representational or objective arts – arts that have
subject because they depict something and easily
recognized by most people. Examples: paintings,
sculpture, graphic arts, theatre arts and literature.
non-representational or non-objective arts – arts
that do not have subject for they have no
resemblance to any real or identifiable objects and
they do not represent anything.
THREE BASIC COMPONENTS OF AN
ARTWORK
subject which is the visual image; what
form which pertains to how the elements and the
medium are put together; how
content which is referred to as the meaning
communicated by the artist; why
KINDS AND SOURCES OF SUBJECT
1. Nature (landscapes, seascapes and
cityscapes) – deals with the environment;
the natural and the physical world.
2. Animals – represents the figures
and likeness of animal species.
3. Portraits of Human Figures – realistic
likeness of a person in a painting, sculpture
or drawing. It can be a whole human figure
or just a part of it.
4. Still life – any inanimate objects either in a
form of a drawing, painting or photograph.
5. Everyday life – portrays the real and actual
happenings in the daily lives of people
about their usual ways, performing their
usual activities.
6. History and Legend – subject is inspired
by history or legend. Historical events are
real stories transpired from the past while
legends are just imaginary.
7. Religion and Mythology – Used the arts to
aid in worship, to instruct, to inspire feelings
of devotion and as representations of
divinity.
8. Dreams and Fantasies – subjects that are
inspired by the subconscious mind that
make them usually vague, illogical and
irrational. These may be a product of the
workings of an artist’s imagination.
CONTENT IN ART
three levels of meaning
1. Factual meaning – the literal statement
and the most basic level for it is easier to
grasp the content here by just extracting the
identifiable or recognizable forms in the
artwork and understanding how these
elements relate to each other
2. Conventional meaning – the
acknowledged meaning or interpretation of
the artwork using signs, symbols and motifs
(flag is a symbol for a country; the cross is a
Christian symbol of faith)
3. Subjective meaning – any personal
meanings consciously or maybe
unconsciously perceived by the viewer that
could result to a variety of meaning when a
particular work of art is read; could rely on
what the audience know, learned,
experienced and the values they stand for.
Art Appreciation 2.2
Artists- people who produces indirectly
functional arts with aesthetic value using
imagination
Example: painter, sculptor, choreographer,
dancer, musician
Artisans- a craftsman; produces directly
functional and/or decorative arts
Example: carpenter, carver, plumber,
blacksmith, weaver, embroider
People in the Art World
1. Curator - affiliated with museums and
galleries; has the ability to research and write;
an arbiter of design and layout; decides for the
display and hanging of materials for exhibition
2. Buyers and collectors - buyers assess and
survey the artwork and oversee the sale on
behalf of the collector
3. Art dealers - in charge in distribution and
circulation of those artworks through direct
sales, galleries, or auction.
Awards and Citations
-artists are given incentives and honor for
their work through given awards and citations.
2 Major Awards Given to Philippine Artists
A. Orden ng Pambansang Alagad ng Sining
or Order of National Artists or National
Artists Award
- the highest national recognition given to
Filipino individuals who have made significant
recognition to the development of Philippine
arts.
- administered by the National Commision for
Culture and the Arts (NCCA) and Cultural
Center of the Philippines (CCP) and conferred
by the President of the Philippines
- the first recipient was Fernando Amorsolo in
1972 (National Artist for Visual Arts)
Incentives and Privileges
1. Rank and title
2. Medallion or insignia and a citation
3. Cash awards and a host of benefits (monthly
life pension, medical and hospitalization and life
insurance coverage)
4. State funeral and burial at the Libingan ng
mga Bayani
5. Place of honor or designated area during
national state functions, along with recognition
or acknowledgement at cultural events
B. Gawad sa Manlilikha ng Bayan (National
Living Treasures Award)
-finest traditional artists of the land who
distinctive skills have reached a high level of
technical and artistic excellence and have been
passed on to and widely practice by the present
generation in his community
- weaving, carving, graphic and plastic arts,
textile, pottery, and other artistic expressions of
traditional culture
- created in 1992 under RA No. 7355 by the
NCCA
Incentives and Privileges
1. A specially designed gold medallion
2. An initial grant of 100,000 php and a
10,000php monthly stipend for life (later
increase to 14,000php)
3. Maximum cumulative amount of 750,000php
medical and hospitalization benefits.
4. Funeral assistance and tribute fit for a
national living treasure
Medium and Techniques 2.2
Medium
-is the mode of expression in which
concept, idea, or message is conveyed
- materials which are used by an artist to
interpret feelings or thoughts
Technique
-manner in which artist controls his medium
to achieve the desired effect
-has something to do with the way he
manipulates his medium to express idea
Visual Arts
-can be seen and occupy space
Example: painting, sculpture, architecture
a. Painting- art of creating meaningful effects
on flat surface (canvas, wall, panels, board) by
the use of pigments
-use pigments on wood or canvas
Materials used in painting:
1. Watercolor- difficult to handle because it
is difficult to produce warm and rich tones but it
invites brilliand and a variety of hues
2. Gouache- an opaque watercolor painting
the major effects of which are cause by the
paper itself
3. Fresco- pigments mixed with water and
applied on a wet plaster; popular material in
rennaisance period (michelangelo, leonardo,
rafael, donatello)
4. Tempera- pigments mixed with egg yolk
or egg white
5. Pastel- stick of dried paste made of
pigment round with chalk and compounded with
gum water
6. Encaustic- used by Egyptians for painted
portrait on mummy cases. It is done by painting
with wac colors fixed with heat
7. Oil- Linseed oil; oil painting is the one of
the most expensive art activities of today
because of the materials; pigments are mixed
with linseed oil and applied to canvas; used by
Fernando Amorsolo
8. Acrylic- medium used today by the
modern painters and the only thinner used is
water.
Drawing
Materials used in drawing:
1. Pencil- most common medium in
drawing; pencil leads are graded in different
degrees of hardness of softness.
2. Pen and Ink- one of the oldest mediums
still in use; offers a great variety of qualities
depending on the tools and techniques used in
application
India ink- comes in liquid form;
favorite medium of comic strip and illustrators
and cartoonists
3. Bistre- brown pigment extracted from the
soot of wood
4. Crayons- pigments bound by wax and
compressed into painted sticks
5. Charcoal- carbonaceous materials
obtained by heating wood or organic
substances in the absence of oxygen
6. Silverpoint- silver stylus that produce a
thin grayish line
Sculpture- the art of making two- or three-
dimensional representation by means of
carving, casting, modeling and fabrication
Materials used in sculpture:
1. Stone- hard and brittle substance formed
from mineral and earth material.
Soft stone- brittle, soft and porous
Example: Limestone, Sandstone
Hard stone- difficult to chisel
Example: Granite, Basalt
2. Ivory- comes from the tusk of elephants,
the hard white substance used to make carving
and billiard balls
3. Metal- can be case, cut, drilled, filled,
bent, forged, and stamped
4. Plaster- composed of lime, sand, and
water; used extensively in making mannequins,
models, molds, architectural decoration and
other indoor sculptures
5. Clay- possesses little strength intention
or compression and requires an armature for
support
6. Glass- medium that is hard, brittle, more
or less transparent substances produced by
fusion
7. Wood- easier to carve than any mediums
available. They are lighter and softer to carve
despite of having great tensile strength
8. Terracotta- a brownish red clay that has
been baked and used for making pots and small
statues
Basic Sculpture Techniques:
1. Carving- involves cutting or chipping
away a shape from a mass of stone, wood, or
other hard materials; subtractive process
2. Modeling- built using an armature and
then shaped to create a form; additive process
3. Casting- reproducing the form from an
original clay or wax model; most complex
method
 4. Assembling/Fabrication- putting
together of different materials to create an
assembled sculpture; additive process
Architecture- the art of designing a building
and supervising its construction; a shelter to
serve as protection of all activities
Materials used in Architecture:
1. Rock materials- cement, hollow blocks,
gravel, sand, pebbles, stone
2. Metal materials
3. Organic materials- wood
4. Hybrid materials- tiles, marbles, bricks
5. Synthetic materials- glass, plastic
ELEMENTS AND PRINCIPLES OF ART
ELEMENTS OF VISUAL ARTS
LINE - prolongation of a point or the path of a
moving point. It defines edges of shapes and forms.
It is said to be the most universal, primitive and the
easiest means of creating an art.
Line has various types:
 Straight Line – a line that progresses in
one direction.
 Curved Line – a line that gradually changes
in direction that creates soft edges
 Angular Line – a line that changes
abruptly, creating sharp edges
In viewing a picture, our eye movement is
controlled significantly by a large measure of line
directions.
Horizontal Directions – represents serenity,
calmness and stability
Diagonal Directions – identifies movement,
motion and instability
Vertical Directions – represents strength, power
and poise
SHAPE AND FORM
These two are related to each other in the sense
that they define the space occupied by the object of
art.
Shape refers to two dimensions: height and width.
Form refers to three dimensions: height, width and
depth.
CATEGORIES OF SHAPE
1. Natural/Organic Shapes - are an obvious
popular source since it objectively represents the
physical or material and the natural world.
- are shapes directly identified with the
environment.
2. Abstract Shape - are fundamental shapes that
are objectified coming from an idea, emotion or
experience.
-a thought processed shaped where it
solicits further understanding likewise appreciation
of the articulated or emphasized idea.
3. Geometric Shape - are identified by the use of
any geometrical figures such as cubes, spheres,
cones, etc.
- it is classified in two-dimensional and
three-dimensional forms
4. Positive Shape – is the solid form in a design
5. Negative Shape – is the space which are not
occupied by any form
KINDS OF FORM
Closed Form – the figure inside the frame is
complete which means that the figure that you see
is the only figure presented in the artwork
Open Form –the form or image inside the frame is
incomplete which means that the artwork creates
an illusion that the dimensions inside as if extends
and may be infinite
TEXTURE
This refers to the feel or tactile quality of the
surface of an object.
TYPES OF TEXTURE
1. Actual Texture - are intended to be
touched. These are artworks that make use
of the Impasto Technique (layered painting).
2. Simulated Texture - most common texture
employed in visual arts.
3. Invented Texture - may be sourced from
nature and from the artist’s hand through a
proactive metamorphosis. As such, texture
will be treated more as a decorative rather
than a surface representation.
VALUE
It is the relative degree of lightness and darkness in
a graphic work of art or painting. In the application
of value, one must determine the source of the
light.
CHIAROSCURO - If there is lightness and
darkness in color, there is also light and shadow
VOLUME/SOLIDITY - the characteristic of an
object that has mass and weight
SPACE - the area, size, location or distance. It
exists as an “illusion” in the graphic or two-
dimensional visual arts but in sculpture it is actually
present.
Linear perspective is the means by which we see
the illusion of distance through the use of
converging lines.
Aerial perspective is the representation of relative
distances of objects by gradations of tone and color
and providing a wide perspective of the figures and
view
COLOR It is the most important element in the
visual arts and has the most aesthetic appeal.
Many colors may be formed by mixing 2 or more
colors but there are some which we cannot
combine because they are pure colors.
Primary colors – red, yellow, blue
Secondary Colors – green, orange, violet
Intermediate color - combination of 1 primary and
1 secondary ; blue green, yellow orange
Color Harmony
The proper combination of colors must always be
looked upon, for this will best determine the beauty
of an art. A good color combination that is
pleasing to the eyes
Related color harmony – colors that are nearer to
each other in the color wheel
a. Monochromatic color – uses one color
only with the application of values (dark
and light).
b. Analogous color – there are two or
more different colors that possess one
common color in all their mixture.
Contrasting color harmony – colors that are
farther to each other in the color chart.
a. Complementary color – they are the
opposite colors in the color chart.
ELEMENTS OF AUDITORY ART
RHYTHM - the most important element in music
for it is considered as the pulse and heartbeat in
music. Rhythm is the repeated pattern of strong
and weak beats in music. It is often associated to
beat, meter and tempo.
DYNAMICS - to the loudness or softness of sound.
 Pianissimo (pp) – very soft
 Piano (p) – soft
 Mezzo-piano (mp) – medium soft
 Mezzo-forte (mf) – medium loud
 Forte (f) – loud
 Fortissimo (ff) – very loud
TONE COLOR - quality that distinguishes a voice
or an instrument from another. Also known as
timbre.
STYLE - to the singer’s or composer’s way of doing
his part.
TEXTURE - to the number of sounds being heard
one at a time. It could also refer to the thickness or
thinness of a musical composition.
 Monophonic – single melodic line
  Homophonic – main melody plus
accompaniment or two different melodies
sounded together
 Polyphonic – three or more different
melodic lines.
FORM - the structure of a musical composition and
it has four types:
 Unitary – one section only
 Binary – two sections
 Ternary – three sections
 Rondo – multiple sections
MELODY - combination of tones arrange in
succession is termed melody. It is presented in a
horizontal manner and read from left to right.
HARMONY - combination of tones arrange in a
simultaneous manner. If the musical presentation of
melody is horizontal, harmony is vertical. It arises
when tones are combined to form chords.
PRINCIPLES OF ART DESIGN
Design is the overall visual structure of a work of
art. It is also the proper arrangement of the different
elements of art in order to produce something
beautiful.
1. Balance is a feeling of equality in weight,
attention or attraction of the various
elements. In art, balance is more felt than
seen for the parts of a visual composition
are judged not by how heavy they are, but
how they look. In other words, it is the
power of attraction of some factors like size,
position, form, color, etc.
a. Formal or Symmetrical
Balance - There are two equal
parts of the pictorial plane of an
artwork that stand like mirror
images of each other.
b. Informal or Asymmetrical
Balance - It is obtained when the
visual units on either side of the
axis are not identical but are so
equated as to produce a “felt”
equilibrium.
c. Radial Balance - The parts or
patterns of the design seem to
move outward from the center.
2. Rhythm is a flow or a feeling of movement
achieved by the repetition of regular visual
units.
a. Simple Rhythm – there is only one
motif being repeated.
b. Composite Rhythm – there are two
or more motifs being repeated.
3. Proportion is the art principle which shows
the ratio of one part to another and of the
parts to the whole. It is the proper and
pleasing relationship of one object with the
others in a design.
4. Emphasis is the manner of creating one
element in an artwork as the most important
part. It is achieved through size, shape,
color, brushstrokes or combinations of
these.
5. Harmony refers to the adaptation of the
visual elements to each other, the
agreement between the parts of a
composition which result in unity.
6. Contrast is the disparity between the
elements that figure into the composition.
As in one object appears darker and the
other appears lighter.
7. Variation is very essential to prevent
monotony because of the repetition or
sameness. This principle aims to retain the
interest by allowing areas that excite and
allow the eye to rest.
RULE OF THIRDS
The rule of thirds is a "rule of thumb" or guideline
which applies to the process of composing visual
images such as designs, films, paintings, and
photographs.
The visual image should be imagined as divided
into 9 equal parts having 2 equally spaced
horizontal lines and 2 equally spaced vertical lines.
The important elements in the design must be
placed along these lines or intersections.