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Bore:-
The inner diameter of the engine cylinder is known as bore. It can be measured precisely by a
Vernier calliper or bore gauge. As the engine cylinder wears out with the passage of time, so the
bore diameter changes to a larger value, hence the piston becomes lose in the cylinder, and
power loss occurs. To correct this problem re-boring to the next standard size is done and a new
piston is placed. Bore is denoted by the letter ‘D’. It is usually measured in mm (S.I. units) or
inches (metric units). It is used to calculate the engine capacity (cylinder volume).
If D is in cm and L is also in cm than the units of V will be cm3 which is usually written as cubic
centimeter or c.c.
Clearance Volume:-
The volume above the T.D.C is called as clearance volume, this is provided so as to
accommodate engine valves etc. this is referred as (VC).
Compression Ratio:-
It is the ratio of volume above the piston at B.D.C to the volume above the piston at T.D.C. It is
the ratio of total volume of the cylinder (VS + VC), to the clearance volume (VC).
It is calculated as follows
rk = Total volume/Clearance volume
rk = (VS + VC)/VC
For petrol engine, it ranges from 8 to 12.
For diesel engine, it ranges from 15 to 24.
Power:-
It is the work-done in a given period of time. More power is required to do the same amount of
work in a lesser time.
Indicator diagram:-
An indicated diagram is a graph between pressure and volume. The former being taken on
vertical axis and the latter on the horizontal axis. This is obtained by an instrument known as
indicator. The indicator diagrams are of two types;
(a) Theoretical or hypothetical
(b) Actual.
The theoretical or hypothetical indicator diagram is always longer in size as compared to the
actual one. Since in the former losses are neglected.
The area of the indicator diagram represents the magnitude of the net work-done by the system
in one engine cycle.
The area of the diagram = ad
The length of the diagram = ld
Therefore, the mean effective pressure (m.e.p) is defined as
Pm = (Area of Indicator diagram/Length of diagram) x constant
= (ad / ld) x k
Or,
As piston performs power stroke, cylinder pressure decreases. Thus it is required to refer an
average effective pressure throughout the whole power stroke. It is expressed in bars.
Mathematically,
Pm = Work Output/ Swept volume = Wnet /(V₁ - V₂)
It can also be shown as
Pm = (Area of Indicator diagram/Length of diagram) x constant
= (ad / ld) x k
The constant depends on the mechanism used to get the indicator diagram and has the unit,
bar/m.
Engine Torque:-
It is the force of rotating action about the crank axis at any given instant of time.
It is given by, T = F. r
Where;
I.P = Indicated Power (kW)
B.P = Break Powder (kW)
Pim = Indicated mean effective pressure (N/m²)
Pbm = Break mean effective Pressure (N/m²)
L = Length of the stroke
A = (πD²/4) = Area of the piston (m²)
N = Number of power strokes
= rpm for 2-stroke engines = rpm/2 for 4-stroke
K = Number of cylinder.
T = Engine Torque (Nm)
F = Force applied to the crank (N)
r = Effective crank radius (m).
ω = Average velocity of crankshaft (rad/sec)