CONTENTS

3. England, Wales and North Ireland ......................425

4. France..................................................................425
B. International Convention .......................................... 426
VI. Electronic Document Disclosure ................................... 427
A. Local National Law and Electronic Document
Disclosure ................................................................. 429
B. Arbitral Rules and Soft Law regarding Electronic
Document Disclosure ............................................... 430
VII. Privilege and Its Effect on the Scope of
Disclosure and the Admission of Evidence ................... 433
A. The Concepts of Privilege in Different
Jurisdictions .............................................................. 435
B. Privilege between Clients and Patent Agents ........... 437
C. The Treatment of Privilege under Lex Arbitri.......... 439
D. The Treatment of Privilege under the Rules of
Arbitral Institutions and Soft Law ............................ 440
E. Proposals to Determine Privilege Issues in
International IP Arbitration ...................................... 442
VIII. Information Security and Data Protection ..................... 443
A. European Union General Data Protection
Regulation (GDPR) .................................................. 444
B. California Consumer Privacy Act............................. 447
C. Arbitral Institutional and Soft Law Cybersecurity
Initiatives .................................................................. 450
1. Arbitral Institutions .............................................450
2. Soft Law on Cybersecurity .................................452
IX. Negative Inferences and Sanctions ................................ 453
X. Conclusion .................................................................... 456

CHAPTER 8 .................................................................................... 459

Choice of Law
Theodore J. Folkman, David Lee Evans
I. Introduction.................................................................... 459
II. Law Governing the Merits ............................................. 461
A. The Factors Used by the Tribunal to Choose the
Applicable Substantive Law in the Absence of a
Choice of Law by the Parties.................................... 469
B. What Substantive Law Will the Tribunal Apply? .... 476
1. The United States: The ALI Principles ...............479

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