WHY DO WE FALL ILL?

CLASS IX

PART - I
 CONCEPT OF HEALTH
• Cells are the basic unit of structure and function of the human
body.
• A living cell is a dynamic entity where interactions between
different chemical components constantly occurs.
• A cell multiplies, grows, repairs, regenerates and even moves from
one place to another to carry out different life functions.
• In a multicellular organism, the different cells, tissues, organs and
organ system coordinate to perform all activities of life efficiently.
• Anything that prevents the proper functioning of cells and tissues
will lead to a lack of proper functioning of the body.
Different organ systems
• Health and disease are therefore important notion in the life of an
individual.
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 WHAT IS HEALTH?
According to WHO, Health is a state of constant well-being- physical, mental,
social and not merely the absence of a disease.

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Conditions for good health

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Personal and community issues
Personal and Community Issues Both Matter for Health
Community Health :
• All those activities which people do both individually and in
groups for the development of their society, constitute the
community health.
• Personal and community health are supplementary to each
other.
• We protect ourselves by keeping our body clean.
• We can have this only by the means of community
health.
• For this, we also require a good and healthy environment
surroundings.

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DISTINCTION BETWEEN HEALTH AND DISEASE-FREE

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 DISEASEs AND ITS CAUSES
WHAT DOES THE DISEASE LOOK LIKE?
 The different organ systems of the body carry out specific
functions.
 The digestive system of the body consisting of stomach and Digestive system
intestine helps in the digestion of food.
 The respiratory system consisting of lungs helps in proper
exchange of gases.
 The musculoskeletal system which is made up of bones and Respiratory system

muscles, holds the body parts together and helps in movement.

 When there is a disease, either the functioning or the appearance
of one or more systems change for worse.
 These changes give rise to signs or symptoms of disease.
Musculoskeletal system

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 SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS OF A DISEASE
SYMPTOMS – The manifestations or
DIFFERENCES BETWEEN SIGN & SYMPTOM
evidences of the presence of diseases are
known as symptoms.
E.g. pain, headache, fever, cold, cough etc PARAMETER SYMPTOMS SIGNS

1. Indication It indicates the It informs about

presence of any the presence of a
disease. particular disease.

2. Manifestation of Collective It is distinct for

SIGNS – The definite indication of a disease, disease manifestations for each diseases.
identified on the basis of visible symptoms a number of
are called signs. diseases.
The doctors use certain instruments and
laboratory tests to diagnose the disease.

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ACUTE AND CHRONIC DISEASES

COMPARISON OF ACUTE & CHRONIC DISEASES

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 Causes of diseases
• There are various causes which affect the health of humans.
• The cause of the disease are either the agents or factors which produce the disease.
• These causes may be classified as immediate, contributary or third level causes.

There are certain

causes which make
the body prone
towards a disease.
These are third level
causes. Poor health
service and poverty
leads to
consumption of
contaminated water;
so these are third
level cause of a
disease.

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 Factors which cause diseases
FACTORS OF DISEASE
INTERNAL OR INTRINSIC
E.g. : malfunctioning of
body organs , genetic and
immunological disorder ,
hormonal imbalance
Some diseases like cancer,
hypertension, diabetes
are caused due to intrinsic
factors.
INFECTIOUS & NON-INFECTIOUS
DISEASES
• The diseases which are spread from an
infected person to a healthy person
through contaminated water, food,
EXTERNAL OR EXTRINSIC physical contact etc. are called infectious
E.g. : pathogens , or communicable diseases. These are
unbalanced diet ,
environmental pollutants ,
mainly caused due to attack by
tobacco , drugs , alcohol pathogens.
• The diseases which do not spread from
an infected to a healthy person is called
Infectious diseases like non-infectious or non-communicable
chicken- pox, tuberculosis,
cholera, malaria belong to
diseases. These generally occur due to
this category. intrinsic factors.
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Comparison of infectious AND
non-infectious diseases

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 INFECTIOUS DISEASES – Agents of infection
• The infectious diseases are mainly caused by pathogens, which serve as agents of infections.
• These pathogens are classified based on their common characteristics into the following
categories:
Bacteria - These are unicellular prokaryotes. They possess the ability to multiply quickly.
Diseases like typhoid, cholera, tuberculosis, anthrax, tetanus, diphtheria, food poisoning are
bacterial diseases.
Virus – These are crystalline microorganisms which invade the living cell and multiply using host
cellular machinery. Common cold, influenza, dengue fever, measles, AIDS, SARS, mumps, polio,
small pox, chicken pox are caused by viruses.
Protozoans – These are unicellular eukaryotic organisms. Protozoans cause malaria, kala azar,
sleeping sickness, amoebic dysentery.
Fungi – These are multicellular, eukaryotic, heterotrophic organisms. These cause ring worm ,
athlete’s foot and many kinds of skin infections.
Helminthes – These are multicellular worms present in the intestine causing taeniasis, ascariasis
and elephantiasis.
It is important for us to know about the different categories of infectious agents as the kind of
treatment to use would depend on the common traits and biological pathway of a particular
pathogen.

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 DIFFERENT PATHOGENS INSIDE OUR BODY

Staphylococcus bacteria
causing acne in humans

SARS virus measuring Protozoan Leishmania

only 500nm causing Kala azar

Adult roundworm
(Ascaris lumbricoides) in
small intestine Protozoan Trypanosoma
(NCERT, CLASS IX) causing sleeping sickness

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 BEHAVIOUR OF PATHOGENS INSIDE HOST CELL
• Different categories of pathogen behave
differently inside the host cell.
• Viruses, bacteria and fungi multiply quickly inside
the host cell, while worms multiply very slowly.
• Viruses enter the living cell and integrate with the
host DNA and uses host cellular machinery to
multiply.
REPRODUCTION OF VIRUS INSIDE HOST CELL
BINARY FISSION • Bacteria, however, rarely lives inside the host cell and multiplies
by simple method of binary fission or endospore formation.
• All bacteria are taxonomically related with each other rather than
viruses and possess a cell wall which is absent in virus.
• This important feature of life in bacteria is utilized for killing or
inhabiting its growth which however could not be applied for
other group of microorganisms including viruses.

REPRODUCTION IN BACTERIA
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 Antibiotics and its effects
• Antibiotics are chemicals which are produced MECHANISM OF PENICILLIN ACTION
by certain microorganisms (like bacteria and
fungi) which can kill or stop the growth of
certain other microorganisms like bacteria
even at very low concentration.
• Antibiotics stop the growth of the bacteria in
a variety of ways-
Some inhibit the enzymes involved in
bacterial cell wall synthesis like
penicillin.
Some bind to bacterial ribosome and
inhibit protein synthesis like
streptomycin and tetracycline.
The first antibiotic, Penicillin was discovered
by Dr. Alexander Fleming in 1928

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 virus and antibiotics
• As viruses belong to a different taxonomic
category and lack any biochemical pathway
common to bacteria, antibiotics are therefore not
effective against the infections caused by viruses.
• However, if we have a bacterial infection along
with a viral one, antibiotics may be helpful in
reducing the effect of bacterial infection.
• Antibiotics also do not cause any harm to human
cells as we lack a cell wall and follow different
biochemical pathway than that of a bacteria.

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 PEPTIC ULCERS AND THE NOBEL PRIZE
For many years, everybody used to think that peptic ulcers, which cause acidity–
related pain and bleeding in the stomach and duodenum, were because of
lifestyle reasons. Everybody thought that a stressful life led to a lot of acid
secretion in the stomach, and eventually caused peptic ulcers.
Then two Australians made a discovery that a bacterium, Helicobacter pylori,
was responsible for peptic ulcers. Robin Warren(born 1937), a pathologist from
Perth, Australia, saw these small curved bacteria in the lower part of the stomach
in many patients. He noticed that signs of inflammation were always present
around these bacteria. Barry Marshall (born 1951), a young clinical fellow,
became interested in Warren’s findings and succeeded in cultivating the bacteria
from these sources.
In treatment studies, Marshall and Warren showed that patients could be cured
of peptic ulcer only when the bacteria were killed off from the stomach. Thanks
to this pioneering discovery by Marshall and Warren, peptic ulcer disease is no
longer a chronic, frequently disabling condition, but a disease that can be cured Barry Marshall & Robin Warren
received the Nobel prize for
by a short period of treatment with antibiotics.
(NCERT, CLASS IX)
physiology and medicine in 2005.

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