CE543 | CE CORRELATION COURSE

CHAPTER 3
FUNDAMENTALS
OF GEOMETRY

MODULE 5
PLANE GEOMETRY
This module serves as a review for the BSCE graduating students in the
fundamental principles of geometry aligned with the scope and provisions of the
civil engineering licensure examination to ensure that they will meet the necessary
technical and professional knowledge to face the board examination with
confidence and ease.

Objectives
• To provide a refresher course for the fundamental principles of geometry.

5.1 Polygons

• Classification of Polygons

Name Sides
Triangle 3
Quadrilateral 4
Pentagon 5
Hexagon 6
Heptagon 7
Octagon 8
Nonagon 9
Decagon 10
Undecagon 11
Dodecagon 12
Hectagon 100
Megagon 1,000,000
Googolgon 10100
n-gon n

• Sum of Interior Angles

1 of 6
 CE543 | CE CORRELATION COURSE

∑ 𝜃 = (𝑛 − 2) × 180°

• Sum of Exterior Angles

∑ 𝛽 = 360°

• Number of Diagonals
𝑛
𝐷 = 2 (𝑛 − 3)

E5-1 If a regular polygon has 27 diagonals, then it is a _______

E5-2 The exterior angle of a regular polygon is 140° lesser than its interior angle.
Name the polygon.

E5-3 The sum of the interior angles of a trihectakaiicosaheptagon.

5.2 Circle

• General Theorems
1. If a central angle and a peripheral angle are subtended by the same
arc, then the central angle is twice as large as the peripheral angle.

2. Inscribed angles subtend the same arc are equal.

3. Inscribed angles subtended by the diameter of a circle are right

angles.

2 of 6
 CE543 | CE CORRELATION COURSE

4. Chord Theorem

𝐴𝑃(𝑃𝐵) = 𝐶𝑃(𝑃𝐷)
5. Secant Theorem

𝑃𝐶 (𝑃𝐷 ) = 𝑃𝐴(𝑃𝐵)
6. Secant Tangent Theorem

𝑃𝑇 2 = 𝑃𝐴(𝑃𝐵)
7. Through three points not in a straight line, only one circle can be
drawn.
8. A tangent to a circle is perpendicular to the radius at the point of
tangency.
9. A perpendicular from a point on the circumference to a diameter of
a circle is a mean proportional between the segment of the
diameter.
• Area of a Circle
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = 𝜋𝑟 2
• Sector of a Circle
𝜋𝑟 2 𝜃
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = 360°

• Segment of a Circle
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑆𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 − 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑇𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒

3 of 6
 CE543 | CE CORRELATION COURSE

𝑆 = 𝑟𝜃
E5-4 A reverse curve on a railroad track consists of two circular arcs. The central
angle of one is 20° with radius of 2500ft and the central angle of the other
is 25° with radius of 3000ft. Find the total length of the two arcs.
E5-5 A goat is tied at a corner of a 5m by 7m shed with an 8m rope. Find the
ground area the cow can graze.

5.3 Quadrilaterals

• Square
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = 𝑎2
• Rectangle
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = 𝑎𝑏
• Parallelogram

Given base and altitude: 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = 𝑏ℎ

1
Given two diagonals and their included angle: 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = 2 𝑑1 𝑑2 sin 𝜃
Given two sides and included angle: 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = 𝑎𝑏 sin 𝜃
• Rhombus

Given base and altitude: 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = 𝑏ℎ

1
Given two diagonals and their included angle: 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = 2 𝑑1 𝑑2
Given two sides and included angle: 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = 𝑎2 sin 𝜃
• Trapezoid
1
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = 2 𝑑1 𝑑2

• General Quadrilateral
1
Given two diagonals and their included angle: 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = 2 𝑑1 𝑑2 sin 𝜃
Given four sides and sum of two opposite angles:
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = √(𝑠 − 𝑎)(𝑠 − 𝑏)(𝑠 − 𝑐 )(𝑠 − 𝑑 ) − 𝑎𝑏𝑐𝑑cos 2 𝜃
𝑎+𝑏+𝑐+𝑑 𝐴+𝐶
𝑠= ; 𝜃=
2 2
Given four sides and two opposite angles A and C:
1 1
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = 2 𝑎𝑏 sin 𝐴 + 2 𝑐𝑑 sin 𝐷

• Cyclic Quadrilateral

4 of 6
 CE543 | CE CORRELATION COURSE

𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = √(𝑠 − 𝑎)(𝑠 − 𝑏)(𝑠 − 𝑐 )(𝑠 − 𝑑)

• Circle circumscribing a Quadrilateral

√(𝑎𝑏+𝑐𝑑)(𝑎𝑐+𝑏𝑑)(𝑎𝑑+𝑏𝑐)
𝑅= 4𝐴

Where: 𝐴 = √(𝑠 − 𝑎)(𝑠 − 𝑏)(𝑠 − 𝑐 )(𝑠 − 𝑑)

• Circle inscribed in a Quadrilateral

𝐴
𝑟= 𝑠
𝑎+𝑏+𝑐+𝑑
Where: 𝐴 = √𝑎𝑏𝑐𝑑 ; 𝑠= 2

E5-6 In the parallelogram ABCD, angle A=5x+10 while angle C=6x+4. What is the
value of A?
E5-7 A fence 548m long surrounds a rectangular field. If the diagonal distance
between corners of the field is 194m, what is the area of the field?

E5-8 In the figure shown:

PC=25cm, CD=13cm, AB=18cm, Angle DPB=21° Determine:

a. The length of PB
b. Area of the quadrilateral ACDB
c. Radius of the circumscribing circle
d. Does the Quadrilateral form have an in-circle?
e. What are the measurements of arcs CA and DB?

5.4 Ptolemy’s Theorem

“For any cyclic quadrilateral, the product of the diagonals equals the sum
of the products of the opposite sides.”
𝑑1 𝑑2 = 𝑎𝑐 + 𝑏𝑑

5 of 6
 CE543 | CE CORRELATION COURSE

E5-9 A quadrilateral of sides a, b, c, d is inscribed in a circle. a and c are opposite

sides, so as b and d. Knowing that a=2.8, b=6.7, c=5.3, and ‘d’ is the
diameter of the circle, solve for the following:
a. The value of d
b. The area of the quadrilateral

5.5 Regular Polygon

• Regular Polygon inscribed in a Circle

1 360°
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = 2 𝑛𝑅2 sin ( )
𝑛

• Regular Polygon circumscribing a Circle

180°
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = 𝑛𝑟 2 tan ( )
𝑛

E5-10 A regular octagon is inscribed in a circle of radius 10. Find the area of the
octagon.
E5-11 Find the area of a pentagram inscribed in a circle of radius 5
E5-12 Find the area of a hexagram inscribed in a circle of radius 5

6 of 6