EFFECT OF URBAN HEAT

ISLAND ON SPATIAL AND

LOW INCOME
COMMUNITIES IN
MAKASSAR CITY
Author(s) : Angelia Khairunnisa, Marly Valenti
Patandianan, Ihsan, Abdul Rachman Rasyid

The 6th EPI International Conference on Science and Engineering (EICSE) 2022
INTRODUCTIO
N
• The results of previous studies showed the Urban Heat Island Intensity (UHII) of
Makassar City is 6.0°C during the day and 0.8°C at night. The level of comfort in
Makassar City has decreased due to high temperatures, this circumstances is
evidenced by the results of measurements made during the day and night which
show that the average temperature of Makassar City is 31.29°C during the daytime
and 27.04°C at night.

• Land Surface Temperature (LST) is an important parameter in thermal and urban

climate studies because it controls the Urban Heat Island effect. The impact is
significantly affected in response to the increasing intensity of UHI with the
continuous expansion of urban space.

• The previous studies, it was explained that the the density of the building has a
significant effect on the land surface temperature. Normalized Difference Built-Up
Index (NDBI) is an approach technique that is widely used to assess the density of an
area

• Therefore, a study will be conducted to determine whether there is a spatial influence

on the distribution pattern of high land surface temperatures and also the density of
buildings in Makassar City by looking at the characteristics of the distribution pattern
that has an impact on low-income communities.
 4

METHODS
This research was conducted in Makassar City, South Sulawesi
Province. The implementation time of this research was carried out
from June 2022 to August 2022 which included the literature study,
data collection, data processing, analysis and conclusion stages. The
map of the research location can be seen in Fig 1.

The climatic conditions in the Makassar City area based on

observation data from the Makassar City BMKG in 2022 climate
elements show that the lowest temperature is 21.8°C which occurred
in January 2021 the highest temperature of Makassar City was at
34.40°C, occurred in August 2021. Average temperature The average
in Makassar City throughout 2021 is 26.67° C - 28.85°C.

FIGURE 1. Research Location

 The used analysis methodology is collecting LST and NDBI data using Google Earth Engine Cloud-Based
Image processing (GEE), Quantum GIS (QGIS) is used in raster data processing, and GeoDa is viewing the
spatial characteristics of the surface temperature in the study area by conducting statistical analysis of
spatial autocorrelation. In this analysis, Moran's index is divided into four quadrants to determine the effect
of the spatial distribution characteristics towards the LST and NDBI data and LISA is a tool to visualize the
results of spatial autocorrelation into a map-based picture.

01 02 03
Cloud Based Image Spatial Autocorrelation Moran Scatterplot
Processing

Identify The Characteristics Of The

Distribution Of UHI Spatial Patterns
 Cloud Based Image
Processing

1
Cloud-based remote sensing satellite image processing has advantages, one of which is that it does not require large deviations. One
platform that supports cloud-based remote sensing digital image processing is Google Earth Engine (GEE). The distribution of UHI
spatial patterns was identified through the spatial autocorrelation method with Geoda software.

Spatial Autocorrelation

IDENTIFY THE Spatial autocorrelation is an estimate of the correlation between observed values related to the spatial location of the same variable. The

CHARACTERISTICS characteristics of the spatial autocorrelation expressed by Kosfeld [13] that is:

2
• If there is a systematic pattern in the spatial distribution of the observed variables, then there is a spatial autocorrelation.
OF THE • If the proximity or neighborliness between regions is closer, it can be said that there is a positive spatial autocorrelation.
DISTRIBUTION OF • Negative spatial autocorrelation describes an unsystematic neighbor pattern.
UHI SPATIAL • The random pattern of the spatial data shows no spatial autocorrelation.

PATTERNS

Moran Scatterplot

3 The Moran Scatterplot is a tool used to identify spatial balance or influence. There are four different quadrants in the Moran Scatterpolt which show
four types of spatial relationships between an area and adjacent areas as follows [14].
• Quadrant I. An area that has a high value with surrounding areas that have a high value as well, is included in quadrant I which is located at the top
right. The area included in quadrant I is the high-high (HH) area.
• Quadrant II. An area with a low value is surrounded by areas that have a high value included in quadrant II which is located at the top left. Areas
included in quadrant II are low-hight (LH) areas.
• Quadrant III. An area with a low value is surrounded by areas that have a low value included in quadrant III which is located at the bottom left.
Areas included in quadrant III are low-low (LL) areas.
• Quadrant IV. An area with a high value is surrounded by areas that have a low value included in quadrant IV which is located at the bottom right.
Areas included in quadrant IV are high-low (HL) areas. The Moran scartter plot is shown in
 RESULTS AND
DISCUSSIONS
The Landsat 8 OLI/TIRS image used for data processing is a cloud-masked image with a time span of 1 year from
January 1, 2021, to December 31, 2021, Fig 4. which is processed using Javascript syntax on Google Earth Engine. The
Google Earth Engine Platform is connected to the image database belonging to the United States Geological Survey
which is the main source of image data in this study.

01
Cloud Based Image
Processing
 The results of the LST and NDBI map in raster form will be converted into a shapefile to be 150x150 m2 in the form
of a grid using the Quantum GIS (QGIS) software tool. This is referred to from research [16], who said the use of the
02 grid method is the simplest method for sampling irregular data, so it can provide a systematic means to generalize
data and plan observation routes. In addition, it is explained that Urban Heat Island (UHI) is a geographical
Spatial phenomenon, meaning that the phenomenon is influenced by the surrounding environment and the pixel value of the
Autocorrelation surface temperature represents the pixel value itself to the surrounding temperature.
 Identification of Urban Heat
Island Spatial Distribution 03
Pattern

Moran Scatterplot
• The UHI distribution pattern is identified through the Spatial
Autocorrelation method with Geoda Software. This
software requires data management and shapefile data.
Shapefile is a data format used to store spatial data,
especially vector-based digital maps.

• This analysis used tools weights manager in the form of

queen contiguity. This is because the author aims to
analyze the influence and interrelationships between grid
one and the surrounding grid. In the Geoda application, in
testing the Moran Index test requires a Weights Matrix
Index, which defines the location environment around each
geographical unit. Values in each unit are compared with a
weighted average of neighbouring values. The weight file
used is Queen contiguity, where the area of observation is Fig. 7 shows the Makassar City shapefile map that has been
determined based on the sides that are tangent to each converted into a 150x150 m2 grid with a total of 8418 grids which
will be analyzed through GeoDA software
other.
Fig. 8 (a) The Moran index in the Urban Heat Island distribution data shows a value of 0.021. This value indicates that the Urban
Heat Island data has a positive spatial autocorrelation (> 0). The clusters formed did not occur as a whole because they did not
approach the value of the Moran Index 1, which means that there are still some grids that do not follow the clusters and
agglomerations. With the distribution of data in Quadrant I as much as 274, Quadrant II as much as 246, Quadrant III as much as
233, and Quadrant IV as much as 219, this shows that the distribution of surface temperature and high NDBI is located in
Quadrant I that the high-value grid is surrounded by the high-value grid as well.
Fig. 9 From the results of the analysis of the significance
map above, which shows the results of the clustering
modelling, it is found that the green areas have a higher
probability of clustering; the lower the level of
significance, the greater the possibility of the district to
cluster.

This is indicated by the dark green colour of the

significance map above. It is known that the grids around
the city centre tend to cluster higher than the suburban
and other areas. Which are located in nineteen sub-disctrict,
namely Kaluku Badoa, Tallo, Parangloe, Bira, Kapasa Raya,
Daya, Pai, Laikang, Bakung, Pacerakang, Buntusu, Tamalanrea
Indah, Tello Baru, Bitowo, Lembo, Pisang Selatan, Maccini
Sombala, Tanjung Merdeka and Parangtambung
CONCLUSIONS

Based on the results of the spatial autocorrelation analysis, it can be concluded that the
distribution pattern of LST and NDBI in makassar city shows the characteristics of forming a
cluster. The moran index value is in the range of values 0 < I ≤ 1, which is 0.021, indicating a
positive spatial autocorrelation. Positive spatial autocorrelation indicates a clustering tendency.
upon seeing the significance test of the results of the moran index clustering model, it is
concluded that the increase in lst and ndbi around the city centre has a higher tendency compared
to suburban and other areas. Urban overheating generated by UHI has a harmful impact on both
qualities of life conditions and economic well-being. In particular, the people who are most
sensitive to environmental changes are low-income and vulnerable people who live in dense urban
areas.