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    62 views24 pages

    NBCC 1995 Climatic Data

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    Rick Henbid

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Appendix C Climatic Information for Building Design in Canada Introduction The great diversity of climate in Canada has a consiclerable effect on the performance of buildings: consequently, building design must reflect this diversity, This Appendix briefly describes how climatic design values are computed and provides, recommended design clata for a number of cities, towns, and smatler populated locations. Through the use of such data, appropriate allowances ean be made for climate variations in different localities of Canada and the National Building Code can be applied nationally ‘The climatic design clata provided in this Appendix (previously published as Chapter # of the Supplement to the NBC) are based on weather observations collected by the Atmospheric Bnviconment Service, Environment Canada. The climatic design data have been researched and analyzed for the Canadian Commission on Building and Fire Codes by Environment Canada, and appear at the end of this Appendix uncier the heading Design Data for Selected Locations in Canada, Asitis not practical to list values for all municipalities in Canada, recommencled climatic design values for locations not listed can be obtained by writing to the Atmospheric Environment Serviee, Environment Canada, 4905 Dufferin Stroct, Downsview, Ontario MBH STA or by contacting (416} 739-4365. It should be noted!, however, that these recoramended valties may differ ftom the legal requirenvents set by provincial, territorial or municipal building authorities ‘The information on seismic zanes has been provided by the Geological Survey of Canada of Natural Resources Canada, Information for municipalities not listed may be obiained by writing to the Geophysics Division, Geotogical Survey of Canada, Natural Resources Canada, Ottawa, Ontario KIA UY3, or the Pacific Geoscience Centre, Geological Survey of Canada, 2.0. Box 6000, Sidney, B.C. VBL 42, ‘igpendix is incheied for eplanatory purposes only and loos no oven part ofthe sequirements ‘National Building Code of Canada 1885 General ‘The choice of climatic elements tabulated in this Appeidix and the form in which they are expressed have been dictated targely by the requirements for specific values in soveral sections of the National Building Code of Canada 1995. These elements include the Ground Srow Loads, Wind Press Design Temperatures, Heating Degree-Days, One-Day ane 15-Minate Raintalls, the Anaual Total Precipitation values and Seismic Data. The following notes explain briefly the significance of these particular elements in building design, and indicate ‘which weather observations were used and how they were analyzed to yield the required design values, In the Design Data for Selected Locations in Canada (referred to in the Appendix as the Table), design weather recommendations and clevations are listed for over 600 locations, These locations have been. chosen for a variety of reasons. Many incorporated -s ancl towns with significant populations have jucled unless Located close to larger elties. For sparsely populated areas, many smaller towns and villages have been listed. Other locations have been added to the list when the demand for elimatie design recommenclatios af these sites has been significant ‘The named locations refer to the specific latitude and longitude defined by the Gazottecr of Canada (Natural Resources Canada), available from Mail, Order Services, Canadian Government Publishing, Centre, Ottawa, Ontario KITA 089. The elevations are given in metros and refer to heights above sea level Almost all of the weather observations used in preparing the Table were, of necessity, observed at inhabited locations. To estimate design values for arbitrary locations, the observed or computed values for the weather stations were mapped and interpolated appropriately. Where passible, adjustments have been applied for the influence of elevation and known topographical effects, Such influences include the tendency of cold air to collect in depressions, for precipitation to inerease with elevation, and for generally stronger winds near large bodies of water. Hlovations Rave been added to the Table because of their potential to significantly influence climatic design values Appendix C Since interpolation from the vakues in the ‘ble to other locations may not be valid due to local and other offects, Environment Canada will provide climatic design element recommendations for ocations not listed in the Table. Local effects are particularly significant in mountainous areas, where the values apply only to populated valleys nnd not to the mountain slopes and high passes, where very different conditions arv known to exist, Changing and Variable Climates Climate is not static. At any location, weather and climatic conditions vary from season #0 season, year to yea and over longer time periods (climate cycles). This has always been the case. When estimating climatic design loads, this variability can be considered using appropriate statistical analysis, sufficient length of data records, and meteoralogica! jucigement. The analysis generally assumes that the past climate will be representative of the futuce climate Past aucl ongoing modifications to atmospheric chemistry (from greenhouse gas emissions and land use changes} ave expected to alter mast climatic regimes in future, Asa result, it can no longer be safely assumed that the climate of the past few decades will bea sufficient guice to the climate of the next few decades, While average climatie conditions may be changing, the frequency and magnitude of cextrome climatic events may also be changing, in unknown ways. Although consensus is emerging on the long-term trencls for some climatic elements, there is no agreement as yet on the changes expected in, climatie varkability January Design Temperatures A building and its heating system should be designed fo maintain the insicle temperature at some pre-determined level. To achieve this, if is necessary to know the most severe weather conditions under which the system will be expected to function satisfactorily. Failure to maintain the inside temperature at the pre-determined level will not astally be serious iF the temperature drop Is not great and if the duration is not tong. The outside conditions should, therefore, not be the most severe in many years, but should be the somewhat les severe conditions that are occasionally but not greatly exceeded, ‘The January design temperatures are based on an. analysis of Januaty air temperatures only. Wine ancl solar rediation also affect the inside ternperature of most buildings and may need! to be considered for energy-efficient design. oe ‘The January design temperature is defined as the lowest temperature at or below which only a certain small percentage of the hourly outside air temperatures in January occur. in the past, a total of 158 stations with records from all or part of the period 1951-66 formed the basis for calculation of the 25 and 1% January temperatures. Where necessary, the data were adjusted for consistency. Since most of the temperatures were observed at airports, clesign values for the core areas of large cities coud be Tor 2°C milder, although the values for the fringe areas are probably about the same as for the airports No adjustments were made for this urban heat island cffect. The design values for the next 20 to 30 years probably will differ from these tabulated valties, «ue to year-to-year climate variability and global climate change resulting from human modifications to atmospheric chemistry, A roview of the design temperatures was undertaken for the 19885 issue of this Appendix using houely temperature observations from 265 stations for the length of record up to 1998. Where needed, hourly temperatures were supplemented with correlated record minimum temperatures from 1449 longterm tions, The results from the recent analysis indicated reasonable consistency with the previous recommendiations. Consequently, the January temperatures remain unchanged from previou: of the Supplement to the National Building Code of Canacla. ‘The 2.5% January design temperature is the value ondinarily used in the design of heating systems. In special cases, when the control of inside temperature is more critical, the 1% value may be sect, Other temperature-dependent climatic design parsmetors may be consideted for future issues ofthis document, July Design Temperatures: A building and its cooling ane dehumidifying system should be designed to maintain the inside temperature and humidity at certain pre-cletermined levels, To achieve this, itis necessary to know the most severe weather conditions under which the system is expected to function satisfactorily. Failure to maintain the inside temperature andl humidity at the pre-determined levels will asually not be serious if the increases in temperature and kumidlty are not great and the duration is not long, The outside conditions used for design should, therefore, not be the most severe in many years, but should be the somewhat less severe conditions that are occasionally but not greatly exceeded. ‘The summer design temperatures in this Appendix are based on an analysis of July air temperatures and humidities, Wind and solar radiation also affect the inside temperature of mast buildings and ‘may, in some cases, be more important than the National Building Code of Canada 1995 ‘outside air temperature, More complete summer and winter design information can be obtained from Envieonment Canada. In tite past, two clatasets formed the basis for caleuilation of the July 2.5% dry-bulb temperatures, “The first dataset was based on temperature frequency distributions for 23 stations and an empirical relationship between design temperatures and the mean annual maximum temperatire, The second datasct consisted of hourly data suramaries for 109 stations based on records from 1957 fo 1966. Resuits from the two datasets were averaged and adjusted for consistency. The July 2.5% wet-bulb temperatures were obtained in a similar way, using the two datasets, but without the use of an empirical relationship for the first dataset ‘A review of the fuly design temperatures was undertaken for the 1995 issue of this Append Design dry-ballb temperatures were analyzed! using hourly temperature observations from 264 stations for the length of record up to 1993, Where needed, houriy dry-bulb temperatures were supplemented with correlated record maximum temperatures from 1450 long-term stations. The fuly 2.5% coincident wet-bulb temperatures were obtained by averaging wet-bulb temperatures for all hours when the dry-bulb temperature was within 0.2°C of the July clesign dry-bulb temperature. A comparison of the results indicated reasonable consistency for design dry-bulb temperatures but some differences for design ‘wet-bulb temperatures that wil be investigated for ature issues. The July design temperatures remain unchanged for this issue Heating Degree-Days “The rate of consumption of fuel or energy required to keep the interior of a small building at 31°C when the outside aic temperature is below 18°C is roughly proportional to the difference between 18°C and the oulside temperaiure, Wind speed, solar radiation, tie extent to which the building is exposed to these elements and the internal heat sources also affect, the heat required andl may have to be considered for energy-efficient design, For average conditions of wind, radiation, exposure, and internal sources, however, the proportionality with the temperature difference generally still hoids, Since the {uel required is also proportional to the duration of the cold weather, a convenient method of combining these elements of temperature and time is to add the differences between 18°C and the mean temperature for every day in the year when the mean temperature is below 18°C. It is assumed that no heat is required when the mean outside air temperature for the day ig 18°C or higher [National Buitding Code of Canada 1905 Appendix C Although more sophisticated computer simulations ‘using othet forms of weather data have now almost completely replaced clegree-day-based calculation, methods for estimating anual heating energy consumption, dogree-days remain a useful indicator ‘of selative severity of climate and can form the basis, for certain climate-telated code requirements, ‘The degree-days below 18°C have been computed day by day for 1030 stations for the length of record available from the period 1961 to 1990. ‘The average annual degree-|_os| 11 | 01 | om] 009] ow fo lo eno we] 2) ai] eel sa] am! aa ee) aa Tor | waa] ow] oro son ca) x4) a7] 26] ss) am) 75] sal 19 es | 028] on] oso] ol enborsFoge | 2a) -t| a4] 37 rs} so} co) ao] tv | ot | st] os7) oso lo Fasten sma] | «| 24/01 ozs] 02] am]o/ + fsnatscs | as) eo) 2s| ut |r| om! os] 10] 0/6 Fateiegy [a ws] 9] 13 or] c2r| os] cael 0) 000 Fatsasatonen | o1| 22 sino] co) as] is} or| oat) om! fo /+| oc rawenn | ae) at tom 3] eo) ato) 19 01 | oz) om] aaelo| 1) 20s contra | 05] sox] 23] 0) sso] 20] 01| a7) oma] aselo| 1) avs vay wt niso| | 251 _ as] 22 | o1| o24| aaw) osifo ls | ows tet ae] 3 0) ao] mop 3] se or | ar] oa) eel ole] aco ahr ee) 31 soo} ve] o5| as] 12 [at | ogi] ae] oto] 1] ass Hsin a] ot sro} isl 15] sw] e7| orf ome| ove) aslo |+| as Jp sso} 22 0 ro] oj so] at] oar] 94) 080) 4] | acs Kes wel 0 ee so] 40/22 or] oar] ozs] asi|ol1| ous tae anes) a5 ais cop asl tet or ear) aarp -oae |e am Lone ws] 2 sxe sg] aco] ta | os | oa) oar] aslo [1 | vos uaneige ao] 0 5 3] em] 11] 0:| 08] are] oo} 0} oc vasa ws) 3 si vs] onl an as| ost] ose] ose)6 | 1] aos vicrosin | 706) ea] 2) 6|_ 225/19 | ot | a2) ava! om] o|o| coo paaefie Ye) or sia] 15) 6] a0] 20 | ar] cas] om] owe] i | aos Pretercnse | sion} a xo] 18] 169) 515] ta | ot | 07) oes] toe] 0/0) coo ran oma eo| we) _s|_ oa] s2| ot | azn] cao] oasfolo] ooo Nattonal Building Code of Canada 1995 on Appendix C Table C2 (Continued) Tanna Tage ST aa SS, [aoa [Saaew roweonstsnn |: imag [sien] Bae "etn | By | AE me fT TT zag Bey ET Gy Tue] ee | om | an | ow Ts, Fs | tm | ts | ten |] % | ey ‘Red Deer ass] 2/5 18 | ‘5750 8 wm) avs] te) or] om] om) 04a] 0] t 005 fou women | aes! a] 2s} za] 18} smo] a2] a0] sso] 17 | o1| o89| ow) ova] of | acs “Tarver Valley wis] st] 25) }sono[” as! eof enol as [or] ast) ooo] om| oa) ome Soom wewortse | as| | ol aol se] onal | rela] tal anf om | ca] eel ale] em ‘Seat eas] 4 -as| an] aa] aio0]2e[ m0] asa] a7 | 01 | ome owmlala| oe vance | as| cael ol s| | muolt| | aol se| an | o9/ sa caf ole| ow on [National Building Code of Canads 1995 Appendix C ‘Table C-2 (Continued) ge rs ee ds Prone toion [ERY [ary [928% | | Reh, | op, 2 —| evo | aco | noo ||, | Baal PEL Re Fee [orm |e 5 Ts em | me) 2 coo ce ee eC vekon sio|_| o7| ao] ot) suo] cs] o_o] se oi | | oar] ao fo] om ic cewsine | ae] 0] 5] aw] cal aa] ca] as] a0] 17| 02 | x1] oar] oes ofo| 0 bers sic] 22} si] 22] 29) om) 29) to) 0] 20) cz | oms| ase] aso [0] oon a os| | 2s] at] 22) emo) se] to] 0/19 o2 | om7| 043] oss[0/0| an chu ro] at] ai) el exo) 8] a) 0] z0| 02 ova] ose] oreo fo | ooo amin [ze] aa) oe[ co) | so] ae] om] an] ir | a2 om, oar] ose} o fo | om | Fn Saf) w] F] Bows] ig] es] 20 | 02 | ass] o@] ow! e fo] ts a zal s| ovf 2a] 22) ono) ze) wo) 0] a7 | 02 | ox] oar] aslo lo] om seats — | 20] 36| 28] 26] 20] rm] ts] aa] sal ca | 02| 022] oxo] ox] 0] 0] 0 twcastowe: | 22] 24| av] za] 23] arc] 2a] ew] so] 17| 02] zal oxi] out] 0] 0 | 000 unis | | ol 2] ar] ve] rom] 6] o_o] 22 02 | cael ow] 010] 0/0 | ooo in a] ai aap ar] a) smo] ze] wo) eof ae [ea Tao) om T OTD] om espn ve| s2| aif 2] 22) sivo] 25) too] ro] 20| ce | 093) ca] ov|o fo) am ree zal | a5] 26] 23] soo] 25) | eo] a7 | 62 | 029] 095) 249/0]0| om ruse este | 20] si| as] | a] asl a3] tm] esl 19 | 02| oae] oxa| osi|o]o| ooo thes as| | oo| 20] 22] coo] 23) in|] ra 02 ax] 003] osifo]a| om ‘Sandiands ‘3am | a2) ai] 28] 25] Sea0) 2a] wo | seo) 20] o2| oar] oar] aaloio| oo set az| | se] 29] 20) sal 28) to] sn] a7 | 02] om] ow] ofa] oon oo te ims]

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