TABLE OF CONTENT

List of experiments:
Serial Experiment name Date of Faculty’
no.
completion Signatur
1 Measurement of Self Inductance of high quality
factor coil by Hay’s bridge

2 To study the Kelvin Double Bridge for Low

resistance measurement

3 Measurement of Self Inductance by Maxwell's

Bridge

4 Measurement of Capacitance by Wien Series

Bridge
5 Measurement of Self Inductance accurately by
Anderson's Bridge
6
7
8
9
10
 Experiment no. -1

AIM: To determine the self inductance of a high quality factor unknown

coil.
The Hay's bridge is a modification of Maxwell's bridge. The connection
diagram is shown in figure 1. This bridge uses a resistance in series with
the standard capacitor (unlike the Maxwell bridge which uses a resistance
in parallel with capacitor).

Circuit Diagram:

Let,
L1= Unknown inductance having resistance R1.
R2, R3, R4= known non inductive resistance.
C4 = Standard capacitor.

At Balance,
(R1+j⋅ω⋅L1)⋅(R4−jω⋅C4)=R2⋅R3
R1⋅R4+L1C4+j⋅ω⋅L1⋅R4−j⋅R1ω⋅C4=R2⋅R3
separating the real and imaginary terms, we get
R1R4+L1C4=R2R3.........(1)
j⋅ω⋅L1R4−jR1ωC4=0......(2)

Solving the above two equations(1) and (2), we have,

L1=R2R3C41+ω2C24R24
R1=ω2C24R4R2R31+ω2C24R24

The Quality factor of the coil Q=ωL1R1=1ωC4R4.

PROCEDURE:

The circuit diagram of Hay's Bridge

1) Connect all the components and the air cored coil as shown in the Fig. 2.
2) Set the voltage at a convenient value (say, V=3V) . Set the resistances R2,
and R3 at a convenient value and obtain the balance by varying R4 and C4.
3) Decide the ranges for R4 and C4 through which they can varied until
milivoltmeter (mV) value would be zero.
4) Repeat the procedure with different values of the product R2R3 and decide
upon readings that permit maximum accuracy for the measurement.

OBSERVATIONS:

Values taken:
w = 500Hz , C4 = 10E-8 F , Lx = 0.001H
R2 = 500ohms , R3 = 500ohms
R4 = 1000000 ohms , V = 3V
RESULT :
Inductor value (in mH): 2.533003926362851e-7
Resistance value (in ohm): 0.3533
Quality Factor of unknown coil: 0.002387
 Experiment no. -2
Objective:
Kelvin's double bridge may be used for precision mesurement of four-terminal
low resistances. Four terminal resistors have two current leading terminals and
two potential terminals across which the resistance equals the marked nominal
value. This is because, the current must enter and leave the resistor in a
fashion that there is same or equivalent distribution of current density
between the particular equipotent surfaces used to define the resistance. The
additional points also eliminated any contact resistance at the current lead-in
terminals.
CIRCUIT:

The kelvin double bridge incorporates the idea of a second set of ratio arms -
hence the name double bridge- and the use of four terminal resistors for the
low resistance arms. Figure 1 shows the schematic diagram of kelvin bridge.
The first ratio arms is P and Q. The second set of ratio arms p and q is used to
connect the galvanometer to a point d at the appropriate potential between
points m and n to eliminate the effect of connecting lead resistance r between
the unknown resistance R and the standard resistance S.
The ratio p/q is made equal to P/Q. Under balance conditions there is no
current through the galvanometer which means that the voltage drop between
a and b, Eab is equal to voltage drops Eamd between a and c.
`E_(ab) = P* E_(ac)/(P+Q)` and `E_(ac) = I*{R + S + r*(p + q)/(p+q+r)}`
`E_(amd)= I*{R+(p/(p+q))*(r*(p+q)/(p+q+r))} = I*(R+pr/(p+q+r))`
for zero galvanometer deflection, Eab=Eamd

Eq (2) is the usual working equation for the kelvin bridge. It indicates that the
resistance of connecting lead, r, has no effect on the measurement, provided
that the two sets of ratio arms have equal ratios.

PROCEDURE:

The circuit diagram for experimental set-up of Kelvin Double Bridge.

 Connect the circuit as shown in the Fig. 1.      

 Set the value of the resistances A and a at 1000 ohm by setting the plugs
at the marked positions and the values of B, b at 1000 ohm by setting
the dial. Open the Key K. The bridge will act as a wheatstone bridge. A
null deflection Galvanometer will ensure the relationship `A/a = B/b`.
 Close the key K. Adjust the rheostat to obtain 2A current in the circuit .
  Keeping the resistances A, a at 1000 ohm, vary B, b to obtain the
Galvanometer null. Note the value B, b at balance position from the dial.
 Reverse the direction of current by operating the two-way  switch 's' 
and obtain the balance.
 Set the values of A, a at 1 ohm and 1000 ohm position and repeat  step 5
and step 4.
 Repeat step 5 through step 6 for different line currents 3A, 4A and 5A.

OBSERVATIONS: simulator

Values taken:
Unknown resistance R(S) = 0.003 ohms
RA = 298 ohms
RB = 595 ohms
Ra = 399.6 ohms
Rb = 493.4 ohms

V = 12 V , Rs = 6 ohms
RESULT :
Calculated resistive value = 0.00242 ohms
 Experiment no. -3

Objective: Measurement of Self-Inductance by Maxwell's Bridge.

In this bridge, an inductance is measured by comparison with a standard
variable capacitance. The connection is shown in Figure 1.

Circuit diagram for Maxwell's Bridge

Here,
L = Unknown Inductance,
R4 = Effective resistance of unknown Inductance coil,
R1,R2,R3 = Known non inductive resistance,
C1 = Standard variable capacitor.
The balance equation for the branch can be written as:
(R4+jωL)∗(R11+jωC1R1)=R2R3;
R1R4+jωLR1=R2R3+jωR2R3C1R1;
Equating the real and imaginary parts,
R4=R2R3R1......(1)
L=R2R3C1......(2)
Two variables R1 and C1 which appear in one of the two balance equations
(i.e. equation (1) and (2)) and hence the two equations are independent. The
expression for Q factor can be written as:
Q=ωLR4=ωC1R1
PHASOR DIAGRAM:

PROCEDURE:
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

:
Connect all the components and the air cored coil as shown in the figure.
Set the product of R2R3 at a convenient value and obtain the balance by
varying R1 and C1.
Decide the ranges for R1 and C1 through which they can varied without
bringing database at noise C.R.O.
Repeat the procedure with different values of the product R2R3 and decide
upon readings that permit maximum accuracy for the measurement.

OBSERVATIONS:

Values taken:
C1 = 10nC
R1 = 111940.3ohms
R2 = 900ohms
R3 = 5000ohms
V = 3V
Frequency = 300 Hz
Lx = 0.045
RESULT: Resistance value = 40.199ohms , Quality factor = 0.35
 Experiment no. -4
Objective:
To determine the capacitance of an unknown capacitor.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

Circuit diagram for measurement of capacitance by Wien Series Bridge

Let,
C1= Capacitor whose capacitance is to be measured,
R1= A series resistance representing the loss in the capacitor C1,
C4 = A standard capacitance with series resistance of R4,
R2 and R3 = Non-inductive resistances.

At balance,
(R1+1jωC1)⋅R3=(R4+1jωC4)⋅R2 ..........(1)
R1R3+R3jωC1=R2R4+R2jωC4 ..........(2)
Equating the real and imaginary terms,
R1R3=R2R4
R1=R2R4R3
and , R3jωC1=R2jωC4
C1=C4R3R2
If the bridge in Fig.1 is used to measure capacitance , it may be written as
C1=C4R3R2..........(3)
R1=R2R4R3..........(4)

The dissipation factor of capacitance C1 is defined as,

D1=ωC1R1..........(5)

While in measurement of capacitance C1 , R1 is not a separate unit but represents the

equivalent series resistance of the capacitor and thus can be determined in terms of the
elements of the bridge.

PROCEDURE:

Circuit diagram of experimental set-up for Wien Series Capacitance measurement Bridge

1. Apply supply voltage from the signal generator V=3V at frequency 50Hz.
Also set the unknown capacitance value from 'Set capacitor value' tab.
2) Then switch on the supply to get millivoltmeter deflection.
3) Choose the values of R2, R3, R4 and C4 from the resistance and
capacitance box.
4) Observe the millivoltmeter pointer to achieve "Null".
5) If "NULL" is achieved, switch to 'Measure capacitance value' tab and click on
'Simulate'. Observe calculated values of unknown capacitance (C2) and
unknown internal resistance (r2) of the capacitor.
6) Also observe the Dissipation factor of the unknwown capacitor which is
defined as ω⋅C⋅r. Where, ω=2πf.

OBSERVATIONS:

Values taken :
C1 = 0.01E-6 F , C4 = 0.02E-6 F
R3 = 100ohms , R2 = 200ohms
R1 = 5ohms , R4 = 2.5ohms
V = 12V
Frequency = 500Hz
Result:
Resistance (R1) value (in ohm): 5 , Dissipation Factor: 0.00015705

Experiment no. -5
Objective:
To accurate self inductance measurement of an unknown coil.
This bridge is a modification of the maxwell's inductive and capacitive bridge. In this
method, the self inductance is measured in terms of a standard capacitor. This method is
applicable for precise measurement of self inductance over wide range of values. Figure 1
shows the circuit diagram of the bridge for balance conditions .
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

Circuit diagram for Measurement of Self Inductance by Anderson's Bridge

Let, `L_1`=Self inductance is to be measured.
`R_1`= Resistance of self inductor.
`r_1`= Resistance connected in series with self inductor.
`r,R_2,R_3,R_4`= Known non inductive resistances.
`C`= Fixed standard capacitor.

At balance,
`I_1= I_3 and I_2=I_C+I_4`
now,
`I_1R_3 =I_C/(jomegaC)` then `I_C=I_1jomegaCR_3...(1)`

Writing the other balance equations,

`I_1(r_1+R_1+jomegaL_1) = I_2R_2+rI_C...(2)`
`I_C(r+1/(jomegaC)) = (I_2-I_C)R_4`

Substituting the value of `I_C` in equation (2) , we get

`I_1(r_1+R_1+jomegaL_1) = I_2R_2+I_1jomegaCrR_3`
or,
`I_1(r_1+R_1+jomegaL_1-jomegaCrR_3) = I_2R_2...(3)`
and
`jomegaCR_3I_1(r+1/(jomegaC)) = (I_2-I_1jomegaCR_3)R_4`
or,
`I_1(jomegaCrR_3+jomegaCR_3R_4) = I_2R_4...(4)`

From equations (3) and (4) , we get by equating real and imaginary parts,
`R_1 = (R_2R_3)/R_4-r_1...(5)`
`L_1 = C(R_3/R_4)[r(R_4+R_2)+R_2R_4]...(6)`

An examination of balance equation reveals that to obtain easy convergence of balance ,

alternate adjustments of `r_1` and `r` should be done as they appear in only equ. (1) and (2).

PROCEDURE:
Circuit diagram of experimental set-up for Measurement of Self Inductance by Anderson's
Bridge

1. Apply Supply voltage (3V) from the signal generator with arbitrary
frequency. ( say 50Hz). Also Set the value of the unknown air cored coil from
'Set Inductor Value' tab
2) Then switch on the supply to get millivoltmeter deflection.
3) Choose the values of r1, R2, R3, R4, r, and C from the resistance and
capacitance box. Varry the values to some particular values to achieve "Null".
4) Observe the millivoltmeter pointer to achieve "NULL".
5) If "Null" is achieved, switch to 'Measure Inductor Value' tab and click on
'Simulate'. Observe calculated values of unknown Inductor (L1) and it's Internal
Resistance (R1).
6) Also observe the Dissipation factor of the unknwown capacitor which is
defined as `(omegaL)/r`. Where, `omega=2pif`.

OBSERVATIONS:
Values taken:
r 1 = 9999ohms , R2 = 10ohms , R3 = 10000ohms
R4 = 10ohms , V = 12V , Frequency = 500Hz
r = 49.5ohms
RESULT :
Inductor value (in mH): 10.900
Resistance value (in Ω): 1
Quality Factor: 34.226