KARL R.

POPPER (1902-1994) was an Austrian-born British philosopher who is generally regarded as

one of the 20th century's greatest philosophers of science, known for his rejection of the classical
inductivist views on the scientific method in favour of empirical falsification. He helped to establish
the philosophy of science as an autonomous discipline within philosophy, through his own prolific
and influential works, and also through his influence on his own contemporaries and students. He
was also a social and political philosopher of considerable stature, a self-professed critical-rationalist,
a dedicated opponent of all forms of scepticism, conventionalism, and relativism in science and in
human affairs generally and a committed advocate and staunch defender of the "Open Society."

Although his first book, THE LOGIC OF SCIENTIFIC DISCOVERY (1935), was published by the Vienna
Circle of logical positivists, Popper rejected their inductive empiricism and developmental
historicism. According to this traditional view, a scientific hypothesis may be tested and verified by
obtaining the repeated outcome of substantiating observations. Popper argued instead that
hypotheses are deductively validated by what he called the "falsifiability criterion." Under this
method, a scientist seeks to discover an observed exception to his postulated rule. The absence of
contradictory evidence thereby becomes corroboration of his theory. According to Popper, such
pseudosciences as astrology, metaphysics, Marxist history, and Freudian psychoanalysis are not
empirical sciences, because of their failure to adhere to the principle of falsifiability.

In political discourse, he is known for his vigorous defence of liberal democracy and the principles of
social criticism that he came to believe made a flourishing open society possible. In THE OPEN
SOCIETY AND ITS ENEMIES (1945) and THE POVERTY OF HISTORICISM (1957), Popper developed a
critique of historicism and a defence of the "Open Society". He argued that historicism (according to
which history develops inexorably and necessarily according to knowable general laws towards a
determinate end) is the principal theoretical presupposition underpinning most forms of
authoritarianism and totalitarianism, and that it is founded upon mistaken assumptions regarding
the nature of scientific law and prediction. Since the growth of human knowledge is a causal factor
in the evolution of human history, and since "no society can predict, scientifically, its own future
states of knowledge", it follows, he argued, that there can be no predictive science of human history.
For Popper, metaphysical and historical indeterminism went hand in hand.

The following books are in ePUB and/or PDF format as indicated:

* All Life is Problem Solving (Routledge, 2001) -- ePUB + PDF

* Conjectures and Refutations (Routledge, 2002) -- ePUB + PDF

* In Search of a Better World: Lectures and Essays (Routledge, 1996) -- ePUB

* Lesson of This Century, The (Routledge, 1997) -- PDF

* Logic of Scientific Discovery, The (Routledge, 2002) -- ePUB + PDF

* Myth of the Framework (Routledge, 2006). M.A. Notturno, ed. -- ePUB

* Objective Knowledge: An Evolutionary Approach (Oxford, 1979) -- PDF

* Open Society and Its Enemies, The (Princeton, 2013) -- ePUB + PDF

* Open Society and Its Enemies, The (Routledge, 2011) -- ePUB

* Popper Selections (Princeton, 1985). David Miller, ed. -- PDF

* Poverty of Historicism (Routledge, 2002) -- ePUB + PDF

* Quantum Theory & the Schism in Physics (Rowman & Littlefield, 1982) -- PDF

* Realism and the Aim of Science (Routledge, 1996). W. Bartley III, ed. -- PDF

* Revolution or Reform [with Herbert Marcuse] (Precedent, 1985) -- PDF

* Self and Its Brain, The [with John C. Eccles] (Springer, 1985) -- PDF

* Two Fundamental Problems of Theory of Knowledge (Routledge, 2008) -- PDF

* Unended Quest: An Intellectual Autobiography (Routledge, 2002) -- ePUB + PDF

* World of Parmenides, The (Routledge, 2012) -- ePUB

* World of Propensities, A (Thoemmes, 1995) -- PDF