DIMENTIONS OF HEADER

NOTE
P H Y S I C S

MATHEMATICAL TOOLS
APPLICATIONS OF DIFFERENTIATION AND
INTRODUCTION TO INTEGRATION

What you already know What you will learn

• Differentiation of a function • Increasing and decreasing functions

• Slope of a curve • Maxima and minima
• Properties and formulae of • Properties and formulae of
differentiation integration

Differentiation

It is the study of variation in one quantitiy with respect to another quantity. We can find the
rate of change of a function using differentiation
Example:
• Rate of change of distance is speed.
• Rate of change of velocity is acceleration.
• Rate of work done is power.

If the motion of a body is represented by a function, y = f(t), then

dy d2y
velocity of the body = , and the acceleration = 2 .
dt dt

If the motion of a particle is represented by s = t3 + t2 − t + 2 m, find the position,

velocity, and acceleration of the particle at 2 s.

Solution

s(t) = t3 + t2 - t + 2
Displacement S
s(2) = (2)3 + (2)2 - (2) + 2 = 12 m
v(t) = ds = 3t2 + 2t - 1 First derivative is velocity
ds
dt dt
v(2) = 3(2)2 + 2(2) - 1 = 15 m/s
Second derivative is d2s
a(t) = d s2 = dv = 3(2t) + 2 = 6t + 2
2

dt dt acceleration dt2
a(2) = 12 + 2 = 14 m/s2

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 02

Sand is pouring from a pipe at the rate of 12 cm3/s. It forms a cone on the ground in
such a way that the height of the cone is always one-sixth of the radius of base. How
fast is the height of the cone increasing when the height is 4 cm?

Solution

6h = r
The volume (V) of a cone = 𝑉 = 1 πr2h = 1 π(6h)2h = 12πh3
3 3
The rate of the volume with respect to time (t) is given by,
dV d dh dh dV dh h
= 12π (h3) = 12𝜋(3ℎ2) ⇒ = 36𝜋ℎ2
dt dh dt dt dt dt

Therefore, when ℎ = 4 𝑐𝑚, we have, r

12 = 36𝜋(4)2 dh ⇒ dh = 12 2 = 1
dt dt 36𝜋(4) 48𝜋
1
Hence, when the height of the cone is 4 cm, its height is increasing at the rate of cm/s.
48𝜋

The rate of change of radius of a spherical balloon with respect to time is 4 cm/s. Find the
rate of change of its volume when the radius is 50 cm.

V3
V2
V1
r1 r2 r3

Time instant 𝑡1 Time instant 𝑡2 Time instant 𝑡3

Solution

V3
V2
V1
r1 r2 r3

Time instant 𝑡1 Time instant 𝑡2 Time instant 𝑡3

dr = 4 cm/s 4
V = 𝜋𝑟3
dt 3
dV = 4𝜋𝑟2 dr = 4𝜋 × 502 × 4 = 40000𝜋 𝑐𝑚3/𝑠
dt dt

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 03

Find the slope of the tangent to the curve 𝑦 = 𝑥2 − 5𝑥 + 4 at the point (5, 4).

Solution
y Slope = 𝑦′ = dy = d (𝑥2 - 5𝑥 + 4) = 2𝑥 - 5
dx dx

𝒚 = 𝒙𝟐- 𝟓𝒙 + 𝟒 Slope at (5, 4) = y′ (5, 4) = 2(5) - 5 = 5

(0, 4) (5, 4)
Slope of curve at (𝒙, 𝒚) = Slope of tangent at (𝒙, 𝒚)
dy
= = tan 𝜃
dx

(4, 0) tan 𝜃 Derivative of a function at a point gives

x the slope of tangent at that point.
0 (1, 0)

Increasing and Decreasing Functions

y

A function y = f(x) is said to be increasing if,

f(x2) • The value of y increases as the value of x increases.
• The tangent to the curve of the function has a positive
f(x1) slope.
x • If x1 < x2, then y1 < y2.
0 x1 x2

Increasing
If x1 < x2, then f(x1) ≤ f(x2)

A function y = f(x) is said to be decreasing if,

• The value of y decreases as the value of x increases.
• The tangent to the curve of the function has a negative
f(x2)
slope.
f(x1) • If x1 < x2, then y1 > y2.
x
0 x1 x2
Decreasing
If x1 < x2, then f(x1) ≥ f(x2)

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 04

At the critical point, the slope of tangent is zero. It is the point of change of direction of the curve.
At the critical point, f’(x) = dy = 0.
dx

Critical point Increasing

Tangent has a Tangent has a
y decreases positive slope negative slope
Decreasing
as x increases

Decreasing
Increasing

y increases
Decreasing
Critical point Increasing
as x increases

Find the critical points for the function 𝑓(𝑥) = -𝑥3 + 3𝑥2.

Solution

𝑓(𝑥) = -𝑥3 + 3𝑥2

𝑓′(𝑥) = -3𝑥2 + 6x
For critical points, we equate 𝑓’(𝑥) = 0
-3𝑥2 + 6x = 0
⟹ −3𝑥(𝑥 - 2) = 0
∴ 𝑥 = 0 and 𝑥 = 2 are the critical points of the given function.

Maxima and Minima

Global maximum

Local
Maximum

Local
Minimum
Global Minimum

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 05

Determining Maxima or Minima of a Curve

First derivative test

Let f be a continuous function of x and let c be a critical point of f,

(i) if f’ is positive to the left of c and negative to the right, then f has a local maximum at c.
(ii) if f’ is negative to the left of c and positive to the right, then f has a local minimum at c.
y y
f’(x) > 0 f’(x) < 0

f(x2)
f’(x) < 0 f’(x) > 0
x x
0 c 0 c

Concavity of a curve

Concave up Concave down

Growing steps Shrinking steps
y
Increasing slope y Decreasing slope

0 x
0 x
∆y
∆y
For every ∆x
• 
For every change in x, if the change in • 
For every change in x, if the change
the value of y increases, then the curve in the value of y decreases, then the
is said to be concave up. curve is said to be concave down.
y
dy
Slope = = tan 𝜃
dx
𝜃1 < 𝜃2 < 𝜃3
• If the second derivative of
the curve at consecutive
points from the origin is
increasing, then the curve
is concave up.
𝜃2 𝜃3
x 𝜃1

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 06

y
dy
Slope = = tan 𝜃
dx
𝜃1 > 𝜃2 > 𝜃3

• If the second derivative

of the curve at consecutive
points from the origin is
decreasing, then the curve
𝜃2 𝜃1
is concave down.
x 𝜃3

Second derivative test

Conditions for maxima

3 a. dy = 0 Look at the slope at points 1, 2, and
2 4 dx 3. It is decreasing and becomes
b. d y2 < 0
2
1 5 zero at 3.
dx

0 x For maxima, as x increases, the slope decreases.

y

Conditions for minima

1 5 a. dy = 0 Look at the slope at points 1, 2, and
dx 3. It is increasing and becomes
b. d y2 > 0
2
2 3 4 zero at 3.
dx

0 x For minima, as x increases, the slope increases.

d2y
=0 Inflection point
dx2

0 x

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 07

Find the relative maxima and minima of the following function:

𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥3 − 6𝑥2 − 63𝑥 + 42

Solution

𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥3- 6𝑥2 -63𝑥 + 42 Maximum Minimum

𝑓′(𝑥) = 3𝑥2 - 12𝑥 - 63 = 0 -∞ +∞
-3 +7
𝑥2 - 4𝑥 - 21 = 0
𝑥 - 7𝑥 + 3𝑥 - 21 = 0
𝑓’(-4) = 33 𝑓’(0) = -63 𝑓’(8) = 33
𝑥(𝑥 - 7) + 3(𝑥 - 7) = 0
positive slope negative slope positive slope
(x-7)(x+3)=0
𝑓’(x) > 0 𝑓’(x) < 0 𝑓’(x) > 0
𝑥1 = 7, 𝑥2 = -3

Find the local maxima and minima for the function 𝑦 = 𝑥3 - 3𝑥 + 2.

Solution

dy
= 3𝑥2 - 3
dx
For critical points, we equate dy = 0
dx
⟹ 3𝑥2 - 3 = 0 ⟹ (𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 - 1) = 0
𝑥 = 1 and 𝑥 = -1 are the critical points.
To find the maxima or minima, we calculate d y .
2

dx
d2y
= 6𝑥
dx
For 𝑥 = 1, d y2 = 6(1) = 6 ⟹ Positive. Hence, there is a minima at 𝑥 = 1.
2

dx
For 𝑥 = -1, d y2 = 6(-1) = -6 ⟹ Negative. Hence, there is a maxima at 𝑥 = -1.
2

dx

A ball is thrown in the air. Its height at any point is given by h = 3 + 14t - 5t2. What is
the maximum height attained by the ball?

Solution

ℎ = 3 + 14𝑡 - 5𝑡2 ⟹ There is a maxima at 𝑡 = 1.4 𝑠

dh = 0 + 14 - 5(2𝑡) = 0 Substituting 𝑡 in the equation of ℎ gives,
dt
ℎ = 3 + 14(1.4) - 5(1.4)2
𝑡 = 1.4 𝑠
= 3 + 19.6 - 9.8
d2h
= -10 ℎ = 12.8 𝑚
dt2

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 08

Integration

• It is the reverse operation of differentiation.

• We can derive the function f(x), when the derivative of the function is given through
integration.
• A constant ‘C’ is added to the integrand of a function. Hence,

∫𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 𝑓1(𝑥) + 𝐶

Function to integrate
(Integrand)
Integral symbol ∫𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 Variable with respect to which
function is to be integrated
Integral of 𝑓 {
Integral Values of Some Functions

d [C] = 0 ∫0 dx = C
dx
d [kx] = k ∫kdx = kx + C
dx
d [sin x] = cos x ∫cos x dx = sin x + C
dx
d [cos x] = -sin x ∫-sin x dx = cos x + C
dx
d [tan x] = sec2x ∫sec2x dx = tan x + C
dx
d [sec x] = sec x tan x ∫sec x tan x dx = sec x + C
dx
d [cot x] = -cosec2x ∫-cosec2x dx = cot x + C
dx
d [cosec x] = -cosec x cot x ∫-cosec x cot x dx = cosec x + C
dx
d [ln x] = 1 ∫ 1 dx = ln x + C
dx x x
d [ex] = ex ∫ ex dx = ex + C
dx

xn+1
∫ xn dx = +C n ≠ -1
n+1

kxn+1
∫ kxn = +C n ≠ -1
n+1

∫ x-1 dx = ln x + C

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 09

Properties of Integration

• 
The indefinite integral of constant times a function is equal to the constant times theintegral of
the function.
∫af(x) dx = a ∫ f(x) dx; where a is constant.
• 
The indefinite integral of an algebraic sum of two or more functions is equal to the sum of the
integrals.
∫[ f(x) + g(x) ] dx = ∫f(x) dx + ∫g(x) dx

∫[af(x) + bg(x)]dx = a ∫ f(x)dx + b ∫g(x)dx; where a and b are constants.

Integrate the given function. Integrate the given function.

1
𝑓(𝑥) = √𝑥 + √
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥6 - 10𝑥3 + 1 + 5 𝑥
x

Solution
Solution
∫(√𝑥+ 1 ) dx
I = ∫𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 √𝑥
= ∫𝑥6 𝑑𝑥 - ∫10𝑥3 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 1 𝑑𝑥 + ∫5 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ √𝑥 dx + ∫ 1 dx
x √𝑥
1
𝑥 6+1
𝑥 3+1
2 −12
= - 10 + ln|𝑥| + 5x + C = ∫𝑥 dx + ∫𝑥 dx
6+1 3+1
1 +1 - 12 + 1
= 𝑥 − 5𝑥 + ln |𝑥| + 5x + C
7 4
2
7 2 = 𝑥 + 𝑥 +C
1 +1 - 1 +1
2 2
3
= 2 𝑥 2 + 2√𝑥 + C
3

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