Name: Aditi Patel

Class: XI - A

This Photo by Unknown author is licensed under CC BY-ND.

Acknowledgement
I would like to express my special thanks of gratitude to our
teacher RB Shukla Sir as well as our principal who gave us
the golden opportunity to do this wonderful project on the
topic of Famous Scientists from various Branches of Physics,
which also helped me in doing a lot of Research and I came
to know about so many new things I am really thankful to
them.

This Photo by Unknown author is licensed under CC BY-NC.

 •Mechanics
•Fluids
Prominent •Thermodynamics
Branches of •Waves
Physics
Mechanics
Isac Newton
Isaac Newton's formulation of
the law of universal
gravitation. In mechanics,
his three laws of motion, the
basic principles of modern
physics, resulted in the
formulation of the
law of universal gravitation. In
mathematics, he was the
original discoverer of the
infinitesimal calculus.
 Galileo Galilei
Galileo claimed that a simple pendulum is
isochronous. Galileo also found that the
square of the period varies directly with
the length of the pendulum. Galileo had
dropped balls of the same material, but
different masses, from the Leaning Tower
of Pisa to demonstrate that their time of
descent was independent of their mass.
Galileo proposed that a falling body
would fall with a uniform acceleration, as
long as the resistance of the medium
through which it was falling remained
negligible, or in the limiting case of its
falling through a vacuum.
 Aristotle
Aristotle intended to establish general
principles of change that govern all
natural bodies, both living and
inanimate, celestial and terrestrial –
including all motion, quantitative
change, qualitative change, and
substantial change. Key concepts of
Aristotelian physics include the
structuring of the cosmos into
concentric spheres, with the Earth at
the center and celestial spheres around
it. The terrestrial sphere was made of
four elements, namely earth, air, fire,
and water, subject to change and decay.
The celestial spheres were made of a
fifth element, an unchangeable Aether.
Albert Einstein

Light, Einstein said, is a beam of

particles whose energies are related
to their frequencies according to
Planck's formula. When that beam is
directed at a metal, the photons
collide with the atoms. If a photon's
frequency is sufficient to knock off an
electron, the collision produces the
photoelectric effect. Thus, Einstein's
work on photoelectric effect
gives support to E = hv. He received
the 1921 Nobel Prize in Physics for his
services to theoretical physics, and
especially for his discovery of the law
of the photoelectric effect.
Fluids
Archimedes
Archimedes is regarded as one of the
leading scientists in classical antiquity.
Archimedes' principle states that the
upward buoyant force that is exerted
on a body immersed in a fluid,
whether fully or partially, is equal to
the weight of the fluid that the body
displaces. Archimedes' principle is a
law of physics fundamental to fluid
mechanics
Daniel Bernoulli
Daniel Bernoulli was a Swiss
mathematician and physicist. In fluid
dynamics, Bernoulli's principle states
that an increase in the speed of a fluid
occurs simultaneously with a decrease
in static pressure or a decrease in the
fluid's potential energy. Bernoulli's
principle is of critical use in
aerodynamics. It was published it in his
book Hydrodynamical in 1738.
Evangelista
Torricelli
Evangelista Torricelli was an
Italian physicist and
mathematician, and a student of
Galileo. Torricelli's law, also
known as Torricelli's theorem,
states that the speed v of efflux of
a fluid through a sharp-edged
hole at the bottom of a tank filled
to a depth h is the same as the
speed that a body (in this case a
drop of water) would acquire in
falling freely from a height.
Thermodynamics
James Clerk Maxwell
James Clerk Maxwell was a Scottish scientist. As
individual gas molecules (or atoms) approach the
door, the demon quickly opens and closes the
door to allow only fast-moving molecules to pass
through in one direction, and only slow-moving
molecules to pass through in the other. Because
the kinetic temperature of a gas depends on the
velocities of its constituent molecules, the
demon's actions cause one chamber to warm up
and the other to cool down. This would decrease
the total entropy of the two gases, without
applying any work, thereby violating the second
law of thermodynamics.
Rudolf Julius Emanuel
Rudolf Julius Emanuel Clausius was
a German physicist and
mathematician and is considered
one of the central founders of the
science of thermodynamics. By his
restatement of Sadi Carnot's
principle known as the Carnot
cycle, he gave the theory of heat a
truer and sounder basis. His most
important paper, "On the Moving
Force of Heat" , published in 1850,
first stated the basic ideas of the
second law of thermodynamics.
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Willard Gibbs
Willard Gibbs is the founder of chemical
thermodynamics. Building on the work
of Clausius, between the years 1873-76
the American mathematical physicist
Willard Gibbs published a series of three
papers. In these papers, Gibbs showed
how the first two laws of
thermodynamics could be measured
graphically and mathematically to
determine both the thermodynamic
equilibrium of chemical reactions as
well as their tendencies to occur or
proceed.
 Waves
Henri Poincare
Gravitational waves are
disturbances in the curvature of
spacetime, generated by
accelerated masses, that propagate
as waves outward from their source
at the speed of light. They were
proposed by Henri Poincare in 1905
and subsequently predicted in 1916
by Albert Einstein on the basis of
his general theory of relativity.
Louis de Broglie

The physicist Louis de Broglie

suggested that particles might have
both wave properties and particle
properties. The wave nature of
electrons was also detected
experimentally to substantiate the
suggestion of Louis de Broglie. De
Broglie reasoned that matter also can
show wave-particle duality, just like
light, since light can behave both as a
wave (it can be diffracted and it has a
wavelength) and as a particle.
Franz Melde

Franz Melde was a German

physicist and professor.
Melde's experiment is a
scientific experiment carried
out in 1859 by the German
physicist Franz Melde. He
discovered the standing waves.
Melde generated parametric
oscillations in a string by
employing a tuning fork
to periodically vary the tension
at twice the resonance
frequency of the string.
Bibliography
• ias.ac.in
• wikipedia.org
• kent.edu
• Britannica.com
• Science20.com
• sciencedaily.com