UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY, JAMAICA

School of Humanities and Social Sciences

Introduction to Sociology

The Family
G.P Murdock defines the family as a social group characterized by common residence, economic
cooperation and reproduction. It includes adults of both sexes at least two of whom maintain a
socially approved sexual relationship, and one or more children own or adopted of the sexually
co-habiting adults.
According to Burgess and Lock the family is a group of persons united by ties of marriage, blood
or adoption constituting a single household interacting with each other in their respective social
role of husband and wife, mother and father, brother and sister creating a common culture.
Key Sociological Perspectives on the Family
Theoretical
perspective Major assumptions
Functionalism The family performs several essential functions for society. It socializes
children, it provides emotional and practical support for its members, it helps
regulate sexual activity and sexual reproduction, and it provides its members
with a social identity. In addition, sudden or far-reaching changes in the
family’s structure or processes threaten its stability and weaken society.
Conflict The family contributes to social inequality by reinforcing economic inequality
and by reinforcing patriarchy. The family can also be a source of conflict,
including physical violence and emotional cruelty, for its own members.
Symbolic The interaction of family members and intimate couples involves shared
interactionism understandings of their situations. Wives and husbands have different styles of
communication, and social class affects the expectations that spouses have of
their marriages and of each other. Romantic love is the common basis for
American marriages and dating relationships, but it is much less common in
several other contemporary nations.
 
Social Functions of the Family

Recall that the functional perspective emphasizes that social institutions perform several
important functions to help preserve social stability and otherwise keep a society working. A
functional understanding of the family thus stresses the ways in which the family as a social
institution helps make society possible. Family is the most universal and fundamental social
institution which performs a variety of functions in human society. As such, the family performs
several important functions.
Socialization: First, the family is the primary unit for socializing children. In most societies, the
family is the major unit in which socialization happens. Parents, siblings, and, if the family is
extended rather than nuclear, other relatives all help to socialize children from the time they are
born.
 
Economic Support:  Second, the family is ideally a major source of practical support for its
members. It provides them food, clothing, shelter, and other essentials.
 
Emotional Care and Protection:  Third, family also provides it members with love, comfort,
help in times of emotional distress, and other types of intangible support that we all need as
human beings.
 
Procreation: Fourth, the family facilitates sexual reproduction. It institutionalizes the process of
procreation. By performing this function of procreation, family contributes to the continuity of
family and ultimately, the human race. An important related function is child rearing. Family is
the place where the function of child rearing is best performed.
 
Sexual Regulation:  Fifth, all societies have norms governing with whom a person should have
sex and the context in which sexual behaviour should occur. The family is the major unit for
teaching these norms. 
Social Placement:  Sixth, the family provides its members with a social identity. Children are
born into their parents’ social class, race and ethnicity, religion, and so forth. Social identity is
important for our life chances. Persons may have advantages as well as obstacles throughout life
because of the social identity they acquire from their parents.

 
The Family and Conflict

Conflict theorists agree that the family serves the important functions just listed, but they also
point to problems within the family that the functional perspective minimizes or overlooks
altogether. They argue that as a social institution the family contributes to social inequality in
several ways. These include:
1. Sustains Social Inequality: The social identity it gives to its children does affect their
life chances, but it also reinforces a society’s system of stratification. Because families pass
along their wealth to their children, and because families differ greatly in the amount of
wealth they have, the family helps reinforce existing inequality.
2. Promotes Patriarchy:  As it developed through the centuries, and especially during
industrialization, the family also became more and more of a patriarchal unit, helping to
ensure men’s status at the top of the social hierarchy.
3. Source of Conflict: The family can also be a source of conflict for its own members.
Although the functional perspective assumes the family provides its members emotional
comfort and support, many families do just the opposite and are far from the harmonious,
happy groups. Emotional cruelty and physical violence are the realities for some families.
 
 
Family Types

 Nuclear Family – two generational, parent-children structure

 Extended Family – includes members from outside parent-children structure and often
other generations
 Matrifocal Family
 Blended Family (Re-organized)
 Household-based ‘Families’ (Raymond Smith’)
 
The Matrifocal Family
The concept of the matrifocal family was introduced to the study of Caribbean societies by
Raymond Smith in 1956. He linked the emergence of matrifocal families with how
households are formed in the region. He noted that:
The household group tends to be matri-focal in the sense that a woman in the
status of 'mother' is usually the de facto leader of the group, and conversely the
husband-father, although de jure head of the household group (if present), is
usually marginal to the complex of internal relationships of the group. By
'marginal' we mean that he associates relatively infrequently with the other
members of the group, and is on the fringe of the effective ties which bind the
group together
Smith emphasizes that a matrifocal family is not simply woman-centred, but rather mother-
centred; women in their role as mothers become key to organising the family group; men
tend to be absent from or marginalized in the household.  He explained that:
A family or domestic group is matrifocal when it is centred on a woman and
her children. In this case the father(s) of these children are intermittently
present in the life of the group and occupy a secondary place.
One of R. T. Smith's contemporary critics, M. G. Smith, notes that while households may
appear matrifocal taken by themselves, the linkages between households may be patrifocal.
That is, a man in his role as father may be providing (particularly economic) support to a
mother in one or more households whether he lives in that household or not. Both for men
and for women having children with more than one partner is a common feature of this kind
of system.