PRESENTATION of heat

& thermodynamics

Topic:-

Joule-Thomson
Effect
History of Joule Thomson
Effect:-

 The effect is named after James Prescott

Joule and William Thomson, 1st Baron
Kelvin, who discovered it in 1852. It
followed upon earlier work by Joule
on Joule expansion, in which a gas
undergoes free expansion in a vacuum and
the temperature is unchanged, if the gas
is ideal.
Introduction
 In thermodynamics, the Joule–Thomson effect (also
known as the Joule–Kelvin effect or Kelvin–Joule effect)
describes the temperature change of a real gas or liquid
(as differentiated from an ideal gas) when it is forced
through a valve or porous plug while keeping it insulated
so that no heat is exchanged with the environment. This
procedure is called a throttling process or Joule–Thomson
process.At room temperature, all gases
except hydrogen, helium, and neon cool upon expansion
by the Joule–Thomson process when
being throttled through an orifice; these three gases
experience the same effect but only at lower
temperatures. Most liquids such as hydraulic oils will be
warmed by the Joule–Thomson throttling process.
 The gas-cooling throttling process is commonly
exploited in refrigeration processes such as air
conditioners, heat pumps, and liquefiers. In
hydraulics, the warming effect from Joule–
Thomson throttling can be used to find
internally leaking valves as these will produce
heat which can be detected by thermocouple
or thermal-imaging camera. Throttling is a
fundamentally irreversible process. The
throttling due to the flow resistance in supply
lines, heat exchangers, regenerators, and
other components of (thermal) machines is a
source of losses that limits the performance
Definition:-

 The cooling is produced when a gas is

allowed to expand through a narrow
orifice containing porous plug is called
Joule-Thomson Effect.
Experimental Arrangement
Working:-

 Work done by Piston M1 on the gas = f1x1

 Work done by Piston M2 on the gas = (P1A)x1
 Work done by Piston M3 on the gas = P1V1
 Work done by Piston M2 = P2V2
 The net W.D by gas is given as :
dw= p2v2-p1v1
 The net heat transfer dϴ is zero because System
is well insulted. The internal energy of the
molecules of gas before passing the porous plug
is U1 and internal energy of molecule of gas
after passing the porous plug is U2.
 The Change in internal energy is given below:
dEin = U1-U2
The First Law of thermodynamics given as : dEin = dϴ+dw
 U1 - U2 = 0 + P2V2 - P1 V1
U1 + P1 V1 = U2 + P2 V2
This relation can be written as
U+PV = constant
H = constant
It shows entholpy of a gas suffering a throttling
process remains constant .The same gas keeping
pressure and temperature. Series of observations
are takken on the same on left side of porous
plug But varying the pumping rat so that pressure
and temperature on right side of porous plug
changes.
 The maximum slope of an isothalpic curve on
diagram at any point is called Joule Kelvin
coefficient. µ=∂T/∂p
 The value of µ is zero at inversion point.The
region inside the inversion curve is called
cooling region and µ is negative outside this
region and called region of heating.The
enthalpy of the system is defined as :
 H=U+PV
dH=dU+PdV+VdP
dH=dϴ+VdP
dH=TdS+VdP---------(1)
Consider that entropy of system is function of
temperature and pressure and written as :
S=s(T,P)
ds=(∂S/∂T1)dT+(∂S/∂p)dP-----------(2)
 Put eq(2) in eq(1)
dH=T(∂S/∂T)pdT+T(∂S/∂P)TdP+VdP
dH=CpdT+[T(∂S/∂P)+V]dP
 Using Maxwell’s fourth equation (∂S/∂P)=-
(∂V/∂T)and dH=0 because H is constant.
0=CpdT+[-T(∂V/∂T)+V]dP
CpdT=[T(∂V/∂T)+V]dP
dT/dP=1/Cp x[T(∂V/∂T)-V]
µ=V/Cpx[T/Vx(∂V/∂T)-1]
 This is called Thermodynamics expression for
Joule -Thomson coefficient.
 For Joule- Thomson expression,we shall drive
an equation
 1st law of thermodynamics gives:
dϴ=dV+pdV
2nd law of thermodynamics gives:
dϴ=Tds
 Comparing
Tds=dv+pdv
As Tds=dv+d(pv)-vdp
T(∂S/∂P)=(∂U/∂P)+(∂(pv)/∂P)-v
Using Maxwell's fourth equation
(∂S/∂P)=-(∂V/∂T)
-T(∂V/∂T)=(∂U/∂P)+(∂(PV)/∂P)-V
T(∂V/∂T)-V=-(∂U/∂P)-(∂(PV)/∂P)
 µCp=-(∂U/∂P)-(∂(PV)/∂P)
µ=-1/Cpx(∂U/∂P)-1/Cpx(∂(PV)/∂P)
The first term on R.H.S accounts for
deviation from joules thomson law and
second term accounts for deviation from
Boyle law for real gases. For ideal gas
both term on R.H.S reduce to zero. It
means ideal gas shows no cooling or
heating effect on suffering a throttling
process.
Thanks:-