Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Document (1) Omar
Document (1) Omar
Introduction: As discussed in the previous, every field of study, at least in the social science, have
their own research, definition and conceptualization of self and identify . Some are similar while
some specific only in the field. Each field also has thousands of research on self and identify as
well as related or synonymous terms.The trend of the lesson also seems to define the concept of
the self from a larger context (I,e culture and society) down to the individual. However it must be
pointed out that modern researchers acknowledge the contributions of each field and this is not
some sort of a nature vs. nature , society (culture vs individual/brain, and other social sciences
vs. psychology debate. Psychology may focus on the individual and the cognitive fuction,. But it
does not discount the context and other possible factors that effect the individual, for students
who take up psychology, discussion on theories, and development, among others actually take
at least one semester and there are still more to be learned about the concept of “self” the
lesson provides an overview of the themes of psychology regarding the sold concept.
Activity:
Abstraction:
2/8
And although self-esteem is a very important concept related to the self studies have shown
that it only has a collection not causality, to positive outputs and outlooks ( jhangiani and Tarry
2014). It can be argued that high or healthy self-esteem may result to an overall good
personality but it is not, and should not be, the only source of a person’s healthy perspective of
herself.
People with high esteem are commonly describe as adventurous, and adaptable in a lot of
situation. They also initiate activities and building relationships with people . However they may
also dismiss other activities that do not conform to their self-esteem. They may be bullies and
expirement an abusive behavior with drugs alcohol, and sex (jhangiani and tarry 2014).
The quality in the behavior and attitudes only proves the above-mention correlation.
Baumeister, smart, and Biden (1996) in the research on self-esteem should only be for rewarding
good behavior and other achievement and not for the purpose of merely trying to make
children feel better about themselves or to apprease them when they angry or sad ( jhangiani
and tarry 2014).
SELF SCHEMA
The self schema is not limited to the example above.It may also include
your interest,work,corse,age,name,and physical characteristics among others. As you grow and
adapt to the changes around you they also change. But they are not possitive receivers , they
actively shape and affect how you see,think, and feel about things (Gleitman,gross, and Reisberg
2011, Jhangiani and Tarry 2014).
Theories generally see the self and identify as metal constructs, create, and recreated in
memory (Oyserman,Elmore and Smith 2012). Current researchers point to the frontal lobe of the
braiy as the specific area in the associated with the process concerning the self (Oyserman,
Elmore, and Smith 2012).
Several psychologist, especially during the fields earlier development,followed this trend of
taught, looking deeper into the mind of the person to theories about the self, identify zself
concept,and in turn, one’s personality. The most influential of them is Sigmund Freud. Basically,
Freud saw the self, it’s mental processes, and ones behavior as the results of the Id, the Ego, and
the Superego.
However as mentioned earlier, one cannot fully discount the effects of society and culture
on the other theories and researchers try to understand the person by digging deeper into the
mind, they cannot fully discount the huge and important effects of the environment. As in the
above-mention definitions of the self, social interactions always have a part to play in who we
think we are. This is not nature vs nature but instead a nature-and-natue perspective.
Under the theory of symbolic interactions, G.H. Mead (1934) argued that the self is created
and develop through human interaction ( Hogg and Haughan 2010 ). Basically, there are three
reasons why self and identify are social product ( Oyserman, Elmore, and Smith 2012 ).
3/8
Social interaction and group affiliation , therefore, are vital, factors in creating our self-
concept especially in the aspect of providing us with our identity or our perception of who we
are based on our membership to certain groups ( Shangiani and Tarry 2014 ). It is also
inevitable that we can have several social identities bthat those indentities can overlap, and that
we automatically play the roles as we interact with our groups.
There are times, however,we are aware of our self-concept; this is also called self-
awaremess . Carver and Scheier (1981) Two types of self- awareness.(1)nthe private self on types
of self that can be aware of it: and (2) the public self on your image commonly regard towards
having a good presentation of yourself to others (Hogg and Vaughan 2010 ).
Self-awareness also present us with at least three other self-schema, The Actual idea, and
ought self. The “actual” is who you are at the moment, the “idea” self is who like to be and the
“ought” self is who you think you should be ( Higgins 1997 in Hogg and Vaughan 2010). One
has to find a solution to such instances, however, all three may be in line with one another.
Zimbardo 1969 in (Jhangiani and Tarry 2014 ). A lot of people will attuned themselves with
the emotions of their group and because the large crowd also provides some kind of anonymity,
we may also lesson our self-control and act in ways that we will not do when we are alone. A
common example is a mass demonstration erupting into a riot.
4/8
Our group identity and self-awareness also has a great impact on our self-esteem , one of
the common concepts associated with the self “self”. It is defined as our own positive or
negative perception or evaluation of ourselves ( Jhangiani and Tarry 2014; Gleitman , and
Reisberg 2011).
One of the ways in which our social relationship affects our self-esteem is through
social comparison. According to the social comparison theory, we learn about ourselves the
comparing aspects of ourselves with other people ( Jhangiani and Tarry Vaughan 2010 ).
The downward social comparison is the more common type of comparing ourselves with
others. As the name implies, we create a positive self-concept by comparing ourselves with
those who are worst off than us ( Jhangiani and Tarry 2014 ). By having the advantage, we can
raise our self-esteem. After comparison is the upward social comparison which is comparing
ourselves with those who are as well as psychological capabilities that makes who you are
( Gleitman, Gross, and Reisberg 2011 ).
Other concept similar to self are identity and self-concept. Identity is composed to
personal characteristics, social roles, and responsibilities, as well as affiliation that define who
one is ( Oyserman, Elmore, and Smith 2012 ). Self-concept is what basically comes to your mind
when you are asked about who you are ( Oyserman, Elmore, and Smith 2012 ).
Self-identity, and self-concept are not fixed in one for example when you are asked about
who you are, you can say “I was a varsity player in 5th Grade” which pertains to the past “ a
college student” Which may be the present and a “future politician” which is the future. They are
not also fixed for life nor and they ever-changing at every moment. Think of a malleable metal,
strong and hard but can be bent and molded in other shapes. Think about water. It can take and
shape of the container, but it it’s core it is still the some elements.
Carl Roger captured the idea in his concept of self-schema or as organized list or the
diagram similar to the one below.
Learning Activity:
1.This quality in the behavior and attitudes only proves the above mentioned correlations.
3. And although self-esteem is a very important concept related to the self study have shown
that It only has a correlation
6.Downward social cimparison is the more common type of comparing ourselves with other’s.
5/8
8.As the name implies, we create a positive self-concept by comparing ourselves.
10.In other stances, self-awareness can be too much that we are concerned about being
observed and criticize by other.
Test II: Multiple CChChoic
A. 1. Who research about self-esteem concluded that programs, activities, and parenting
styles to boost self-esteem in 1996?
B. 2.Who argued that the self is created and developed through human interaction?
A. G.H. Mead
B. Elmore
C. Oyserman
D. Smith
A. 3. Who saw the self, it’s mental processes, and ones behavior as the result of the interaction
between the Id?
C. Elmore
D. Gleitman
C. 4. Carver and Scheier, when did they identified the two types of self?
A. 2014
B. 2010
C. 1981
D. 1952
6/8
C. 5. Which relationship affects our self-esteem?
A. Social Comparison Theory
D. Self-consciousness
A. Festinger
B. Pepitone
C. Reisberg
A. Public Self
B. Private Self
A. Outgoing
B. Adventurous
C. Adaptable
1. Activities
2. Program
3. Parenting Style
7. Positive
8. Negative
9. Being Honest
8/8
Test V. Discussion
Give a short essay in your own understanding about the lesson and discuss how it’s related to
your Self (10pts).
In my own understanding about the lesson, it tells and describe our selves of who
are we and its focusses more about the self esteem that an individual have. In this
lesson I will relate it to my self of being me, being a version/true to my self,
because in the lesson all about describing and boosting confidence of everyone
selves.
UNDERSTANDING
THE SELF