Mii, CTI — 8 — — CTOPIC Relations and Functions Gis > ee ae To verify that the relation Rin the set Lof all lines in a plane, defined by R= {(/,m) : 1.1 m} is symmetric but neither reflexive nor transitive. A piece of plywood, some pieces of wires (8), nails, white paper, Cassis > alueet Take a piece of plywood and paste a white paper on it. Fix the wires randomly on the plywood with the help of nails, such that some of them are parallel, some are perpendicular to each other and some are inclined as shown in Fig.1.1. [See Fig. 1.1] Ce WA bh Lb hb ly lot) ‘Scanned with CamScanner* Gt eRU5)_- RD) Also, Wg Lh. Isp L167 (¥eaNo) v Us.) €R=> (In, f6)_R (ee) ‘To demonstrate a function which is not one-one but is onto. Gane > J. Paste a plastic strip on the left hand side of the cardboard and fix nails on it as shown in the Fig. 3.1. Name the nails on the strip s 1, 2 and 3. another strip on the right hand side of the cardboard and fix two nails inthe plastic strip as shown in 3.2. Name the nails on the strip as a and b. ‘on the left strip to the nails on the right strip as shown in Fig. 3.3. - j x | A Fig. 3.2 of X to the elements of Y as shown in Fig, 3.3. Fig. 3.3 ¥ - (one-one/ not one-one) - (+ 2, 3have the same image). Scanned with CamScanner3, The pre-image of each element of Y in X y + (exists / does not exist) - Vv «. the function is - (onto/not onto) Goplication > This activity can be used to demonstrate the concept of one-one and onto functions. SOI A Scanned with CamScannerLAB ACTIVITY CTOPIC Inverse Trigonometric Functions Giiestive > To draw the graph of sin~x, using the graph of sin.xand demonstrate the concept of mirror reflection (about the line y =x). (ld 1, Take a cardboard of suitable dimensions, say, 30 cm * 30 cm. 2. On the cardboard, paste a white chart paper of size 25 em 25 cm (say). 4. Onthe paper, draw two lines XOX, YOY mutually perpendicular to each other and regard them as rectangul axes [See Fig. 5.1]. Material Required — [Cardboard, white chart paper, ruler ‘coloured pens, adhesive, pencil. eraser, cutter, nails and thin wires 5, Mark approximately the points + ) Scanned with CamScanner6. Repeat the above process on the other side of the x-axis, marking the points on eee, sil 2] approximately and fix nails on these points as Nj,N).N,N, Also fix a nail atO, 7. Join the nails with the help ofa tight wire on both sides of X-axis to get the graph of sin x from 5 to% 8, Draw the graph of the line y =x (by plotting the points (1, 1), (2, 2), (3, 3), -.. etc. and fixing a wire on these points). 9, From the nails N;, No, N3, Ns, draw perpendicular on the line y =x and produce these lines such that length of perpendicular on both sides of the line y= x are equal. At these points fix nails, I), I, I, Is. 10, Repeat the above activity on the other side of X-axis and fix nails at 1),1).1,.1, - 11, Join the nails on both sides of the line y =x by a tight wire that will show the graph of y= sin-'x. monstration P Put a mirror on the line y = x. The image of the graph of sin x in the mirror will represent the graph of sin"! x showing that sin x is mirror reflection of sin x and vice versa. Giservation & The image of point N, in the mirror (the line y- ‘The image of point Np in the mirror (the line y ‘The image of point Ng in the mirror(theliney=x)is 7. ‘The image of point N, inthe mirror (theliney=x)is__ 7) ‘The image of point N; inthe mirror(theliney~x)is__Z) The image of point Nj in the mirror (the line y=x)is__ 5 oe ee The image of point Ni, inthe mirror(the liney=x)is 7, ‘The image of the graph of sinx iny =x isthe graphof _¢i-'><_, and the image of the graph of sin!x in y =xis Sin’, graph of sin“!x iny =xis the graph of_Sin 5. Gamma > Similar activities can be performed for drawing the ‘graphs of cos“'x, tan-!x, etc, Scanned with CamScanneriniltiitinatinns AB ACTIVITY | cae CTOPIC Limit and Continuity G@ipctve > ‘To find analytically the limit of a function /(x) atx = c and also tocheck the continuity ofthe function at that point Material Required C@rocedure > =16 1, Coie x4" 1. Paper 2. Pencil 3. Calculator xed 10, xe4 2, Take some points on the left and some points on the right side of c (= 4) which are very near to c. Find the corresponding values of f(x) for each of the points considered in step 2 above. 4, Record the values of points on the left and right side ofc as.x and the corresponding values of f(x) in the form ofa table. 1, The values of x and f(x) are recorded as follows : ‘Table 1 : For points on the left of c (= 4). 39 | 399 | 3999 | 39999 | 3.99999 | 3.999999 | 3.999999 fe | 79 | 799 | 7999 | 79999 | 7.99999 | 7.999999 | 7.999999 2. Table 2 : For points on the right of ¢ (= 4). 41_| 401 4001 | 4.0001 | 4.00001 | 4.000001 | 4.000001 fe | 81 | 801 8.001 | 8.0001 | 8.00001 | 8.000001 | 8.000001 Giservation > 1. The value of f(x) is approaching to 8x —> 4 from the left. 2, The value of f(x) is approaching to asx — 4 from the right. ee lim f(x)=__2 _and ees) 8 7 4, Therefore, lim f(x)=__°2 _,f(@)=__|0 5. is fin (=) = 4(4)_ 2 (Yew No) 6, Since /(c)# lim f(x), . the Function is, at x= 4, (continvous/notcontisuous) > ‘This activity is useful in understanding the concept of limit and continuity of a function at a point. Scanned with CamScannerApplications of Derivatives (Increasing and Decreasing Functions) Grane » To understand the concepts of decreasing and increasing Material Required functions, Pieces of wire of different lengths, piece of plywood of suitable size, Graceture > ‘white paper, adhesive, geometry box, 1, Take a piece of plywood of a convenient size and paste a white | tigonometric tables. paper on it, 2, Take two pieces of wires of length say 20 em each and fix them on the white paper to represent x-axis and y-axis, 4 Take two more pieces of wire each of suitable length and bend them inthe shape of curves representing two functions and fix them on the paper as shown in the Fig. 13.1 Fig. 13.1 4- Take two straight wires each of suitable length forthe purpose of showing tangents tothe curves at different points on them. Comonetration > 41; Take one straight wire and place it onthe curve (on the lef) such that itis tangent tothe curve at the point say P, and making an angle cy with the positive direction of x-axis, hay isan obtuse angle, tan a is negative, i.c., the slope of the tangent at P, (derivative of the function at Pi)is negative. 8 Fake another two points say Ps and Ps on the same curve, and make tangents, using the same wire, at Ps and Pmaking angles a2 and a3, respectively with the positive direction of r-axig, 4 Las bez ca and a are obtuse angles and therefore slopes ofthe tangents tan az and tana are both negative, ___ i, derivatives of the function at P, and P3 are negative. ‘The function given by the curve (on the left) is a decreasing function, Scanned with CamScanner6. On the curve (on the right), take three points Qy, Qo, Qs, and using the other straight wires, form tangents at each of these points making angles fi, B2, Bs, respectively with the positive direction of x-axis, as shown in the figure. B), 62, B3 are all acute angles. <. the derivatives of the function at these points are positive. Thus, the function given by this curve (on the right) is an increasing function. (@b tion > 1. a = 120°, > 90° a = 135° > 90°, a3 = 150° > 90°, tan a = —V3. (negative), tan a2 = —1, (negative), 1 : aot tan a3 = “3 negative . Thus the function is decreasing . 1 , 2. 8, =30° < 90°, Bz = 45°, < 90°, Bs = 60°, < 90° tan B; = Be (positive), tan Bz = 1, (positive), tan B3 = 3 positive. Thus, the function is increasing. @pplication & This activity may be useful in explaining the concepts of decreasing and increasing functions. Scanned with CamScannerim 2 RTI — Si, CTOPICS Applications of Derivatives (Absolute Maxima and Minima) Material Required Drawing board, white chart paper, adhesive, geometry box, sketch pens, calculator. Guam > To understand the concepts of absolute maximum and minimum values ofa function in a given closed interval through its graph. | @rocedure > 1, Letus fix a white chart paper of convenient size on a drawing | board using adhesive. 2, Draw two mutually perpendicular lines XOX and Y'OY on the | squared paper. Regard these as two rectangular axes. ie. x-axis and y-axis. 3, Mark the two axes as shown in Fig. 15.1 Let the given function be f(x) = (4x29) (221) in the interval [2,2]. 5, Taking different values of x in [-2, 2], find the values of f(x) and plot the ordered pairs (x, x). | Find the graph of the function by joining the plotted points by a |-X% free hand curve as shown in the Fig. 15.1. | | kL Gomnaraion > 1, Table of ordered pairs satisfying f(x) is given below : x OU DI SE)s F 120 1.25 127 15 £2 @) 9 6 | 0 = 1.55 1.56 0 2 2. Plot these points on the graph paper and join the points by a free hand curve, the curve obtained is shown i? the figure. 15.1. ‘maximum value of f(x) iso) | _ Absolute minimum value of f(x) is = 1-55 atx Scanned with CamScannerCoE This activity is useful for explaining the concepts of absolute maximun/minimum value ofa function graphically. Consider f (x) = (4x2 — 9) (x? — 1) : 3 F(x) =0 gives the values of x as + 3 and + 1. Both these values of x lie in the given closed interval [-2, 2]. SF! (&) = 4x? - 9) 2x + Bx (x? = 1) = 16x3 — 26x = 2x (8x? - 13) 4 13 f' &)=0 givesx=0,x= + Ap =+ 1.27. These two values of x lie in [-2, 2]. The function has local maxima/minima at x = 0 and x = + 1.27, respectively. Scanned with CamScannerTo construct an open box of maximum volume from a given rectangular sheet by cutting equal squares from each comer, Camry . Take a rectangular chart paper of size 20 cm x 10 cmand name it as ABCD. 2. Cat four equal squares each of side x em from each corner A, B, C and D. (Seee Fig. 16.1) 3. Repeat the process by taking the same size of chart papers and different values of x. 4. Make an open box by folding its flaps using cellotape/adhesive. Dez Ay 20cm Fig. 16.1 Chart papers, scissors, cellotape adhesive, calculat 2 ‘When x= 1.5, volume of the box 17 «7 x 1.5= —>—=-=178.Sem’ 4, When x= 1.8, volume of the box = 16.4 x 6.4 x 1.8 = 188.9 cm’, 4. When x=2, volume of the box = 16 x 6 x 2= 192 cm’. _ 5. When x=2.1, volume of the box = 15.8 x 5.8 x 2.1 = 192.4 cm’. 6. When.x= 2.2, volume of the box = 15.6 * 5.6 x 2.2 = 192.2 cm’. ‘7. When x= 2.5, volume of the box = 15 x 5 x 2.5 = 187.5 cm}, 8. When x= 3, volume of the box = 14 x 4 x 3 = 168 om?, Clearly, volume of the box is maximum when x= 2. 1 Scanned with CamScannerQ@bservation > 1. V; = Volume of the open box (whenx=1.6)= | 22.2. 2. V2 = Volume of the open box (when x= 1.9)= 190-2. 3. V=Volume of the open box (when x=2.1)= 19a4., 4. V3=Volume of the open box (whenx=2.2)= 92,2. es 5. V4= Volume of the open box (whenx=2.4)= | 29 6. V5= Volume of the open box (when x= 3.2)= 7. Volume V, is LA ‘ _ than volume V. HESS 8. VolumeV2is___/e <4 _ than volume V. 9. Volume V3 is ! 10. Volume V,is Tl. Volume V; is e%% — thanvolume V. than volume V. *5 _ than volume V. Thus, volume of the open box is maximum when x = 2.1. Goaieaion > This activity is useful in explaining the concepts of maxima/minima of functions. It is also useful in making packages of maximum volume with minimum cost. Scanned with CamScanner