Name: Luis Fredrick C.

Rotoni
Grade: 11
Subject: Earth Science

Terms and Definitions

1. Science - the intellectual and practical activity encompassing the systematic study of the structure and behaviour
of the physical and natural world through observation and experiment.

2. Biology - the study of living organisms, divided into many specialized fields that cover their morphology,
physiology, anatomy, behavior, origin, and distribution.

3. Geology the science that deals with the earth's physical structure and substance, its history, and the processes
that act on it.

4. Botany the scientific study of plants, including their physiology, structure, genetics, ecology, distribution,
classification, and economic importance.

5. Zoology the scientific study of the behavior, structure, physiology, classification, and distribution of animals.

6. Meteorology the scientific study of the behavior, structure, physiology, classification, and distribution of animals.

7. Ecology - the branch of biology that deals with the relations of organisms to one another and to their physical
surroundings.

8. Chemistry the branch of science that deals with the identification of the substances of which matter is composed;
the investigation of their properties and the ways in which they interact, combine, and change; and the use of these
processes to form new substances.

9. Physics the branch of science concerned with the nature and properties of matter and energy. The subject matter
of physics, distinguished from that of chemistry and biology, includes mechanics, heat, light and other radiation,
sound, electricity, magnetism, and the structure of atoms.
10. Astronomy the branch of science which deals with celestial objects, space, and the physical universe as a whole.

11. Hydrology the branch of science concerned with the properties of the earth's water, and especially its movement
in relation to land.

12. Earth the branch of science dealing with the physical constitution of the earth and its atmosphere.

13. Biosphere the regions of the surface, atmosphere, and hydrosphere of the earth (or analogous parts of other
planets) occupied by living organisms.

14. Hydrosphere - A hydrosphere is the total amount of water on a planet. The hydrosphere includes water that is on
the surface of the planet, underground, and in the air.

15. Atmosphere the envelope of gases surrounding the earth or another planet.

16. Geosphere any of the almost spherical concentric regions of matter that make up the earth and its atmosphere, as
the lithosphere and hydrosphere.

17. Crust describes the outermost shell of a terrestrial planet. ... The crust is made of solid rocks and minerals.

18. Continental Crust the outermost layer of Earth's lithosphere that makes up the planet's continents and continental
shelves and is formed near subduction zones at plate boundaries between continental and oceanic tectonic plates

19. Oceanic Crust the outermost layer of Earth's lithosphere that is found under the oceans and formed at spreading
centers on oceanic ridges, which occur at divergent plate boundaries.

20. Mantle The mantle is the mostly-solid bulk of Earth's interior. The mantle lies between Earth's dense, super-heated
core and its thin outer layer
21. Outer core The outer core, which is liquid, is about 1300 miles (2092 km) thick. Both the inner and outer cores
consist primarily of iron and nickel and are extremely hot with temperatures ranging from 7200–9000℉ (4000–
5000℃).

22. Inner core The innermost part of Earth is the core and is about 1500 miles (2414 km) thick. Both the inner and
outer cores consist primarily of iron and nickel. They're extremely hot, with temperatures ranging from 7200–9000℉
(4000–5000℃). The inner core is under intense pressure, which keeps it solid despite high temperatures.

23. Continents any of the world's main continuous expanses of land (Africa, Antarctica, Asia, Australia, Europe, North
America, South America).

24. Magma - Magma is extremely hot liquid and semi-liquid rock located under Earth's surface.

25. Troposphere the lowest region of the atmosphere, extending from the earth's surface to a height of about 3.7–6.2
miles (6–10 km), which is the lower boundary of the stratosphere.

26. Stratosphere the layer of the earth's atmosphere above the troposphere, extending to about 32 miles (50 km)
above the earth's surface (the lower boundary of the mesosphere).

27. Mesosphere The mesosphere is a layer of Earth's atmosphere. The mesosphere is directly above the stratosphere
and below the thermosphere. It extends from about 50 to 85 km (31 to 53 miles) above our planet.

28. Thermosphere the region of the atmosphere above the mesosphere and below the height at which the
atmosphere ceases to have the properties of a continuous medium. The thermosphere is characterized throughout
by an increase in temperature with height.

29. Exosphere the outermost region of a planet's atmosphere.

30. Ozone layer a layer in the earth's stratosphere at an altitude of about 6.2 miles (10 km) containing a high
concentration of ozone, which absorbs most of the ultraviolet radiation reaching the earth from the sun.
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ACTIVITY 1.2

1. Give 5 important facts about the Earth.

Answer:
1. Plate Tectonics Keep the Planet Comfortable: Earth is the only planet in the Solar System with plate tectonics.
Basically, the outer crust of the Earth is broken up into regions known as tectonic plates. These are floating on top
of the magma interior of the Earth and can move against one another. When two plates collide, one plate will
subduct (go underneath another), and where they pull apart, they will allow fresh crust to form.

2. 70% of the Earth’s Surface is Covered in Water: When astronauts first went into the space, they looked back at
the Earth with human eyes for the first time. Based on their observations, the Earth acquired the nickname the
“Blue Planet:. And it’s no surprise, seeing as how 70% of our planet is covered with oceans. The remaining 30% is
the solid crust that is located above sea level, hence why it is called the “continental crust”.

3. Earth is the Only Planet Known to Have Life: We’ve discovered past evidence of water and organic
molecules on Mars, and the building blocks of life on Saturn’s moon Titan. We can see amino acids in nebulae in
deep space. And scientists have speculated about the possible existence of life beneath the icy crust of Jupiter’s
moon Europa and Saturn’s moon Titan. But Earth is the only place life has actually been discovered.

4. Earth is the Only Planet Known to Have Life: We’ve discovered past evidence of water and organic
molecules on Mars, and the building blocks of life on Saturn’s moon Titan. We can see amino acids in nebulae in
deep space. And scientists have speculated about the possible existence of life beneath the icy crust of Jupiter’s
moon Europa and Saturn’s moon Titan. But Earth is the only place life has actually been discovered.

5. Earth has 1 Moon and 2 Co-Orbital Satellites: As you’re probably aware, Earth has 1 moon (aka. The Moon).
Plenty is known about this body and we have written many articles about it, so we won’t go into much detail there.
But did you know there are 2 additional asteroids locked into a co-orbital orbits with Earth? They’re called 3753
Cruithne and 2002 AA29, which are part of a larger population of asteroids known as Near-Earth Objects (NEOs).
2. Describe each completely:

Crust
 The crust is the outermost layer of the earth making up 0.5-1.0 per cent of the earth’s volume and less than
1 per cent of Earth’s mass.
 Density increases with depth, and the average density is about 2.7 g/cm3 (average density of the earth is
5.51 g/cm³).
 The thickness of the crust varies in the range of range of 5-30 km in case of the oceanic crust and as 50-70
km in case of the continental crust.
 The continental crust can be thicker than 70 km in the areas of major mountain systems. It is as much as 70-
100 km thick in the Himalayan region.
 The temperature of the crust increases with depth, reaching values typically in the range from about 200 °C
to 400 °C at the boundary with the underlying mantle.
 The temperature increases by as much as 30 °C for every kilometre in the upper part of the crust.
 The outer covering of the crust is of sedimentary material and below that lie crystalline, igneous and
metamorphic rocks which are acidic in nature.
 The lower layer of the crust consists of basaltic and ultra-basic rocks.

Mantle
 It forms about 83 per cent of the earth’s volume and holds 67% of the earth’s mass.
 It extends from Moho’s discontinuity to a depth of 2,900 km.
 The density of the upper mantle varies between 2.9 g/cm3 and 3.3 g/cm3.
 The lower mantle extends beyond the asthenosphere. It is in a solid state.
 The density ranges from 3.3 g/cm3 to 5.7 g/cm3 in the lower mantle.
 The mantle is composed of silicate rocks that are rich in iron and magnesium relative to the overlying crust.
 Regarding its constituent elements, the mantle is made up of 45% oxygen, 21% silicon, and 23%
magnesium (OSM).
 In the mantle, temperatures range from approximately 200 °C at the upper boundary with the crust to
approximately 4,000 °C at the core-mantle boundary.
 Because of the temperature difference, there is a convective material circulation in the mantle (although
solid, the high temperatures within the mantle cause the silicate material to be sufficiently ductile).
 Convection of the mantle is expressed at the surface through the motions of tectonic plates.
  High-pressure conditions ought to inhibit seismicity in the mantle. However, in subduction zones,
earthquakes are observed down to 670 km (420 mi).

Core
 The outer core, surrounding the inner core, lies between 2900 km and 5100 km below the earth’s surface.
 The outer core is composed of iron mixed with nickel (nife) and trace amounts of lighter elements.
 The outer core is not under enough pressure to be solid, so it is liquid even though it has a composition
similar to the inner core.
 The density of the outer core ranges from 9.9 g/cm3 to 12.2 g/cm3.
 The temperature of the outer core ranges from 4400 °C in the outer regions to 6000 °C near the inner core.
 Dynamo theory suggests that convection in the outer core, combined with the Coriolis effect, gives rise to
Earth’s magnetic field.
 The inner core extends from the centre of the earth to 5100 km below the earth’s surface.
 The inner core is generally believed to be composed primarily of iron (80%) and some nickel (nife).
 Since this layer can transmit shear waves (transverse seismic waves), it is solid. (When P-waves strike the
outer core – inner core boundary, they give rise to S-waves)
 Earth’s inner core rotates slightly faster relative to the rotation of the surface.
 The solid inner core is too hot to hold a permanent magnetic field.

3. Differentiate continental crust from oceanic crust

The difference between Oceanic crust and Continental crust is their composition and properties. Both of them are
the uppermost layer of Earth but they have differences between them.
Parameters of Comparison Oceanic crust Continental crust
Density High density Low density
Thickness Thinner Thicker
Ability to float Scarcely floats Freely floats
Type of rocks Basalt rock Granite rock
Ability to recycle Has the ability to recycle. Do not have the ab