EEN 344: Communications Systems I – Final Exam – Summer 2017

Name: I.D.:

Formulas
The symbol duration T of an M-ary scheme is related to the bit duration Tb of a binary scheme as
follows: T = Tb log2 M

Symbol rate: R = 1/T (for binary transmission, T = Tb corresponds to the bit duration, thus Rb is
the bit rate)

Raised cosine pulse spectrum:

Minimum bandwidth required for transmission: B0 = 1/2T, where T is the symbol duration (for
binary transmission, T = Tb corresponds to the bit duration)

Bandwidth required for transmission: BT = B0(1+α) , where α is the roll-off factor (or excess-
bandwidth factor)
The energy Eb of a signal q(t) over a bit period is given by

Fourier transform pairs:

Energy of a constellation point K having coordinates (Kx,Ky): 𝐸! = 𝐾!! + 𝐾!!