Equipment For Engineering Education: Instruction Manual

Equipment for Engineering Education
Instruction Manual
HM150.07 Bernoulli’s Principle
Demonstrator
G.U.N.T. Gerätebau GmbH

P.O. Box 1125
D-22881 Barsbüttel • Germany
Phone (040) 670854-0
Fax (040) 670854-42
HM150.07 Bernoulli’s Theorem
Demonstration Apparatus
All rights reserved G.U.N.T. Gerätebau GmbH, Barsbüttel
Instruction Manual
Puplication No. 917.00007A15012 10/95

Contents
1 Unit description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
2 Performance of experiment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
3 Assessment of experiment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
3.1 Velocity Profile Venturi Tube . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

3.2 Pressure Distribution Venturi Tube . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
3.3 Determining the Flow Rate Factor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
4 Technical Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
1
1 Unit description
The HM150.07 is used to investigate Bernoulli’s

law.
The measurement object is a venturi tube with 6
pressure measurement points.
The 6 static pressures are displayed on a board

with 6 water pressure gauges.
The overall pressure can also be measured at

various locations in the venturi tube and indicated
on a second water pressure gauge.

Measurement is by way of a probe which can be
moved axially with respect to the venturi tube. The
probe is sealed by way of a compression gland.
Water is supplied either from the HM150 Fluid

Mechanics Basic Module or from the laboratory
mains.
The HM150 enables a closed water circuit to be

constructed.
Possible experiments:
- Demonstration of Bernoulli’s law

- Pressure measurements along venturi tube
- Determination of flow rate factor K
1 Unit description 2
Components:
10
1
2
3
9 5 6 4
1 Assembly board 6 Compression gland

2 Single water pressure gauge 7 Probe for measuring overall pressure
3 Discharge pipe (can be moved axially)
4 Outlet ball cock 8 Hose connection, water supply
5 Venturi tube with 9 Ball cock at water inlet

6 measurement points 10 6-fold water pressure gauge
(pressure distribution in venturi tube)
1 Unit description 3
2 Performance of experiment
- Arrange the experimentation set-up on the

HM150 such that the discharge routes the
water into the channel
- Make hose connection between HM150 and
unit
- Open discharge of HM150
- Set cap nut [1] of probe compression gland
such that slight resistance is felt on moving
probe
1 - Open inlet and outlet ball cock
- Close drain valve [2] at bottom of single wa-

3 ter pressure gauge
- Switch on pump and slowly open main cock
of HM150
- Open vent valves [3] on water pressure gau-
ges
- Carefully close outlet cock until pressure gau-
ges are flushed
- By simultaneously setting inlet and outlet
cock, regulate water level in pressure gau-
ges such that neither upper nor lower range
2
limit [4,5] is overshot or undershot
- Record pressures at all measurement points.
Then move overall pressure probe to corre-
sponding measurement level and note down
4
overall pressure
- Determine volumetric flow rate. To do so,
use stopwatch to establish time t required for
raising the level in the volumetric tank of the
5 HM150 from 20 to 30 litres
2 Performance of experiment 4
ATTENTION! The experimental set-up should

be arranged absolutely plane to avoid falsifica-
tion of measurement results (use of spirit level
recommended).
For taking pressure measurements, the volumetric
tank of the HM150 must be empty and the outlet
cock open, as otherwise the delivery head of the
pump will change as the water level in the volume-
tric tank increases.
This results in fluctuating pressure conditions. A
constant pump delivery pressure is important with
low flow rates to prevent biasing of the measure-

ment results.
80 mm The zero of the single pressure gauge is 80 mm

below that of the 6-fold pressure gauge. Allowance
is to be made for this fact when reading the pres-
sure level and performing calculations.
Both ball cocks must be reset whenever the flow

changes to ensure that the measured pressures
are within the display ranges.
2 Performance of experiment 5
3 Assessment of experiment
The measured values are to be compared to

Bernoulli’s equation.
Bernoulli’s equation for constant head h:
p1 w12 p2 w22
ρ + 2 = ρ + 2 = const.
Allowance for friction losses and conversion of the

pressures p1 and p2 into static pressure heads h1
and h2 yields:
w2 w2
h1 + 2g1 = h2 + 2g2 + hv
p1: Pressure at cross-section A1

h1: Pressure head at cross-section A1
w1: Flow velocity at cross-section A1
Condition 1 Condition 2
p2: Pressure at cross-section A2

h2: Pressure head at cross-section A2
w2: Flow velocity at cross-section A2
ρ: Density of medium = constant for
incompressible fluids such as water
hv Pressure loss head
3 Assessment of experiment 6
The mass flow is constant in closed systems.
. .
m1 = m2
. .
Given m =V ⋅ρ :
. .
m1 m2
. .
V1 ⋅ ρ = V2 ⋅ ρ
. .
V1 = V2
.
Given V =A⋅w :
.
A1 ⋅ w1 = A2 ⋅ w2 = V = const.
3.1 Velocity profile in venturi tube
The venturi tube used has 6 measurement points.
The table below shows the standardised refer-

__
ence velocity w . This parameter is derived from
1 2 3 4 5 6 the geometry of the venturi tube.
__ A
wi = A1
i
Point Di A reference__
i [mm] 2 −4 velocity w
[m ⋅ 10 ]
1 28,4 6,33 1
2 22,5 3,97 1,59
3 14,0 1,54 4,11
4 17,2 2,32 2,72
5 24,2 4,60 1,37
6 28,4 6,33 1
Multiplying the reference velocity values with a

starting value, the student can calculate the theo-
retical velocity values wcalc at the 6 measuring
points of the venturi tube.
At constant flow rate, the starting value for calcu-
lating the theoretical velocity is found as:
.
V
w1 = A
1
The results for the calculated velocity wcalc can be

found in the following table.
The following values were determined for various

flow rates:
.
i h1 h2 h3 h4 h5 h6 t für V
[mmWS] [mmWS] [mmWS] [mmWS] [mmWS] [mmWS] 10 l [l/s]
hstat. 280 269 120 195 242 250
htotal 369 369 370 364 359 352
hdyn. 9 20 170 89 37 22
36,29 0,275
wmes. 0,420 0,626 1,826 1,320 0,852 0,594
wcalc. 0,435 0,692 1,785 1,185 0,592 0,4355
hstat. 205 196 62 128 166 173
htotal 293 294 292 288 280 276
hdyn. 8 18 150 80 34 23
39,0 0,256
wmes. 0,396 0,594 1,715 1,250 0,816 0,671

wcalc. 0,404 0,644 1,662 1,100 0,556 0,404
hstat. 195 191 130 158 173 176
htotal 276 275 273 271 268 264
hdyn. 1 4 57 33 15 8
60,0 0,166
wmes. 0,140 0,280 1,057 0,800 0,520 0,396
wcalc. 0,262 0,418 1,073 0,715 0,362 0,262
The table makes allowance for the following rela-

tionships.
Calculation of dynamic pressure head:
hdyn. = htot.− 80mm − hstat.
80 mm must be subtracted, as there is a zero-point

difference of 80 mm between the pressure gau-
ges.
The velocity wmeas was calculated from the dyna-

mic pressure
wmeas. = √

2 ⋅ g ⋅hdyn
.
Graphical representation
The graph below illustrates the measured and
calculated velocity profile along the venturi tube at
a flow rate of 0,275 l/s.
The deviations can be attributed to inexact
measurements.
w [m/s]
Flow velocity
1,8
Measured
1,4
1,0
0,6
Calculated
0,2
1 2 3 4 5 6
Measurement points i on venturi tube
3.2 Pressure Distribution Venturi Tube
Graphical representation
The pressure changes in the venturi tube can be
represented in a graph directly:
Pressure Distribution Venturi Tube
400
350 htotal
300
hstat
250
hdyn in mm WC
200
150
100
hdyn
50
0
1 2 3 4 5 6
Measuring Point
The graph shows, that the equation

hdyn. = htot.− 80mm − hstat.
is fullfilled at every point in the venturi tube.

Furthermore, it becomes clear, that there is a slight
overall pressure loss in the venturi tube.
3.3 Determination of Flow Rate Factor
A venturi tube can be used for flow rate measure-

∆p:: ments. In comparison with orifice or nozzle, there
is a far more smaller pressure loss during meas-
urements of flow rate. The pressure loss ∆p be-
tween largest and smallest diameter of the tube is
used as measure for the flow rate:
.
V = K⋅√
∆ p
The flow rate factor K is generally made available

for the user by the manufacturer of a venturi tube.
If the flow rate factor is unknown, it can be deter-
mined from the pressure loss ∆p::

.
V
K = ∆p

√
The following table shows the pressure loss for

various flow rates as well as the flow rate factor K.
. . .
V =0,275 l/s V =0,256 l/s V =0,166 l/s
Measuring ∆p K ∆p K ∆p [mm WC] K
Point [mm WC] l [mm WC] l l
[ ] [ ] [ ]
s ⋅ bar s ⋅√ s ⋅√

√ bar
 bar

1 160 2,1 143 2,1 65 2,1
3
The pressure loss is read off from the six -tube

manometer in mm water column and set in the
equation as bar. The flow rate can be used with
unit l/s.
4 Technical Data
Water multi tube manometer

6-fold: 300 mm H2O
Total pressure tube manometer

1-fold: 530 mm H2O
Venturi meter
nom. diameter: 28.4 mm
min. diameter: 14 mm
Overall dimension
(L x W x H): 1100 x 640 x 900 mm
Weight: 40 kg
4 Technical Data 13

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Equipment for Engineering Education

G.U.N.T. Gerätebau GmbH

Puplication No. 917.00007A15012 10/95

3.1 Velocity Profile Venturi Tube . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

The HM150.07 is used to investigate Bernoulli’s

The 6 static pressures are displayed on a board

The overall pressure can also be measured at

on a second water pressure gauge.

Water is supplied either from the HM150 Fluid

The HM150 enables a closed water circuit to be

- Demonstration of Bernoulli’s law

1 Assembly board 6 Compression gland

4 Outlet ball cock 8 Hose connection, water supply

5 Venturi tube with 9 Ball cock at water inlet

- Arrange the experimentation set-up on the

- Close drain valve [2] at bottom of single wa-

ATTENTION! The experimental set-up should

low flow rates to prevent biasing of the measure-

80 mm The zero of the single pressure gauge is 80 mm

Both ball cocks must be reset whenever the flow

The measured values are to be compared to

Bernoulli’s equation for constant head h:

Allowance for friction losses and conversion of the

p1: Pressure at cross-section A1

p2: Pressure at cross-section A2

The mass flow is constant in closed systems.

3.1 Velocity profile in venturi tube

The venturi tube used has 6 measurement points.

The table below shows the standardised refer-

Multiplying the reference velocity values with a

The results for the calculated velocity wcalc can be

The following values were determined for various

wmes. 0,396 0,594 1,715 1,250 0,816 0,671

The table makes allowance for the following rela-

80 mm must be subtracted, as there is a zero-point

The velocity wmeas was calculated from the dyna-

Measurement points i on venturi tube

3.2 Pressure Distribution Venturi Tube

Pressure Distribution Venturi Tube

The graph shows, that the equation

is fullfilled at every point in the venturi tube.

3.3 Determination of Flow Rate Factor

A venturi tube can be used for flow rate measure-

The flow rate factor K is generally made available

mined from the pressure loss ∆p::

The following table shows the pressure loss for

The pressure loss is read off from the six -tube

Water multi tube manometer

Total pressure tube manometer

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