VD V in fps, D in inches)

0.1 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 2 4 6 8 10 20 40 60 100 200 400 600 1000 2000 4000 6000 10000
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VD
2 4 6 8 10 20 40 60 100 200 400 600 1000 2000 4000 6000 10000 20000 40000 60000 100000
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10-1
Laminar Critical Transition zone Complete turbulence, rough pipes, R > 3500/r, 1/ f = 1.14 - 2 log r
9
flow zone
0.07
8
0.06

0.05
7
0.045
0.04
6 0.035
0.03
5.5
0.025
Darcy-Weisbach friction factor f = 2hDg / (LV 2 )

5
0.02

/ D ( in ft, D in ft)
0.0175
4.5
0.015
0.0125
4
0.01

3.5 0.008

0.006
3

Relative roughness r =
0.004

0.003
2.5 Material (ft)
______________ __________
0.002
Riveted steel 0.003-0.03
0.0015
Concrete 0.001-0.01
2 Wood stave 0.0006-0.003
0.001
Cast iron 0.00085
Galvanized iron 0.0005 0.0008
1.8
Asphalted cast iron 0.0004 0.0006
Commercial steel 0.00015
1.6 Drawn tubing 0.000005 0.0004
Smooth pipes, r = 0
1/ f = 2 log(R f ) - 0.8
1.4 (ft 2 /s)
______________ __________ Hagen-Poisseuille equation 0.0002
Water 1.217e-05 R 2300, f = 64/R
Air (14.70 psia) 0.0001583 Colebrook equation, R 2300
1.2 0.0001
1/ f = -2 log(r /3.7 + 2.51/(R f ))
Latitude (WGS84) g (ft/s 2 ) r = 5e-006
______________ __________ Continuity equation, Q = AV
5e-05
Sea level 32.0877 A = D 2 /4, V = 4Q /( D 2 )
10-2
Standard 32.1740
9 Sea level 32.2578 2e-05
r = 1e-006
1e-05
8
6 7 8 103 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 104 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 105 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 106 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 107 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 108

Moody Diagram Reynolds number R = VD / (V in fps, D in ft, in ft 2 /s)