opportunities and human
relationship characteristics (Subedi
and Chaudhary, 2014). For government
officials, satisfactions with their job have
strong implication for upgrading the
quality of government services. There
are important “mediating” factors that
strengthen or weaken the relationship
between job happiness and performance.
These may include factors like salaries
and fringe benefits, clearly defined
career path as well as organizational
culture. Furthermore, we can install
the elements of emotional intelligence
among civil servants to enhance more
g]kfnsf] ;fj{hlgs k|zf;g ;DaGwL klqsf k|zf;g 99
job satisfaction thereby increasing
productivity in the organization.
c) Work/Life stress management
Having reasonable workload means
having enough time to do the job well,
being able to balance work with personal
life, and not being constantly stressed
out. Job or work stress causes high
emotional exhaustion which is associated
with lower organizational commitment,
higher turnover intentions, poorer job
performance, and reduced organizational
citizenship behavior (OCB). On the
other hand, this may result in work-life
imbalance.
Nepalese civil servants often feel strained
due to unclear job assignment, last minute
hassle in work completion, unhealthy
work culture as well as uncertain career
development. In this regard, emotional
intelligence should be considered in
predicting job stress and other stresses
as well. The individuals who have higher
emotional intelligence have the ability to
withstand stressful events and situations.
So, occupational stress can be reduced
by increasing emotional intelligence.
Components of emotional intelligence
like self-awareness, self-management,
social awareness and relationship
management can be taught and acquired
through training and mentoring. These
components can be integrated into
the induction, in-service as well as
post-service trainings to be conducted
by government training institutions.
Likewise, workshops on topics like stress
management, spirituality, integrity, art
100 PRASHASAN The Nepali Journal of Public Administration
of living as well as informal conversation
about everyday work-life issues are some
areas to consider upon.
d) Diversity Management
Diversity climate refers to the degree to
which people feel they are treated fairly
by the organization regardless of age,
race, gender, physical limitation, disability
or cultural mix within the organization
(Ljungholm, 2014). Developing the
capacity to understand and manage
feelings, and deal effectively with others,
no matter how great the differences
is a critical competency. Cherbosque,
Gardenswartz and Rowe (2008) proposed
the four part Emotional Intelligence and
Diversity (EID) model which includes a)
affirmative introspection, the ability to
take an honest, non-judgmental look at
ourselves b) self-Governance, an action-
based competency that helps us deal
with the range and intensity of feelings
experienced and triggered by differences,
c) intercultural literacy, the ability to
understand the wide variety of cultural
norms while also seeing both the upsides
and downsides of all of them, and d)
social architecting, the competency in
making a diverse work environment a
healthy, rich and productive place for all.
Nepal’s civil service can be characterized
by workforce diversity which is expected
to make significant contributions to
efficient and effective service delivery.
However, there have been some
incidents of organizational resistance
to diversity and inclusiveness in the
recent years. This problem can be
solved by changing the culture of
the organization so that employees
understand the value and importance
of diversity. For this, employees can be
made culturally competent by boosting
cultural appreciation and sensitivity in
organization. Moreover, the current
practice of diversity management in
organization can be coupled with EI
elements thereby creating a workplace
where different perspectives are valued
and embraced, observing diverse
traditions, celebrations, and holidays
from various cultures and promoting
an inclusive and welcoming work
environment.
e) Effective leadership
To be effective, administrative leaders
must have a solid understanding of
how their emotions and actions affect
the people around them. The better
a leader relates to and works with
others, the more successful he or she
will be. Thus, emotional intelligence is
widely known to be a key component of
effective leadership. The top leadership
impacts an organization through its
planning, organizing, staffing, direction/
guidance, and even more importantly
its responsiveness both to its people
and the stakeholders. The effective
leaders are competent in their decision
making and have the best interests of
the organization as a whole. Herein,
emotional decision making does not
oppose with rationality. In fact, higher
emotional intelligence augments
the person’s capacity to take more
accountability in decision-making
(Vigoda-Gadot and Meisler, 2010).
According to Goleman, five key elements
to become effective leaders are self-
awareness, self-regulation, motivation
and empathy social skills which can be
developed with emotional intelligence
training. In Nepalese civil service, these
elements can be coupled with selection,
development as well as performance
evaluation of prospective leaders. The
in-service Senior Executive Development
Program(SEDP) for the Gazetted class
I officials, in-service professional
trainings for Gazetted class II/III officials
and induction Basic Administration
Training(BAT) for class III officers of civil
service should resonate more of these
elements.
Also, Public Service Commission has
come up with new syllabus for Gazetted
class I officers (non-technical) in order
to evaluate 'Professionalism in Public
Management' of the candidates.
Without pragmatic evaluation
apparatus, academic knowledge on
the topic “Emotional Intelligence and
Its Relevance in Public Management
and Governance” alone cannot ensure
selection of emotionally intelligent
would-be- leaders in civil service. So,
it is essential to develop objective and
realistic parameters for testing EI status
of the candidates. On the top, equally
important aspect is garnering higher EI
on leaders/managers through capacity
development program. The existing
performance evaluation method can be
improved upon by introducing 360-degree
g]kfnsf] ;fj{hlgs k|zf;g ;DaGwL klqsf k|zf;g 101
feedback which will eventually help in
assessing performance of leaders from
the feedback of team members.
f) Service Delivery
Feelings and emotional intelligence have
a substantial impact on the work results
of public workforce (Vigoda-Gadot and
Meisler, 2010). Emotional intelligence
positively influences the motivation of
public servants, which in turn increases
the level of their affective commitment,
loyalty and productivity. They have
higher interaction competency,
greater learning attitude and advanced
adaptive capabilities. They can interact
with confidence, professionalism and
cordiality with service-seekers.
According to a 2015 research report
published by Nepal Administrative Staff
College, about 40% of the service-seekers
in Nepal are dissatisfied regarding the
service quality. They complain about
unsystematic service, costly procedure,
unfriendly behavior, inconvenient/
complicated service and delay in service.
Indeed, most of these complaints can
be addressed by building 'Emotionally
Intelligent Organization (EIO)' in civil
service. EIO promotes a culture in which
openness and transparency are the
norm, and respectful assertiveness is
commonplace. It also encourages diversity,
tolerates constructive disagreement, and
values contained flexibility and multi-
directional communication (Siegel,
2016). Furthermore, it strengthens
ethical competence of civil servants,
and develops an ‘ethical culture’, which
102 PRASHASAN The Nepali Journal of Public Administration
supports professional responsibility, self
discipline, and support for the rule of
law. “Service with smile” should be the
motto of such organization. Additionally,
civil Servants can exercise emotional
intelligence when dealing with angry
customers with courtesy and smile. Thus,
with improved EI level, it is convenient
to ascertain people-friendly services
by bringing behavioral changes in the
employees. On the other hand, it is equally
important to support service recipients
develop their emotional intelligence.
Conclusion
Nepalese civil service is said to have
suffered from structural, managerial
and behavioral problems like bloated
administrative machinery, fragmented
decision-making, poor incentives, lack
of adequate delegation of authority,
inflexible working practices, lack of
responsiveness towards citizens, eroding
ethical values and many more. The
behavioral aspect can be assessed and
improved upon by applying emotional
intelligence in human resource
management as well public service
delivery. For this, EI measurement is
invaluable in recruiting and developing
the desirable and high performing
workforce. Put simply, to make civil
service more responsive, efficient, ethical
and service-oriented, a new avenue is
required and emotional intelligence
may provide one. Thus, with improved
emotional intelligence in civil servants,
building better civil service is possible.
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 Contemporary Debates in Land
Governance: A Reflection from
Constitution of Nepal
Sagar Shahi, Ph.D.
Office of Prime
Minister and Council
of Ministers, Nepal.
104 PRASHASAN The Nepali Journal of Public Administration
Abstract
After a long political turmoil, Nepal promulgated
new constitution and state restructuring process
formally came into constitutional commitment.
Though it constitutes an important breakthrough
in political constitutional history, its foreseeing
future crucially lies on the distribution of productive
resources including land and its as well as its
sustainable use. In particular, land reform, right of
property, identity politics and land governance will
create more contestations for this intervention.
Though federalism was the most debated issue, land
governance within the federal set-up has not been
articulated to manifest future initiatives. Land reform
has not been addressed as a mandatory right of the
people and fundamental duty of the state. Therefore,
the future policy discourse on land continues to be so
and is likely to stir further political polarization, state-
provincial conflicts and parliamentary deliberations.
The new constitution should also be recognized as a
part of land movement in Nepal. Despite this, land
issues in the social movements of Dalit, Adivasi/
Janajati and other dissenting groups/regions are
contrasting and fragmented particularly in terms
of their ideology and leadership. The jurisdiction of
federal states under the new constitution for the land
issues could be further complicated in Nepal. In such
a negotiation, there is a need for the political parties
and movement actors to engage with dissenting
voices of marginalized groups including landless poor,
subsistence-based farmers and agriculture laborers.
THE CONTEXT
Globally, land posits on the significant
motivational factor for social movement,
agrarian reform and resource conflict.
Nepal's land movement has been one of
the social movements which attempts
to ensure socio-economic and political
rights of historically disadvantaged and
land-poor people. In a broader sense,
land movements have also tilted towards
rights, equity, livelihood and justice.
Though land issues have been much
discussed before Comprehensive Peace
Agreement 2006 and thereafter in the
Interim Constitution 2007 and thematic
committee’s during constitution making
process, it fails to become prominent
constitutional agenda and a mandatory
motto for the political parties. Following
this, land governance has been facing
multiple setbacks despite it witness a
number of promulgations in terms of
revenue, tenure and management. A full
understanding of land issues over the long
term and ways to address them require
an integrated/comprehensive analysis
encompassing the debate of identity,
social movements, political party reform,
and a review of international relations as
well as the specific ways in which Nepali
politics work. Unfortunately, the issue of
land in Nepal has not been analyzed as
a basic component of political economy,
particularly in terms of rural poverty,
dependency, caste/ethnic and gender
discrimination and other structural/
institutional power relations. State-
governance, academia, and non-state
activism all are grooming around this
lacuna virtually in the shadow of Eminent
Domain of the Nepali state.
Within the similar matrix, the
Constitution of Nepal was commenced in
September 2015. By dejure, it has come
as an outcome of consensus between
four major political parties, though it has
been challenged constant agitations in
different regions of the country. Indeed,
constitution-writing process in Nepal
exhibited a number of challenges and
contradictions, and land issues were
simply unavoidable in the negotiation.
The political parties and state actors
concerned primarily with the problems of
how Nepal’s public sphere understands
and responds to popular policies on
land reform. This paper, however, takes
a ‘specific’ view on addressing the
existing provisions and challenges from
a perspective of constitutional-social
movement.
LAND AND NEPAL’S
CONSTITUTIONAL HISTORY
Constitutional history in Nepal has not a
new retrospection and it took centuries
for a development of the Nepali state’s
legal eminent (see Table 1). Indeed, most
of the constitutions (1948, 1959, 1962,
1990, 2007, and 2015) have revealed a
confrontation with the power struggle
between the various thoughts and social
groups in the society. The ruler in ancient
Nepal including Gopals, Mahispals, Kirats,
Licchavis and Mallas basically followed
Kingship model of constitution where
the King was treated as the ‘religious and
political authority’ of the justice. The king
g]kfnsf] ;fj{hlgs k|zf;g ;DaGwL klqsf k|zf;g 105
and the palace were encoded with the lineage of the families and they included
power of military and economy. Despite Thapa, Pandey and Basnyaat. These
this political structure, these regimes groups were inclined to seize the state
were more aligned with the community power by maintaining the harmonic
based land tenureship by allowing local relationship with the opportunist Kings
autonomy within the premise of central and their Queens. Then, the state
state. Art, trade and business were properties including land and forest
predominant and cultivation was also a were distributed for the nearby ones
means of survival in the societies. Later in the name of Jagir, Birta andRakam.
on, when the unification of Nepal started Ranas were much benefitted from this
the same provision was followed, though system and there was thatched huts
the centrality of the palace increased and in the rural (beyond Nepal) and stucco
the internal conflicts within the palace palaces in Kathmandu (Nepal). Structural
began severely. History began to be a inequalities in terms of caste/ethnicity,
battle for power by adopting a politics of gender and region then become formal
revenge and cut the throat. The obedient in Nepal society and power relations.
of the palace divided among the ruling
Table 1: Summary of constitutional history of Nepal
Date Constitutional/ Historicity in the event
Legal Provision
1768 Bhardari Shava State of Nepal formed. Royal edicts and key Hindu
(Assembly of scriptures formed the law of the land. Key advice
Lords) sought from the traditional Consultative Court
(Shava).
1854 Muluki Ain (Civil The first codification of traditional laws in common
Code) practice commissioned by Rana PM Jang Bahadur.
1948 Government of Proclaimed by liberal Rana PM Padma Shamsher,
Nepal Constitution which laid out the framework of a parliamentary
Act, 1948 system with a bicameral legislative body. However,
the more conservative Mohan Shamsher ousted
Padma Shamsher and suspended the promulgation
of the Constitution.
1950 1948 Constitution - Mohan Shamsher promulgates the 1948 Constitution
as a last measure to curb rising opposition to his
rule led by Nepali Congress.
- King Tribhuvan's flight to India helps unite
opposition forces against the Rana rule in support
of the return of power to the sovereign.

106 PRASHASAN The Nepali Journal of Public Administration

1951 Royal Declaration; - King Tribhuvan returns and addresses people of
Interim Nepal on his interest to have a new system of rule
Government of under a "Republican Constitution" passed by "a
Nepal Act 1951 legislative parliament formed by adult suffrage",
the Constituent Assembly (CA) ... However, the
election to the CA is not held.
- King Tribhuvan appoints multiple interim
governments until his death in 1955. King Mahendra
continue with the experiments by appointing
various governments stalling the election to CA.
1959 Royal Constitution Proclaimed by King Mahendra citing traditional and
of 1959 divine sovereignty vested on him. On February 12,
1959 replacing the interim act of 1951; engaged only
in political issues.
1962 Constitution of Proclaimed by King Mahendra establishing
1962 the partyless Panchayat system; role of Panch
systematically established to handle local land issues;
but endorse a number of legal frameworks under
this jurisdiction; land as a symbol of nationality; not
identity.
1990 Constitution of Promulgated by King Birendra (November); Liberal
Kingdom of Nepal democratic commitment; land as a private property.
1990
2007 Interim Promulgated by the house of Representative. After
Constitution of which, it dissolves itself (January 15); manifested
Nepal 2007 land issues as the political agenda but lacked
constitutional set-up.
2015 Constitution of Proclaimed by the Constituent Assembly of
Nepal 2015 Nepal (September 20); land under the three level
jurisdiction (federation, providence and local level)

This kind of elite manipulation continued
in the post-democratic era since 1950s
onwards. Panchayat (1960-1991) era
further intensified feudalism in land
though we could not deny the historical
land reform act 1964. After adoption
of liberal economy and multiparty
democracy, land was formally introduced
as a means of capital formation. The
issues of formation of capital, property
right and social justice have not been
linked to the larger discourse of land
reform and agrarian transformation. The
Maoist movement raised many structural

g]kfnsf] ;fj{hlgs k|zf;g ;DaGwL klqsf k|zf;g 107

issues of Nepal’s political economy and
for them; land was the mains source of
unequal social relationship. However, the
leadership in the post 2006 context has
been more engaged in the peace process
and writing of the new constitution.
The land has been then entered as a
prominent issue in constitution making.
The main debates throughout the
debate remained as the real owner
of the land (the people vs. the state),
its productive use (modalities of the
reform), compensation and ceiling, and
addressing social justice through the land
resource.
MAIN CONTENTIONS ON LAND
ISSUES IN THE CONSTITUTION
Throughout the seventy years from the
dawn of democracy in the country in 1951,
political parties and the rulers (as well as
other groups) put forward contending
positions on land as their propagandas.
Historically, it is evident that peasantry,
agricultural transformation and land
reform have been cross-cutting issues
for many political actors and movement
groups. The issues were also vibrant
during the course of constitution writing.
The three major issues on land which
deep divisions were evident during the
debate within the CA, beyond the CA and
the social movement public sphere are
highlighted below:
State restructuring and land: The
constitution has ensured a state-
restructuring through federalism and
decentralized governance (Article (Art 4,
56, 57). Theoretically, state-restructuring
108 PRASHASAN The Nepali Journal of Public Administration
has been glamorized as a holy panacea
of underdevelopment of Nepal. The
underdevelopment, however, has not
been analyzed in terms of the political
economy of land including its historical
distribution, ownership and productivity
among different castes, class and regions.
The vicious circle of elite capturing is being
continued in the name of ‘mainstream
development’. This is happening in
every class, caste, ethnic group and
region, making a whole discourse of
development contested. The land did not
come as a separate indicator of federal
division, but has been kept under both
separate as well as concurrent jurisdiction
of the governance to be formulated and
implemented by the federation, the
province and the local. As a matter of
fact, the discourse of state restructuring
has revolved only around reorientation
of central state’s power and authority
into the provinces and local levels and
it could address the concerns of political
and socio-economic elites. But, the land
reform talks more about restructuring of
society which addresses the concerns of
land poor and historically marginalized
groups. This could further intensify the
legal confrontation and policy dilemmas
in the future discourse of conflict over
the productive resources.
Model of land reform: Historically,
there are a number of schools of
thoughts and campaigns regarding
the process and model of land reform.
One school of thought has pushed
for ‘revolutionary’ land reform as it is
being the responsibility of the state.
According to this claim, re-distribution
is the basic component of land reform
which would provide social justice and
right to property for historically deprived
sections of society. Another school of
thought has countered it and advocates
for ‘progressive’ land reform. It claims
for reformist package of strategies that
would be based on contextual reality
without eroding the right of (earn
and own) private property of people.
Beyond these two broader perspectives,
the third one focuses on ‘blended’
alternative of the land reform though
this has not been outlined theoretically
on its vision towards state and market.
Land ceiling and compensation for the
acquisition have been the core issues
in all school of thoughts with different
positions. Eventually, however, the
major parties agreed to a ‘scientific
land reform’, with some provisions
on agrarian and land issues. It has got
constitutionalassurance as a state policy.
Yet, within the constitutional discourse,
there is not evident linkage between the
basic premises of land reform, i.e. land
re-distribution, social justice/ equity,
productivity and agrarian transformation.
Further, it is yet to be seen how and
what type of land reform model will be
formulated in the future.
Right of property and the issue of
identity politics: The constitution
has ensured right of property as a
fundamental right of people (Article
25) which also recognizes land as a
property. However, the provision does
not address land as separate entitlement
of life. The property right could mean
for the issues of identity, customary
practices and livelihood for many social
groups including indigenous groups and
Dalit. The constitution has proposed
aproportionalrepresentation (PR) system
on the basis of social categories, and
inclusion in state structures on the
basis of gender, ethnicity, caste, and
geography. However, landlessness and
poverty has been neglected for such
proportional representation that could
further hinder the excluded ones. The
implementation of ILO Convention 169
and the guarantee of preferential rights
over land and natural resources are other
missing issues lagged behind from land
movement perspective. Unwillingness of
political leadership, dominance of well-
off elites in each caste/ethnic groups
and influence of foreign aid on non-state
actors, in effect, have diluted the key
issues of land and it is becoming a game
of 'opportunity' for the elites.The issue is
likely to surface in one or the other form
of class-based land movement in future.
THE STATE POLICY AND ACTOR’S
COMPLEXITY
In Nepali, state claims to be a socialism-
oriented welfare state. The place of
agrarian transformation and land reform
has remained undefined despite there
are bureaucratic celebrations for poverty
reduction and equitable development.
Post-constitutional development should
be linked to the global strategies of
development (including sustainable
g]kfnsf] ;fj{hlgs k|zf;g ;DaGwL klqsf k|zf;g 109
development goals- SDGs) and national
context of peaceful, prosperous and
just Nepal. Development and land are
concurrent and there is a symmetrical
matrix. Under the part of Directive
Principles, Policies and Responsibilities
of the State, Article 51 (e) takes an
account of the policies regarding
agriculture and land reform. It has
included many clauses:(1) Introducing
scientific land reform…(2) Increasing
produce and productivity…(3) Protecting
and promoting rights and interests of
peasants…(4) Making proper utilization
of land… and (5) Making arrangements
for agricultural tools and an access to
market.
Despite this, these policies are not
obligatory for the mandatory jurisdiction
and their legal treatment could be out
of the verdict of the courts. Further,
land reform and agrarian transformation
should be linked yet in the policies.
Marketing of agricultural product should
be monitored by a defined arrangement
of state-legislation(s). The state should be
clear about the foreign direct investment
(FDI) in land and other productive
resources including forestry, mining and
water. The foreigners and multinational
Table 2: Provisions on the constitution and interlined issues
Constitutional Provision
Art. 16 Right to live with dignity: (1) Each Use of abstract term ‘dignity’, but how is
person shall have the right to live with it possible without allocation of resource
dignity.
companies including diplomatic missions
should be disallowed for the opportunity
to buy land and natural assets.
Following this, state policy regarding
social justice and inclusion (Art. 51-
j.6) has outlined that the state policies
should ensure rehabilitation of Kamaiya,
Kamlahari, Haruwa, Charuwa, Haliya, the
landless and the squatters by identifying
them, and making arrangements of
housing, or providing small plot of land
or house, employment, or arable land
for their livelihoods. This policy is closely
interlinked with the premise of land
reform and livelihood enhancement
from social protectionist perspective;
but further policy debates crucially lie in
making the social justice and inclusion
as a constituent of scientific land reform
process.
For much optimism, the constitution has
envisioned a number of fundamental
rights aligned with the duties of the
citizens (part 3). A look at those provisions
reveals that the land is rooted inherently
for the invisible reservoir of the social
power and legitimacy. The Table 2
narrates some of those provisions which
are incurred with some contested issues.
Critical Issues
and its sustainable use?

110 PRASHASAN The Nepali Journal of Public Administration

Art. 25 Right to property: (1) Every
citizen shall, subject to laws, have the
right to acquire, enjoy own, sell, have
professional gains, and otherwise utilize,
or dispose of property (2) The State shall
not, except in the public interest, acquire,
requisition, or create any encumbrance
on the property of any person.
Art. 26 Right to religious freedom: (2)
Every religious denomination shall,
maintaining its independent existence,
have the right to manage and protect
its religious places and religious trusts in
accordance with law.
Art. 29 Right against exploitation: (1)
Every person shall have the right against
exploitation.
Art. 32 Right to language and culture:
(3) Each community living in Nepal shall
have the right to preserve and promote
its language, script, culture, cultural
civilization and heritage.
Art. 36 Right to food: (1) Each citizen
shall have the right to food.
Art. 37 Right to housing: (1) Each citizen
shall have the right to appropriate
housing.
Art. 38 Right of women: (1) Every woman
shall have equal right to lineage without
any gender discriminations.
Art. 40 Right of Dalits: (5) The State shall,
according to law, provide land to landless
Dalits for one time.
This article does not talk about the
specific issues of property rights
of the farmers including poor and
landless people. Moreover, the state’s
commitment to secure private property
is more ideal which means land will be
more contested property in future.
Customary land tenure practices and
communal celebration of the cultural-
religious customs should be protected,
particularly for some marginalized
indigenous groups in context of ILO 169.
Exploitation is an abstract term. What will
the state do for land-based exploitation
and social relations?
Land and issue of identity have been
integrated. So it should have legal linkage
to satisfy the dissenting voices of some
social groups.
Right to food and food sovereignty
has been included. But, issues lie in its
empirical sense, and the linkage of food
and land is also missing out.
There is no any commitment that the
state shall not exile any landless squatters
from their settlement without providing
them with suitable alternatives
This is challenging; but can be linked
with the policies for the accessibility of
women to land property
The given land should be assured for the
livelihood enhancement packages which
can avoid its misuse.
g]kfnsf] ;fj{hlgs k|zf;g ;DaGwL klqsf k|zf;g 111
With existing disagreements on the
above issues, among others, it becomes
evident that the new constitution will
continue to be a rule of negotiation
for a number of actors including the
legislature parliament (and their
subsequent committees), Government
of Nepal (including ministry of land
reform and other land-administrative
structures), political parties (within the
government and in opposition; and in
legislature parliament and outside it),
and social movements (land movement,
ethnic movement and Dalit movement).
In federal structure of future Nepal, the
breeding of actors in land issues could not
be denied due to emergent scope of land
in the changing context of governance
and political, including regionalism
and electoral manipulation. It would
affect various domains of economy,
viz. agriculture, industrialization,
urbanization, disaster risks, tourism and
forest.
NEED OF INTEGRATED LAND
GOVERNANCE
There is also an abundance of legislation
in place on land rights and land use, and
many organizations have been set up
to manage and control land use, land
reform, land surveying and registration,
tax collection and many other land-
related activities. However, most of
the efforts of governmental bodies are
focused on formulating policies and
plans as technocratic mode rather than
political leadership/ownership that leads
to effective implementation. In turn, they
112 PRASHASAN The Nepali Journal of Public Administration
could not come in practice and objectives
and intentions remain on paper rather
than being followed by proper action.
Institutions and stakeholders involved
in the development of land resource
management priorities, action plans
and policies are scattered in different
ministries and institutes. Then, along
which interventions post-constitutional
land policies will be accomplished?
This paper proposes an integrated
land governance system. It is a holistic
package to resolve land issues from
general to particular and vice-versa. The
complexity of land management sector
calls for a holistic approach to translating
land management policies into
administrative and management actions.
The issues are multidimensional and
interrelated, and therefore require a mix
of integrated strategies. Guidance must
come from the political leadership/vision
and subsequent policy statements and
translated into operational plans that help
implementation of land management
activities. The existing policies need to
be simplified, harmonized and brought in
line with other policies. This requires an
interdisciplinary and inter-institutional/
ministerial collaboration, co-ordination
and participatory policy-making and
alliance building process that adequately
and regularly links field level evidences
to policy decision making.
The constitution has allocated defined
authority, powers and jurisdiction for
federation, province and local level. These
have been enlisted in the Schedules,
where land-related jurisdictions are
clearly articulated though some of the
provisions are confusing and diffusing.
As the central, provincial and local
governments of Nepal will intent on
the formulation of different policies on
land to supplement the constitution,
the following points may be worth
consideration:
- The policies should ensure inclusion
of social, political and economic
circumstances which will promote
the effectiveness of the policy
making process from a participatory
perspective of bottom-to-up;
- The thematic areas of land-related
policies should be defined at
prior focus. These should include
three dimensional interventions:
a) guarantee of land right for the
historically marginalized groups
and social justice; b) promotion of
sustainable land use; and c) increase
in agricultural productivity;
- It should take into consideration of
specific problems of landless farmers,
tenants and women whose livelihood
is based on agricultural activities,
including un-skilled workers and
bonded laborers by assuring both
input and output-based subsidies.
The land rich people and large scale
producers should be payable to
higher progressive taxes;
- It must create a proper synergy to
link many of the scattered policies to
re-imagine the differentiated policy
discourse for new Nepal, particularly
in the context of implementing
constitution.
POLICY IMPLICATIONS AND
FUTURE RESEARCH
Identify and acknowledge how new
Nepali state works: Post-constitutional
state-building is inherently political-
structural in terms of power sharing
and building a broad-based economy.
Therefore, designing and implementing
land-based policies/strategies in federal
Nepal should follow a legitimacy
which could be locally perceived and
generated therein. But, the issue
of legitimacy should be analytically
envisioned within the given jurisdictions
of federation, province and local-level
of land governance. Rethinking in policy
discourse for new Nepal, therefore,
needs a critique of traditional notions of
development, politics, democracy and
land reform.
Federal dilemma and collaborations
between state and non-state actors:
State administration in Nepal seems
unwilling or unable to deliver services
due to vacant local bodies at local levels.
It will be further prolonged with federal
dilemma. With these spaces, donor
agencies may bypass the state in the
name of efficiency and accountability of
services and in making propaganda of
land issues. Further research should be
focused on alternative paradigm so as to
analyze the relationship between state
and non-state actors and state-society
relations.
Land movement in the context of social
movements: There is growing scope
of social movement in contemporary
societies and it cannot be exceptional
g]kfnsf] ;fj{hlgs k|zf;g ;DaGwL klqsf k|zf;g 113
for the federal context of Nepal. Mass
mobilization of marginalized and land
poor groups is precursor for creating
pro-political set up of land reform and
agrarian transformation. But, some
pertinent research questions are also
emerging in this context. How will the
land issues be manifested in the agendas
of social movements to influence the
state policies, and how do they attempt to
influence development ideology in view
of overcoming setbacks of mainstream
development?
REFERANCES:
FAO. (2012). Review of Land-related Legislation
in Nepal in Preparation of an Integrated Land
Law. Food and Agriculture Organization of United
Nations, TCP/NEP/3301.
Kumar, A. (2015). Nepal: The Politics of
Constitution Drafting. New Delhi: Indian council
of world affairs (ICWA). Available at: www.icwa.
in/pdfs/IB/2014/NepalCdrafting16042015.pdf
MoFA (2015). Constitution of Nepal [in English
114 PRASHASAN The Nepali Journal of Public Administration
and Nepali language]. Ministry of Foreign Affairs,
Government of Nepal, Kathmandu. Also available
at: http://www.mofa.gov.np/the-constitution-of-
nepal
Public Policy Pathshala (2015). Nepal’s Land
Reform in Debate [In Nepali]. Journal of
BicharBishesh. (Year 6, No. 7, 2015)
Regmi, M. C. (1978, 2008).Land tenure and
taxation in Nepal – Mahesh Chandra Regmi –
Google Books.
Sharma, S. R., Upreti, B. R., Manandhar, P., Sapkota,
M. (2014). (eds). Contested Development in
Nepal: Experiences and Reflections. Kathmandu:
School of Arts, Kathmandu University and Nepal
Centre for Contemporary Research (NCCR).
Singh Shrestha, S. (2011). An Annotated
Bibliography on Land Research in Nepal.
Kathmandu: Consortium for Land Research and
Policy Dialogue (COLARP)
Wily, L. A. (2009). Land rights in constitutional
law with respect to Nepal. A resource
document. British Department for International
Development (DFID). Also available at: https://
www.researchgate.net/profile/Liz_Alden_Wily2
 Perspective Views on Public
Administration
Abstract
Public Administration has a significant place not
only as an instrument of governance but also as a
significant mechanism for promoting and preserving
the welfare of the community. It has a great impact
upon the lives of the people as well. The purpose
of this article is to analyze the perspective views on
public administration. The methodology used for the
study is the descriptive on secondary information
from different sources such as, reports, articles,
books etc.
Hari Prasad The major issues dealt in this article are: Introduction
of public administration, Nature of public
Adhikari administration, Scope of Public Administration,
Understanding Public in public Administration,
PhD Scholar and a lecturer the Peculiarities/Distinctive characteristics of
at Central Department of Public Administration, Need for studying Public
Public Administration, T.U. Administration and, Conclusion.

1. Introduction of public administration

Public Administration is made up of two words i.e.
Public and Administration. The term Public means
government and their actions and administration
refers to the tools for the fulfillment of the necessities
of human beings from womb to tomb. Administration
is composed of the two Latin words 'ad' and 'ministiare'
which means to care for or to look after people to
manage affairs. Administration can be understood
through various aspects. Considering the deals with
the government, administration is synonymous with
cabinet. According to the theoretical concept, it is a

g]kfnsf] ;fj{hlgs k|zf;g ;DaGwL klqsf k|zf;g 115

branch of learning discipline. The study
concept refers to it as an intellectual
inquiry and study, which helps to
formulate theories. Administration is the
sum or total of activities undertaken to
execute public policy (activity) because
enforcement of law and order is an
activity. It is an art of management which
refers to the capacity of a person for
getting things done. Administration is
the ‘Technology of social relationship’ as
it acts as a medium for the government
to deliver its services to the people.
Administration is a moral act for it runs on
certain standards and values. According
to Pfiffner, administration may be
defined as the organizational direction of
human and material resources to achieve
desired ends.
Public Administration can be described
as the development, implementation and
study of branches of government policy.
It may thus be defined as the government
in action. Public administration is the
device used to reconcile bureaucracy
with democracy. It is carried out by public
servant. It is also an academic field. In
comparison to the related fields such as
political science, public administration
is relatively new, having emerged in
the 19th century and multidisciplinary
in character, it draws on theories
and concepts from political science,
economics, sociology, administrative
law, management and range of related
fields. The goals of the field of public
administration are related to democratic
values like improving equality, justice,
security, efficiency, effectiveness of
116 PRASHASAN The Nepali Journal of Public Administration
public services. Business administration
on the other hand is primarily concerned
with profit.
As stated above, different writers have
provided different definitions for public
administration. Luther Gulick and Herber
Simon advocated Traditional views/
Narrow views of public administration.
According to Luther Gulick, it is primarily
concerned with the executive branch of
government.” Herber Simon states that,
"Public Administration is the activities of
the executive branches of the national,
state and local governments.
Likewise, Woodrow Wilson and L.D.
White offer relatively broader views on
public administration. Woodrow Wilson,
founding father of Public Administration,
defines Public Administration as a
detailed and systematic execution of
public law, every particular application
of general law is an act of administration.
His view provides a legal approach
to public administration. L.D. White,
the first text book writer on public
administration states that it consists
of all those operations having for their
purpose the fulfillment or enforcement
of public policy. His view relates public
administration with a culture.
F.A. Nigro has put forward a Modern
View on public administration. According
to him, the real core of administration is
the basic service which is performed for
the public such as police and protection,
public work, education, recreation,
sanitation, social security, agricultural
research, national defense and others.
Nowadays, Public Administration is also
known as public affairs management.
Public Administration and Public Affairs
is, at root, about the public interest. It
explains both the means used to fulfill the
public interest and the human panoply
that is the public interest.
2. Nature of public administration
There are two different views regarding
the nature of public administration which
are: of a few persons at the top. In short,
Integral View
L.D. white, Woodrow Wilson, Marshal
Dimmock and John Pfiffner advocated
integral view of Public Administration.
According to this view, public
administration is a sum of all the activities
undertaken in pursuit of and in fulfillment
of public policy. These activities include
not only managerial and technical but
also manual and clerical activities. Thus
the activities of all the people from top
to bottom constitute administration
although they are of varying significance
to the running of administrative
machinery.
Managerial view:
Luther Gulick, Merson, Henri Fayol,
Herbert Simon and others regard
the managerial view of the nature of
public administration. It means that
administration is concerned only with
the management, direction, supervision
and control of human beings who are
co-operating to achieve a purpose.
Administration is concerned only with
the managerial aspect of group activities.
So, a peon or a clerk or a manual worker
such as typist, record-keeper, time keeper
etc, is not an administrator. According to
Luther Gulick it has to do with getting
things done "POSDCORB"
These two views differ from each other
in many ways. The integral view includes
the activities of all persons engaged in
administration whereas the managerial
view restricts itself only to the activities
integral administration is viewed as
"doing of work" whereas managerial
approach is viewed as "getting the work
done by others".
3. Scope of Public Administration
The scope of Public administration varies
with people's expectations of what they
should get from the government. The
expansion of governmental functions
inevitably means more administrative
agencies, more officials and more
employees. The administrative system
consequently grows and becomes
diverse. Although public administration
studies the administrative branch of
the executive organ only, its scope is
very wide and it varies with people's
conception of good life. It is the study
of man, materials and methods in
administration. Thus, P. Macquee has
stated that public administration has a
limited scope.
Distinguished authors have explained
the scope of public administration in
different ways. Luther Gulick sums up
the scope of the subject by the letters of
the word "POSDCORB" (such activities
g]kfnsf] ;fj{hlgs k|zf;g ;DaGwL klqsf k|zf;g 117
are common to all organization). • Political applied administration
Likewise Pfiffner has divided the scope includes a study of executive
of public administration into two heads legislature relationship, politico
as principles of public administration and - administrative activities of the
sphere of public administration. Walker cabinet, minister official relationship,
divides a more comprehensive account etc.
of the scope of public administration into • Legislative applied administration
two categories/parts: includes delegated legislation,
(a) Administrative theory/theoretical preparatory work done by officials in
perspective, and drafting of bills for enactments, etc.
(b) Applied administration/applied • Financial applied administration
perspective includes the whole of financial
(a) Administrative Theory administration from preparation to
Administrative theory includes the study the enactment of budget etc.
of structure, organization, functions • Defensive applied administration
and methods of all types of public includes a study of military
authority engaged in carrying out the administration.
administration at all levels i.e. national, • Educational applied administration
regional, local etc. Further, it is the study of covers all the aspects of educational
all the problems connected with external administration.
control like Parliament, Judiciary, research • Social applied administration
and information. The emphasis is to find includes all the administration in the
out certain principles of administrative social field such as housing, food,
actions which can be usefully applied in social security and employment etc.
practical administration. Administrative • Economic applied administration
theory deals with scientific management, covers all the administrative activities
Administrative Management, in the economic, public enterprises,
Bureaucracy, POSDCORB, Human etc.
Relation Approach, Behavioral Approach, • Foreign applied administration
System Approach and Contingency includes international co-operation,
Approach. international agencies for
international peace and prosperity,
(b) Applied Administration: diplomacy, etc.
Applied administration includes the • Imperial applied administration
new and fast growing field of public includes problems and techniques
administration. Walker has made an of Imperial domination over other
attempt to classify the main forms of nations etc.
applied administration on the basis of • Further, ecological/environment
ten principal functions. They are: and human aspect of public

118 PRASHASAN The Nepali Journal of Public Administration

 administration are also the important
functions of applied administration.
Apart from the scopes mentioned above,
public administration extends from
womb to tomb, Village to U.N., Kitchen to
crisis and from People to the President.
4. Understanding public in
public administration
Public in Public Administration denotes
the impact of management. The impact
of management on public administration
was positive. Management had some
distinct and beneficial influences on
Public Administration. Traditionally, the
public in Public Administration meant
government (Frederickson & Smith,
2008). As the traditional role of the
government changed, public in Public
Administration has also been redefined.
"Public" in Public Administration has long
been a knotty problem for academics.
It is a complex structured concept of
publicness and privateness in society.
Publicness and Privateness in a society
are comprised of three dimensions:
• Agency distinguishes an agent acting
on his or her own behalf i.e. privately,
from another, acting as a government
official whose actions affect others
i.e. publicly.
• Interest is related with the one who
benefits and the other who suffers. It
is the interest of the private firm to
benefit only the people in it or own it.
On the contrary, it is the interest of a
government to serve every member
of the community.
• Access relates to the degree of
openness that differentiates
publicness from privateness. It
encompasses the right to activities,
space, information and resources.
The Institutional definition advocated
that “public” in Public Administration
meant 'institution' or 'agency'. For e.g.
the management of tax supported
agencies, the bureaucracy agency etc.
and the locus of public administration is
periodic paradigm.
The Philosophic definition, presented
“public” as dynamic phenomena that
affected the public interest. For e.g.
object of study, relationship clearly
involved the public interest.
The organizational definition stated
that “public” in public administration
presented the organization itself. Private
and public organizations were distinctly
different. Private citizens, legislators,
special interest, public boards, and
other organizations appreciably shape
the public organization’s resources,
processes, decisions, and mission.
5. The Peculiarities/Distinctive
characteristics of Public
Administration
Public Administration has two essential
elements - Collective Endeavour, and
a Common purpose. Some of the
fundamental characteristics of public
administration are:
g]kfnsf] ;fj{hlgs k|zf;g ;DaGwL klqsf k|zf;g 119
Unavoidable:
People cannot escape communal
authority. There is no choice other than
willing acceptance. Leaving the country
will not help, as a passport is needed for
the entry into another country. Death
is not a remedy either. Just as one is
not alive without a duly registered birth
certificate, one is not dead without a
death certificate, in the absence of which
even dead men are eligible to vote.
Legal monopoly of coercive power:
Public administration in general is
still largely free from the competitive
environment in order to perform its
tasks and shoulder its responsibility.
The law courts, police system, prisons
and perhaps the militia as well as the
government try to avoid the use of
responsive powers, and in their use of
such powers, try to act in accordance
with the community expectations.
Priority Activity:
The citizens know that the communal
activities carried out by public
administration have some priority. Unless
they are performed with some efficacy,
other activities are jeopardized.
The largest single multipurpose
organization:
Public Administration provides every
citizen with a wide range of public
services. It contains the largest single
multipurpose organizations. At present,
it is the largest consumer, entrepreneur,
and publisher in most countries.
120 PRASHASAN The Nepali Journal of Public Administration
Political Direction:
Public Administration is directly
responsible towards political leadership,
for its top management is political. It is
governed by political mandate, principles,
promises and experiences rather than
sound academic theory, scientific
principles or business economics.
Immeasurable Purpose:
The political nature of Public
Administration and the kind of communal
activities involved in it make the
judgment of performance extraordinarily
difficult. Its main objective is the good
society, incorporating many specific
objectives such as peace, security,
health, education, justice, prosperity,
safety liberty and equality which are very
difficult to measure.
Higher expectations:
Every citizen knows that he expects
more of Public Administration than
other kinds of administration. He wants
public officials to be paragons of virtue,
honest, trustworthy, hardworking, loyal,
and competent and so on. He feels that
the laws should be obeyed by all officials
and clientele alike and that no one in
public should connive against the spirit
and word of the laws. The weak should
be considered as well as the strong, the
minorities as well as the majorities, the
unborn generation as well as the present
generations. He wants public officials to
show assure the citizens of a brighter
future.

6. Need for studying Public
Administration
Public Administration provides the basic
information and skills that will move
people towards careers as public or
nonprofit managers. It provides technical
and managerial training to those whose
interests lie in technical fields ranging
between engineering, teaching or natural
resources. The training might help the
engineer to become the director, the
teacher to become the school principal,
or the natural resources expert to run
an environmental quality program.
In each of these cases, the technical
knowledge of the individual may have to
be accompanied by managerial training.
The knowledge of operations of public
agencies would not only be helpful to
those not working in such agencies, but
it would be essential as they are likely
to be called upon to interact with those
in public organizations. Some might
pursue academic careers in public affairs.
Understanding the reasons for studying
public administration also gives us a
better view of the variety and importance
of managerial works in public sector.
Thus, public administration is important
to people, democracy (ideal of public
administration), and as a subject study.
In the context of Nepal, Public
Administration is gradually being
developed. There are some good prospects
for improving it. The government is
not only concerned to improve the
administrative practices in Nepal but is
also taking some positive measures to
upgrade the over-all performance of the
government. The concern for now is how
soon and how well can the government
improve the bureaucratic capacity to
respond effectively to the needs of the
people and deliver satisfactory services
to them. Thus, the present and future
administrators need to be competent,
dedicated and high performing as well
as able to lead, set examples of integrity,
leave legacy of excellence and win the
respect and trust of the people with
whom they work in organizations.
7. Conclusion
On studying the different perspectives of
public administration, it is found that the
aim of public administration/government
is quality life of its people in the changing
context of the national and international
environment. The administrator must
be skillful for achieving the aims of the
administration. Thus, the administrator
must poses general skills, namely;
Conceptual skills (the ability to think
abstractly), Technical skills (the
methods, processes and techniques for
accomplishing tasks), Human skills (the
capacity to work together effectively).
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