IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRIAL INFORMATICS, VOL. 16, NO.
3, MARCH 2020
Infrastructure Monitoring and Operation for
Smart Cities Based on IoT System
Zhihan Lv , Member, IEEE, Bin Hu , and Haibin Lv
Abstract—This paper designs a smart urban environment
monitoring system based on the wireless network of ZigBee
to complete the real-time collection of urban environment
information. The system consists of the basic monitoring
network and the remote receiving terminal. The basic mon-
itoring network connects the streetlights as routes and the
taxis as nodes. After dynamically organizing the network,
each node is assigned with an address as the only iden-
tity in the network. Then, the system designed conducts the
simulation experiment to prove that it could meet the needs
and send the collected information to the designated ter-
minal in the form of message according to the setting. The
sensor organized through the wireless network of ZigBee
could inspire the infrastructure construction of the smart
city. With the network, a smarter and more comfortable
society could be well offered to people.
Index Terms—Environment monitoring, smart city,
ZigBee wireless network.
I. INTRODUCTION
ITH significant increase in the city numbers and urban
W population, the traditional city governance mode has
been no longer suitable for the development of future cities. The
rise of population and city scale not only leads the urban devel-
opment into a new area, but also raises new requirements for the
economic development and technological innovation in cities.
Therefore, how to effectively reform the current city mode is the
primary issue in the city plan and development process today
[1]. The idea of smart city injects new thought to the innovation
of city development mode and brings the tangible development
benefits for urban residents. When the city is faced with the chal-
lenges of population, environment, economy, social culture, and
other aspects, the idea of smart city undoubtedly introduces the
Manuscript received April 1, 2019; accepted April 18, 2019. Date of
publication April 26, 2019; date of current version January 16, 2020. This
work was supported in part by Projects of National Natural Science Foun-
dation under Grant 71531009 and in part by Shandong Provincial Natural
Science Foundation under Grant ZR2017QF015. Paper no. TII-19-1232.
(Corresponding author. Bin Hu.)
Z. Lv is with the School of Data Science and Software Engineer-
ing, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China (e-mail:, lvzhihan@
gmail.com).
B. Hu is with the School of Management, Huazhong University of
Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China (e-mail:, bin_hu@hust.
edu.cn).
H. Lv is with the North China Sea Offshore Engineering Survey Insti-
tute, Ministry Of Natural Resources North Sea Bureau, Beijing 266061,
China (e-mail:, lvhaibin@ncs.mnr.gov.cn).
Color versions of one or more of the figures in this paper are available
online at http://ieeexplore.ieee.org.
Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/TII.2019.2913535
1551-3203 © 2019 IEEE. Personal use is permitted, but republication/redistribution requires IEEE permission.
See http://www.ieee.org/publications standards/publications/rights/index.html for more information.
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1957
new opportunity for the transformation and upgrade of the city.
As a new type of city development idea, the major principle of
the smart city is to realize the harmonious coexistence of gov-
ernments, enterprises, and social members through the Intranet
of Things (IoT), cloud service and other information technolo-
gies [2], [3]. To be more specific, the idea of smart city focuses
on improving the social public service system, which includes
social well-being, environment protection, urban public facil-
ity construction, industrial, and commercial development, etc.
Many cities in China now have got down to the construction
of smart city, such as Ningbo, Shanghai, Harbin, and Dalian
[4]–[7].
Building smart cities has become a cross-disciplinary hot is-
sue in the current information technology and city development.
For example, using the wireless sensor network to construct the
smart environment monitoring system has been gradually rec-
ognized and promoted [8], [9]. However, due to the large pop-
ulation density and limited space resource, it is relatively hard
to select a suitable space location to deploy the wireless sensor
nodes [10]. Fortunately, it has been spotted that the streetlight
distribution is extensive enough in all cities in the world and
well managed, indicating the applicability to be the deployment
location of the wireless sensor network. Besides, the taxi net-
work has widely covered the urban roads, which is suitable for
connected as the dynamic nodes of the wireless sensor network.
Besides, both do not occupy the limited urban space, so the com-
bination of both could smartly counter the difficulty in power
supply and location selection during deploying the nodes of the
IoT in the city.
II. METHODOLOGY
A. Introduction of the System
1) Composition: The entire system consists of the basic
monitoring system and the remote receiving terminals.
The basic monitoring system majorly includes various ter-
minals of the information collection and the wireless sensor
network. Wi-Fi, general packet radio service (GPRS), 3G, and
ZigBee are the commonly-used wireless sensor technologies,
which all possess their own pros and cons. For example, though
the GPRS and 3G could spread in a fast speed with a low
maintenance fee, they are faced with the issues of instability.
Wi-Fi also connects fast enough with a low cost of mainte-
nance, but the connection distance is too limited. ZigBee, on
the contrary, could transmit in a long distance with a fast speed,
but the maintenance cost increases a lot. The system adopts the
wireless sensor network composed of the ZigBee nodes after a
1958 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRIAL INFORMATICS, VOL. 16, NO. 3, MARCH 2020

comprehensive consideration. ZigBee enjoys many advantages,

such as simple protocols, low-energy consumption, large ca-
pacity of network, short-time delay, being safe and reliable, and
the strong capability of self-organization and self-healing. The
network would not be affected at all when nodes are deleted or
added [11]. Considering the influence of the government plan,
the distribution of streetlights may not stay unchanged and it
is very common to add or remove certain streetlight, which
requires a strong capability of the self-healing of the system.
Therefore, using the ZigBee nodes on the streetlights to orga-
nize the basic monitoring network of the smart city environment
monitoring system can fully meet the needs.
The remote receiving terminals are responsible for receiv-
ing and storing the environment information uploaded by the
wireless sensor network for inquiry. The adopted SQL server
2012 has improved the availability of the hardware and enhance
the speed of transferring defaults through the availability tech-
nologies. Meanwhile, the higher safety secures the capability
of executing key tasks, with the performance indicators of the Fig. 1. Framework of the system.
data warehouse being raised by ten times through the memory
storage function [12].
2) Framework: The basic monitoring network of the system
is the ZigBee wireless network, constructed on the CC2530
node. With different functions of nodes in the network, these
ZigBee nodes could be separated into coordinator, route, and
terminal nodes. The terminal nodes are the most basic device of
information collection, which is installed on the top of the taxi
and able to collect the temperature, humidity, and battery of
the terminal in real-time. After collecting the data, the terminal
node would send the information to the route nodes installed
on the streetlights, which would further send the received
information to the coordinator nodes. During this process, the
applied wireless network is the ZigBee wireless network. After
the data is sent to the coordinator nodes, these nodes on the Fig. 2. Deployment of the system.
streetlights would connect to the remote communication mode
and send the terminal information collected to the management
center and terminal. being offering the real-time monitoring for the streetlight status
The remote management terminals in this system include and offering data support for the maintenance and repair of the
mobile phones and WEB receivers. The mobile phone receives streetlights.
data through text messages and the WEB receivers through the The functions that have been realized in this system are: First,
transmission control protocol (TCP) protocols. The framework collecting the illumination data through terminal nodes, evaluat-
of the entire system is depicted as in Fig. 1. ing the working condition of streetlights, quickly informing the
3) System Deployment: In this system, the CC2530 sensor
streetlight maintenance team of specific defaults, and helping
nodes based on the Z-stack protocol are the basic units con- them to solve the problem. Second, detecting the real-time in-
structing the smart city environment monitoring system and the formation of the road traffic flow and local information through
streetlights are the carriers for these basic units. Then, the sen- the ground shake and the environmental elements. The informa-
sor nodes are deployed on the streetlights, a complete smart city tion could offer real and reliable data for the traffic management,
environment monitoring network is formed, which utilizes the meteorological management, and relevant departs to help them
ZigBee wireless network to transfer data and receives the data arrange their works.
through the TCP protocol mainly. The specific deployment of
the system is shown in Fig. 2.
4) System Functions: The smart city environment monitor-
B. Principle of Organizing the Network
ing system designed in this paper is based on the existing street- 1) Organization of the ZigBee Network: The organization of
lights and taxis in the city, with the ZigBee nodes deployed the ZigBee network starts with the coordinators, followed by
on top of taxis and the routes and coordinators installed on the connection with the route and terminal nodes [13].
the streetlights. Such a combination has well solved two is- After the initialization of the system and the nodes occur, the
sues, one being conquering the limited space and power supply system will first judge whether the node is the coordinator. If so,
when deploying the traditional intranet of things and the other the network is established and the state of wireless monitoring is

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LV et al.: INFRASTRUCTURE MONITORING AND OPERATION FOR SMART CITIES BASED ON IOT SYSTEM
turned on to monitor the transfer of signals in real-time. When
the signal is received, the system will further judge whether
there is node applying for connecting to the network. If yes,
then the node will be approved into the network. If the signal
is not the node applying for the connection, the signal program
will be received and sent to the server, after which the system
will be back to the state of wireless monitoring.
If the node is found to be not the coordinator by the system,
then it will continue to judge whether the node belongs to the
route. If it does, the initialization of route would be launched,
after which the application of connection will be sent to the
coordinator. The success of connection with the network will
activate the state of wireless monitoring. If the signal input
appears, it would be processed and the system returns to the
state of wireless monitoring.
If the node is spotted to be neither coordinators nor routes, the
sensor node will be initialized directly, with an application of
connection sent to the coordinator afterwards. If the coordinator
approves the application, then the node will turn to sleep. If
the node receives the order of monitoring data and follows the
order, it will return to sleeping mode after the processing.
2) Address Assignment: After the establishment of the Zig-
Bee wireless network, all other nodes (terminal or route) all
become the subnodes in the network to send the application of
connection and search for the network within the communica-
tion range. If the network is accessed, the node would choose
a parent-node to apply for the connection according to the ob-
tained network information and wait for the response of the
parent-node. After the parent-node receives the application, the
node would determine whether to permit the connection based
on the request information. If the connection is permitted, the
parent-node would send the response to notify the subnode who
could receive a network address assigned by the parent-node
as the only identity in the network. Until this step, the node
is successfully connected to the network. The specific address
assignment is expressed as follows:
⎧ ation system abstraction layer (OSAL), which is a mechanism
⎨ 1 + Cm (Lm − d − 1) Rm = 1
Cskip (d) =
⎩ L m −d −1
1+C m −R m −C m R m
other
1+R m
An = Aparent + Cskip (d) + n
where Lm is the maximum depth of the network, Cm is the
maximum number of sub-nodes owned by each parent-node,
Rm is the maximum number of route nodes in the subnodes
owned by each parent-node, Cskip (d) is the address distance
between the route subset of the parent-node at the depth of d,
Aparent is the address of the parent-node, and An is the address
of the n terminal node.
In the wireless network of this system, the initial network
address of the coordinator node is 0 × 0000 as the root node.
3) Nodes Enter/Quit the Network: When each node enters
the network carried by the route: first, generate the location code
of the node; second, download the neighbor list in the current
network from the route; finally, upload the location, temperature,
humidity, and other status data according to the location. When
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1959
Fig. 3. Area of interest change of node.
the node quits the network, the heartbeat information regularly
sent to the node by the route would stop receiving the response.
The stability of the network would not be affected when the
node quits the route network.
4) Mobility of Nodes on the Taxi: When the node on the taxi
moves around and enters the region handled by other routes, its
address code would be changed accordingly, with the following
process: First, quickly generate new address code for the node;
second, the node search again based on the range of the new
route; third, download the neighbor list from the new route and
send the connection application to each node in the new neighbor
list after entering the neighbor area, as shown in Fig. 3.
5) Network Workflow: In the protocol stack of Z-stack, the
working mode of route nodes are as the same as that of the
coordinator nodes. When one route node connects with the upper
computer, the address of the node is automatically assigned as
0 × 0000 based on the protocol stack. The node is initially
considered as the coordinator node and other nodes would be
downgraded to the route nodes. Deploying proper number of
route nodes based on the distance of the communication would
certainly raise the efficiency of the communication.
The management of the entire task is handled by the oper-
of assigning resources through tasks to form a simple multitask
(1) operation system. First, OSAL initializes the system, including
the initialization of the software system and resource. The ini-
tialization of the software system is actually to initialize some
(2) variables, such as important compositions of OSAL like task
list, task structure and serial number. Next, OSAL adds new
tasks to the task list through “OSAL ADD TASK” to form a
task linked list, which sort the tasks based on the priority. Tasks
with high priority are ranked top and those with lower priority
are ranked below. In the end, the system is started and works in
the form of looping. Each task is constantly checked in the loop
to see whether to start or not.
The system adopts the polling mechanism to complete the
management for each task. The polling is to regularly shift
the status of sleep and work for the coordinator and sensor
nodes in the wireless network. During each activation period,
the coordinator broadcast message polls the sensor node at the
specific address and the polled sensor node should response
without other sensor nodes remaining sleeping [15]. The flow
of polling is shown in Fig. 4.
1960 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRIAL INFORMATICS, VOL. 16, NO. 3, MARCH 2020

the terminal nodes to the coordinators are offered the choice of

Fig. 4. Flow of the OSAL loop.
C. Implementation
The major steps of the implementation are as follows.
Step 1: Build the single-hop network.
Step 2: Build the multihop network.
Step 3: Verify the transferred basic data.
Step 4: Add the module of GPRS/global system for mobile.
Step 5: Develop remote receiving server.
Step 6: Provide the access of data inquiry and backup.
1) Build the Single-Hop Network: The single-hop network
consists of the coordinator and terminal nodes, with working
distance at 30 m. Except for measuring the temperature, humid-
ity, and illuminance around the node, the system also measures
the battery of the node’s battery to see whether the power is
enough or not. The collected temperature, humidity, and battery
data by the terminal nodes should be interpreted, through the
following equation:
temerature = (float)(pkt → cmd. Data[1]  8)
+ (pkt → cmd.Data[1] ∗ 0.01 − 39.67) (3) serial port. When other nodes apply to join the network, the co-
humidity = − 0.00000028 ∗ ((pkt → cmd.Data[1]  8)
+ (pkt → cmd.Data[2]))
∗ ((pktcmd.Data[1]  8)
+ (pkt → cmd.Data[2])) + 0.0405
∗ ((pkt → cdm.Data[1])  8
+ (pkt → cmd.Data[2])) − 4.0 (4) the sensor module, and sends the switch state of the taxi to the
V − battery = pkt → cmd.Data[1] ∗ 3.3/8096 ∗ 1000000
(5)
where temperature, humidity, and V battery refer to the illumination information and switch status, so as to timely repair
interpreted values.
2) Build the Multihop Network: The key difference between information every one minute, sends the lighting information
the multihop and single-hop network is that the former requires and the taxi switch state to the coordinator, and then enters the
the relay of the route nodes, in addition to a wider coverage dormant state to reduce the power consumption of the node.
of the multihop network. Since the route is added, the path from After the dormant state ends, it collects and sends data again,
the route, so the communication could be completed through the
multiroute protocols actually. The maximum forward strategy
is adopted in the system, which means that the terminal node
forward data to the farthest route node to obtain the shortest
delay and the minimal time of forwarding.
3) Verify the Transferred Basic Data: After building the basic
ZigBee network, received data should be verified to ensure that
the ZigBee network is successfully built. There are two ways to
verify the data: one is to connect the PC machine with the serial
assistant to check data directly, and the other is to send data to
the mobile phone through the bluetooth to view data.
4) Add the Remote Communication Module: The system
also needs to send data in the ZigBee network back to the man-
agement center through the remote communication module. The
popular way is to adopt the 3G/4G network. But considering the
small data flow uploaded by the ZigBee network, the packet of
text message and GPRS could be both used to reduce the cost and
either methods could be applied based on the actual situation.
5) Remote Receiving Server: In the next, the management
center server or management terminals like mobile phone are
also needed to receive and store data. The server majorly re-
ceives data through socket for further storage and display while
the mobile phone usually receives data through text message.
6) Data Inquiry and Backup: The server is developed with
Java and SQLServer 2012 is adopted for data storage. The data
diagram is displayed with line graphs. In the interface, the in-
quiry could be completed by inputting the inquiry keywords like
node number or intended time range. To show the inquiry result
in a more direct way, the results would be demonstrated with
line charts.
III. DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION
A. Software Design
The software design mainly involves the design of three dif-
ferent types of nodes in the ZigBee network. Coordinator node,
as the center of the whole network, is responsible for network
construction and repair and communication with PC through
ordinator node matches the personal area network ID with the
key and assigns the network address to them after the match is
successful.
The terminal node sends the collected data to the coordinator
node in the way of on-demand. It does not have the routing
function, so it must transfer through the router node in case
of long transmission path. The terminal node also controls the
switch state of the taxi according to the light information from
coordinator along with the light information. Each terminal node
and router node corresponds to a taxi in the design process, and
the address information of the taxi will be attached when sending
the taxi in case of failure. The terminal node collects the lighting

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LV et al.: INFRASTRUCTURE MONITORING AND OPERATION FOR SMART CITIES BASED ON IOT SYSTEM 1961

and then enters the sleep state, repeating the step. Router node
cannot enter a dormant state. In the polling mode of the Z-stack
system, the router node keeps collecting data and sending data to
the coordinator node, so a global variable is defined for the router
nodes to control the number of data collection of routing nodes,
making router nodes have the same the sampling frequency as
the terminal node to avoid data redundancy. The router node
is the relay station of data transmission, which will transmit
data collected by terminal node and itself to the coordinator
after being successfully connected to the network, and it has the
function of network repair.

B. Network Implementation
There are three types of nodes in the ZigBee network, namely
ZigBee coordinator node, ZigBee router node, and ZigBee ter-
minal node. Users can choose appropriate nodes according to
their own needs so as to efficiently realize the wireless sensor
network and networking. The coordinator node sends or receives
data from the router node or terminal sensor node and sends the
received data to the computer. When the coordinator node cannot
communicate with all the terminal sensor nodes, the router node,
as an intermediary, makes the coordinator node communicate
with the terminal sensor nodes to realize the routing communica-
tion function. Simultaneously, the router can collect sensor data.
The terminal sensor node completes the control of the equipment
and data collection. One ZigBee network has only one ZigBee
coordinator. It is often more powerful than other nodes in the
network and is the main control node of the whole network. The
coordinator is responsible for initiating the establishment of new
networks, setting network parameters, managing nodes in the
network, and storing information of nodes in the network, etc.
Besides, it can also perform router functions after the network
is formed. ZigBee router nodes can participate in routing dis-
covery and message forwarding and extend network coverage
by connecting other nodes. Each node has specific configuration
parameters in the ZigBee network to determine its device type.
Different types of devices have different network tasks in the
network. When two nodes need to complete data transmission
in the ZigBee network, they may need the assistance of other
intermediate nodes, and thus it is very necessary to configure
the type parameters of nodes. Each node has two tasks, namely
to perform the specified network function and to configure the
determined parameters to the specified value.
IV. RESULT
To verify the fieldwork application of the designed smart city
environment monitoring system based on the ZigBee wireless
network, the simulation verification experiment is conducted
with 20 streetlights chosen as the research objects and numbered
from A to T.
A. Environment Information Monitoring
Each terminal node could collect the environment information
such as temperature, humidity, illuminance, and ground shake
around. The staff could monitor the environment information in
specific area in real-time through the remote receiving terminals.
Fig. 5. Up: the temperature data of Node C; down: the humidity data
of Node C.
B. Battery Monitoring
The terminal node could indicate the voltage of the battery and
inform the battery of which node should be changed according
to the node number.
C. Data Inquiry
Some criteria should be typed on the page of the data inquiry,
and the system would return the result in a form of line chart. The
input node number in this experiment is C, data is October 26,
2016, the time is from 9:40 a.m. to 10:40 a.m., and the searched
item is temperature and humidity. The results are shown in
Fig. 5.
V. DISCUSSION
This paper has designed a smart city environment monitoring
system based on the ZigBee wireless network, which is
verified to be able to meet the needs through the simulation
experiment [16].
Through the experiment, the information of humidity, temper-
ature, and battery voltage around the taxi are obtained through
collecting the environment information and the voltage of ter-
minal nodes’ batteries, which has proved that the system could
send the status of each taxi to the designated phone through the
text message according to the set frequency. The transport dis-
patching unit could obtain the traffic flow and weather condition
at the node everywhere through the collected information.
The history data inquiry has suggested that the system would
return the inquiry result in a form of line chart after inputting

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1962 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRIAL INFORMATICS, VOL. 16, NO. 3, MARCH 2020
certain inquiry keyword. The system could search for the in-
formation such as temperature, humidity, and level of shaking
around the node. If other information is needed to be collected
in the future, it is only necessary to add the information collec-
tor according at each node. Besides, the line chart of the results
could more clearly show the changing in the inquiry data and
offer support for the decision-making.
VI. CONCLUSION
The paper introduced a city smart environment intranet of
things based on taxis and streetlights, upon which other sensors
were added to form a more multifunctional smart city intranet of
things, such as the real-time traffic information and the real-time
weather monitoring information like storms.
Since the network of taxis and streetlights covers a wide range
and is orderly distributed and easy to be managed, the ZigBee
wireless sensor network based on the taxis and streetlights could
offer a new idea for the construction of smart city’s infrastruc-
ture. A new window to various smart city applications and ser-
vices could be opened through this network, to build a smarter
and more comfortable city in the big data context [17], [18].
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Zhihan Lv (M’16) received the Ph.D. degree in
computer applied technology from Paris Diderot
University, Paris, France, and the Ocean Univer-
sity of China, Qingdao, China, in 2012.
He was a Research Associate of Computer
Science with University College London, Lon-
don, U.K. He has been an Assistant Professor of
Computer Science with the Shenzhen Institutes
of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of
Sciences, Beijing, China, since 2012. He was
with Centre national de la recherche scientifique
(CNRS), France, as a Research Engineer, with Umeå University/KTH
Royal Institute of Technology, Sweden, as a Postdoctoral Research Fel-
low, and Fundación FIVAN, Spain, as an Experienced Researcher. He
is currently an Associate Professor with Qingdao University, Qingdao,
China. He has completed several projects successfully on PC, Website,
smartphone, and smartglasses. His research interests include multime-
dia, augmented reality, virtual reality, computer vision, three-dimensional
(3-D) visualization and graphics, serious game, Human–computer inter-
action (HCI), bigdata, and geographic information system (GIS). His
research application fields widely range from everyday life to traditional
research fields (i.e., geography, biology, and medicine). He was a Marie
Curie Fellow with the European Union’s Seventh Framework Programme
LANPERCEPT.
Dr. Lv is a Program Committee Member of International Conference
on Intelligent User Interfaces (ACM IUI) in 2015 and 2016, IEEE BIG-
DATA4HEALTH Workshop in 2016, IEEE/CIC WIN Workshop in 2016,
INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON IDENTIFICATION, INFORMATION AND
KNOWLEDGE IN THE INTERNET OF THINGS (IIKI) in 2016, and International
Conference on Wireless Algorithms, Systems, and Applications (WASA)
in 2016. He has been an Associate Editor of PLOS One (since 2016),
IEEE ACCESS (since 2016), Neurocomputing (since 2016), and the IET
Image Processing (since 2017), and is a Guest Editor of the IEEE TRANS-
ACTIONS ON INDUSTRIAL INFORMATICS, Multimedia Tools and Applications,
Neurocomputing, and the Journal of Intelligent and Fuzzy Systems.
Bin Hu received the Ph.D. degree in manage-
ment science and engineering from Huazhong
University of Science and Technology, Wuhan,
China, in 1999.
He is a Professor of Internet of Things
and Computer Simulation with the School of
Management, Huazhong University of Science
and Technology, China. His current research
interests include Internet of Things, manage-
ment systems simulation, social computing, and
computational organization theory.
Haibin Lv received the graduate degree in ma-
rine geology from the First Institute of Oceanog-
raphy, State Oceanic Administration, Qingdao,
China, in 1990.
He is currently a Professor of Marine Geology
with the North China Sea Offshore Engineering
Survey Institute, Ministry Of Natural Resources
North Sea Bureau, China.