▪Describe how rocks behave under

different types of stress such as

compression, pulling apart, and shearing
(S11ES-IId-27).
At the end of the lesson, the learners will be
able to:
▪understand how rocks are deformed by stress
and undergo solid deformation (strained); and
▪explain how tension, compression, and shear
stresses produce geological structures.
▪Geological stress is the force applied to a
rock.
▪Plates experience stress when they collide,
move apart, or slide past each other.
▪Plates moving on a rounded surface
experience stress. Stress happens to rocks on
a smaller scale, too. Local movements can
cause stress in rocks.
▪In compression stress, rocks push or squeeze
against one another where the stress
produced is directed toward the center.
▪Horizontally, the crust may thicken or shorten.
Vertically, the crust can thin out or break off.
▪Compression is the most common stress at
convergent plate boundaries.
▪In tensional stress, rocks are pulled apart.
▪Rocks may separate in opposite
directions, The rocks may move farther
away from one another.
▪Tension is the major type of stress found
at divergent plate boundaries.
▪Shear stress usually happens in different
rates at the boundaries of the plate. The
friction caused by this stress can cause
earthquakes.
▪Shear stress happens when forces slide
past each other in opposite directions
▪In confining stress, the crust becomes
compact
▪Confining stress can cause sinkholes
where the inside portion of the ground
have already disintegrated without
manifestation on the surface.
 Folds are bends in
rocks that are due to
compressional forces. If a
large slab or plate of the
Earth's surface is gradually
squeezed, the solid rock
slowly wrinkles and
crumples. Its layers
become wavy folds.
▪ A monocline is a simple
“one step“ bend in the
rock layers.
▪ In a monocline, the
oldest rocks are at the
bottom, and the
youngest are at the top.
▪ An anticline is a fold that arches upward. The rocks
dip away from the center of the fold.
▪ The oldest rocks are found at the center of an
anticline. The youngest rocks are draped over them
at the top of the structure.
▪ When upward folding rocks form a circular
structure, that structure is called a dome. If the top
of the dome is eroded off, the oldest rocks are
exposed at the center.
▪ A syncline is a fold that bends downward.
▪ In a syncline, the youngest rocks are at the center.
The oldest rocks are at the outside edges.
▪ When rocks bend downward in a circular structure,
it is called a basin. If the rocks are eroded, the
youngest rocks are at the center.
 Faults are defined as
the displacement of rock
that were once connected
along a fault line. Rocks
are stretched or bent they
crack or split along weak
points. These cracks are
known as faults.
▪ In normal faults, the
hanging wall drops down
relative to the footwall.
▪ Normal faults are caused
by tension that pulls the
crust apart. This causes the
hanging wall to slide
down.
▪ When compression squeezes
the crust into a smaller space,
the hanging wall pushes up
relative to the footwall. This
creates a reverse fault
▪ A strike-slip fault is a dip-slip fault
where the dip of the fault plane is
vertical. Strike-slip faults result from
shear stresses.
▪ If you stand with one foot on each side of
a strike-slip fault, one side will be
moving toward you while the other side
moves away from you.
▪ If your right foot moves toward you, the
fault is known as a right-lateral strike-
slip fault. If your left foot moves toward
you, the fault is a left-lateral strike-slip
fault
JOHN WILSON
AND THE
WILSON CYCLE

23
▪ Stress is the force applied to an object. Stresses can be
confining, compression, tension, or shear.
▪ Rocks under stress may show strain, deformation, or the
rock may fracture.
▪ Rocks respond to stress differently under different
conditions.
▪ Rocks deform by compressive stress into folds.
▪ A monocline is a simple bend in one-direction. In an
anticline, rocks arch upward.
▪ Dip-slip faults show vertical movement.
▪ In a normal fault, the hanging wall drops down relative
to the footwall. The reverse is just a reverse of normal
fault.
▪ Strike-slip faults have horizontal motions due to shear
stress.
▪ De Silva, L. et al. (2016). Earth Science. Commission on Higher
Education.
▪ Earth and Space Science. (2013). Mesa Public Schools.
▪ Manaog, A. et al. (2017). Earth Science. CK-12 Foundation.
▪ Oliva, M. D. (2016). Earth Science (STEM Track). Philippines: DIWA
Learning Systems.