4.

BAB Elektrik dan Kemagnetan

6 Electricity and Magnetism Jenis penjana Sumber
Nama tenaga
Name elektrik Source of
Penjanaan Tenaga Elektrik Type of generator
PBD 6.1 Generation of Electricity energy
Penjana elektrik
1. (a) Petroleum
terma Petroleum
Thermal generator
(a) Boleh habis apabila Penjana elektrik Bahan api
digunakan Sumber tenaga (b)
turbin gas gas
Run out when used boleh baharu Gas turbine generator Fuel gas
Renewable energy
sources Penjana
(b) Sumber tenaga yang (c) Air
hiroelektrik Water
berterusan Hydroelectric generator
Continuous sources of energy
Sumber tenaga 5.
tidak boleh
(c) Terbentuk berjuta-juta baharu Jarum Lampu
tahun Non-renewable energy Langkah galvanometer
Step Galvanometer
LED
Formed millions of years ago sources LED light
needle

2. Magnet bar digerakkan ke Terpesong Menyala

dalam gegelung Deflect Light up
Bar magnet moved into the wire coil

Magnet bar digerakkan Terpesong Menyala

keluar dari gegelung Deflect Light up
Bar magnet moved out of the wire coil

(a) magnet
magnetic
(b) magnet
magnet
aruhan
induction

6. Pemerhatian / Observation
Voltan Voltan
Voltage Voltage

3. (i) Penjana hidroelektrik

Hydroelectric generator 0 Masa (s) 0 Masa (s)
Time (s) Time (s)
(ii) Penjana turbin gas
Gas turbine generator
(iii) Penjana nuklear Paparan arus terus menunjukkan garis lurus
Nuclear generator tetapi paparan arus ulang-alik menunjukkan
(iv) Penjana diesel garis lengkung.
Diesel generator The direct current displays a straight line but the alternating current
displays a curved line.

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 Sains Tingkatan 3 Jawapan

7. (ii) Transformer J menurunkan voltan

manakala transformer K menaikkan
Persamaan voltan.
Similarity
Transformer J decreases the voltage while transformer K
increases the voltage.
Kedua-duanya boleh digunakan untuk pemanasan dan
(iii) Voltan output transformer K lebih tinggi
pencahayaan
Both can be used in heating and lighting berbanding transformer J.
Output voltage for transformer K is higher than transformer
Perbezaan J.
Differences (c) Arus ulang-alik
Alternating current
Arus terus Aspek Arus ulang-alik
Direct current Aspect Alternating current 3. Pemerhatian / Observation:
Arah aliran Bilangan lilitan Perbandingan
Satu arah elektron Sentiasa berubah Jenis
Number of turns of coil kecerahan
One way The direction of Alway changes
Aktiviti Gegelung transformer mentol A dan B
electron flow
Activity
Gegelung
sekunder Type of Comparison of the
primer Secondary transformer brightness of bulb
Kebolehan
Primary coil
voltan coil A and B
Tidak boleh diubah oleh Boleh A 30 60 Injak naik Cerah
Cannot transformer Can Step-up Bright
The ability of the
B 60 30 Injak turun Malap
voltage changed by Step-down Dim
the transformer
1. Menghitung bilangan lilitan gegelung
Bateri, sel suria dan Penjana arus ulang
Sumber primer dan sekunder
penjana arus terus alik Count the number of turns in primary and secondary coil
Dry cell, solar cell and direct Source Alternating current
current generator generator 2. Semakin banyak bilangan lilitan gegelung
sekunder, semakin cerah mentol.
8. Jawapan murid The higher the number of turns of coil in the secondary coil, the
Student’s answer brighter the bulb.
Transformer 3. Menambah bilangan lilitan gegelung
6.2 Transformer
sekunder
Increase the number of turns in the secondary coil
1. (a) Menaikkan dan menurunkan voltan
To increase and reduce the voltage
4. Transformer hanya berfungsi untuk menaik
(b) (i) Gegelung primer
Primary coil dan menurunkan arus ulang-alik. Sel kering
(ii) Teras besi lembut membekalkan arus terus.
Soft iron core The transformer only works to increase or decrease the alternating
current. Dry cells supply direct current.
(iii) Gegelung sekunder
Secondary coil 5. (a) Mengawal voltan yang dibekalkan
Control the supplied voltage
(c) (i) Voltan yang dibekalkan oleh sumber
The voltage supplied by the source (b) Voltan yang dibekalkan adalah terlalu besar
(ii) Voltan yang telah diubah oleh untuk mentol yang digunakan iaitu 240 V.
The voltage supplied is too big for the bulb used which is 240 V .
transformer
The voltage that had been changed by the transformer 6. (a) Akan meletup / terbakar kerana bekalan
2. (a) (i) Transformer injak turun voltan di Malaysia lebih tinggi iaitu 240 V.
Step-down transformer Will explode / burn because the supplied voltage in Malaysia is
higher which is 240 V.
(ii) Transformer injak naik
Step-up transformer (b) Alatan di Malaysia beroperasi pada voltan
(b) (i) Bilangan lilitan gegelung primer bagi 240 V manakala voltan yang dibekalkan di
transformer J lebih banyak daripada Thailand ialah 110 V. Oleh itu, kipas itu gagal
bilangan lilitan gegelung sekunder beroperasi dengan baik kerana kurang
manakala bilangan lilitan gegelung bekalan voltan.
The Malaysian electrical appliances operate using 240 V while
primer bagi transformer K kurang the voltage supplied in Thailand is 110 V. Therefore, the fan
daripada bilangan lilitan gegelung cannot function well due to less voltage supply.
sekunder.
The number of the turns of primary coil for transformer J
is more than secondary coil while the number of turns of
primary coil for transformer K is less than secondary coil.

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 Sains Tingkatan 3 Jawapan

VS NS 4. (a)
7. =
VP NP Nama Kod warna antarabangsa
Name International colour code
50 x 50
Vs = Dawai hidup Perang
100 Live wire Brown
Vs = 25 V Dawai neutral Biru
Neutral wire Blue
NS V
8. = S Dawai bumi Jalur kuning dan hijau
NP VP Earth wire Yellow with green strip
60 V 1
= (b) Dawai hidup membekalkan tenaga elektrik
240 V 4P
ke rumah manakala dawai neutral membawa
Nisbah lilitan = 4 : 1 tenaga elektrik ke luar rumah
Ratio of the number of turns Live wire transmits the electrical energy into the house while the
neutral wire transmits the electrical energy out of the house.
Penghantaran dan Pengagihan Tenaga Elektrik
6.3 Transmission and Distribution of Electricity (c) Memudahkan meter dibaca oleh pembaca
meter
1. (a) Kehilangan tenaga elektrik dalam bentuk To ease the meter to be read by the meter reader
tenaga haba. (d)
The loss of electrical energy in the form of heat energy.
Komponen Fungsi
(b) (ii), (iv) Component Function
2. (a) (i) Stesen transformer / Transformer station Fius utama Mengawal jumlah tenaga elektrik yang
(ii) Lapangan suis / Switch zone Main fuse dibekalkan kepada rumah
(iii) Pencawang masuk utama / Main substation Controls the amount of electrical energy supplied to
(iv) Pencawang bahagian / Branch substation house
(b) P: Transformer injak naik Meter elektrik Menyukat jumlah tenaga elektrik yang
Step-up transformer Electric meter digunakan
Q: Transformer injak turun Measures the amount of electrical energy used
Step-down transformer
R: Transformer injak turun Suis utama Mengawal pengaliran arus elektrik bagi
Step-down transformer Main switch semua litar di dalam rumah
(c) (i) elektrik / Electrical Controls the flow of electrical current in all circuit in the
(ii) stesen jana kuasa / power stations house

(iii) Rangkaian Grid Nasional Pemutus litar Memutuskan semua litar dalam rumah
National Grid Network
ELCB jika arus yang dibekalkan berlebihan
(iv) tenaga haba / heat energy Earth Leakage Break all the circuit in the house if current is supplied
(v) injak naik / step-up Circuit Breaker excessively.
(vi) meninggikan / increase
Litar kuasa Membekalkan arus elektrik kepada semua
(vii) dikurangkan / reduced Power circuit soket
(viii) injak turun / step-down Supplies electric current to all sockets
(d) Keperluan tenaga yang berbeza untuk
kawasan perindustrian dan perumahan. Litar Membekalkan arus elektrik kepada semua
Different energy requirements for industrial areas and residential pencahayaan lampu
areas. Light circuit Supplies electric current to all lamps
(e) (i) 3
Dawai bumi Membawa arus bocor ke bumi
(iv) 3 Earth wire Carries leakage current to the earth
3.
Pernyataan Fasa tunggal Tiga fasa Pemutus litar Mengasing litar elektrik ke peralatan
Statement Single-phase Three-phase MCB elektrik yang lain
Miniature Circuit Segregate the electrical circuit to the other electrical
Breaker appliances
(a) 3

(b) 3 (e) 240 V

(f ) Arus ulang-alik
(c) 3 Alternating current
(g) Sistem pendawaian satu fasa
(d) 3 Single-phase wiring system

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 Sains Tingkatan 3 Jawapan

5. (a) (i) Seterika / Iron (b) Suruhanjaya Tenaga

Cerek / Kettle Energy Commission

(ii) Pengering rambut / Hair dryer (c) (i) PALSU / FALSE

Pengisar / Blender (ii) BENAR / TRUE
(b) (i) Dawai hidup (iii) PALSU / FALSE
Live wire (iv) BENAR / TRUE
(ii) Dawai neutral 2. (a) Menjana tenaga menggunakan panel suria
Neutral wire Generate energy using solar panel
(iii) Dawai bumi (b) Penggunaan lampu berpendarfluor
Earth wire The usage of fluorescent lamp
(iv) Fius (c) Penggunaan kereta elektrik
Fuse The usage of electric car

6. Pemerhatian / Observation: 3. (a) (i) Arus elektrik (A) Kuasa / Power (W)
Electrical current (A) =
Pemerhatian Voltan / Voltage (V)
Langkah Observation
= 910 W
Step Fius Mentol 220 V
Fuse Bulb
= 4.14 A
Sebelum menyambungkan Tiada
Menyala (ii) Tenaga yang digunakan / Energy used (J)
dawai kuprum yang tebal perubahan
Before connecting the thick copper wire No change
Lights up = Kuasa / Power (W) × Masa penggunaan /
Duration of usage (s)
Selepas menyambungkan Fius Tidak = 910 W × 30 min × 60 s
dawai kuprum yang tebal melebur menyala = 1 638 kJ
After connecting the thick copper wire Fuse melts Does not light up
4. Jawapan murid
(a) Untuk mengurangkan rintangan dan Student’s answer
merendahkan arus (d)
To reduce the resistance and lower the current
Peralatan Langkah-langkah penjimatan
(b) Litar pintas Appliance Saving steps
Short circuit
(c) Dawai kuprum yang tebal mempunyai Mesin basuh Gunakan dengan muatan penuh
Washing machine Use with full load of laundry
rintangan yang lebih rendah berbanding
dengan mentol dan dawai penyambung Gunakan apabila cuaca betul-betul
yang nipis. panas / Jangan laraskan pada
The thick copper wire has lower resistance than the bulb and the Penyaman suhu paling rendah / Matikan suis
thin connecting wires. udara apabila tidak diperlukan.
(d) Terlalu banyak arus mengalir melalui litar. Air conditioner Use when the weather is really hot / Do not adjust
Hal ini menyebabkan suhu meningkat dan at lowest temperature / Turn off switch when not
needed
fius melebur.
Too much current flow through the circuit, This causes the Matikan aliran air ketika tidak
temperature to rise and the fuse melts. Pemanas air
Water heater digunakan
(e) Fius memutuskan litar apabila arus yang Stop the water flow when not used
terlalu banyak mengalir melalui litar itu.
The fuse breaks the circuit when too much current flows through 5. (a) Kos penggunaan tenaga elektrik
the circuit. Cost of electrical usage
7. (a) (i) Fius kartrij = Kuasa (kW) × Masa penggunaan (j) × Kos
Cartridge fuse
per unit (sen)
(ii) Fius wayar boleh ganti Power (kW) × Time usage (h) × Cost per unit (cent)
Replaceable wire fuse
= 156 kWH × 0.218 sen/cent
(b)
= RM 34.008
Nilai fius 10 A 2A 1A 3A (b) (i) 42 258.3 kWj
Value of fuse
(ii) 42 558.2 kWj
8. Jawapan murid/ Student’s answer (iii) 299.9 kWj
9. Jawapan murid/ Student’s answer 6. Kos penggunaan tenaga elektrik
Cost of electrical usage
Pengiraan Kos Penggunaan Elektrik = Kuasa (kW) × Masa penggunaan (j) × Kos per
6.4 Calculate the Cost of Electricity Consumption
unit (sen)
1. (a) Penggunaan tenaga yang cekap, berhemah Power (kW) × Time usage (h) × Cost per unit (cent)
dan bijaksana = 2 kW × 5 jam / hour × 20 sen / cent
Efficient, prudent and wise use of energy = RM2.00

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 Sains  Tingkatan 3  Jawapan 

7. Kos penggunaan tenaga elektrik (iii) Persamaan/ Similarity

Cost of electrical usage Kedua-dua gegelung terletak di dalam
= Kuasa (kW) × Masa penggunaan (j) × Kos per litar
unit (sen) Both coils are located inside the circuit
Power (kW) X Time usage (h) × Cost per unit (cent) Perbezaan / Difference
= 0.5 kW × 2 jam / hour × 30 hari / day × RM 0.20 Gegelung primer bersambung dengan
= RM6.00 sumber voltan input manakala gegelung
8. Jawapan murid/ Student’s answer sekunder bersambung dengan voltan
output.
Power PT3 The primary coil is connected to the input voltage whereas
the secondary coil is connected to the output voltage.
Bahagian A
1. B 2. D 3. A 4. D 5. B (c) Konduktor kilat. Membumikan cas elektrik
yang di bawa oleh kilat. Mengelakkan
6. A 7. B 8. B
kebakaran / kerosakan; rumah / barangan
Bahagian B elektrik.
Lightning conductor. Earthing the electrical charge brought by
1. (a) Gas asli the lightning. Prevent fire / damage; house / electrical appliances.
3
Natural gas
(b) Arang batu Power KBAT
Coal
3 1. (a) Palam 3-pin. Palam 3 pin mempunyai wayar
bumi yang dapat mencegah penggunaannya
(b) (i) Matahari / Sun daripada terkena renjatan elektrik dengan
(ii) Petroleum / Petroleum membawa arus berlebihan ke bumi tanpa
melalui badan pengguna tersebut.
2. (a) (i) PALSU / FALSE 3-pin plug. It has earth wire to prevent the user from getting an
(ii) BENAR / TRUE electric shock by carrying excess current to the earth without
passing through the person’s body.
(b)
Fius kartrij (b) Radio tidak disambungkan dengan wayar

Cartridge fuse bumi kerana bingkai radio kebiasaannya
Fius wayar boleh ganti diperbuat daripada penebat seperti plastik.
Replaceable wire fuse Jika wayar hidup menyentuh bingkai plastik
3. (a) (i), (iii) radio, arus tidak dapat dialirkan pada badan
(b) seseorang apabila menyentuhnya.
Palam 3-pin Radio is not connected with the earth wire because the radio
3-pin plug frames are usually made of insulator such as plastic. If the live
wire touches the plastic frame of the radio, the current would not
Palam 2-pin pass through the body when she touches.

2-pin plug

Bahagian C
4. (a) Transformer mengubah voltan arus ulang
alik. Dalam rajah menggunakan bateri. Yang
menghasilkan arus terus.
Transformer converts the voltage of alternate current. In the
diagram are dry cells. Which produce direct current.

(b) (i)

Mentol Mentol
Bulb Bulb

Gegelung Gegelung
primer sekunder
Primary coil Secondary coil

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