ee THE COLLISION OF CULTURES [J Focus Historical Thinking Comparison Canpors the reiond ferences among Nate ‘escans bore the ariel of Europeans Comparison iow dd paterns of seamen der ameng he Spaih Engl, French, and Dutch iigrars? Causation What were the causts ond effects of the begining of ‘Arce slave labor inthe Americas? Perlodization Wihin the corte fhe tie period what was the inact of mercantlsm onthe Eurepoan colonization af North America? Causation ently the postive and negative impact ofthe Columbian Exchange on beth European and native popuistons in North America, Key Concept Correlations Ambeth wy heise devlpretsyouleam bon is chat cen teonsor mar ese hy conaps AP US Hiorycoursnerk AAA. The spread of mie clin fm present-ay Mexico roth vid othe prosetay Aencan Suhwest and beyond supported ec nomic dovisper seer, aencodirsgaton, ard sca tiersfioon ang seiios. “ALB Saceies respond tothe ey fhe Great Basin and te (joodands of ho western Great Pains by deen rae mabe He aes. AAC Inthe Nsteas. the Msp er Vay, and ang the ‘one seaboard sme socies develop rived agra and hi teers econo hat favored the development of permanert lage AAD Soci nthe Northwest and prosent-day Calfonia supportod thomselos by hurting ond gathering, 2x in some areas devoped sete! communis supported by the vst resources ofthe ocsan 4.2.1.8. European nations’ flrs to explore and canguer the New Werk -Sormmed from a search for naw sources of west, econarc ard miliary compton and a des to spread Chrisionty. 4.2.1.8 The Cobmbian Exchange brought new crops to Europe from the ‘erica, tmulaing Europesn populiongronth, ard new sources of mineral weak, which fected the European sit frm feudalism to cas ‘alam 4.2.6 Inproverects in marine technology ard more organs meth ois for condi international trad such a jintstock companion, Ipod ve changes to economies in Europe and the Americas 4.2.11 Sparsh exploration ar conquest ofthe Ameris wore acam parid and furthered by widesproad deal eideics thet devastated na- Fre popuiticns and by the inrodvetin of crops and animals ot ound in the Americas ————————_ tt essts—“‘tssCisdt i bie ) (ae <4) j VAIS IL FIRST ENCOUNTERS WITH NATIVE AMERICANS This 1505 arog oe ofthe ears Eurpesn mage fencuiring Nave Americans Tr doo represent aoe ofthe ways in hich white European wolé view the le hey elon lor many generations Naive Amescans here were Tenrayed y Eropens a exc sroges, whose seat was ot conned Finn sable anes and whose anager was evidence in thei practice of ing The ach ofc ln enemies Inthe background ae the stps ht have bough tho European visor who recorded these ages, (aNd Pears Ard 42.1.8 inthe encomiendo syst, Spaishcoorial economies marshal Native American labor to support plantatin-based agriculture and extract pre cious metal and thor resources 4.2.11. European vaders partnered with some Wes rican groups who prectiod slavery ta forlyentract lv abr forthe Americas, The Spaish Frparted enlved Arcane to born plartaonagricltsre and mining 4.2.1LD The Sparish developed a cast sytem that incorporated ond carvlly defined the status ofthe dese popultion of European, Afcans ‘and Naive Amica in thei empire. 4.2.MLE Extend contact wth Nave American aed Africans fostered a bat anong Europes rligios ae pica leaders abot how non Europe tone shoul be treated as wol as evcing religous. ukurs and rac justi Cations forthe subjugation of Aicans and Naive Americans ALLA. Spanish efoto extract weath from the fd le them to develop irsttuions based on subjugaing atv popultons, converting them to Chestiy and incorporating thom ong wth enslaved and reo. Aiicans, into the Spanish coal soca. ‘ZALMIL.Aresican ian resistanen to Spaishesorzing efforts in Noth ‘voc, partizuerly aor the Pueblo Reva, led to Sparish accorenadstin tf some aspocts of American Ina outure inthe Sowtwest. ‘Thematic Learning Objectives ‘MIG-10, 20; GEO-10; WXT-10, 20, 30; WOR-10; CULAOCONNECTING CONCEPTS CHAPTER 1 deets with native chiizaions prior to and immediately afer Fwopesn contact, im your eating you should focus om the ways in which these cvlizaions inieracied with each cher prior Je European contact as well es the Geogragtical ard aavironraentalJsciors thet lec to distinct differences in Aanercen indian socieiis ofthe different regiors. Than lok to relate the pos ssaquences oF the Cokurabien Exchange flloving tho arrival of the Esropeans. tis extrernely importert thai you focus on ehenges brought bau by ese conficis in both merican indion end European culture. You stould also consid te sivileriis ‘nd diferance bebe the tcajor Zxropeas colaizing rations regarding thir cespecive inerections with ralive peorles, he joiticel and economic structves esiclisued within their colon'as, their rctves for setiement, ard ihe ‘fluence of relcjon on each of these aspects. As you read, exe'uae the following concepts: cand negative + A wide varity of police, econcnis, and seciel structures exsied among Arverican Inécns. + Envirorvnena! aciors influenced Avsericcn indi soce + Envirorsnade! esiors lea varie? regional dilerences arioug American Iniers +The Volutbien Exzharye fed pdenic deases, vecialy ixed populations and he exchange of tachnoiogy anil baedstis + urspeen, cok + Amwrican Indsn resistance and cc orto srt sftar European contact, Jajeun, wiki and accrontio competi ek in esiclishing ow World rps exnoag Eurypnan posers saute hi st Faron popes AMERICA BEFORE COLUMBUS. We still know relatively litele about the first peoples in the Americas, What we do know comes from scattered archaeological discoveries-new evidence from artifacts that have survived over ‘many millennia, Tue PeorLes oF THE PRECONTACT AMERICAS or many decades, scholars blleved that all ely migrations nt che Americas ce ron humans Seer anlenand bridge over the Bering Stat ino what snow Alak, apprexatly 1,000 Feee ese migant the taveled om he lac nar, through an nfozen cordor between Per Tr shes um ty reached te omglaca lands tothe south, The migraons were prob oe Py a esa the development of ev te ok spn ter hanng seins" ment-th which mating people cod parse the loge arial ht san owsed benween Nala sh Nord Ames, Al these land based rigs are thought ca hive come mn 1 Mengolan sock related to that of modem day Sera Trey ae howe haste Clove peopl ame for a town in New Mexia “halons neope eablshed one ofthe Tis elvilation in the Aeris. Archaolg&ts beens de tng bet sbaut 13000 ya ago, They were among the st people to make too and we hr cabs Te Clove ate bevel to have mite rom sibera aerow he Bering tnd Pisa ee ats om thre they moved southward to warmer egions icing New Melo. Hear oto evidence, however suggest tat not ll he erly tira came athe bentg Stan Suna migrant om Aa appear to have seed a fr south as Chile and ree orev fre people jen mov vo Noh Amer by fn THs famcasouoctsis Tete hates it South Ameseans tay hae come nt by and but by D FORLATION ST ons Other dlcoverles on oer continents made let that strana had cavele by water much eater to populate pan, Autzali, and oher areas ofthe Pie Those dacoveres sugges that migrants vere capable of making long ran voyager lng enough to bring chem fo the American coastsThis new evidence suggests that the early population of the Americas was much more diverse and more scattered than scholars used to believe. Some people came to the Americas from farther south in Asia than Mongolia~perhaps Polynesia and Japan. Recent DNA evidence has identified what may have been yet another population group that, unlike most other American groups, does not seem to have Aslan characteristics, Thus it Is also possible that, thousands of years before Columbus, there may have been some migration from Europe or Africa, Most Indians in the Americas today share relatively similar characteristics, and those characteristics link them to modem Siberians and Moagolians. But that does not prove that Mongolian migrants were the only immigrants to the Americas. It suggests, rather, that Mongolian migrants eventu ally came to dominate and perhaps eliminate earlier popula tion groups. ‘The “Archaic” period is a scholarly term for the history of, ‘humans in America during a period of about 5,000 years begin: ring around 8000 BCE, In che first part of this period, most humans continued to support them selves through hunting and gathering, using the same stone tools that earlier Americans had brought with them from Asia. Some of the largest animals that the earliest humans in America once bbunted became extinct during the Archaic period, But archaic people continued to hunt with spears in the area later known, as the Great Plains of North America who, then a8 centuties later, pursued bison (also knowa as buffalo). Bows and arrows ‘were unknown in most of North America until 400-500 CE, Later in the Archaic period, population groups also began to develop new tools to perferm work. Among them were nets and hooks for fishing, taps for smaller animals, and baskets for gathering berries, nuts, seeds, and other plants, Later, some ‘groups began to farm. Through much of the Americas, the most important farm crop was corn, but many agricultural ‘communities also grew other crops such as beans and squash, In agricultural areas, the first sedentary sectlements slowly began to form, creating the basis for larger civilizations, Tue “ARCHAIC” "PERIOD Tue GRowTH oF Ciyitizations: The Soutn ‘The most elaborate early civilizations emerged south of what is now the United States-in South and Central America and in what is now Mexico. In Paru, the Incas created the largest empire in the Americas. They began as a small cribe in the ‘mountainous region of Cuzco, in the early fiteench century spurred by a powerful leader, Pachacuti (whose name meant “world shaker’). His empire stretched along almost 2,000 miles of western South America It was an empire created as much by persuasion as by force. Pachacutt’s agents fanned out around the region and explained the benefits of the empire to people in the areas the Incas hoped co control. Most local leaders eventually allied themselves with the Incas. The empire was sustained by Innovative administrative systems and by the creation of a large network of paved roads. THE COLLISION O CULTURES + 3 Another great civilization emerged from the so-called Meso-Americans, the peoples of what is now Mexico and much of Central America. Organized societies emerged in these regions as eatly as 10,000 BCE, and the first truly complex society in the Americas-of the Olmee people-began in approximately 1000 BCE. A more sophisticated culture emerged beginning around ‘800 CE in parts of Central America and in the Yucatan peninsula of Mexico, in an area known as Maya. Mayan civilization devel: oped a written language, a numerical system similar to the Arabic, an accurate calendar, an advanced agriculeura. system, and important trade routes into other areas ofthe contents. Gradually, the societies of the Mayan regions were followed by other Meso-American tribes. They became known collec: tively (and somewhat inaccurately) as the Aztec, They called themselves Mexica, a name that eventually came to describe people of a number of different tribes. In about 1300 CE, the ‘Mexica established a city, which they named Tenochtitlan, on a large island in a fake in central Mexico, the site of present-day Mexico City. The Mexica soon incorporated the peoples of other tmibes into their society as well. It became by far the greatest clty ever created in the Americas to that point, with a population as high as. 100.000 by 1500, connected to water supples from across the region by aqueducts. The residents of Tenochtitlan also created large and impressive public bulldings, schools that all ‘male children attended, an organized rallitary, a medica! system, anda slave workforce drawn from conquered tribes, They grad ally established their dominance ever almost al of central Mexico, and beyond, through a system of tribute (a heavy tax paid in crops, cloth, or animals) enforced by military power. The peoples ruled by the Mexica maintained a significant element of indepen: dence nevertheless, and many of them always considered the Mexica to be tyrannical rulers, but too powerful ta resist. Like other Meso-American societies, the Mexica developed. «religion based on a belief in human sacrifice. Unlike earlier societies in the Americas, whose sacrifices to the gods empha: sized blood-letting and other mostly nonfatal techniques, the Mexica also believed that the gods could be satistied by being fed the living hearts of humans. But the Mexica also believed that the gods could be satisfied only by being fed the living hearts of humans. As a result, they sacrificed people-largely prisoners captured in combat-on a scale unknown in other American cWvilizations. ‘The Meso-American civilizations were for many centuries the center of civilized life in North and Cental America-the hub of culture and trade. Disease and disunity made it dificult for them, to survive the European invasions. But they were, nevertheless very great civilizations-all the more impressive because they lacked some of the crucial technologies that Asian and European societies had long employed. As late as the sixteenth cenury CE, no American society had yet developed wheeled vehicles Tae C1 ‘The peoples north of Mexico-in the lands that became the United Stares and Canada-did not develop empires as large or political systems as elaborate as those of the Incas, Mayas VILIZATIONS OF THE NORTH4. CHAPTER 1 (i Heng tae ete cp dg estes gece (I Hes aes epunates Cooter ine > tinge seal es Aber st Messen se Maser © ole ste © Sates is ORTH AMERICAN HiGRATINS Ths mp tach som le ery mate nt, on win, Neth Arian th ati receding at! wih aap. The mi shows the ‘nha lin beige bt Sb nd Rha oer wich hares pags ello, igang pop ado the Amer an stan a aces lsat her! setemets er Ani. What ithe extended glia fl in what = maw Canad have on residential pater in the ancient American word? and Mexica, They built complex civilizations of great variety that subsisted on hunting, gathering, and fishing, The Eskimos ‘of the Arctic Circle fished and hunted seals; their civilization spanned thou sands of miles of largely frozen land, which they waversed by dogsled. The biggame hunters of the northern forests led nomadic lives based on pursuit of moose and caribou. The tribes ofthe Pacific Northwest, whose principal occupation was salmon fishing, Coneuzx AND ‘VaRieD cavinzaions ‘created substantial permanent setilements along the coast and engaged in constant and often violent competition with one another for access to natural resources. Another group of tribes spread through more arid regions of the Far West and developed successful communities-many of them quite wealthy and densely populated-based on fishing, Iunting small game, and gathering. Other societies in. America ‘were primarily agricultural. Among the most elaborate were those in the Southwest. The people of that region built largePACIFIC ocean Wan Suse ode ae 0 tat sn gteira Fe THE CoLIsion OF CULTURES - 5 ATLANTIC OCEAN HOW THE EARLY NORTH ARIERICANS LIVED Thismap sa he vou wae in mh te ae bt of Noth Anacapa tomehes ber il of opin veal. ike mex recormercal ppl we ave Arians srl ry enh rears len Pi wm roudn:No fs eanpleteocs one pro ‘ual bes ag tentacles he cone, adh ay in wich tr nro ls eth Norh-ehre pclae ws creed on hh ge ga = Wh ified of frig wis ke energed nary ire cles of te ares or i ay?” Anigation systems to allow farming on thelr elaively dry land. ‘They constructed substantial rowns that became centers of wade, crafts and religious and civic ritual. Tete densely populated set tlements at Chaco Canyon and elsewhere consisted of stone and adobe terraced structures, known today as pueblos, many of Which resembled the large apartment buildings of lotr ers in size and design. In the Great Plans region, too, most tribes were ‘engaged in sedentary farming (com and other grains) and ved in ‘permanent settlements although there were some small nomadic tribes that subsisted by hunting bulfale. (Only in the eighteenth century, after Europeans had introduced the horse to North America, did buffalo hunting begin to suppor. a large population {nthe region; at that point, many once-sedentary farmers left the land to pursue the great migratory bua heels) ‘The eastern third of what is now the United States-much of it covered with forests and inhabited by people who have6 . CHAPTER 1 AYAN TEMPLE, TIKAL Thal wat gu ciyin ws wa te east Mayan Ene ese trig row Mesa Garland Bice. Tie ples ew ut ‘ere 800 CE and wate many praia cry the Mas Oly afew hernia Sab thus become known as the Woodland Indians-had the great est food resources of any region of the continent. Many tribes lived there, and most of them engaged in farming, hunting, gathering, and fishing. In the South there were substantial per ‘manent settlements and large trading networks based on corn, and other grains grown in the rich lands of the Mississippi River valley. Among the major cities that emerged as a result of trade was Cahokia (near present day St. Louis), which at its peak in 1200 CE had a population of about 10,000 and con tained a great complex of lage earthen mounds, ‘The agricultural societies of the Northeast were more homadie than those in other regions, Much of the land in the region was less fertile than other regions because farm: Ing was newer and less established. Most trlbes combined farming with hunting. Farming techniques in the Northeast were usually designed to exploit the land quickly rather than to develop permanent settlements. Natives often cleared the land by setting forest fires or cutting into trees to kill them. They then planted crops-corn, beans, squash, pumpkins, and others-among the dead or blackened trunks. After a few years, when the land became exhausted or the filth from a settlement began to accumulate, they moved on and established themselves elsewhere, In some parts of east em North America, villages dispersed every winter and fam ilies forage! in the wilderness tuntil warm weather returned; those who survived then reassembled to begin farming again Many of the tribes living east of the Mississippi River were linked together loosely by common linguistic roots, The Moss largest of the language groups was the Socirnms Algonquian, which dominated the Atlante seaboard from Canada to Virginia, “Another important language group was the lraquoian, centered Jn what is now upstate New York, The Iroquois included ar least five distinct northern “nations"-the Seneca, Cayuga, Onondaga, MAYAN NOMKZY-NAM SCRIBAL GOD The Maya ala inhale ge. and hoy ot ost mary hes vit ala sich oe Eid onthe bt hoe are ich ae rm 900-00 CE. Th rey glo wre Ssherdo e tn he sk horn mk er bing edna wih hy coud at decnd Born gn ry sda hint, ch ae eae al ich ten ed a mov nore ec mand do rane The wy mae pcan al wang caving nd a (8 also dS Lowe et Hse Uy ar tele ae iy TB Ly(Onetda, and Mohawk-and had links as well with the Cherokees and the Tuscaroras farther south, in the Carolinas and Georgia. ‘The third largest language group-the Muskogean-included the tribes in the southemmost region of the eastern seaboard: the CChickasaws, Choctaws, Creeks, and Seminoles, Alliances among. the varlous Indian societies (even among those with common, languages) were fagile, since the peoples of die Americas did not think of themselves as members ofa single civilization Tripat Custures The enormous diversity of economic, socal, and political structures among the North American Indians makes large generalizations about their culture dificult. In the last cent Hies before the arrival of Europeans, however, Native ‘Americans-like peoples in other areas of the world-were ‘experiencing an agricultural revolution. in all regions of the United States, tribes were becoming more sedentary and were developing new sources of food, clothing, and shelter Most regions were experiencing significant population growth, Virwally all were developing the sorts of elaborate social customs and rituals that only stationary societies can produce. Religion was as important to Indian society as it was to most other cultures, and it was usually closely bound up ‘with the natural world on which the tribes depended. Native Americans worshiped many gods, whom they associated with crops, game, forest, rivers, and other elements of nature. Some tribes created elaborate, brightly colored totems as part of their religious ricual; most staged large festivals on such Important occasions as harvests oF major hunts. Asin other parts ofthe world, che societies f North America tended to divide tasks according to gender. All tribes assigned ‘women the jobs of caring for children, preparing meals, and Agwicucturat, REVOLUTION THE COLLISION OF CUITURES = 7 CANORA arate endonat th ly Caen ea 0 CE. eat ten mevnds contd yh aka nn prs doy ‘StL hove ord in nde ines opt he Mastandcape (Conall ‘Si ser SCs ta Pag yen Riese gathering certain foods. But the allocation of other tasks varied fiom ore society to another. Some tribal groups (notably the Pueblosof the Southwest) reserved farming tasks almost entirely for men Among others (including the Algonquins, the Iroquois, and the Muskogees), women tended the fields, while men ‘engage¢ in hunting, warfare, or clearing land. roquois women and clildven were ofien Tet aloue for excended periods while ‘men were away hunting or fighting battles. As a result, women tended to control the social and economie organization of the settlements and played powerful roles within families. EUROPE LOOKS WESTWARD Europezns were almost entirely unaware of the existence of the Americas before the fifteenth century. A few early wanderers-Lelf Eriksson, an eleventh-century Norse seaman, and perhaps others-had glimpsed parts of the New World and had demonstrated that Europeans were capable of crossing the ocean 10 reach it But even if their discoveries had become common knowledge (and they had not), there would have been litle incentive for others to follow. Europe in. the Middle Ages (roughly 500-1500 CE) was not an adventurous civilization. Divided into innumerable small duchies and king- ddoms, Europe had an overwhelmingly provincial outlook. Subsistence agriculture predominated, and commerce was lim ited: few merchants looked beyond the boundaries of their ‘own regions. The Roman Catholic Church exercised a measure of spiritsal authority over most of the continent, and the Holy Roman Empire provided at least a nominal politial center. Even so real power was widely dispersed: only rarely could a single leader launch a great venture. Gradually, however, conditions in Europe changed so that by the late fifteenth century, interest in overseas exploration had grown.